The concept of speech etiquette.

In every society, etiquette gradually developed as a system of rules of conduct, a system of permissions and prohibitions that generally organized moral norms: protect the younger ones, take care of the wife, respect the elders, be kind to others, do not offend, do not offend those who depend on you, be hardworking, conscientious - etc.
L.A. Vvedenskaya in her book "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" gives the following definition of etiquette: "Etiquette is a set of accepted rules that determine the order of any activity.

This is how etiquette and ethics are combined: after all, it is not for nothing that dictionaries define the second meaning of the word ethics as a system of norms of moral behavior of a person, any class, social or professional group.

Etiquette communication plays a big role in the life of each of us, but, of course, human communication is not at all reduced to rituals alone. Etiquette situations are only a part of communication. Non-etiquette communication is equally important.
According to E.V. Arov, “All human activity, including communication, reflects the social conditions in which it takes place. And our speech is undoubtedly built differently depending on who communicates, for what purpose, in what way, what kind of relationship between those communicating. We are so accustomed to changing the type of speech depending on the conditions of communication that we do this most often unconsciously, automatically. The perception of information about human relations transmitted by the features of speech also occurs automatically. But it is worth making a mistake in choosing the type of speech, as the automaticity of perception is violated, and we immediately notice what previously eluded our attention. Speech fluctuates in time with human relationships.
This is the etiquette modulation of speech. Special etiquette communication takes place, as we already know, only from time to time, but modifications (modulation) of verbal and non-verbal behavior under the influence of human relations always occur. This means that this is one of the most important means of expressing etiquette content - a means that is always at our disposal.

Naturally, etiquette and speech are closely related. An excellent book by V.E. Goldin "Speech and Etiquette" "The manner of speech, style, permission or prohibition to say one thing and not say another, the choice of language means as a mark of one's belonging to the environment - all this is noticeable in our everyday speech manifestations."

SPEECH ETIQUETTE , a set of requirements accepted in a given culture for the form, content, order, nature and situational relevance of statements. The well-known researcher of speech etiquette N. I. Formanovskaya gives the following definition: “Speech etiquette is understood as the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen key.”

| L.A. Vvedenskaya in her book "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" gives the following definition of speech etiquette: "Speech etiquette is understood as the developed rules of speech behavior, a system of speech formulas for communication. The degree of possession of speech etiquette determines the degree of professional suitability of a person. employees, politicians, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc. Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect.Compliance with speech etiquette by people of the so-called linguo-intensive professions, in addition, has an educational value, helps to improve both the speech and general culture of society ."

The study of speech etiquette occupies a special position at the intersection of linguistics, theory and history of culture, ethnography, regional studies, psychology and other humanitarian disciplines.

In the broad sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act of communication.

“The sphere of speech etiquette includes, in particular, the ways of expressing sympathy, complaints, guilt, grief, etc., accepted in a given culture. So, for example, in some cultures it is customary to complain about difficulties and problems, in others it is not. In some cultures, talking about your successes is acceptable, in others not at all. This may also include specific instructions for speech etiquette - what can be the subject of conversation, what is not, and in what situation.

Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word, it can be characterized as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions ( Thank you, Please, I'm sorry, Sorry, Goodbye etc.), as well as specialized forms of address ( Mister, Comrade and so on.).

At the grammatical level: use for polite address plural(including pronouns You); usage interrogative sentences instead of imperative ( You will not say,what time is it now?Could you move a little? and so on.).

At the stylistic level: the requirement of competent, cultured speech; refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena, the use of euphemisms instead of these words.

At the intonational level: using polite intonation (for example, the phrase Be kind,close the door can sound with different intonation depending on whether it is supposed to be a polite request or an unceremonious demand).

At the level of orthoepy: use Hello instead of hello, Please instead of Please etc.

At the organizational and communicative level: a ban on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else's conversation, etc.

Researcher Odintsov V.V.a whole range of communicative functions of speech etiquette is described. Here are some of them. Speech etiquette:

1. helps to establish contact between interlocutors;

2. attracts the attention of the listener (reader), distinguishes him from other potential interlocutors;

3. allows you to show respect;

4. helps to determine the status of ongoing communication (friendly, business, official, etc.);

5. forms a favorable emotional environment for communication and has a positive impact on the listener (reader).

Factors that determine the formation of speech etiquette.
What factors determine the formation of speech etiquette and its use?
L.A. Vvedenskaya defines these factors as follows:
“Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into business relationship leading a business conversation: the social status of the subject and addressee of communication, their place in the service hierarchy, their profession, nationality, religion, age, gender, character. Speech etiquette is determined by the situation in which communication takes place. It can be a presentation, conference, symposium, meeting, consultation, anniversary or other holiday. The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics of communication. Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final part.

In this regard, the formulas of speech etiquette can, Goldina V.E.,divided into 3 main groups:

« 1.) speech formulas to start communication,

2.) speech formulas used in the process of communication,

3.) speech formulas for ending communication.
«|In addition, speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, a feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns - "you" and "you", which can be perceived as forms of the second singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, | official / informal situation. Referring to "you" is not accepted with strangers; in a formal setting; with older people, rank sometimes posts.
At the same time, "you" should not be addressed to friends and relatives,
classmates or work colleagues.

So, taking into account the factors that form and determine speech etiquette, knowledge and compliance with the norms of speech etiquette, creates favorable climate for relationships, contributes to the efficiency, effectiveness of business relationships.

Speech etiquette in modern society.

The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm.

So, the idea of ​​correct, cultural, normalized speech includes certain ideas about the norm in the field of speech etiquette. For example, every native speaker knows the formulas for apologizing for awkwardness; however, only one is welcomed by the norm ( excuse me, I'm sorry) - and others are rejected or not recommended, for example, I'm sorry(moreover, sometimes such a distinction is given “reasons” like: you can’t excuse yourself, you can only apologize to others, etc.).

In the example below, the polite form is used to emphasize the dissatisfaction of the boss with the subordinate:

- Hello, Lyubov Grigorievna !he said in a disgustingly gallant manner. – You are delayed? <…>

What scared her the most was ,what is being addressed to her« You», by first name. It made everything that happened extremely ambiguous.,because if Lyubochka was late, it was one thing,and if the rationalization engineer Lyubov Grigoryevna Sukhoruchko is already completely different.(V.O. Pelevin, “News from Nepal”.)

Thus, speech etiquette is not a rigid system of rules; it is plastic enough, and this plasticity creates quite a large "room for maneuver".

Classification of gross speech disorders in oral and written speech.

. In communication, people convey to each other this or that information, these or those meanings, they tell something, encourage something, ask about something, perform certain speech actions. However, before proceeding to the exchange of logical and meaningful information, it is necessary to enter into speech contact, and this is done according to certain rules. We hardly notice them, because they are familiar. It is just the violation of the unwritten rules that becomes noticeable, the seller turned to the buyer on “you”, the acquaintance did not say hello at the meeting, they did not thank someone for the service, they did not apologize for the misconduct. As a rule, such non-fulfillment of the norms of speech behavior turns into an insult, and even a quarrel, a conflict in the team.

It should be noted that very often our “polluted speech”, deviated from the norms, full of speech errors littered with foreign words.

A.S. Pushkin 200 years ago sadly remarked:

"Treasures of the native word-

Important minds will notice -

For someone else's babble

We neglected madly.

We love the Muses of other people's toys,

Alien dialects rattles,

We don't read our own books...

This feature of non-literary speech was perfectly noticed by N.V. Gogol and gave a brilliant example of it in "The Tale of Captain Kopeikin" (volume 1 " dead souls"). In the story of an uncultured postmaster, we find the following passage: “Well, you can imagine, some kind of, that is, Captain Kopeikin, and suddenly found himself in a capital that, so to speak, is not like it in the world.
Suddenly there is a light in front of him, so to speak, some field of life, fabulous
Scheherazade. Suddenly some sort of, you can imagine, Nevsky Prospekt, or there, you know, some kind of Gorokhovaya, damn it! or there some kind of Foundry; there is some kind of spitz in the air; the bridges hang there like a devil, you can imagine, without any, that is, touch - in a word, Semiramis, sir, and completely! ” ()

According to V.E. Goldin “The second dangerous enemy of our oral speech is rude colloquial and slang words. Colloquialism with jargons constitute a special “illegalized” sphere of the spoken language and are opposed to the literary language - the highest form of existence. national language. Many vernaculars are characterized by expressively reduced evaluative words with a range of shades: from familiarity to rudeness, which in the literary language have neutral synonyms: muzzle-face, shy away-hit, snooze - sleep, drape - run away. In dictionary
Ozhegov for such words there is a note: simple. Excessive and inappropriate use of vernacular makes a person's speech vulgar and miserable.
Vernaculars can also be detected in the area of ​​stress (percent, instead of procene), in the area of ​​pronunciation (what instead of what, right now instead of now, runoff instead of so much), in the area of ​​morphology (choice ', instead of lit. choices, want instead of want), word usage (lay instead of put, back in meaning again) and in many modified forms of words (slippers, after, here, no).

According to Z.N. Lustrova "Slang expressions sound especially ugly in speech - a kind of speech of any group of people united by a profession, an emotional spectrum: from a playfully ironic to a rudely vulgar tone."

Some jargon came from other languages ​​(“dude” - a guy from gypsy, “haer” - hair from English), from different dialects (“take” - drink, “beep” - tire). Many jargons arose due to a figurative meaning or associations, which, however, are devoid of aesthetic meaning: to jerk - to go, a wheelbarrow - a car, a lemon - a million, a mower - a thousand rubles.
Few fans of such expressions know that he speaks like a criminal. After all, many jargons have made their way into colloquial from the language of declassed elements (argo), common in the criminal world, which uses it to hide the subject of conversation so that no one guesses about their misdeeds: cool, shmon, lawlessness, cormorants.

Youth slang belongs to the same category of rude words. The main thing in this linguistic phenomenon is a departure from everyday life, a game, a mask. Risky, laid-back youth jargon seeks to get away from the boring world of adults.
Like its bearers, it is sharp, loud, impudent. This is the result of a peculiar desire to change the world in a different way, as well as the sign "I am mine."
Among the younger generation, it is often considered fashionable and attractive to use words that cannot be found in any dictionary. After all, their meaning is in no way connected with the root itself, and when used in speech, they serve as a pretentious substitute and vulgar solvent for a literate and beautiful language.

Cool - comes from the word "peck", this is the one that pecks;

Steep means humpbacked;

To load - to impose heavy objects on a person.

What can be said about a person who, in a fit of pride, proclaims: but I don’t care! Indeed, the upper part of the torso of this person can hardly be called a head.

Many other words of this kind are absurd and meaningless, and he who loves to show off at their expense is ridiculous.

But the word "pancake", without which some people cannot even imagine their linguistic existence, in addition to lexical absurdity, has a very serious, very ugly underlying meaning. As the researchers note, the origin of this word is associated with the replacement of another, obscene word beginning with the same letter. It's worth considering what we're talking about!

Youth jargon has its own time limits: with each generation of young people (5-7 years old), the set of jargons also changes. No one now remembers such peculiar assessments: iron - "good", millet - "bad", so widespread in the 60-70s. XX century. Jargon is a kind of language within a language, an ephemeral phenomenon of a crisis nature.

Speech errors found in the speech of a modern person.

Nowadays, every person from childhood receives information from the TV.

And what does he see there? Now there are a lot of television channels, but, unfortunately, only a few of them correspond to the norms of speech behavior in their broadcast (Culture, Russia). Take, for example, the channels watched by young people: MT V , TNT, STS. It is in the programs of these channels that a gross violation of speech etiquette is observed. Let's give an example: in the television series: "Univer", "Happy Together", "Club", "Our Russia", as well as in the programs: "Dom2", " NEXT ", "Comedy club". Very often, when broadcasting in the speech of heroes, we hear a squeak that replaces obscene words, which goes beyond the norms of the Russian language, and it is from these TV shows and films that modern youth takes an example and replenishes the vocabulary, unfortunately, with non-literary phrases. We also see gross speech violations in advertising: “Once Persil, always Persil”, “Snickers-don’t slow down” (neologism), in the ringtones “Yo mine, mom is calling”, “If you are sad, don’t be sad” - Garik Kharlamov , “In short about the main thing” - Mikhail Galustyan, “We merge everything at a red price” - Vadim Galygin.

Because modern man takes an example from newspapers, radio, television, then there are a lot of speech errors in the speech of schoolchildren.

Often we hear in a not very literate speech incorrectly formed forms of the genitive case of the numeral (five hundred instead of five hundred), forms of the nominative and genitive case of the plural of nouns (a contract instead of a contract, boots instead of boots), forms of unproductive verbs with alternation in the root (lie down, erase instead lie down, erase), etc.

Syntax errors are the most common type of errors in both oral and written speech. This is a violation of control and agreement in the phrase (for example, show about it Instead of showing it; with seven hundred passengers instead of seven hundred passengers), a violation of the norms of agreement between the subject and the predicate (A flock of pigeons circled over the house instead of ... circled ...)

Mistakes of students from school essays.

1.A.A. Akishina, "Speech etiquette of Russian telephone conversation", M 2000

2. Akishina A. A., Formanovskaya N. I. “Russian speech etiquette”, 1983.

3.E.V. Arova "Be kind", M. 1998

4. L.A. Vvedenskaya "Russian language and culture of speech", M. 2002

6. Golub I. B., Rosenthal D. E. Secrets of good speech. – M.

SEI HPE "Sochi State University of Tourism and Resort Business"

Branch of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Sochi State University of Tourism and Resort Business" in Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Region

Faculty of Management (undergraduate management)

Department of Social Sciences

Discipline Russian language and culture of speech

Essay

on the topic of: " Etiquette and speech»

Nizhny Novgorod
2011

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….2
1. Etiquette. The history of speech etiquette………………………4

2. The basis, concept and characteristics of speech etiquette, factors determining its formation…………………………………………..7

Introduction
The culture of behavior, the culture of communication and the life of society, all that is connected with the concept of "culture", is extremely relevant today. The spiritual revival of society cannot proceed without an active struggle for culture in its entire broadest sense. The culture of communication is an integral part of the culture of human behavior in society.
The purpose of this work is to consider the issue of the role of speech etiquette. To achieve the goal in the work, first of all, it is necessary:

give a general description of the very concept of "speech etiquette",
determine its content and functions.

The Dictionary of Ethics defines the concept as: Etiquette(French "etiquette"- label, label) - a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of attitude towards people (treatment with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in public places, manners and clothes). "The very word" etiquette "came to us from France, from royal court of Louis XIV. And "labels" were called small paper tablets, issued to those who wanted to appear before the king. They wrote how a person should address the king, what movements he should do, what words to say. Labels at the court of the French king were one of the first documents that institutionalized speech etiquette as a system of norms and rules of interpersonal communication". 2 As you can see, here the general rules of behavior and the rules of speech behavior are combined, but I will talk about speech rules, namely, speech etiquette. And if etiquette as a set of rules established in society regulates our behavior in accordance with social requirements, then speech etiquette can be defined as re guiding rules of speech behavior.
“This is a wide zone of units of language and speech, which verbally expresses the etiquette of behavior, gives us those linguistic riches that have accumulated in every society to express a non-conflict, “normal” attitude towards people, which means a benevolent attitude. On the other hand, etiquette regulates the complex choice of the most appropriate, most appropriate means for a given person, for his specific addressee, in this particular case, in this situation and communication environment. Every day and many times a person uses expressions of speech etiquette: he addresses other people, greets them, says goodbye, thanks, apologizes, congratulates on the holiday, wishes success - etc. and so on". 3
We all sympathize and condole, approve and make compliments, we advise something, we invite someone, we ask for something, taking into account both the official or informal situation of communication, and our own roles relative to the roles of the interlocutor, and the specific situation of communication, and national habits and customs. And all this is habitual, automatic, because "this is how it should be."
“Etiquette and speech are closely related. The manner of speech, style, permission or prohibition to say one thing and not say another, the choice of language means as a mark of one's belonging to the environment - all this is noticeable in our everyday speech manifestations. 4
Due to the thousandfold repetition in typical situations, speech etiquette has been embodied in stereotypes, in stable expressions, communication formulas that we do not build anew every time we need to use them, but use ready-made ones deposited in our linguistic consciousness.

2. Basis, concept and characteristics of speech etiquette, factors that determine its formation
Speech etiquette is a wide area of ​​communication stereotypes.
In the process of upbringing, a person, becoming a personality and more completely mastering the language, learns the ethical norms of relationships with others, including speech relationships, in other words, masters the culture of communication. But for this you need to navigate in the situation of communication, correspond to your own social signs and meet the expectations of other people, strive for the “pattern” that has developed in the minds of native speakers, act according to the rules of the communicative roles of the speaker or listener, build the text in accordance with stylistic norms, and master oral and written forms of communication.
"Under speech etiquette refers to the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped stable communication formulas adopted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and break contact in the chosen key. The scope of speech etiquette is understood as the etiquette of behavior (in its verbalized form), in other words, the obligatory verbal (as well as non-verbal, for example, gestural) representation of the etiquette of behavior in situations where members of the team treat each other. 5
The scope of use of units of speech etiquette as a specification of the area of ​​its application can be imagined as a set of situations ( extralinguistics), served by communicative units that make up the sum of thematic and synonymous groups (intralinguistics).
Speech etiquette includes words and expressions used by people to say goodbye, requests, apologies adopted in different situations forms of address, intonational features that characterize polite speech, etc.
Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system of language means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology:

special words and set expressions ("Thank you", "Please", "I'm sorry", "Sorry");

specialized forms of address ("Mr", "Comrade", etc.).

At the grammatical level:

using the plural for polite address (including the pronoun "you");
the use of interrogative sentences instead of imperative ones ("Can you tell me what time it is?", "Could you move a little?", etc.).

On a stylistic level:

the requirement of competent, cultural speech;
refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena, use instead of these words euphemisms.

At the intonation level:

- the use of polite intonation (for example, the phrase "Be kind, close the door" may sound with different intonation depending on whether it is supposed to be a polite request or an unceremonious demand).

At the level of orthoepy:

- the use of "Hello" instead of "Hello", "Please" instead of "Please", etc.

At the organizational and communicative level:

- a ban on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else's conversation, etc.

speech formulas to start communication,
speech formulas used in the process of communication,
speech formulas for ending communication.

3. Speech etiquette as an important element of national culture.
Speech etiquette has national specificity. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. In the language, speech behavior, stable formulas of communication, a rich folk experience, the uniqueness of customs, lifestyle, and living conditions of each people were deposited. And this is infinitely valuable and important. This can be traced both on their own wealth and by looking at their neighbors: “Europeans, greeting, extend their hand, and a Chinese, Japanese or Indian is forced to shake the limb of a stranger. If a visitor would stick his bare foot to Parisians or Muscovites, it would hardly cause delight. A resident of Vienna says "I kiss your hand", without thinking about the meaning of his words, and a resident of Warsaw, when he is introduced to a lady, mechanically kisses her hand. An Englishman, outraged by the tricks of his competitor, writes to him: "Dear sir, you are a swindler", without "dear sir" he cannot begin the letter. Christians, entering a church, church or church, take off their hats, and a Jew, entering the synagogue, covers his head. In Catholic countries, women should not enter the temple with their heads uncovered. In Europe, the color of mourning is black, in China it is white. When a Chinese man sees for the first time how a European or an American goes hand in hand with a woman, sometimes even kissing her, it seems to him extremely shameless. In Japan, one cannot enter a house without taking off one's shoes; in restaurants, men in European suits and socks sit on the floor. In a Beijing hotel, the furniture was European, but the entrance to the room was traditionally Chinese - a screen did not allow entry directly; it is connected with the notion that the devil is going straight ahead; but according to our ideas, the devil is cunning, and it doesn’t cost him anything to bypass any partition. If a guest comes to a European and admires a picture on the wall, a vase or other trinket, then the host is satisfied. If a European begins to admire a little thing in a Chinese house, the owner gives him this item - this is required by politeness. My mother taught me that you shouldn’t leave anything on a plate at a party. In China, no one touches the cup of dry rice served at the end of the meal - you need to show that you are full. The world is diverse, and one should not puzzle over this or that custom: if there are foreign monasteries, then, consequently, there are foreign charters. 6
The national specificity of speech etiquette in each country is extremely bright, because here, as we see, the unique features of the language are superimposed by the features of rituals, habits, everything accepted and not accepted in behavior, permitted and prohibited in social etiquette. There are many examples of this. Each of the Russians who ended up in any country immediately notices such features. Here are my impressions of China: “Showing, even telling about themselves, the Chinese manage to talk more with you about you than about themselves, as if retreating into the shadows, stewed very delicately. But don't let this behavior fool you. At the same time, the Chinese are very attentively watching how delicate you are, being able to still insist on your interest in him. Or impressions about England: “I have already said that an English boy of about thirteen often came to my son. The wife treated them to tea with buns or cakes. Every time after tea, the guy came to the kitchen and said to my wife: - Thank you very much, Mrs. Orestov, for tea and delicious buns. I haven’t eaten such wonderful cakes for a long time, thank you.” It does not matter that the cakes were bought in a nearby confectionery, where the boy's parents also buy them. He just knows for sure that it is impossible to leave someone else's house without thanking and praising the treat. 7
How much goodness in speech etiquette and how much national culture. "Good afternoon!" and "Good evening!"; "Welcome!" and “Please love and favor!” - and always good wishes, goodwill, in which the original deep folk meaning. Speech etiquette can warm our lives and warm our souls.

Properties and specifics of speech etiquette

5. Functions of speech etiquette
The complexity of the language, the multiplicity of its objects, which becomes many times more complicated in use (in speech), lead to a multiple linguistic definition of the concept of "function".
Let's single out the most important of all values: purpose, role performed by a unit of language in speech. By the function as a whole we mean purpose, the appointment of something to perform a role. From now on, we will talk about the functions of speech etiquette and its units, bearing in mind their definite place in the hierarchy of language functions in general.
“If we accept the original idea of ​​delimiting the language as an immanent (inherent) property from the functions of the language in various conditions and areas of its specific application. It is necessary to consider as a fundamental immanent property of a language its purpose to be: a) a means of knowing the reflection of the world, naming its objects and their connections, and b) a means of communication, transmission / reception of various kinds of information. These two functions, which are in dialectical unity, are the main ones. 8
At some stage of the historical development of society, native speakers have a need and a goal to create a system of units for including contact with the interlocutor and maintaining communication in the desired tone - speech etiquette. Speech etiquette as a functional microsystem of language units is based on the fundamental functions of language: the function of communication (communicative) and function knowledge, reflections of the world, expressions of thoughts. The first is in speech etiquette bright manifestation, and the second, closely related to it, is minimal, since the cognitive content of the units of speech etiquette is small. Even the stereotypical traditional awareness question: "How are you? What's up? What's new?", does not imply, as a rule, obtaining detailed information from the addressee. And yet, the function of expressing thoughts finds a place in speech etiquette, otherwise it can be assumed that we would not distinguish greetings from farewell, wishes from gratitude, we would not be able to choose the appropriate unit in a given communication situation. On the basis of the communicative function of the language, there are specialized functions of speech etiquette.
Speech etiquette serves the function contact-setting. This is the most important specialized function. Under the term contact function it is proposed to understand the purpose of language means to establish and maintain social mass and individual contact, which to a certain extent determines the behavior of the addressee. concept contact setting function we refer equally to all thematic groups of units of speech etiquette - both to the initial (relative to communication) situation of address, greeting, and to the final situation of farewell.
The second specialized function of speech etiquette is the function orientation to the addressee (conative). The implementation of units of speech etiquette is associated with the manifestation of the socially accepted treatment of each other by members of the team, the specifics of communication on “you” and “you”. Therefore, the function of orientation to the addressee is associated with the politeness subfunction. The Russian language in its grammatical system, in particular in the verbal one, does not contain the category of politeness (unlike, for example, Korean, Japanese), but we have means of expressing such a common purpose of the language. Units in situations of farewell and greeting, gratitude and apology, congratulations and wishes serve precisely as a manifestation of politeness in communication. Changes in the social parameters of native speakers and the communication environment, leading to the choice of the “wrong” formula, destroy the desired tone of communication and even the very contact.
Closely related to the contact-setting and destination-orientation function regulating, also related to all manifestations of speech etiquette, since the choice of one or another formula when establishing contact regulates the nature of the relationship between the addresser and the addressee. For example, choosing an appeal: Linen! Elena! Elena Vladimirovna! Dear Elena Vladimirovna, determines the tone of the subsequent appeal. It is speech etiquette that is designed to regulate relations such as senior - junior, boss - subordinate, teacher - student in linguistic forms.
The impact on the addressee is carried out using subfunctions expression of will(from "I") and impact(to "you"). They are inherent in speech etiquette in general. These subfunctions are especially bright and specialized in the thematic groups "Request", "Advice", "Invitation", "Offer", "Demand", "Order", "Begging".
Consideration of the functions of speech etiquette allows us to understand what place it occupies in communication, what role it plays in speech communication and how it is included in the general context of interlocutor communication.
Thus, the scope of speech etiquette (verbalized behavioral etiquette), the sphere of use of its units, the functional field (a set of specialized functions of speech etiquette) create a sum of features that allows us to speak about the specificity of speech etiquette as a linguistic phenomenon.
Speech etiquette reveals itself differently also depending on the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. So, for example, the rules of verbal communication may differ depending on whether the topic of communication is sad or joyful events for the participants in communication; there are specific etiquette rules associated with the place of communication (feast, office space, production meeting), etc.
Speech etiquette is realized both in the characteristics of speech in general and in specialized units. These units - the formulas of greetings, farewells, apologies, requests, etc. - as a rule, are performatives(i.e. statements, the utterance of which simultaneously means the commission of the named action). Indeed, the phrases: “I apologize”, “Thank you”, “I ask you”, etc., do not describe actions, but are actions themselves - respectively: an apology, gratitude, a request, etc.
Using certain units of speech etiquette, you can achieve various goals, you can express your emotions and provoke an emotional reaction from a communication partner. IN fiction the use of marked units of speech etiquette often serves to create speech characteristics character.
In modern, especially urban culture, the place and role of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs, ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him your respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication.
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The concept of speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. The norms of speech etiquette are very diverse, each country has its own characteristics of the culture of communication.

Speech etiquette - a system of rules.

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication, and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication, its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you correctly convey your thoughts to the interlocutor, quickly reach mutual understanding with him.

Mastering the etiquette of speech communication requires gaining knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. For a more successful mastering of the skills of a culture of communication, they use such a concept as the formulas of speech etiquette.

Formulas of speech etiquette.

The basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach the child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for tricks. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters various styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess the situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, correctly express one's thoughts, distinguishes a person of high culture, educated and intelligent.

Speech etiquette formulas are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for the three stages of conversation:

Starting a conversation (greeting/acquaintance),

· main part,

final part of the conversation.

One of the greatest assets of man and the greatest pleasures is the opportunity to communicate with his own kind. It would seem that there is nothing more natural and easier than talking to someone. However, in everyday life there are many examples of the fact that not everyone knows how to communicate in accordance with the norms of speech etiquette.

The main function of addressing people to each other is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. The reaction of a person to an appeal to him largely determines the tone of his answer and his perception of the speaker. The appeal can be expressive and emotional, contain some assessment.

Speech etiquette covers what expresses a benevolent attitude towards the interlocutor, which can create a favorable communication climate. A rich set of linguistic means makes it possible to choose a form of communication that is appropriate in a particular situation, favorable for the addressee “you” or “you”, to establish a friendly, relaxed or, on the contrary, official tone of conversation.

The addresses of people to each other are varied and depend on the social role of the speaker.

Sometimes, at the first meeting, the interlocutors use their own names, while in the form in which the subsequent appeal is expected. For example: “My name is Lena; My name is Elena Viktorovna; My surname is Pegova; Allow me to introduce myself - Elena Viktorovna Pegova. As you can see, the form of presentation sets the tone, the degree of formality of the subsequent conversation. IN business communication, as a rule, the professional position of the interlocutor is specified.

So what is an appeal?

An address is a speech directed to someone. Consequently, the specificity of the appeal is that it attracts the attention of the interlocutor and at the same time names him. This is how people interact. common speech etiquette

According to the results of a survey of Muscovites conducted by the Ostankino radio company in 1999, the following results were obtained.

“Comrade” is preferred by 22% of the respondents, mostly people of middle and older age, mostly with secondary and incomplete secondary education, more often men. This treatment with the surname or title of the position, profession sounds very official, unacceptable for a relaxed atmosphere.

“Citizen, citizen” is preferred by 21% of the respondents, of approximately the same social composition. Indeed, if we hear: “Citizen!”, then this, as a rule, is an imperious appeal of a policeman. It is typical for a formal setting. For some, it offends; for others, this treatment, although strict, is polite. Better than the depersonalizing "Let's go!", "Stop" ...

"Man", "Woman" - preferred by 19% of respondents, mainly service workers. In these words, only the belonging of a person to any gender is used.

A beautiful, ancient "ma'am" has appeared - it is preferred by 17% of the respondents, highly educated people, more often women.

A similar survey was conducted in 2001. During these two years, little has changed, only Comrades and Citizens have faded into the background. The most commonly used were the appeals "girl", "woman". They are chosen by 85% of respondents.

The appeal "Girl" went beyond age boundaries and became especially common. It is an analogue of a compliment: any woman is pleased to hear about her youth or youthfulness. That is why many consider this appeal to be the most suitable for the representatives of the fair half, but, you see, how ridiculous it still sounds when applied to a woman of 50 and older.

The word "woman" is a dialect form that came from the southern regions of Russia. Generally speaking, the word "woman" is relatively new, appeared in the 16th century, was originally a designation for a woman of the lower class. The rethinking of the meaning of the word takes place in the second half of the 19th century, not without the influence of the literary language. “In the Russian folk lexicon,” noted N.V. Shchelgunov, - there is no word for a woman, but there is a woman or a girl ... All of Russia, from top to bottom, did not know another woman, except for a woman. But no matter how the attitude towards this word changes, during the entire 19th century such words as: vulgar, absurd, impudent, stupid were associated with it. Today, such expressive expressions are more often associated with the word "woman".

Thus, social and cultural changes in society are reflected in the language, as well as in the appeal of people to each other.

The history of Russia provides extremely interesting material for studying the influence of power and social change on the conversion of people to each other.

There was a document "Table of Ranks", published in 1717-1721, which was then reprinted. It listed the military (army and navy), civil and court ranks. Accordingly, the form of address depended on the rank.

The monarchical system in Russia until the 20th century kept the division of people into estates. Estates were distinguished: nobles, clergy, merchants, petty bourgeois, peasants. Hence the address master / madam in relation to people of privileged social groups; sir / madam - for the middle class; master / mistress for both, and the lack of a single appeal to representatives of the lower class.

Thus, before the Revolution of 1917 in Russia there was no universal appeal to man. The address mister was usually used to characterize a person by his position, but without indicating his position.

After the October Revolution, all ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree. Appeals sir / madam and addresses like Your Excellency have almost disappeared from the speech. The titles sir / madam and ladies and gentlemen were gradually supplanted, so that the scope of their application was extremely narrowed (in Soviet time they were preserved as appeals to foreigners from non-socialist countries), the appeal of the master was recognized as “bourgeois” and degrading, therefore, it began to be actively eradicated from the sphere of public appeals; the citizen, on the contrary, has gained great popularity, and the comrade, having come from the social democratic lexicon in the meaning of "comrade-in-arms in the political struggle", has become official, generally accepted.

In the first years of Soviet power, there was an opposition of two classes - "gentlemen" and "comrades", people who use the corresponding addresses. The appeal comrade for the former tsarist intelligentsia was insulting, and for the proletariat who came to power, the appeal master testified to the interlocutor's belonging to ideologically hostile elements. It was during the formation of Soviet power that new meanings of the words gentlemen and comrades appeared in the Russian language. These words began to designate the corresponding classes in society.

Now let's compare the addresses sir / madam and the comrade who replaced them. Pre-revolutionary addresses distinguish the gender of the addressee, imply a certain and rather high social status of the addressee, and are usually used together with the surname, profession, etc. First, a friend names a person regardless of gender. Secondly, comrade can be used both in combination with a surname and without it (comrade Ivanova; comrade major; comrade, wait). From an ideological point of view, the word comrade had obvious advantages: its use as an address implied the equality of the speaker and the interlocutor (normally comrade conductor and, impossible, mister conductor).

The word "citizen" is worth mentioning separately. It is recorded in the annals of the 11th century. The word came into the Russian language from the Old Slavonic language and served as a variant of the word "city dweller". In the 18th century, this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state." Later, the meaning appears: "a person who is devoted to the Motherland, serves her and the people, takes care of the public good, subordinates personal interests to the public." Why didn't such a socially significant word as a citizen become a common address of people to each other in the 20th century? In the 20-30s. it has become the norm when talking between arrested people and law enforcement officers not to use comrade, but to say citizen.

With the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, the word comrade, like the word citizen in its time, acquires a new socio-political meaning: a like-minded person fighting for the interests of the people.

“After the complete displacement of pre-revolutionary addresses, the marked class opposition developed into a contrast between people who used and did not use the address comrade. Its use, as it were, emphasized the inclusion of the speaker in the Soviet system.

So, the address comrade in Soviet speech practice was not neutral, since it carried the color of loyalty to the authorities. “Here is an example of Voroshilov’s speech at the February-March plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1937: “And all these comrades - unfortunately, we have to consider them comrades until a decision is made - these comrades were pursuing a vile, counter-revolutionary, anti-people line.”

“While a comrade was addressing a person, this was a sign that he was “one of his own”; when this title and the right to apply such treatment to others were lost, this meant that the person was excluded from the number of “friends” and could soon be arrested.

It is also important to emphasize the following aspect: after the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, the linguistic address citizen received the connotation "resident of a free, democratic country" (as opposed to a non-free person in a monarchical state), and the word comrade - "a like-minded person in the political struggle of the proletariat to overthrow the exploiters." However, the extraordinary mass use last word led to the fact that by the middle of the 1920s the address comrade began to be used not only in relation to party comrades, but also acquired officiality and generally accepted.

After the collapse of the USSR and Soviet culture, the etiquette system was again in an unstable state. Since the end of the 80s. in an official setting, the appeals sir, madam, sir, madam began to revive.

Recently, the address "sir" is perceived as the norm at meetings of the Duma, on television, among businessmen, entrepreneurs, teachers, etc.

Scientists, teachers, doctors, lawyers prefer the words of colleagues and friends. And the words woman, man, which have become widespread in recent times in the role of address, violate the norm of speech etiquette, testify to the insufficient culture of the speaker. In this case, it is preferable to start a conversation without references, using anonymized forms: be kind ..., be kind ..., sorry ...

The appeal, comrade, gradually began to emerge from the everyday appeal of people to each other, it continues to be used by the military, members of communist parties.

“Modern changes are not a return to the old pre-revolutionary system. Rather, there is an attempt to simply replace the address comrade (in the singular and plural in combination with the surname, profession and rank, as well as in the plural with the addressee - an unnamed group of people) with mister / madam. If we rely on the pre-revolutionary norm, then the treatment Mr. / Mrs. is used incorrectly. The conditions of its use are close to the conditions of the use of the word comrade in Soviet times, and the sphere of use is bureaucratic and newspaper languages. Not a pre-revolutionary gentleman has returned to our speech, but a disguised comrade.

Thus, the problem of commonly used address in an informal setting remains open. Apparently, it will be resolved only when every citizen of Russia learns to respect himself and treat others with respect, when he learns to defend his honor and dignity, when he becomes a Personality, when it does not matter what position he occupies, what his status is. Only then, none of the Russians will feel embarrassed and embarrassed if they call him or he calls someone sir, madam ... or when these words again change their meaning and become acceptable to every individual.

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Introduction

1. The concept of speech etiquette and its functions

2. Sustainable communication formulas

3. Speech etiquette and culture of speech

Conclusion

Literature

INTRODUCTION

What is understood as speech etiquette is used in the speech of each of us daily and repeatedly. Perhaps these are the most common expressions: we address someone many times a day, greet our acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, say goodbye to people, thank someone, apologize to someone, congratulate someone, someone we wish good luck or give someone a compliment, we condole with someone, we sympathize, we ask, we offer, etc. This is speech etiquette, which is a combination of verbal forms of courtesy, politeness, that is, something that cannot be dispensed with.

In the process of education, socialization, a person becoming a personality and more and more completely mastering the language, learns the ethical norms of relationships with others, including speech relationships, in other words, masters the culture of communication.

But for this, he needs to navigate the situation of communication, in the role signs of a partner, correspond to his own social characteristics and satisfy the expectations of other people, strive for the “image” that has developed in the mind of a native speaker, act according to the rules of the communicative roles of the speaker or listener, build the text in accordance with stylistic norms, own oral and written forms of communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience awkwardness and difficulty in communication. Strict observance of speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression of the organization with customers and partners, maintains its positive reputation.

1. THE CONCEPT OF SPEECH ETIQUETS AND ITS FUNCTIONS

The concept of "etiquette" is a philosophical, ethical concept. The origin of the word "etiquette" - french word. Initially, it denoted a product tag, a label, then the court ceremonial began to be called that. It is in this sense that the word "etiquette" has become widespread in German, Polish, Russian and other languages.

The word "etiquette" entered the Russian language in the 18th century, under Peter I, when broad cultural and political ties were established in Russia with other states. At this time, special etiquette guides for young people were created.

Etiquette determines our entire behavior. These are not only the rules that we follow at the table or at a party, these are generally all the norms of our relationships. With the help of such rules learned from childhood, we regulate our relationships with others, establish or discover relationships like: “senior - junior - equal” in communication.

So, speech etiquette is a set of requirements for the form, content, order, character and situational relevance of statements accepted in a given culture. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Norma Publishing House, 2001. S. 319. .

The well-known researcher of speech etiquette N.I. Formanovskaya gives the following definition: “Speech etiquette is understood as the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen key.” The study of speech etiquette, in her opinion, occupies a special position at the intersection of linguistics, theory and history of culture, psychology and other humanitarian disciplines.

In the broad sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act of communication, therefore speech etiquette is associated with the so-called postulates of speech communication, which make the interaction of communication participants possible and successful. These are postulates - postulates quality(the message must not be false or unfounded); quantities(message should not be too short or too long); relationship(the message must be relevant to the recipient) and way(the message must be clear, concise, not contain words and expressions that are incomprehensible to the addressee). Violation of one or more of these postulates to one degree or another entails a communicative failure.

Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system of language means in which etiquette relations are manifested Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric: Tutorial for universities. - M.: UNITI - Dana, 1999. S. 217. . Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions ( Thank you, Please, I'm sorry, I'm sorry etc.), as well as specialized forms of address ( Mister, Comrade etc.);

at the grammatical level: using the plural for polite address (including pronouns You), the use of interrogative sentences instead of imperative ones ( You won't say toOhour? Could you move a little? and so on.):

· at the stylistic level: refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena and the use of euphemisms instead of these words;

at the intonational level: using polite intonation (for example, the phrase: Kindly close the door- may sound with different intonation depending on whether it is supposed to be a polite request or an unceremonious demand);

at the level of orthoepy: use: Hello instead of ZdrAste, Please instead of Please etc.;

· at the organizational and communicative level: a ban on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else's conversation, etc.

Speech etiquette is the rules of speech behavior developed by society, mandatory for all members of society, nationally specific, firmly fixed in the system of speech formulas, but still historically changeable Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. S. 5.

Speech etiquette tells how to behave in various extralinguistic contexts, how to properly establish and maintain speech, and, accordingly, friendly business contact. Speech etiquette is associated with the culture of speech behavior and is inseparable from the communication situation in which it is used.

Speech etiquette performs certain functions:

1) First of all, you need to highlight contact-setting function (it is also called both social and phatic - from the Latin "to speak"). This function is manifested in such speech acts when the speaker draws the attention of the interlocutor, prepares him for the actual communication of information, that is, this function serves the speech contact of the interlocutors.

After all, in fact, when we say to the interlocutor: Who do I see!- we do not have a task, we will meaningfully exchange knowledge about who exactly the person saw. This is just a signal: I remember you, I'm glad for the unexpected meetingeChe, our relationship is laid-back and so on.

2) appellative, or calling function. When we speak: Citizen! or: Excuse me, how can I get through? - we have no other goal than to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to call him for further conversation.

3) the conscription, appellative function is associated with the function orie n tations to the addressee in connection with his role positions in speech interactions. This function is also called conative. Indeed, to one we can say: Dear Alexander Ivanovich!, to another (or in other conditions): Sashenka, and to the third, (or in other conditions): Sanek. And all this will depend on who and to whom, in what situation and under what mutual relations it is said. The conative function is closely related to the concept of politeness.

4) function expression of will in relation to the interlocutor, the impact on him (this function is also called voluntarily). When we say to the one at the door, for example: Please pass!, we just influence the behavior of the interlocutor, prompting him to enter. At the same time, do not “pass” (by or along something), but it will approach, we invite him. Is it difficult for you to move?- we ask for action, we encourage a person to be active, at the same time not expecting an answer from him whether it is difficult for him or not.

5) and finally emotive a function associated with the expression of emotions, feelings, human relationships. We say to the interlocutor: I'm so glad to see you; Happy to meet; Very nice... Yes, and all speech etiquette in general is a means of expressing emotionally significant relationship Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. S. 16. .

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. For example, in Russian society such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

Tact - this is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to be able to understand the interlocutor, to avoid inappropriate questions, discussing topics that may be unpleasant for him.

courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Tolerance is to calmly relate to possible differences of opinion, to avoid sharp criticism of the views of the interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

benevolence is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

That. respect for another person, politeness and goodwill helps to verbally express speech etiquette; it, appropriately and moderately used, ultimately forms a culture of behavior.

2. SUSTAINABLE COMMUNICATION FORMULA

Speech etiquette is socially defined and nationally specific rules of behavior that are implemented in the system sustainable formulas and expressions (stereotypical statements) used in situations of establishing, maintaining and opening contact with an interlocutor, in the system You - You - forms of communication, in choosing the socio-stylistic tone of communication when orienting the addressee and the situation of communication as a whole. Culture of Russian speech: encyclopedic Dictionary- reference book / Ed. L.Yu. Ivanova. - M.: Flinta; Nauka, 2003. S. 575. .

Speech etiquette is a special area of ​​language and speech, and therefore a professional look at it from the point of view of linguistics is also necessary.

When people talk to each other, they create some kind of text. This text is built according to linguistic laws, and individual sentences - statements in it interact from the grammatical and semantic side. Both texts and their elements - statements are very diverse depending on various reasons: written or oral form of speech, contact or distant position of the interlocutors, specific or generalized addressee, intended for official or unofficial communication, topics and much more. All the variety of statements is difficult to classify, but it is possible with with good reason to say that among them there are those who make up a special group of stereotypes, stable formulas of communication.

Stereotypes, stable formulas do not arise anew in every act of speech, but are reproduced as units deposited and stored in our linguistic consciousness in the form of a kind of fund of ready-made typed phrases.

Stereotypes in communication arise as a result of frequent and typical attachment to a frequently repeated typical situation communication. Generally speaking, the standardization of certain processes, including communication processes, is a useful thing. True, it is necessary to clearly distinguish where it is good and where it is bad. Official business speech cannot do without standards, stereotypes, formulas.

So, any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with acquaintance. Acquaintance is undoubtedly the sphere of influence of etiquette. After all, getting acquainted is to establish a connection with a person, a relationship with him for communication. At the same time, there is always a willingness to make contact, regardless of what it is caused by - just a good attitude, sympathy or business considerations. Acquaintance can take place directly and indirectly. Of course, it is desirable that someone introduce you, but there are times when it is necessary to do it yourself.

Etiquette suggests several possible formulas:

· Let's get acquainted!

· I want to get to know you!

· I would like to get to know you!

These expressions are arranged in order of increasing politeness in the manifestation of their intention. There are also more casual ways, for example: Let's get acquainted - in this case, the form of the future tense (let's) practically loses the meaning of the future itself, but rather plays an incentive role.

Official, stylistically elevated expressions are:

· Let (allow) to meet you (Imagine youTsya). Words allow, allow as part of the formulas of speech etiquette, they always turn out to be an indicator of the stylistic elevation of expression.

Further, after these introductory phrases, the introduction follows by name, patronymic or surname, if the acquaintance is purely official. A form of presentation is chosen, which is then expected when addressing: if you want to be called by name, give the interlocutor exactly these “coordinates”, if you need more respect, call yourself by your first name and patronymic.

In Russian speech, it is customary to call the first name, first name, patronymic, surname in the nominative or instrumental case:

· My name is Olga Sergeevna.

· My name is Volodya.

After the performance has taken place, it is possible to indicate an unofficial name accepted in a narrow circle, which is familiar to the acquaintance. In this case, the words "call" and "call" are used:

· My name is Tamara, but you can call me Tom;

· My name is Varvara, but just call me Vava.

The second replica of the dialogue - a replica-reaction usually expresses satisfaction, joy about meeting: It's very nice to meet youTsya! Or simply: Very nice! I am glad! And even: happy to meet youTsya! Other phrases are not excluded.

If the acquaintance occurs through an intermediary, he usually says: Get acquainted, please! or: Meet! - and calls the names of acquaintances. Often an intermediary, representing a person, uses a phraseological phrase: Please love and respect, as a request, an invitation to benevolent attitude.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers start with greetings .

The official greeting formulas include:

· Hello!

· Good afternoon!

There is also a group of stylistically elevated greetings:

· Greetings!

· Glad to welcome you!

· Allow (allow) you to welcome!

Together with the greeting, to enhance the signs of goodwill, we also use information about life, affairs, health: How do you live? How are you doing? Or, in more casual terms: What's up? How dela? How is your health? If a person is well acquainted, the state of his affairs is generally known to us, we clarify: What's new? How is it going? Well, how are you? What's new at work? As a wife? etc.

If the meeting is unexpected, then the greeting is accompanied by an expression of surprise: What a pleasant meeting! What a surprise!, What a meeting!, Whom I see!, What fates?, How many years, how many winters! and many other things we say in this case.

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication - these are formulas farewell. But, first of all, the interlocutor must be prepared for parting. It is impossible to imagine that in the middle of a meaningful conversation, and even at the end of it, without any transition, one can say "goodbye." Therefore, etiquette requires that we somehow bring the interlocutor to the end of the contact. This may be a mention of a late hour, gratitude for a pleasantly spent evening, an apology for the time taken, compliments to the hostess of the house if you were visiting.

Farewell is accompanied by all sorts of requests and invitations: Come! Come in! Do not forget! Write! Call! And the departing may ask: Do not remember dashingly! Although, unlike the previous ones, this phrase is used less frequently. .

At parting, the wishes are also accepted: I wish you good luck, success!, and to the departing: Bon Voyage! Good time!

In the course of communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations . Congratulation is one of the brightest etiquette situations. They are usually congratulated on a holiday, on success, on a successful completion (and sometimes a successful start) of a business. Moreover, the nature of the holiday dictates the form of congratulations.

Our language allows us to express congratulations very emotionally:

· Congratulations!

· From the heart!

· Heartily!

The reason that serves as the basis for congratulations turns into an independent congratulatory formula: Happy birthday! Happy HolidaysAndcom! Happy New Year!

A gift is often associated with congratulations - an action that is certainly etiquette and requires appropriate speech rituals:

· Please accept my humble gift!

· This is for you to remember!

· On the occasion of the wedding, let me give you a gift!

Wish often accompanies congratulations, following it as a continuation of the cue. In the design of expressions of wishes, there is much in common with congratulations: With all my heart (with all my heart) I wish you ... Three accepted wishes are steadily combined at once: I wish you happiness, health, successehov!

The answer to a greeting, congratulation, invitation, wish is the most common formula thanks : Thank you! If this is a response to an invitation, a proposal, it may contain an additional connotation of consent or refusal.

There are other formulas of gratitude: I am very grateful to you, I am so grateful to you, let (let) thank you. There are other ways: I offer my thanks. accept my graceRness.

Those. again, there are many expressions that speakers choose depending on to whom and in what setting their speech is addressed. And, of course, each of the ways to thank usually corresponds to a measure of service. For a coin transferred in transport for a ticket, you can say: Thank you! Thank you But it would sound funny, for example, such a phrase: There are no words to express my gratitude to you!

Apology - verbal expiation of misconduct. Guilt can be more or less. An apology for a small misconduct, without explaining the guilt itself, since it is self-evident (someone accidentally pushed someone, stepped on their foot, did not have time to let them go forward), it is quite enough expressed by the formula: Sorry! or: Sorry! They also add: PleaseAluista!

But if the fault is large, then, perhaps, it is more usable: Sorry! Often there is a need to explain what exactly we ask for forgiveness for: Sorry for the late call! Sorry for giving you so much trouble!»

I'm sorry, and I apologize, not to mention phrases like: Please accept my apologies, I must apologize to you! I can't help but apologize to you! are all stylistically elevated ways of apologizing. And again, it's all about the art of choice: who, to whom, in what relationship, officially or unofficially says them.

The request, one way or another, burdens the interlocutor, and this, as a rule, is taken into account by the speaker, so asking for something without " Please" not accepted.

Request - motivating speech action, and therefore is expressed most typically by the imperative mood of verbs:

· Please, pass it on!

· Be kind!

A person can feel acutely, which makes it difficult for the one to whom he asks, then he chooses other forms:

· If it's not hard for you. If you don't mind.

· Don't hesitate to be kind. Don't take it as work. Do me a favor.

invitation, encouragement, advice in their linguistic expression they are similar to a request. Only a request and an invitation, rather focused on the interests of the addresser (I ask - this to me need, I invite - this to me pleasant), and advice, proposal, are more "turned" to the interests of the addressee (I advise, I suggest - this you useful) Goykhmpn O.Ya. Nadeina T.M. Speech communication: Textbook. - M.: INFRA - M, 2005. S. 117. .

In asking, we must be delicate enough in defending our own interests, and in advising - again, delicate enough not to interfere rudely in inner world interlocutor. But, of course, the interests of the one who invites, offers, and the one to whom it is directed often combine.

There is a similarity in the structure of the phrase in both request and advice. On the one side: Please bring me a cup of coffee; with another - HAday please warm scarf. Both here and there is the imperative form of the verb, and such phrases can be freely replaced by the following: I ask you to bring me a cup of coffee And I ask you to wear a warm scarf. But in the latter case, it is the speaker, “I”, who really needs the person to dress warmly.

In addition to the request, invitation, advice, proposal to the interlocutor, when the will (and goals) of the speaker induce the addressee to one or another action, our speech also expresses an invitation to a joint (relative to "I" and "you") action. In casual friendly communication, these are, first of all, the verb forms of the first person plural: Let's go... Let's go... Let's see... and specially incentive forms: Let's go...

An invitation, request, advice, proposal must be answered, that is, consent or refusal must be expressed, and in some cases - permission or prohibition to do something. Consent or permission is unlikely to hurt our interlocutor, but refusal and prohibition require special tact.

Agreement give: With pleasure! And With joy! and the resolution is expressed in the word: Please!

Refusal from the standpoint of etiquette - a more complex speech action: you need to make sure that the interlocutor is not offended. There are special “softening” means in the language. First, we express our regret that we cannot fulfill the request, respond to the offer: K sOsorry I can't...

There are other ways to opt out:

· I'd love to, but...

I'm embarrassed to say no, but...

I would be happy to allow, but...

Well, if the request revolts us, then we exclaim: No no and one more time no!!! Or like this: It's out of the question! Or: Under no circumstances! Emotionally expressive ways of expressing categorical disagreement, prohibitions occasionally have to be used, but at the same time we must be aware of how we influence the interlocutor and what feelings we awaken in him. In the Russian language (as in others) there are a lot of words, expressions, stable formulas that convey a negative assessment, dissatisfaction, abuse, in general, various negative emotions. This is a completely different area of ​​​​language units and a different scope for their application.

Here are the situations where comfort, show sympathy , express condolence, cheer up the interlocutor, create good mood, directly relates to the field of speech etiquette. True, condolences are expressed officially, and look like stylistically high phrases like: Please accept my deepest condolences Please accept my deepest condolencesOvaniya, Allow me to express my sincere condolences to you etc.

But consolations, sympathies are very diverse and vary from a socio-stylistic point of view, depending on who, to whom and in what environment they say them. There are many phrases of sympathy in everyday life: This is nonsense! It's OK! All this is nonsense! A reminder that troubles are inevitable in life can also serve as consolation: Anything happens; It's nothing you can do; You can't change anything here; All will pass; Everything will work out etc. And there may be calls to struggle with feelings : Do not give up! Not bydget in the mood! and other phrases.

As a rule, with sympathy, consolation, the speaker is not limited to just one phrase, he strings them one on top of the other, repeats, convinces, creates a whole text, and can add compliments here: You are so strong man! You will overcome adversity!

Thus, compliment, approval , like consolation, sympathy cheer up the interlocutor, cheer him up. We are often inclined to believe even exaggerated compliments, we are ready to accept a compliment a little more than we objectively deserve. Obviously, the whole point is that the speaker evaluates the interlocutor subjectively, it is the point of view of the addresser that can reveal the special merits of the addressee. This supports our tendency to believe high self-esteem.

Psychologists note how important it is for a person to think well about himself, to have a positive image in his mind. Making compliments, expressing approving assessments in someone's address, we must remember that there is something good in every person. Highlight, emphasize this good, do not be stingy, evaluate it in a person best features- this is the art of a compliment and its positive role Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Norma Publishing House, 2001. S. 301. .

Just as in consolation, sympathy, and in a compliment, all attention is focused on the interlocutor, in phrases there is “you”, but there is no “I”.

· You look wonderful!

· This dress really suits you!

The most commonly used compliments are appearance. An appearance compliment can mark a successful hairstyle, clothes: This costume really suits you! This color suits you! You have great taste, you dress so elegantly!

But, of course, it's all about when it's appropriate to give what compliment. If, for example, after a report, a speech, a woman has the right to wait for the approval of her business qualities, and the speaker praises her clothes, the effect of such a compliment can be exactly the opposite - after all, she is waiting for the approval of the thoughts that she expressed, her manner of speaking, the ability to defend her point of view, logically reason.

A compliment to loved ones also creates a good mood for the interlocutor: You have a lovely daughter; At you are such a handsome husband; You have a charming wife!

Thus, all of the above situations are the most common in terms of the implementation of speech etiquette in them.

3. SPEECH ETIQUETTE AND SPEECH CULTURE

Culture - in a certain sense of the word, this is enlightenment, education, erudition, the presence of certain skills of behavior in society, good breeding.

Communication culture- this is that part of the culture of behavior, which is expressed mainly in speech, in the mutual exchange of remarks, in conversation. This broad area also affects what is called the culture of speech.

A culture of speech is a complex concept. In everyday life, in everyday life, this means correct literate speech. But the culture of speech is also a whole branch of linguistics, sometimes called orthodology (“ortho”, like “ortho”, in Greek “correctly” - “correct speech”) Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. S. 151. . The culture of speech as a science of language is precisely concerned with the development and ordering of various rules, and the rules of speech are of interest to each of us.

Under the culture of speech is understood the possession of the norms of oral and written literary language, that is, the rules of pronunciation, stress, grammar and word usage. Usually, from these positions, speech is assessed as correct and incorrect, use as acceptable and unacceptable. For example: correct "last" (in line) and incorrectly "extreme"; correctly "put" and incorrectly "lay down".

The second area of ​​interests of the culture of speech is speech skill, the ability to choose a stylistically appropriate option, to express an idea expressively and intelligibly. A high culture of speech presupposes a sufficiently high level of the general culture of a person, a conscious love for the language, a culture of thinking. The pinnacle of speech culture, the standard and "starting point" of phenomena perceived as normative, is recognized as the literary language, where the cultural traditions of the people, the achievements of masters of the word, writers are consolidated and accumulated, as in a treasury.

Speech etiquette is directly related to the culture of speech and is inseparable from the communication situation in which it is used.

In addition, speech etiquette is closely related to the category of politeness - an ethical category that is reflected in the language and serves as one of the characteristics of a person.

The ethical socio-cultural concept of politeness as a respectful attitude towards a communication partner is connected with speech etiquette in two ways. On the one hand, any violation of the norms of speech behavior is a demonstration of impoliteness. This violation may be due to:

a) violation of the ritual of speech etiquette in the appropriate situation (did not say hello, did not thank);

b) the choice of the inconsistency of the situation and the role characteristics of the partner (for example, the use of "you" - a formula, with the expected "you").

The idea of ​​correct cultural speech includes a certain idea of norm in the field of speech etiquette.

At all language norm- these are the rules of pronunciation, grammatical and other language means, rules of word usage adopted in the social speech practice of educated people. The norm is the most important condition for stability, unity of the national language. The norm, like the law, does not allow each speaker to act according to his own whim.

Therefore, we can say that a person who knows the norms of his native language, owns the culture of speech, and vice versa, who owns the culture of speech always adheres to the norm. This does not exclude, of course, the stylistic diversity of his speech, but it just presupposes such diversity as the embodiment of speech skill.

So, speech etiquette, as an element of the speech and behavioral culture of the people, is associated with the concept of a language norm. Every native speaker knows the previously discussed stable communication formulas - for example, formulas for apologizing for awkwardness; however, only one is welcomed by the norm: sorry menya! I'm sorry! - and others are rejected, for example: I'm sorry!(moreover, sometimes such a distinction is given “justifications” like: you can’t excuse yourself, you can only apologize to others, etc.).

The very use or non-use of units of speech etiquette can also be the subject of normalization, for example: apology formulas are appropriate if the speaker causes concern to his interlocutor, but you should not apologize too often, as this puts the interlocutor in an awkward position.

In addition, a violation of the norms and rules of the literary language, especially if it looks like negligence, can in itself be considered a violation of speech etiquette.

So, the requirements of speech etiquette form a kind of hierarchy. To some extent, they are an integral part of the active and passive language practice of every native speaker. On the other hand, these requirements are associated with a certain level of speech culture, more or less high.

Elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker who easily recognizes stable communication formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in a certain situation. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people.

But the boundary between everyday speech practice and the norm in speech etiquette is inevitably mobile. The practical application of speech etiquette always differs somewhat from normative models, and not only because of the participants' insufficient knowledge of its rules. Deviations from the norm, or too meticulous adherence to it, may be due to the speaker's desire to demonstrate his attitude towards the interlocutor or emphasize his vision of the situation.

Thus, speech etiquette is not a rigid system of rules; it is plastic enough, and this plasticity creates quite a large "room for maneuver".

At present, there is a clear tendency to increase the general and linguistic culture of people, the development of "linguistic flair", linguistic taste, interest in the language, bringing the culture of behavior and speech etiquette to automatism.

CONCLUSION

It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, one can distinguish common features: so practically all peoples have stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. however, these features are realized in each culture in its own way.

The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language. On ancient ideas On the effectiveness of the word, later layers are superimposed, associated with various stages in the evolution of society and its structure.

In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs. Ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him your respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication.

On the other hand, speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. Impossible to talk about high level language proficiency, if this proficiency does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice.

The ability to comply with ethical and speech standards has always been highly valued in society. Knowledge of ethical standards, the ability to follow them in behavior and speech indicates a high level of human development.

LITERATURE

1. Akimina A.A. Speech etiquette: Textbook. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1973. - 87 p.

2. Aleksandrov D.N. Rhetoric: Textbook for universities. - M.: UNITI - Dana, 1999. - 534 p.

3. Vvedenskaya G.A. Pavlova L.G. Business rhetoric: Textbook for universities. - Rostov / n D .: Publishing Center "Mart", 2000. - 512 p.

4. Goykhmpn O.Ya. Nadeina T.M. Speech communication: Textbook. - M.: INFRA - M, 2005. - 272 p.

5. Zaretskaya E.N. Rhetoric: Theory and practice of verbal communication. - M.: Delo, 2002. - 477 p.

6. Kazartseva O.M. Culture of speech communication: Textbook. - M.: Flinta: Science, 1970. - 406 p.

7. Kostomarov V.G. Actual problems speech culture. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - 406 p.

8. Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. OK. Graudina. - M.: Norma Publishing House, 2001. - 560 p.

9. Culture of Russian speech: Encyclopedic dictionary - reference book / Ed. L.Yu. Ivanova. - M.: Flinta; Science, 2003. - 840 p.

10. Lvov M.R. Rhetoric. Culture of speech: Textbook for university students. - M.: Ed. Center "Academy", 2003. - 272 p.

11. Russian language and culture of speech: Textbook for universities / Ed. IN AND. Maksimov. - M.: Gardariki, 2002. - 411 p.

12. Taranov P.S. The Art of Rhetoric: A Study Guide. - M.: EKSMO, 2002. - 573 p.

13. Formanovskaya N.I. You said: "Hello!" (Speech etiquette in our communication). - M.: Knowledge, 1989. - 160 p.

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Faculty of Philology

Department of Teaching French

GRADUATE WORK

Formulas of speech etiquette in Russian and French fables

annotation

This final qualifying work discusses the theoretical aspects of studying the functioning of speech etiquette in Russian and French fables.

The work consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion.

The first chapter discusses the concept and essence of speech etiquette, its functions, national and cultural features of speech etiquette adopted in Russia and France, and also characterizes the fable as literary genre.

The second chapter reflects the results of the analysis of the features of the functioning of etiquette formulas of appeals on the material of the fables of Russian authors (I.A. Krylov, S. Mikhalkov) and French authors (J. La Fontaine, Oudard de Lamotte).

The work was printed on 64 pages, using 39 sources, contains 4 tables.

Abstract

This graduate qualification work dwells upon theoretical principles of studying the functioning of verbal etiquette in the Russian and French fables.

The work contains introduction, two chapters and conclusions.

The first chapter studies the concept and essence of the speech etiquette, its functions, national and cultural peculiarities, adopted in Russia and France as well as the characteristics of the fable as a literary genre.

The second chapter reflects the results of the analysis of the functioning of the formulas of etiquette calls for submission of fables by Russian authors (I.A. Krylov, S. Mikhalkov), and French authors (J. Lafontaine, Blow de Lamotte).

The work is typed on 64 pages, contains 39 sources, 4 tables.

Introduction. 6

1 Theoretical aspects studying the functioning of speech etiquette. 9

1.1 Speech etiquette as a sign system in the structure of speech activity. 9

1.1.1 Speech etiquette: concept and essence. 9

1.1.2 Functions of speech etiquette. 18

1.1.3 Speech etiquette in the context of national culture.. 25

1.2 Fable as a subject of linguistic research. thirty

1.2.1 Characteristics of the fable genre. thirty

1.2.2 The influence of national specifics on the development of traditional fable plots 36

Conclusions on the first chapter. 41

2 Analysis functional features etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of Russian and French writers. 43

2.1 Functional features of addresses in French. 43

2.2 Etiquette formulas of references in the fables of Russian and French writers 48

2.2.1 Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of J. La Fontaine. 48

2.2.2 Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of Impact de Lamotte. 49

2.2.3 Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of I.A. Krylov. 52

2.2.4 Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of S. Mikhalkov. 55

Conclusions on the second chapter. 58

Conclusion. 60

List of used sources. 62

Introduction

Relevance of this work is due to the fact that the study of the norms of speech etiquette in modern world turns into a practical goal focused on achieving success in a particular act of communication, since the analysis of the language means of etiquette formulas that ensure effective contact between communicants allows us to identify ways to strengthen or weaken the communicative impact on the interlocutor.

In recent decades, an important place in the study of linguistic phenomena has been occupied by a communicative-pragmatic approach, which allows, on the one hand, to take into account the socio-psychological relationships between the speaker and the addressee, and, on the other hand, to identify the meaning and functions of speech statements. The behavior of communicants within the framework of a speech act is largely determined by the rules of etiquette, and, in particular, speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette in the work is understood as a certain set of generally accepted norms and rules according to which communication is built, and the corresponding tools for the implementation of these rules are a set of relatively stable ritualized units that are understandable to native speakers of a given language at this stage of its development, which serve to ensure contact between communicants according to rules and regulations prescribed by etiquette.

In this study, the analysis of the formulas of speech etiquette is undertaken on the basis of Russian and French fables, since one of the features of the fable genre is the versatility of its use. The figurative and poetic development of the plot of a fable story is realized through allegory, which contributes to the generation of a plurality of meanings in the individual perception of the recipient, which is refracted through the prism of the morality formulated by the fabulist. Due to their ambiguity, fables can be applied to any suitable moment, and, despite the fact that at present this genre of literature has practically disappeared, the old fables are as relevant today as they were centuries ago.

Behind for a long time of their existence, the traditional fable plots considered in this work not only have not lost their relevance, but have absorbed the national-specific features of Russian and French linguistic cultures, since they were not only borrowed by representatives of these cultures, but also interpreted by them from the standpoint of the national mentality of the host countries . As a result, these interpretations, despite the similar storyline, have different semantic content, which reflects differences in cultural experience.

The methodological basis of the work was the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the theory of language (N.D. Arutyunova, T.V. Bulygina, V.G. Gak), on linguoculturology (G.P. Grice, V.I. Karasik, I.M. Kobozeva, V.N. Teliya), works devoted to the study of speech etiquette (A.A. Akishina, V.E. Goldin, V.G. Kostomarov, N.I. Formanovskaya).

object studies are the fables of French and Russian authors.

Subject studies are the formulas of speech etiquette of addresses in Russian and French fables.

Purpose of the study- to identify the features of the functioning of the formulas of speech etiquette of appeals on the basis of French and Russian fables.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve a number of the following tasks:

1) consider the main functions of speech etiquette;

2) to identify differences in the reflection of etiquette situations in Russian and French fables;

3) to determine the features of the functioning of the speech etiquette of appeals in Russian and French fables.

The methods of this study are:

• analysis of scientific literature;
• comparative method;
• continuous sampling method;
• method of structural-semantic analysis;
• method of mathematical processing of results.

material The fables of J. La Fontaine (14 fables), Antoine Oudard de Lamotte (15 fables), I. A. Krylov (14 fables), S. Mikhalkov (16 fables) were used for the study. Total examples amounted to 96 units. These fragments demonstrate the description of etiquette situations of treatment collected by the method of continuous sampling, consisting of one to several sentences. Undoubtedly, the most interesting for us are those cases when excerpts from literary monuments present verbal means speech etiquette, designed as a direct speech of the characters.

Practical significance research lies in the possibility of applying the results obtained in practical classes in the French language, in the preparation of lecture courses and special courses on the history of foreign literature.

1 Theoretical aspects of studying the functioning of speech etiquette

1.1 Speech etiquette as a sign system in the structure of speech activity

1.1.1 Speech etiquette: concept and essence

It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. The origins of speech etiquette lie in the most ancient period in the history of the language. In archaic society, speech etiquette (like etiquette in general) has a ritual background. The word is given special meaning associated with magical and ritual ideas, the relationship between man and cosmic forces. Relics of this state are preserved in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many stable formulas are ritual wishes that were perceived as effective (Hello, Thank you (God Save)).

Later layers associated with various stages in the evolution of society and its structure, with religious beliefs, etc. are superimposed on the oldest ideas about the effectiveness of the word. Of particular note is the rather complex system of speech etiquette in hierarchical societies, where the rules of speech communication fit into the semiotics of the social hierarchy. An example is the court of an absolute monarch (the medieval East, Europe at the turn of the New Age). In such societies, etiquette norms became the subject of training and codification and played a dual role: they allowed the speaker to express respect for the interlocutor and at the same time emphasize the sophistication of his own upbringing. The role in the formation of a new, Europeanized elite, which was played in the era of Peter the Great and the subsequent decades of etiquette manuals, including speech etiquette, is well known: Youth honest mirror, Butts, which complements are written are different.

According to O.A. Agarkova in modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs, ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him your respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication. Relics of hierarchical representations are also subject to these tasks; cf., for example, the history of circulation Mister and the corresponding appeals in other languages: an element of speech etiquette, which once arose as a sign of the social status of the addressee, subsequently becomes a nationwide form of polite address.

Speech etiquette has long attracted the attention of researchers, but its scientific development began only in the second half of the 20th century. (A.A. Akishina, V.E. Goldin, V.G. Kostomarov, N.I. Formanovskaya).

Even E. Benveniste assigned a special place to the units of speech etiquette and considered them a secondary education on the basis of an already existing language. In his opinion, forms of politeness, like symbolic rites, are not independent systems. Forms of politeness enter into a semiological relationship only through the medium of speech: the “protocol” that regulates the forms of politeness.

Speech etiquette is a system of stable forms of communication adopted in accordance with the social roles of those who communicate. The systems of etiquette speeches are changeable, they reflect the historical time and the social status of the application. They are situational and, as it were, "attached" to a particular situation of communication: official or unofficial situations, etc. They reflect very subtle differences in the choice of one or another register of communication, traditions, norms of mutual respect. The areas of use of etiquette forms are quite diverse: greeting (How do you do?, bonjour, hello), farewell (Good buy, au revoir, goodbye), apology (Excuse me, excusez-moi, sorry), request (Please, s " il vous (te)plaît, please), etc.

Currently, there is definitely an expansion of the scope of pragmatic research: the phenomena of speech etiquette are studied not only in terms of the classification of etiquette formulas, but also in the activity aspect [Susov, 1988; Fedosyuk, 1997]. Indeed, since speech etiquette is a system of “stable communication formulas prescribed by society to establish speech contact between interlocutors, maintain communication in the chosen key according to their social roles and role positions relative to each other, mutual relations in an official and informal setting”, this means that speech etiquette does not just constitute a functional-semantic field of units of friendly, polite communication in situations of addressing and attracting attention, acquaintance, greeting, farewell, etc. , but is also associated with the semiotic and social concept of etiquette in general, and therefore, plays a regulatory role in the choice of one or another register of communication, which is manifested in specific speech acts. That is why human society has developed a special system of rituals and formulas that allow you to establish contact and maintain a benevolent tone of verbal communication. No wonder, as rightly, in our opinion, M.M. Bakhtin, speech can only be understood in the context of dialogical relations. Dialogic relations are an almost universal phenomenon that pervades all human speech and all relations and manifestations of human life... Where consciousness begins, dialogue begins there.

The concept of speech etiquette is inextricably linked with the concept of etiquette in general. It should be taken into account, however, that the most important role in the etiquette expression of relations with people, it is speech that plays, since one of the main signs of belonging to a certain team is the features of speech. Indeed, it reflects the level of education of the speaker; it varies depending on the territory; she has professional and age features; it is not quite the same in the mouths of men and women. And all these features have the meaning of social symbols.

If etiquette, as a set of rules established in society, regulates our behavior in accordance with social requirements, then speech etiquette can be defined as the governing rules of speech behavior. This is a wide zone of units of language and speech, which verbally expresses the etiquette of behavior, gives us those linguistic riches that have accumulated in every society to express a non-conflict attitude towards people.
Etiquette is also a system of signs (symbols), the rules for their correct combination, the construction of oral messages and written texts, a form of regulation of communication, the essence of which lies in the dialogue, and a special, game form of human behavior in communication, when the participants in the dialogue behave according to their social status.

Speech etiquette, in particular, includes words and expressions used by people to say goodbye, requests, apologies, forms of address adopted in various situations, intonation features that characterize polite speech, etc.

In fact, in every social group, in every society, in every nation, forms of behavior typical of members of a given community are historically formed, and sometimes consciously established. Being common to its members, they become signs of belonging to a particular group. Features of behavior are a sign of belonging, firstly, to a certain social stratum, secondly, to a certain national culture, and thirdly, to a certain historical era. By measuring people's attitudes, we are essentially comparing their social roles and national and cultural affiliations. Etiquette actions, therefore, have the function of a password: “he behaves like us, which means he is his own, he knows the password.”

In our study, we adhere to the definition of speech etiquette by N.I Formanskaya “etiquette and speech etiquette are the rules, norms of behavior, including speech behavior, adopted in a particular society, circle of people (in accordance with the distribution of social roles in official and unofficial communication environment), which, on the one hand, regulate, and on the other hand, reveal, show the relations of members of society along such lines: one's own - someone else's, superior - inferior, senior - junior, distant - close, familiar - unfamiliar and even pleasant - unpleasant" . Units of speech etiquette are formed by a simultaneous act of nominating an event and predication and represent performative statements-actions.

In addition to the main this definition includes several more important concepts on which speech etiquette is built, namely: society, social role, communication environment and relations of members of society.

According to V.E. Goldin, human society is a team that has its own internal organization. In other words, any group of people, large or small, is built on certain values ​​and orders common to each of its members. From this arise "norms of behavior" that naturally extend to speech, making it an indicator of a given society. One of the most striking signs of belonging to a team are speech features.

As you know, a person can simultaneously belong to several groups at once (professional, age, territorial, etc.). For example, the frequent use of military terms may indicate a military person in him, and the use of “sho” instead of “what” will most likely indicate a villager. It is just as easy to distinguish an elderly person from a representative of today's youth based precisely on the characteristics of speech. They also determine the education of the individual. It is customary to consider the native speakers of the literary language as educated, and vernacular, on the contrary, denounces illiteracy.

N.I. Formanovskaya names such characteristics of a person as: gender, age, place of residence, degree of education, profession, etc. - permanent features that determine its social roles. The same idea is expressed by V.E. Goldin. “Russian speech itself is different. It reflects the level of education of the speaker; it varies depending on the territory, as there are local dialects; she has professional and age features; it is not quite the same in the mouths of men and women; and all these features could have and often now have the meaning of social symbols.

By definition, N.I. Formanskaya, a social role is a normative combination of position and function, while this or that role in the minds of people is associated with a pattern of behavior, with expectations of what a person in this role is obliged to do and what he has the right to. Here, behavior also means speech behavior, and it directly depends on the role being played. The role behavior of a person, in turn, is subordinated to his position in this team, as V.E. Goldin, and should meet the expectations of this team.

Thus, in a group of people, those connections are determined, which were mentioned in the definition of speech etiquette: "one's own - someone else's, superior - inferior, senior - junior, distant - close, familiar - unfamiliar and even pleasant - unpleasant ...". It should be added that even in one collective, the speech of one of its representatives will differ from the speech of another, due to the difference in their socio-psychological roles. These roles, according to N.I. Formanovskaya, are elected by the people themselves in accordance with their psychology.

In addition to the main ones, there are also variable (situational) roles of speakers, such as: pedestrian, passenger, buyer, patient, etc. These cases imply a symmetrical communication situation, i.e., one where the interlocutors are in the same position, regardless of who they are in another team. In this and any other environment of communication, there is necessarily an appeal to speech etiquette and its formulas.

Speech etiquette in a broad sense is associated with the general problems of linguistic pragmatics, since speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act of communication. Therefore, speech etiquette is associated with the so-called postulates of speech communication, which make the interaction of communication participants possible and successful. These are the postulates formulated by G.P. Grice, which are derived from the principle of cooperation underlying all communication.

The postulates of verbal communication include:

Postulates of quality (the message should not be false or without proper grounds);

Quantity postulates (message should be neither too short nor too long);

Postulates of the relation (the message should be relevant for the addressee);

The postulates of the method (the message must be clear, concise, not contain words and expressions that are incomprehensible to the addressee, etc.).

Violation of one or more of these postulates to one degree or another entails a communicative failure. Other important requirements - for example, postulates of politeness (every message must be polite, tactful, etc.) - are not included by G.P. Grice among the fundamental ones, since the task of the message is considered to be the effective transmission of information. It is significant that even with such a utilitarian formulation of the problem, the requirements of speech etiquette are necessary conditions successful communication. Moreover, these requirements are significant for messages that have other functions: establishing interpersonal contacts, attracting listeners to their side, etc. In these cases, the postulates of politeness inevitably come to the fore. Others, such as the postulates of relation, are pushed to the periphery.

In the narrow sense of the word, speech etiquette can be characterized as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels.

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions: Thank you, Please, I beg your pardon, Sorry, Goodbye etc.), as well as specialized forms of address ( Mister, Comrade and so on).

At the grammatical level: using the plural for polite address (including pronouns You); using interrogative sentences instead of imperative ones ( You will not say, what time is it now? Could you move a little? and so on.).

At the stylistic level: the requirement of competent, cultured speech; refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena, the use of euphemisms instead of these words.

At the intonational level: using polite intonation (for example, the phrase Be kind, close the door can sound with different intonation depending on whether it is supposed to be a polite request or an unceremonious demand).

At the level of orthoepy, use Hello instead of hello, Please instead of Please etc.

At the organizational and communicative level: a ban on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else's conversation, etc.

Speech formulas are the basis of speech etiquette, and they are quite diverse. There are 3 main groups into which they are divided:

1) formulas for starting a conversation;

2) formulas used in the process of communication;

3) formulas to complete the conversation.

The first group includes all forms of greeting, from which one is selected that is more appropriate for the speech situation (for example, official or informal). An older person or boss is usually addressed with the following words: "Hello" or "Good afternoon", and in the company of friends you can often hear "hello" or such forms of colloquial speech as "Great!".

The continuation of the conversation essentially depends on the speech situation. The most typical are considered solemn, working and mournful. Each of them has its own set of speech formulas and rules.

Another universal component of speech is address. Unlike other elements of speech etiquette, appeals in Russia do not have a specific form, but regardless of this, they have great informational value. By the way a person is addressed, one can determine the form of the relationship between the speaker and the addressee, their professional affiliation, Family status etc.

N.I. Formanovskaya assigns another role to the etiquette formulas given above: "... all greetings, information about life, health, deeds, all thanks, apologies, congratulations and wishes have no other purpose than to serve as" strokes "". “Stroking” is a simple manifestation of respect for another person, which in turn disposes him to the interlocutor and helps to establish contact correctly.

Quite the opposite effect can be obtained from a violation of etiquette norms, i.e. refusal to use “strokes” in speech: if a person does not greet familiar people or does not thank someone for the assistance provided, he will be considered ill-mannered, ignorant. The same will be the reaction to insults or behavior that degrades the dignity of another person. According to N.I. Formanovskaya, assigning a role to the interlocutor, lower than that to which he corresponds, is impoliteness. So, we can conclude that politeness is the opposite concept, confirmation of which we find in Goldin: “... a polite etiquette action can be called one that assigns a place (role) to the addressee no lower than it should be in accordance with the ideas accepted in this society ". In other words, politeness is compliance with the norms of behavior and the norms of speech etiquette.

1.1.2 Functions of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette reveals itself differently also depending on the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. So, for example, the rules of verbal communication may differ depending on whether the topic of communication is sad or joyful events for the participants in communication; there are specific etiquette rules associated with the place of communication (feast, office space, production meeting), etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events, the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to a detailed conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show a sign of respect, express a benevolent attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

At the same time, it should be noted that such elements of the speech situation that express the internal reaction of the interlocutors to the situation, the topic and each other, that is, the motive and purpose, explain the social meaning of the use of etiquette statements. After all, every social need finds its embodiment, including in language. That is why human society has developed a special system of rituals and formulas that serve precisely this need - to establish contact and maintain a benevolent tone of communication, that is, speech etiquette. The functions of the language, manifested in speech etiquette, interact with each other when performing a particular speech action. In some speech acts, some intentions of the speakers come to the fore and some functions are activated, in other speech acts, others.

Thus, speech etiquette performs a number of communicative functions. So speech etiquette:

Helps to establish contact between interlocutors;

Attracts the attention of the listener (reader), distinguishes him from other potential interlocutors;

Allows you to show respect;

Helps to determine the status of ongoing communication (friendly, business, official, etc.);

Forms a favorable emotional environment for communication and has a positive impact on the listener (reader).

In linguistic literature, it is customary to distinguish several types of its functions of speech etiquette. One of them - contact-setting ( or, in other words, - social, phatic). Due to this function of speech etiquette, a person attracts the attention of the interlocutor, that is, this function provides the beginning of speech contact between "I - you". The term "phatic communication" was first introduced by the English ethnographer B. Malinovsky [cit. according to 32]. Closely related to the contact-setting function appellative - A person draws attention to himself through a direct appeal to the interlocutor. Very often in the linguistic literature this function is called conscription. The calling or appellative function has a close relationship with another function of speech etiquette - conative. Thanks to this latter, the orientation towards the addressee is carried out in connection with his role positions in speech. Etiquette statements also perform voluntarily function, that is, the function of expressing will in relation to the interlocutor. Usually this function is manifested in situations of request, invitation, offer, advice. Finally, speech etiquette is directly related emotive language function. This is not surprising, since all speech etiquette as a whole is a means of expressing an emotionally significant attitude.

The functions of the language, manifested in speech etiquette, interact with each other when performing a particular speech action. In some speech acts, some intentions of the speakers come to the fore and some functions are activated, in other speech acts, others.

N.I. Formanskaya, on the basis of the communicative function of the language, highlights the specialized functions of speech etiquette, which are also inherent in etiquette speech genres: phatic, conative, regulative, imperative, appellative. An emotive function should be added to this list, since the expression of an emotionally significant attitude plays a very important role in the field of etiquette communication. Then the functions of speech etiquette can schematically look like this:

Scheme 2.

Each of the distinguished functions is associated with one or another participant or element of etiquette communication.

Consideration of the functions of speech etiquette allows us to understand what place etiquette speech genres occupy in communication, what they serve for and how they are included in the general communicative context.

The allocation of the functions of speech etiquette seems relevant for this work, since in the process of etiquette communication, communicants consciously or unconsciously choose a certain function (or set of functions), which, on the one hand, determines the type of speech act, and on the other hand, is a reflection of the situation of communication and allows you to isolate “a characteristic of the speaker’s communicative intentions intended for recognition by the addressee, which M.M. Bakhtin called the speech intent of the speaker and which in the theory of speech acts is called the illocutionary force of the utterance.

A slightly different approach to the study of the etiquette statement from the standpoint of the functions it performs is typical for M.K. Golovanivskaya, who described the various components of the communication situation. She singled out such communicative goals as assertive, emotive, directive, phatic, obtaining information, rhetorical, commissive. From this point of view, emotive and phatic functions are inherent in etiquette statements.

L.A. Kozlovskaya sees two aspects in a speech communicative act: proper communicative (transmission and reception of information) and metacommunicative, or regulative (regulation of the communication process). In accordance with this, three positions of analysis are distinguished speech means phatic function expressions:

1) the establishment of speech contact in the process of communication;

2) maintaining verbal contact in the process of communication;

3) opening of speech contact.

The characteristics of etiquette units are presented by researchers in different ways. According to N.I. Formanskaya, etiquette statements as linguistic signs are realized in speech as communicative, syntactically inseparable units, with explicitly or implicitly expressed categories of modality, time and person; however, the main feature of the embodiment of etiquette units lies in the stable assignment to them of the predicative category of the modality of the present tense of the 1st person, in immutability and non-paradigm.

From the point of view of P.A. Lekant, etiquette statements are phraseologized sentences, specific constructions colloquial speech, which have predicativity, but are not very productive, since they are not represented by models according to which freely organized constructions could be created in any number. "Phraseologized sentences are not so much grammatical structures as ready-made units that are reproduced in speech."

T.V. Tarasenko emphasizes that etiquette formulas are characterized by such grammatical features, as personality, modality and syntactic tense. The category of personality was first noticed by E. Benveniste, who, in contrast to the idea of ​​language as a purely social phenomenon and the embodiment of collective consciousness, put forward the theory of language as the possibility of realizing the personal principle in a person: “It is in language and thanks to language that a person is constituted as a subject, because only language gives reality, which is the property of being, to the concept of "It" - "my self". “The subjectivity in question here is the speaker’s ability to present himself as a “subject” ... I can use I only when referring to someone who, in my address, will appear as You" .

The communicative personal meaning in etiquette is the person in terms of his role in the speech act: the active role of the speaker - the author of the statement - is the 1st person, the role of the addressee of communication is the 2nd person. It is in the communicative functions of language units (personal pronouns and personal verbal forms) that the category of personality, the expression of the actual speaker, the subject of speech, is represented. In each etiquette statement, the “I” of the speaker and “You” of the addressee are reflected through the category of personality.

The real modality of etiquette statements (formulas), obviously, is inherent in their structure, since they function in the corresponding situation of a speech act with coordinates: the moment of speech "now" and the point of communication "here", that is, they coincide with the moment of speech in which they are realized; therefore, the syntactic tense of etiquette formulas is constantly present actual.

The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm. So, the idea of ​​correct, cultural, normalized speech includes certain ideas about the norm in the field of speech etiquette. Indeed, elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker (including those with poor command of the norm), who easily recognizes these formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people. Ignorance of the requirements of speech etiquette and, as a result, their failure to comply (for example, addressing an adult stranger in You) is perceived as a desire to offend or as bad manners.

At the same time, the very use or non-use of units of speech etiquette can also be the subject of normalization, for example: apology formulas are appropriate if the speaker causes concern to his interlocutor, but you should not apologize too often, as this puts the interlocutor in an awkward position, etc. In addition, a violation of the norms and rules of the literary language, especially if it looks like negligence, can in itself be considered a violation of speech etiquette.

So, the requirements of speech etiquette form a kind of hierarchy. To some extent, they are an integral part of the active and passive language practice of every native speaker; on the other hand, these requirements are associated with a certain level of speech culture, more or less high. For example, every native speaker knows from an early age that it is necessary to say hello when meeting. Further, the child is explained that it is necessary to greet in accordance with certain rules (the younger greets the older one first, using quite specific formulas for this - not Hello or Great, A Hello, or better: Hello, Ivan Ivanovich). Finally, in the future, a native speaker learns about other subtleties of speech etiquette and learns to use them in his daily practice.

The boundary between everyday speech practice and the norm in speech etiquette is inevitably mobile. The practical application of speech etiquette always differs somewhat from normative models, and not only because of the participants' insufficient knowledge of its rules. Deviation from the norm or too meticulous adherence to it may be due to the speaker's desire to demonstrate his attitude towards the interlocutor or emphasize his vision of the situation.

In the example below, the polite form is used to emphasize the dissatisfaction of the boss with the subordinate:

- Hello, Lyubov Grigorievna! he said in a disgustingly gallant manner. - Linger? <…>

What scared her the most was, what is being addressed to her « You», by first name. It made everything that happened extremely ambiguous., because if Lyubochka was late - that was one thing, and if the rationalization engineer Lyubov Grigoryevna Sukhoruchko is already completely different.(V.O. Pelevin, “News from Nepal”).

At the same time, it should be noted that speech etiquette is not a rigid system of rules, it is sufficiently plastic, and this plasticity creates a fairly extensive field for expressing various nuances in communication.

Thus, the units of speech etiquette, due to their sociostylistic marking and wide use in speech practice, significantly expand the expressive and stylistic resources of the language. It can be used both in everyday speech and in fiction. Using certain units of speech etiquette, you can achieve various goals, you can express your emotions and provoke an emotional reaction from a communication partner. In fiction, the use of marked units of speech etiquette often serves to create a speech characteristic of a character.

1.1.3 Speech etiquette in the context of national culture

In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished; Thus, almost all peoples have stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. However, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. As a rule, the most detailed system of requirements exists in traditional cultures. At the same time, with a certain degree of conventionality, we can say that the comprehension of speech etiquette by its carriers goes through several stages, as it were. A closed traditional culture is characterized by the absolutization of etiquette requirements for behavior in general and for speech behavior in particular. The bearer of another speech etiquette is perceived here as a poorly educated or immoral person, or as an insulter. In societies that are more open to external contacts, the idea of ​​the difference in speech etiquette among different peoples is usually more developed, and the skills of imitating someone else's speech behavior can even be a source of pride for a member of society.

The rules of conduct adopted in society, speech and non-verbal communication stereotypes reflect the uniqueness of the customs, lifestyle, and living conditions of the people. That is why etiquette is an essential part of the national culture.

As N.M. Firsov, the formulas of speech etiquette, which literally permeate our speech, are elements of culture. They are used in a number of the most diverse standard speech situations of communication, in which the originality of the national culture and other components of the corresponding civilization is directly reflected (Firsova N.M., 1991, 21).

According to D.O. Dobrovolsky, it is advisable to single out two fundamentally different understandings of national specifics. In the first case, the national and cultural specificity of a certain phenomenon of a given language is determined relative to another language. It is important to stipulate that not all interlingual differences are culturally significant, but only those that are not random and have culturally determined causes and (or) culturally significant consequences. In the second case, we are talking about the ideas of native speakers, about the national marking of certain units of their language beyond comparison with other languages.

National features lie in the fact that French language behavior is characterized by high etiquette, while for the majority of Russians, rigid etiquette communication almost always causes a certain constraint in the choice of language means and, as a result, some psychological constraint in communication. At the same time, it should be noted that fixed etiquette expressions, as a rule, are perceived by the French not as carriers of specific semantic and semantic information, but rather as a formal and mandatory accompaniment of a certain communicative situation. For example, the famous French ça va? (when meeting acquaintances) no longer carries a direct semantic load (How are you?), but performs the function of a simple greeting and does not require a detailed report on the state of affairs of the interlocutor.

To identify national characteristics speech etiquette (RE), we used the classification of T.V. Larina:

1) languages ​​do not always (or not completely) match the social situations reflected by RE formulas. So, in France, there is an order for drinking alcoholic beverages in the process of eating - apéritif, digestif (pousse-café - a glass of cognac or liquor after coffee, at the end of dinner), and also between two dishes to activate digestion, it is customary to drink a little alcohol, among Russians, as you know, table etiquette habits are somewhat different: each serving of alcohol is necessarily preceded by a toast, which is unusual for the French;

2) the number of speech units serving this or that communicative situation does not match. In correspondence, the final formulas of official letters in the French tradition, in contrast to the Russian one, are replete with a variety of forms that take into account social hierarchy to a greater extent;

3) some RE units that function in one language do not have equivalents in another. In Russian, for example, there is no appeal. Such appeals are often not translated into Russian or have the equivalent word "please";

4) RE units that are equivalent are not always symmetrical in terms of use. So, the French greeting formulas Bonsoir, Bonne nuit, unlike their Russian equivalents, are also used when parting;

5) etiquette formulas, which are semantic equivalents, can differ significantly both in lexical and grammatical design;

6) having the same lexical and grammatical means and being in an identical situation of communication, representatives of the cultures under consideration often build RE formulas in different ways.

French speech etiquette has a long and very authoritative tradition - any deviation from speech etiquette is perceived as a manifestation of bad manners or as deliberate rudeness. So, for example, when the French greet each other: they shake hands if they just know each other, or hug with kisses on both cheeks (this is called faire la bise) if they are close friends or relatives. Although the French would not be French if they had not introduced some element of frivolity here too - a single kiss on the cheek is considered a sign of coquetry and interest in their counterpart.

Features of speech etiquette often reflect the presence or absence of certain habits and traditions of the people. For example, the French are much less likely than Russians to congratulate friends and relatives on official holidays, but much more often on holidays of a personal or family nature. In France, there is no tradition of congratulating people on graduation or their first salary. The fact of their personal congratulations on any anniversary of the Great French Revolution will cause great surprise among the French.

In Russian, a wish is expressed through a sentence that begins with a verb in the infinitive. In French, the semantic verb is used in Subjonctif Présent, sometimes with an impersonal turnover in the main sentence (“I wish you would pass the exam!” - “Il faut que tu passes ton examen!”).

Attention should also be paid to the use of diminutives with an endearing or derogatory suffix in Russian and their absence in French.

Many Russian phrases begin with the union "a", giving a colloquial connotation ("I'm looking for you"). This phenomenon is not typical for the French language.

French often uses the phrase "n'est-ce pas" with the meaning of a statement, which is quite rare in Russian. An integral part of French syntax is the emphasis on pronouns (“I will see you again” - Je vous reverrai, moi). In Russian, in turn, the word “please” is often used to express a request or permission.

Significant differences in handling. For example, in Russian the appeal "Comrade!" accepted for every person. The official Russian address, taking into account social status, profession or occupation, includes the noun comrade, followed by the word denoting the profession ("Comrade driver!"). The French are limited to the usual "Monsieur! Madame!", but at the same time, for polite treatment, they say "Monsieur le professeur!". Appeals such as “Young man! Young woman!" are common for a native Russian speaker, in French it is customary to say “Monsieur! Mademoiselle! When referring to children, they use "Petit (e)!" Appeal to older people who are not relatives: “Grandma! Grandfather!" - Madame! Monsieur! Russian children address unfamiliar adults with the words “Uncle! Uncle! Aunt! Auntie!”, and in French - “Monsieur! Madame!

When expressing wishes in Russian and French use the verb to wish (souhaiter), but in Russian the verb requires an addition in the genitive case, and in French - in the accusative case (infinitive).

Before events such as passing an exam, close people wish in Russian - “No fluff, no feather!”. The response is "To hell!". In French, the first remark sounds rather familiar - “Merde!”, And in response - “Mange!”.

When expressing gratitude, the insignificance of the service rendered in Russian is emphasized by the nouns trifle, nonsense, trifles; in French, the word importance is usually used, supplemented by negation (“Well, what a trifle! - C’est sans importance!”).

When making a request in Russian, they use the verb in the imperative mood “Give me!”, For a polite request, add “please”. In French, the phrase "Donne-moi!" contains an element of demand, and to express a more polite form, the verb vouloir is used with the semantic verb in the infinitive or in the personal form, followed by s’il vous plaît.

Having identified the specifics of etiquette communication for each language, we can conclude that the Russian etiquette tradition is distinguished by a less developed system of variable forms of constructing statements and prefers direct means of expressing thought. French speech etiquette includes a large selection of communication methods and focuses on the use of indirect language formulations. Consideration of these phenomena does not testify to the exceptional richness and politeness of the French and the poverty and rudeness of the Russian language. They only express different tendencies in the communicative behavior of two nationalities, which must be taken into account in the process of communication.

1.2 Fable as a subject of linguistic research

1.2.1 Characteristics of the fable genre

A special role in the storage, construction and translation of cultural representations, assessments and norms of behavior that have developed within the framework of the national linguistic picture of the world belongs to literary texts, among which fables with a moral and didactic orientation occupy one of the first places. The use of information presented in various fable interpretations in the analysis of the national component of the linguistic picture of the world makes a significant contribution to the study of the national characteristics of linguistic and cultural communities, as well as the cultural stereotypes, norms and assessments associated with them. This factor determines the significance of the linguoculturological study of the fable genre on the material of the formulas of speech etiquette of fables, considered as textual sources of information about linguistic means of explication of culturally relevant information.

A fable is one of the oldest types of epic texts and is defined as a short allegorical narrative that contains moralizing.

In different eras and in different social environments, the signs that are necessary for the fable genre turned out to be insufficient for its existence in an unchanged form, therefore, in its dynamics, this genre underwent significant changes. Among the versatile and sustainable hallmarks genre, which reflect the properties of both classical ancient and modern literary fable texts, in this work it is proposed to highlight the following:

Preacher-didactic orientation;

Allegorical;

Efficiency;

allegorical;

brevity;

Conciseness of presentation to convey a huge amount of information;

The lapidarity of the text of the fable, suggesting the active participation of the recipient.

In scientific literature, Greece is rightfully considered the birthplace of the fable. Most of the fable plots are attributed to the semi-legendary Greek Aesop, therefore the traditional name of the entire fable genre is "Aesop's language". The canonical text of Aesop's fables never existed, since in the supposed period of the fabulist's life this genre entirely belonged to oral literature, therefore, over time, many variants of the same traditional plots appeared. In parallel, the fable genre developed in ancient india, proof of which is the Panchatantra collection, in which fables were woven into the canvas of the main story as an argument. There are four main stages in the history of the development of the ancient fable: prehistory, oral fable, transitional period and literary fable.

The fable tradition of Aesop is continued by Phaedrus (in Rome) and Babrius (in Greece), who set out the prose fables of Aesop in poetic form. Almost the entire history of the fable as an independent literary genre in antiquity comes down to their names. Later, thanks to various collections, the fable genre spread throughout Europe. Prose and verse Latin adaptations and imitations of Aesopian fables early give rise to imitative literature in vernacular languages.

Despite the fact that the fable penetrated into French literature very early (VI century AD), the emergence of the French fable proper dates back to the early Middle Ages. In France, this genre is based on oral folk art- a proverb, a saying, a fairy tale, as well as genres of urban literature close to him - fablio, farce, satirical epic. The poetic fable genre reaches its apogee in the work of Jean de La Fontaine, who enriches the language of the fable with a satirical orientation, colloquial vocabulary and picturesque details. His fables are distinguished by the use of vivid images, aphorisms, popular expressions and proverbs from the treasury of folklore and from the works of great humanists. Combining ancient stories and a new way of telling them in his fables, the fabulist introduced a new genre form, which became canonical for the 17th-19th centuries. The work of Jean de La Fontaine largely determined the further development of the European and Russian fable, being, moreover, a kind of intermediary between the ancient and national fable.

In Russia, elements of the fable appeared at an early time (approximately in the 13th century) as part of translated literary monuments. The fable, in its own, albeit distorted by translation, artistic form, was recognized by Russian writing only at the beginning of the 17th century. Original creativity in this area was born only in the 18th century, and the honor of establishing the fable genre in Russian culture belongs to A.P. Sumarokov, who approved a new type of Russian fable, creating a lively satirical story. Sumarokov's fables marked the beginning of the flourishing of the fable genre in the second half of the 18th century. By this time, the appearance of a whole galaxy of fabulists, who most often turned to the fable heritage of La Fontaine, dates back.

According to European tradition, in fables it was customary to use

well-known stories dating back to antiquity, to ancient Greek fables, but this did not prevent I.A. Krylov, whose work is considered the most fruitful in the Russian fable tradition. His fables are organically connected with the artistic world of Russian proverbs, fairy tales, sayings; they themselves introduced popular expressions into the treasury of the national language, many of which also became proverbs. In his works, Krylov created pictures of Russian life and revealed the character of the Russian people, realistically depicting negative traits contemporary social order.

Despite the fact that most of the fabulists used traditional plots, the characters of their fables go back not so much to ancient prototypes as to the folklore heroes of their own culture. Often the zoological nomenclature of fables is represented by the same characters as the national fairy tale tradition.

Speaking of human characters, it should be noted that according to the study, their nomenclature and frequency of use reflect differences in national systems. political system and economic structure. In French fables, you can find such characters as roi or (king), seigneur (seigneur, gentleman), gentilhomme (nobleman), marchand (merchant), etc. In Russian fables, a tsar, a rich man, a nobleman, a nobleman, a merchant, etc. appear. The characters of the fable are very conditional figures that serve to illustrate this or that quality. The same character in different fables can have different qualities, which are actualized depending on the context, in particular, depending on the antagonist character.

It should also be pointed out that, being interpretations of traditional fable plots, the fables of J. de La Fontaine, I.A. Krylov and some other fabulists themselves later became precedent texts in French, Russian and English-speaking cultures. Far from all the so-called precedent phenomena of folklore or literature are honored to enter everyday language. The use of fables in various areas ah modern social life, which is evidenced by a significant percentage of citation, is an indicator of their demand in the cultures under consideration. From this it follows that these fables meet the modern requirements of society, thereby reflecting in themselves some of its properties. D.B. Gudkov, noting the connection of precedent texts with the axiological component of ethnolinguistic culture, believes that based on the study of these texts, conclusions can be drawn about actions, deeds, character traits, etc., which are encouraged or condemned in this community.

In this regard, fable texts can serve as illustrative material for a comparative study of the national and cultural specifics of the linguistic consciousness and speech behavior of representatives of Russian and French cultures.

One of the factors influencing the emergence of ethno-cultural features of fable interpretations is national culture. The originality of national culture is determined by the autonomy of various spheres public life(religion, politics, professional industries, arts). Data external factors, according to many researchers [Kasyanova, 2003; Karasik, 2002; Serkin, 2004], cause ambiguity in the axiological systems of individual cultures.

The specificity of national and cultural values ​​leads to the emergence of a certain ethnic picture of the world, which is understood as a prism through which a person looks at the world in which he must act; as the main paradigm that determines the possibility and conditions of human action in the world, around which the whole structure of being is built in his mind, the ethnic picture of the world determines a peculiar way of perceiving and understanding the surrounding reality, which is defined by the concept of "national mentality". Different national mentality can perceive the same subject situations differently, acting as a set of principles for making judgments and assessments. Each person brings into communication the baggage of his mentality, expressed in the form of mental patterns, concepts and value dominants.

Anthropomorphized characters of fables, embodying certain human vices and virtues, entering into communication with their antagonists, are also able to show the specifics of a certain national mentality, as they are endowed with certain features of the representatives of the culture within which a new interpretation of the well-known plot takes place.

An objectified form of mentality is a national character, which is a hierarchy of certain qualities and manifests itself through behavioral models stereotyped for a given people, which are projected onto the main characters.

According to many scientists, among the basic features of the Russian national character, the following are usually distinguished: emotionality, irrationality, a tendency to moralizing, passivity and fatalism [Zaliznyak, Levontina, Shmelev, 2005], collectivism and catholicity; patience [Kasyanova, 2003], religiosity along with godlessness [Vorobiev, 1997], a tendency to extremes [Rakhilina, 2000].

Speaking about the core qualities of the French national character, it should be noted that, according to the views of some researchers, its stereotypical characteristics include: rationalism, the result of which is a tendency to logical constructions, systematization [Fulier, 1899]; sensitivity, individualism, egocentrism [Vorobiev, 1997], etc.

1.2.2 The influence of national specifics on the development of traditional fable plots

An analysis of the fable "The Crow and the Fox" revealed that the plot in the considered interpretations did not change radically, but there were changes in

approaches of fabulists to the relationship between her characters, which differ depending on the ethnic and cultural affiliation. In the variants of I.A. Krylov and A.P. Sumarokov reflect such life values, which largely determine the orientation of Russian people in building relationships, as family and personal ties. So, the fox in the interpretations of these fabulists shortens the communicative distance, calling the crow a sister: “Sing, little light, don't be ashamed! What if, sister ... ”[Krylov, 1983. P. 8]. The same treatment is also found in Sumarokov: “Great,” says the fox, “Druzhok little funnel, named sister ...”.

In French interpretations, the characters use a different strategy to achieve their goal. For example, Lafontaine in his interpretation immediately clarifies the social status of his characters: giving them the nicknames "Maître Corbeau" and "Maître Renard", meaning persons of humble origin. But, addressing the raven, the fox calls him "Monsieur du Corbeau." The crow is immensely flattered by the use of the particle “du” in the name and other signs of noble origin attributed to it by the fox.

It should be noted that in the fables of some authors representing Russian culture, the crow (raven) is presented as not only not controlling the ongoing events, but also their feelings.

Let us turn to the next line from Krylov's fable: "For joy, the breath stole in the goiter ...". In this case, the impersonal form of the verb and the dative case of the name in the sentence, which refers to feelings, expresses a lack of control. The words of the fox have such a strong effect on the crow that she completely surrenders to the power of emotions, completely losing her common sense: “Veschunin's head is spinning with praise ...” (Krylov).

As the analysis of the fable “The Wolf and the Lamb” showed, the plot has not changed in various cultural interpretations, but there have been shifts in emphasis towards certain culturally significant values ​​that violence uses to create the effect of justice. The French and Russian interpretations of the fable reflect the significance of family and personal ties, which are far from the last importance in the life of the carriers of the French and Russian national mentality. At the same time, Russian fable variants explicate the fact that in the lexical composition of the Russian language, high degree differentiation of the concepts of kinship: "I have no brothers." - “So this is a godfather and a matchmaker And, in a word, someone from your own family ...” (I.A. Krylov).

In Russian, the expression "neither godfather nor matchmaker" means someone else's; one with whom there is nothing in common. Although the word “godmother” (le parrain) exists in French, unlike the Russian equivalent, it is not part of any phraseological units and is much less developed semantically.

A characteristic feature of some Russian translations of the fable "The Wolf and the Crane" is the theme of pity, which is recognized as a specific Russian trait and which, apparently, is not among the culturally significant values ​​of the West. In them one can also meet the idea, which is one of the cross-cutting motifs of the Russian language picture of the world, namely the idea of ​​the incomprehensibility and uncontrollability of the surrounding world. In addition, in the interpretation of A.P. Sumarokov reflects the concept of "longing", which is one of the key concepts in the Russian language picture of the world. Russian interpretations are opposed to the French versions of this fable due to the presence in them of different priorities in the relationship between the main characters. While in the Russian versions, in which the wolf, turning to the crane, asks him for help: I ​​saw the crane and tearfully began to ask ... (Sumarokov).

In French interpretations, the relationship between the main characters is based on a deal: Il s'en alla donc prier une Grue de le lui retirer, lui promettant une récompense considérable. La grue le fit, demanda ensuite son salaire. (So ​​he went to ask the Crane to get it (bone), promising him a significant reward. The Crane did this, then demanded his salary.) Il rencontra un héron, et lui demanda moyennant salaire d "enlever l'os. (He met a heron, and asked her to take out the bone with the help of a salary.)

This is a confirmation of the great importance of assistance and mutual assistance in Russian, and commercial relations in the opposing culture.

The specificity of the national mentality is most significantly manifested in the interpretations of the fable "The Oak and the Cane", which during its existence has been divided into three equal plots that clearly explicate the differences in the moral attitudes of the representatives of the compared cultures.

Since the fable genre is primarily moralistic, each of these cultures adopted and further developed precisely the plot that corresponded to its needs. Russian culture has chosen for itself a plot focused on the opposition of pride and humility, which is clearly demonstrated in all the interpretations considered, while French culture has leaned in favor of opposing flexibility, readiness for change and stubbornness, inflexibility, uncompromisingness. As the analysis showed, the essence of these differences lies primarily in different moral attitudes. All Russian interpretations of the fable reflect traditional Christian ethics, while the French ones are rather based on secular ethics. Also, in some Russian interpretations of this fable, the theme of fate, uncontrollability and predestination of events from above is clearly visible - ideas that are so characteristic, according to many researchers, for Russian culture.

An analysis of the fable “The Frogs Asking for the Tsar” led to the conclusion that an integral part of the Russian mentality is the craving for strong power, since the Russian people, whether due to their historical traditions or something else, are almost completely incomprehensible to the idea of ​​self-government. The same applies to the French interpretations of the fable, in which the desire of the main characters to have a monarch is also due to the national specific mentality. At the same time, deep differences in the morality of fable interpretations, which are based on different cultural worldviews, were revealed. In Russian and French interpretations, the rejection of the first peace-loving tsar is condemned: “Was a Tsar given to you? - so that one was too quiet: You rebelled in your puddle, Another was given to you - so this one is very dashing: Live with him, so that it doesn’t get worse for you! (I.A. Krylov)

Or: “Vous avez dû premièrement Garder votre gouvernement…” (You should have first of all Guard your government…);

Besides, feature The majority of Russian translations is the use of a significant number of words that reflect the specifically Russian concept of “will”, which refers to the key ideas, or cross-cutting motives, of the Russian language picture of the world. There are opinions about the deep connection of this concept with the inherent Russian fear of "constraint". In addition, the cultural representation contained in this concept corresponds very well to another well-known stereotype regarding the “Russian nature”, namely the so-called broad Russian nature. But due to the fact that the concept of will has both positive and negative connotations, in Russian culture there is a dual attitude towards it, which is also considered a characteristic national psychological trait of Russian people.

While in Russia freedom is not among the actual positive values, occupying one of the last places in the hierarchy of consciousness.

Thus, different cultural variants of traditional fable plots that describe certain situations have a specific moral orientation and reflect different national-cultural values ​​and behavioral dominants.

Conclusions on the first chapter

The analysis of scientific literature allowed us to draw the following conclusions:

1. Speech etiquette is a system of stable forms of communication adopted in accordance with the social roles of those who communicate. It reflects the traditions, norms of communication and regulates the rules of speech behavior. Speech etiquette is also characterized as a system of linguistic means in which etiquette relations are manifested, the elements of which are implemented at different language levels: at the level of vocabulary and phraseology, at the grammatical level, at the stylistic level, at the intonational level, and also at the organizational and communicative level.
2. Speech etiquette has the following functions: voluntarily, emotive.
3. Speech etiquette has national and cultural specifics. Thus, the Russian etiquette tradition is distinguished by a less developed system of variable forms of constructing statements and prefers direct means of expressing thought. French speech etiquette includes a large selection of communication methods and focuses on the use of indirect language formulations.
4. The fable is a translator of cultural ideas, norms of behavior that have developed within the framework of the national culture and serves as illustrative material for a comparative study of the national and cultural specifics of the linguistic consciousness and speech behavior of representatives of different cultures. Thus, different cultural variants of traditional fable plots that describe certain situations have a specific moral orientation and reflect different national-cultural values ​​and behavioral dominants.

2 Analysis of the functional features of etiquette formulas of addresses in the fables of Russian and French writers

2.1 Functional features of addresses in French

Entering into communication, the speaker necessarily produces a pre-speech orientation, concerning both the situation of communication itself and the interlocutor, the addressee. Awareness by the speaker of his social role, his role expectations in relation to the partner, accounting personality traits the addressee, the emotional attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor is necessarily reflected in the speech.

One of the important markers of the social situation, status, role, relations of communication participants is the appeal.

The question of the syntactic status of calls is still open. Some linguists believe that the appeal is not part of the sentence (Peshkovsky A.M., the authors of the Larousse grammar of the twentieth century), others propose to consider it a member of the third-order sentence, connected with the sentence by a special correlative connection (Rudnev A.G.). Torsuev G.N. distinguishes it as an independent communicative type of sentence, and the French grammarians Wagner and Pinchon in their grammar of the French language emphasize the connection between the address and the topic of the sentence.

Such a variety of points of view can be explained by the fact that the appeal in the statement is information-rich and capable of performing various functions.

First of all, appeals point to the interlocutor, distinguish him as the addressee of the speaker's statement. However, appeals almost never perform only one deictic function, they necessarily convey information about the situation of communication, about the social statuses and roles of the interlocutors. To signal the social aspects of communication - this is the second function of appeals.

The choice of address is influenced by the degree of acquaintance with the communication partner, the corresponding statuses of the interlocutors, their hierarchical position relative to each other (boss-subordinate, superior-subordinate). The French researcher D. Perret proposes to distinguish between two concepts - “social distance” (distance sociale) and “social closeness” (familiarité sociale). In her concept, distance/proximity are socio-psychological determinants that largely determine the choice of socially acceptable forms of communication. It's about about social distance when the interlocutors do not know each other, or when one of them occupies a higher social status(by age, position). When communicating with acquaintances or interlocutors of equal social status, there is a social proximity of communication partners.

It should be noted that quite often when addressing a stranger, the appeals are either not used, or the neutral appeals monsieur, madame are used.

The choice of appeals is regulated depending on the awareness of the relationship of equality / inequality between communication partners. In the case of equality of partners, there is a symmetrical use of addresses, in the case of inequality - asymmetric. The asymmetry of linguistic means is a reflection of the asymmetry in rights and obligations.

The higher in relation to the lower has the greatest freedom in choosing the means of circulation. In the latter, when communicating with a person standing above him by career ladder, the degree of freedom is minimal. He may refer to the superior Monsieur, Monsieur + Nom, Monsieur + fonction. Any other form, including zero, is regarded as rude, offensive.

In accordance with the main function of appeals in speech, they can be divided into two groups - actual appeals (the term of F.A. Litvin) and appeals of the characteristic. Self-addresses serve mainly to unambiguously indicate the addressee of the message and attract his attention, these include proper names and words like boulanger, curé, etc., which can be considered equivalent to proper names if in a particular situation of communication there is only one of the possible addressees speech falls under this category. Self-addresses gravitate towards the subject and can be considered as the topic of the utterance.

Appeals-characteristics differ in that, in addition to the nominative, they also have a predicative-characterizing meaning. The peculiarity of words-predicative characteristics lies in the presence in their semantic structure of a special "attributive", "indicative" seme (Litvin 50), which is absent in terms of the content of proper appeals. A lexical unit with an attributive seme turns out to be endowed with internal predicativity: a feature contained in a lexeme-characteristic is internally produced by any object that reveals this feature. Thus, the appeal-characteristic can be expanded into a definitive sentence, where the appeal plays the role of the nominal part of the predicate.

Appeals-characteristics, not being the names of the addressee, cannot perform the function of attracting the attention of the interlocutor, which is usually indicated as the main function of addresses. The address-characteristic fixes the optional features of the object, individualizes, distinguishes this object from others of the same kind, it does not unambiguously single out the addressee of the speech, but assumes knowledge independent of the characteristic about

In addition to the above two groups of appeals, one more can be distinguished. These are emotional, evaluative appeals. Their function is to transmit emotional condition speaker, to evaluate the addressee of the speech. This type appeals are found in informal communication. Unlike references-characteristics, the subject-logical component of the meaning of this group of references is pushed aside not by the predicative-characterizing one, but by the emotional, evaluative one. Emotional appeal does not give any characteristic to the named person.

In emotional appeals, as well as in appeals-characteristics, the deictic function is often lost, they only signal the personal attitude of the speaker to the listener (positive or negative). This fourth reversal function is clearly visible in the following example:

Emotional appeals can be not only positive, but also negatively colored, and the number of such appeals in any language is quite large.

The following constructions of emotional and evaluative addresses are specific to the French language: Bande de + Nom when referring to a group of addressees and espèce de + Nom when referring to one addressee.

Thus, being polyfunctional, the appeal plays an important role in speech. Its primary function is to attract the attention of the interlocutor with whom the speaker wants to make contact. In addition, the appeal can also convey additional information. It signals the social status of the interlocutor, the relative status of communication partners, indicates the formal or informal nature of communication. The appeal can also express the attitude of the speaker to his partner, his assessment of the addressee of the speech. In addition, with the help of an appeal, you can characterize the interlocutor, attribute some properties to him.

There are three groups of appeals that specialize in the performance of a predominantly one or another function, the analysis of which will be undertaken in the following paragraphs based on the material of the fables of Russian and French authors:

• self-treatment;
• treatment-characteristics;
• emotional and evaluative appeals.

2.2 Etiquette formulas of references in the fables of Russian and French writers

2.2.1 Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of J. La Fontaine

The poetic fable genre reached its apogee in France thanks to the work of Jean de La Fontaine, who, combining ancient stories and a new manner of telling them in his fables, introduced a new fable form that became canonical for the 17th-19th centuries.

In order to identify the functional features of appeals in the fables of J. La Fontaine, we undertook an analysis of the etiquette replicas of appeals extracted from 14 fables of this author, while we classified these etiquette formulas into three groups: proper appeals (1), appeals-characteristics (2) , emotional and evaluative appeals (3). The summarized data are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 -

Table 1 continued

The analyzed corpus of speech etiquette formulas extracted from French fables showed that 17 replicas are used in these fables. Of these, self-appeals - 9, appeals-characteristics - 5, emotional-evaluative appeals - 3.

The analysis of etiquette replicas of appeals extracted from the fables of J. La Fontaine showed the author's preferred use of proper appeals, which indicates that French etiquette is characterized by an official style.

2.2.2 Etiquette formulas of addresses in the fables of Impact de Lamotte

In the 17-18 centuries, J. Lafontaine had many imitators, but some fabulists still tried to create original works. So, Antoine Houdar de la Motte (1672 - 1731) French poet and playwright, member French Academy in 1719 he published his fables in verse, accompanying them with an important article in the history of the genre. Beat de Lamotte is known as an unconventional thinker and subtle stylist.

In order to identify the functional features of appeals in the fables of Beat de Lamotte, we undertook an analysis of the etiquette replicas of appeals extracted from 15 fables of this author, while we classified these etiquette formulas into three groups: proper appeals (1), appeals-characteristics (2) , emotional and evaluative appeals (3). The summarized data are presented in Table 2.

table 2 - Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of Impact de Lamotte

Continuation of table 2

The analyzed corpus of speech etiquette formulas extracted from French fables showed that 23 cues are used in these fables. Of these, 13 self-appeals, 6 characterizations, and 4 emotional-evaluative appeals.

An analysis of the etiquette replicas of addresses extracted from the fables of Oudar de Lamotte showed that, as in the fables of J. Lafontaine, more self-addresses are used, which confirms the conclusion that French etiquette is characterized by an official style of addresses.

2.2.3 Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of I.A. Krylova

Under the great influence of the French tradition, the fable genre subsequently developed in the works of many Russian authors, among whom the most fruitful was the work of Ivan Andreevich Krylov. Fables I.A. Krylov's poems are written in bright and accurate folk language and captivate with their imagery and surprise. Despite the fact that Krylov translated Aesop and La Fontaine, most of his works are completely original. The images of Krylovsky's fables turned out to be so popular that many of them have long since become common nouns. Some of his fables were written for one reason or another, associated with a specific political or social event, but have long gone beyond the scope of works "on the topic of the day."

The meaning of changes in the public and literary views of I.A. Krylov was that, rejecting abstract ideas about good and evil, poverty and wealth, the writer turned to the real relations of people in society and made judgments about them based on specific moral assessments. Thus, he largely overcame the ideas of the Enlightenment about the role of pure reason in history and took a fresh look at reality.

The method of individualizing the character's speech is a very important feature of Krylov's work, which noticeably distinguishes him from his predecessors. The fabulist puts into the mouths of animals certain elements of colloquial speech of different classes of that time, for example, in the fable “The Dragonfly and the Ant”, the ant says: “Gossip, this is strange to me”, “So come on, dance.”

In order to identify the functional features of appeals in the fables of I. A. Krylov, we undertook an analysis of the etiquette replicas of appeals extracted from 14 fables of this author, while we classified these etiquette formulas into three groups: proper appeals (1), appeals-characteristics (2), emotional-evaluative appeals (3). The summarized data are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 - Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of J. La Fontaine

Table 3 continued

The analyzed corpus of speech etiquette formulas extracted from Russian fables showed that 28 replicas are used in these fables. Of these, self-appeals - 3, appeals-characteristics - 15, emotional-evaluative appeals - 10.

Analysis of etiquette replicas of appeals extracted from the fables of I.A. Krylova showed the author's preferred use of references-characteristics and emotional-evaluative references, which indicates that Russian speech etiquette is distinguished by a wide variety of replicas belonging to the colloquial style.

2.2.4 Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of S. Mikhalkov

S. Mikhalkov's fables are allegorical and straightforward, having not lost their liveliness and sharpness. Very fresh and without any losses are perceived such fables as “Cautious Birds” - about all kinds of reinsurers, “The Lion and the Label” - about the irresistible effect of a tiny spy-label on large figures invested with strong power, “The Hare in Hops” - not so much about the harmful effects of alcohol, but about hypertrophied boasting about the pettiness of nature and about unrestrained toadying about weakness of character, “Sharik-Bobik” is about parasitism to the point of losing feeling dignity, "Undelivered Award" - about petty envy and great administrative arbitrariness.

S. Mikhalkov is not only a connoisseur and successor of the old fable genre, but also a rather bold innovator. One of the innovations brought by S. Mikhalkov to this long-established genre is his departure from the purely traditional dressing up of fable characters under all sorts of animals. Mikhalkov often takes the liberty of leading the topic directly, without allegories. Moreover, he sometimes even makes inanimate objects the characters of his fables, thus bringing the fable closer to our rather mechanized modernity.

In order to identify the functional features of appeals in the fables of S. Mikhalkov, we undertook an analysis of etiquette replicas of appeals extracted from 16 fables of this author, while we classified these etiquette formulas into three groups: proper appeals (1), appeals-characteristics (2 ), emotional-evaluative appeals (3). The summarized data are presented in Table 4.

Table 4 - Etiquette formulas of appeals in the fables of S. Mikhalkov

Table 4 continued

The analyzed corpus of speech etiquette formulas extracted from Russian fables showed that 28 replicas are used in these fables. Of these, self-appeals - 6, appeals-characteristics - 13, emotional-evaluative appeals - 9.

An analysis of the etiquette replicas of addresses extracted from the fables of S. Mikhalkov showed that in the fables of the modern Russian author, as well as in the fables of I.A. Krylov, appeals-characteristics and emotional-evaluative appeals are used, which indicates a continuing trend of emotional coloring of Russian speech etiquette.

Conclusions on the second chapter

An analysis of the functional features of the etiquette formulas of appeals led to the conclusion that the choice of appeals is regulated depending on the awareness of the relationship of equality / inequality between communication partners. In the case of equality of partners, there is a symmetrical use of addresses, in the case of inequality - asymmetric. The asymmetry of linguistic means is a reflection of the asymmetry in rights and obligations.

In accordance with the main function of appeals in speech, they can be divided into two groups - actual appeals, characterization appeals and emotional-evaluative appeals.

The analysis of etiquette formulas of appeals was undertaken in the practical part of the study on the material of the fables of Russian authors (I.A. Krylov, S. Mikhalkov) and French authors (J. Lafontaine, Oudard de Lamotte).

Conclusion

Speech etiquette is a system of stable forms of communication adopted in accordance with the social roles of those who communicate. It reflects the traditions, norms of communication and regulates the rules of speech behavior. Speech etiquette has the following functions: contact-establishing, appellative, conative, voluntarily, emotive. Speech formulas are the basis of speech etiquette and are divided into formulas for starting a conversation, formulas used in the process of communication, formulas for ending a conversation.

One of the important markers of the social situation, status, role, relations of communication participants is the appeal. The choice of appeals is regulated depending on the awareness of the relationship of equality / inequality between communication partners. In accordance with the main function performed by appeals in speech, proper appeals, appeals of characteristics, emotional-evaluative appeals are distinguished. Self-addresses serve mainly to unambiguously indicate the addressee of the message and attract his attention. Appeals-characteristics differ in that, in addition to the nominative, they also have a predicative-characterizing meaning. The function of emotional-evaluative appeals is to convey the emotional state of the speaker, to evaluate the addressee of the speech.

An analysis of the etiquette formulas of appeals was undertaken in the practical part of the study on the material of the fables of Russian authors (I.A. Krylov, S. Mikhalkov) and French authors (J. La Fontaine, Oudard de Lamotte).

The choice of fables as a research material is due to the fact that the fable is a translator of the norms of behavior that have developed within the framework of the national linguistic picture of the world and serves as illustrative material for a comparative study of the national and cultural specifics of the linguistic consciousness and speech behavior of representatives of Russian and French cultures.

The analyzed corpus of speech etiquette formulas extracted from French fables showed that 40 cues are used in these fables. Of these, self-appeals - 22, appeals-characteristics - 11, emotional-evaluative appeals - 7.

The analysis of etiquette replicas of appeals extracted from French fables showed that the authors prefer to use their own appeals, which indicates that French etiquette is characterized by an official style.

The analyzed corpus of speech etiquette formulas extracted from Russian fables showed that 56 replicas are used in these fables. Of these, self-appeals - 9, appeals-characteristics - 28, emotional-evaluative appeals - 19.

An analysis of the etiquette replicas of appeals extracted from fables showed that in the fables of Russian authors, appeals-characteristics and emotional-evaluative appeals are used to a greater extent, which indicates the emotional coloring of Russian speech etiquette. At the same time, this trend continues in modern fables.

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