Classification of speech errors. Causes and types of speech errors

Error classification

Grammatical errors (G)– these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm– word-formation, morphological, syntactic.

No.

Type of error Examples

Incorrect word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, real and passive participles, gerunds).

Noble ness, miracle technology, according to d cherk, above laugh; more interesting, more beautiful; With five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, theirs pathos, around his there is nothing; How many We have lost our moral principles due to the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, flowable down, struck the author of the text; higher onto the stage, the singers bowed.

Violation of approval norms

I know a group of guys who are seriously into... imisya jazz.

Violation of management norms

We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone was surprised at him by force.

Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate

The main thing I want to pay attention to now is artistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was glad, happy and funny.

Errors in sentence construction with homogeneous members

A country loved And was proud poet.

In the essay I wanted to say about the meaning of sports and why I love it.

Errors in sentence construction with participial phrase

Reading the text, such a feeling of empathy arises.

Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases

The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet.

Errors in the construction of complex sentences

This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child.

It seemed to the man That that this is a dream.

Violation of sentence boundaries

He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.

Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms

Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.

Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)

At the meeting there was accepted (?) hold a cleanup day.

Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs

It would be nice if the picture showed would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems are revealed.

Speech errors (P)– these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, i.e. a violation of lexical norms. This is pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-discrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, polysemy not eliminated by the context.

No.

Type of error Examples

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it

We were shocked great game actors. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.

Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words

Such people always succeed burn others. Oblomov did nothing all day long played the fool.

Poor use of pronouns

The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style; I immediately had a picture of his imagination.

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of clerical language, expressive, emotionally charged words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units

By idea author, the hero wins; Molchalin works secretary of Famusov; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; Author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications. If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother I would cupcake V gnawing would give; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth, but let me just make the reader laugh.

Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

In such cases I I glance to the dictionary.

Failure to distinguish between paronyms and synonymous words; errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context

Were accepted spectacular measures; The name of this poet familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not funny, but also not a major motive makes us think; the record hasn't said its thing yet last word.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm

Young young man; Very beautiful.

Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)

In that the story is told O real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he has done.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures

When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy

Then so that you can smile, about it Our bookstore will take care of it.

Logical errors (L). Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

No.

Type of error Examples

Comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence or text

Attended the lesson director, librarian, and Anna Petrovna Ivanova And Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned his back to the battery; Behind good studies and raising children parents students received letters of gratitude from the school administration.

Violation of cause-and-effect relationships

IN last years so many done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because Issues of modernization of education are being resolved weak.

A missing link in an explanation, a “logical leap.”

It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] How I want the yard to be an adornment for both the school and the village.

Rearranging parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for the essay or presentation)

It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do this?

Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)

Comparison of logically incomparable concepts

Syntax encyclopedic articles are excellent from other scientific articles.

Composition and text errors

Bad start

The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text the author ...

Errorsin the main part

a) Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence.

b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order.

c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.

Bad ending

Duplication of conclusion, unjustified repetition of previously expressed thoughts.

Factual errors (F) - a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No.

Type of error Examples

Bazarov was a nihilist and therefore killed an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov was loneliness and indifference.

Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.

The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “ Live and learn!»

Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.

Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.

Inaccuracies in names, surnames, nicknames literary heroes.

Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, errors in indicating the author.

Turgen b ev; "Taras And Bulba"; V Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Classification of errors.

Russian language.

Content

I. Typical mistakes. Classification
II. Speech errors

Misunderstanding the meaning of a word. Lexical compatibility

Use of synonyms, homonyms, ambiguous words

Verbosity. Lexical incompleteness of the utterance. New words

Outdated words. Words of foreign origin

Dialectisms. Colloquial and colloquial words. Jargonisms

Phraseologisms. Clichés and stamps

III. Factual errors
IV. Logical errors
V. Grammar errors
VI. Syntax errors

I. Typical mistakes. Classification

Communicative literacy is understood as the ability to create texts of different functional and semantic types of speech in the form of different functional styles.
Essays and presentations are the main forms of testing the ability to correctly and consistently express thoughts in accordance with the topic and intent, testing the level of speech preparation. They are used simultaneously to test spelling and punctuation skills and are assessed, firstly, in terms of content and structure (sequence of presentation) and, secondly, in terms of linguistic design.
Most of the errors that occur when students perform written work are also typical for other types of written work, be it writing a business paper (application, order, contract, etc.), preparing a report, article or text material for WEB pages. Therefore, the analysis of errors of this kind is of great importance for everyday activities.

Typical errors include the following groups:

Speech errors
Violation of the correct transmission of factual material
Logical errors
Grammatical errors
Syntax errors

II. Speech errors

The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotionally expressive function.
And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, and compatibility with other words. Since violation of at least one of these criteria can lead to a speech error.

Main reasons speech errors:
1. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word
2. Lexical compatibility
3. Use of synonyms
4. Use of homonyms
5. Using polysemantic words
6. Verbosity
7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement
8. New words
9. Outdated words
10. Words of foreign origin
11. Dialectisms
12. Colloquial and colloquial words
13. Professional jargon
14. Phraseologisms
15. Clichés and cliches

1. Misunderstanding of the meaning of the word.
1.1. Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it.
Example:
The fire grew hotter and hotter. The error lies in the wrong choice of word:
Inflame - 1. Get very hot high temperature, get hot. 2. (trans.) To become very excited, to become overwhelmed by some strong feeling.
To flare up - to begin to burn strongly or well, evenly.

1.2. The use of significant and function words without taking into account their semantics.
Example:
Thanks to the fire that broke out from the fire, a large area of ​​the forest burned down.
In modern Russian, the preposition thanks retains a certain semantic connection with the verb to thank and is usually used only in cases where the reasons that cause a desired result are spoken of: thanks to someone’s help, support. The error arises due to the semantic distraction of the preposition from the original verb to thank. In this sentence, the preposition thanks should be replaced with one of the following: because of, as a result, as a result.

1.3. Selection of words-concepts with different bases of division (concrete and abstract vocabulary).
Example:
We offer complete treatment for alcoholics and other diseases.
If we are talking about diseases, then the word alcoholics should be replaced with alcoholism. An alcoholic is someone who suffers from alcoholism. Alcoholism is a painful addiction to drinking alcoholic beverages.

1.4. Incorrect use of paronyms.
Example:
A person leads a festive life. I'm in an idle mood today.
Idle and festive are very similar words, with the same root. But they have different meanings: festive - an adjective for holiday (celebratory dinner, festive mood); idle - not filled, not busy with business, work (idle life). To restore the meaning of the statements in the example, you need to swap the words.

2. Lexical compatibility.
When choosing a word, you should take into account not only the meaning that is inherent in it in literary language, but also lexical compatibility. Not all words can be combined with each other. The boundaries of lexical compatibility are determined by the semantics of words, their stylistic affiliation, emotional coloring, grammatical properties, etc.
Example:
A good leader must set an example for his subordinates in everything. You can show an example, but not a sample. And you can be a role model, for example.
Example:
Their strong friendship, tempered by life's trials, was noticed by many. The word friendship is combined with the adjective strong - strong friendship.
What should be distinguished from a speech error is the deliberate combination of seemingly incompatible words: a living corpse, ordinary miracle... In this case, we have before us one of the types of tropes - an oxymoron.
IN difficult cases When it is difficult to determine whether certain words can be used together, it is necessary to use a compatibility dictionary.

3. Use of synonyms.
Synonyms enrich the language and make our speech figurative. Synonyms may have different functional and stylistic connotations. Thus, the words error, miscalculation, oversight, error are stylistically neutral and commonly used; hole, overlay - colloquial; gaffe - colloquial; blunder - professional slang. Using one of the synonyms without taking into account its stylistic coloring can lead to a speech error.
Example:
Having made a mistake, the plant director immediately began to correct it.
When using synonyms, the ability of each of them to greater or lesser extent is often not taken into account. to a lesser extent selectively combine with other words.
Differing in shades of lexical meaning, synonyms can express different degrees of manifestation of a characteristic or action. But, even denoting the same thing, being interchangeable in some cases, in others synonyms cannot be replaced - this leads to a speech error.
Example:
Yesterday I was sad. The synonym sad is quite suitable here: Yesterday I was sad. But in two-part sentences these synonyms are interchangeable. I look sadly at our generation...

4. Use of homonyms.
Thanks to the context, homonyms are usually understood correctly. But still, in certain speech situations, homonyms cannot be understood unambiguously.
Example:
The crew is in excellent condition. Is the crew a cart or a team? The word crew itself is used correctly. But to reveal the meaning of this word, it is necessary to expand the context.
Very often, ambiguity is caused by the use in speech (especially oral) of homophones (sounding the same, but spelled differently) and homoforms (words that have the same sound and spelling in certain forms). So, when choosing words for a phrase, we must pay attention to the context, which in some speech situations is designed to reveal the meaning of the words.

5. Use of polysemantic words.
Including in your speech ambiguous words, we must be very careful, we must monitor whether the meaning that we wanted to reveal in this speech situation. When using polysemous words (as well as when using homonyms), context is very important. It is thanks to the context that one or another meaning of a word is clear. And if the context meets its requirements (a semantically complete segment of speech that allows one to establish the meanings of the words or phrases included in it), then each word in the sentence is understandable. But it also happens differently.
Example:
He's already sung. It’s not clear: either he started singing and got carried away; or, after singing for a while, he began to sing freely, easily.

7. Lexical incompleteness of the statement.
This error is the opposite of verbosity. An incomplete statement consists of missing a necessary word in the sentence.
Example:
The advantage of Kuprin is that there is nothing superfluous. Kuprin may have nothing superfluous, but this sentence is missing (and not even just one) word. Or: “... do not allow statements on the pages of the press and television that could incite ethnic hatred.” So it turns out - “television page”.
When choosing a word, it is necessary to take into account not only its semantics, lexical, stylistic and logical compatibility, but also its scope. The use of words that have a limited sphere of distribution (lexical new formations, obsolete words, words of foreign language origin, professionalisms, jargon, dialectisms) should always be motivated by the conditions of the context.

8. New words.
Poorly formed neologisms are speech errors.
Example:
And last year, 23 thousand rubles were spent on pothole repairs after the spring thaw. And only the context helps to understand: “pothole repair” is the repair of holes.

9. Outdated words.
Archaisms - words that name existing realities, but for some reason have been forced out of active use by synonymous lexical units - must correspond to the style of the text, otherwise they are completely inappropriate.
Example:
Today there was an open day at the university. Here the obsolete word now (today, now, currently) is completely inappropriate.
Among the words that have fallen out of active use, historicisms also stand out. Historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the concepts they denote: armyak, camisole, bursa, oprichnik, etc. Errors in the use of historicisms are often associated with ignorance of their lexical meaning.
Example:
The peasants cannot stand their hard life and go to the main governor of the city. A governor is the head of a region (for example, a province in Tsarist Russia, a state in the USA). Consequently, the chief governor is an absurdity; moreover, there could only be one governor in the province, and his assistant was called the vice-governor.

10. Words of foreign origin.
Now many people have an addiction to foreign words, sometimes without even knowing their exact meaning. Sometimes the context does not accept a foreign word.
Example: The work of the conference is limited due to the lack of leading specialists. Limit - set a limit on something, limit it. The foreign word limit in this sentence should be replaced with the words: goes slower, stopped, etc.

11. Dialectisms.
Dialectisms are words or stable combinations that are not included in the lexical system of the literary language and belong to one or more dialects of the Russian national language. Dialectisms are justified in artistic or journalistic speech for creating speech characteristics heroes. The unmotivated use of dialectisms indicates insufficient knowledge of the norms of the literary language.
Example: A scavenger came to me and sat there the whole evening. Shaberka is a neighbor. The use of dialectism in this sentence is not justified either by the style of the text or by the purpose of the statement.

12. Colloquial and colloquial words.
Colloquial words are included in the lexical system of the literary language, but are used mainly in oral speech, mainly in the sphere of everyday communication. Colloquial speech is a word, grammatical form or turn of phrase, predominantly of oral speech, used in a literary language, usually for the purpose of a reduced, rough characterization of the subject of speech, as well as simple casual speech containing such words, forms and turns. Colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, in contrast to dialect (regional), is used in the speech of the entire people.
Example: I have a very thin jacket. Thin (colloquial) - holey, spoiled (thin boot). Errors occur in cases where the use of colloquial and colloquial words is not motivated by context.

13. Professional jargon.
Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: typo - a mistake in the speech of journalists; the steering wheel is a steering wheel in the speech of drivers.
But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, listening and others spoil literary speech.
In terms of limited use and the nature of expression (joking, reduced, etc.), professionalisms are similar to jargon and are integral part jargons - peculiar social dialects characteristic of professional or age groups of people (jargons of athletes, sailors, hunters, students, schoolchildren). Jargon is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use.
Example: I wanted to invite guests to a holiday, but the shack does not allow it. Khibara is a house.

14. Phraseologisms.
It must be remembered that phraseological units always have a figurative meaning. Decorating our speech, making it more lively, imaginative, bright, beautiful, phraseological units also give us a lot of trouble - if they are used incorrectly, speech errors appear.
1). Errors in learning the meaning of phraseological units.
a) There is a danger of taking idioms literally, which may be perceived as free associations of words.
b) Errors may be associated with a change in the meaning of a phraseological unit.
Example:
Khlestakov throws pearls before swine all the time, but everyone believes him. Here the phraseology "throw pearls before swine", meaning "to talk about something in vain or prove something to someone who is not able to understand it", is used incorrectly - in the meaning of "to invent, to weave fables."
2). Errors in mastering the form of phraseological units.
a) Grammatical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example:
I'm used to giving myself full reports. The form of the number has been changed here. There is a phraseological unit to give account.
Example:
He constantly sits with his hands folded. Phraseologisms such as folded arms, headlong, headlong retain in their composition the old form of the gerund perfect form with the suffix -a (-я).
Some phraseological units use short forms of adjectives; replacing them with full forms is erroneous.
b) Lexical modification of a phraseological unit.
Example:
It's time for you to take charge of your mind. Most phraseological units are impenetrable: an additional unit cannot be introduced into the phraseological unit.
Example:
Well, at least hit the wall! Omitting a phraseological unit component is also a speech error.
Example:
Everything returns to normal in a spiral!.. There is a phraseological unit back to normal. Substitution of a word is not allowed.
3). Changing the lexical compatibility of phraseological units.
Example:
These and other questions play a big role in the development of this still young science. There has been a mixture of two stable expressions: it plays a role and it matters. You could say this: questions matter... or questions matter a lot.

15. Clichés and cliches.
Stationery - words and expressions, the use of which is assigned to formal business style, but in other styles of speech they are inappropriate and are cliches.
Example:
There is a lack of spare parts.
Stamps are hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. Words, phrases and even entire sentences become stamps, appearing as new, stylistically expressive speech means, but as a result of too frequent use they lose their original imagery.
Example:
A forest of hands went up during the vote.
A type of stamps are universal words. These are words that are used in the most general and vague meanings: question, task, raise, provide, etc. Usually, universal words are accompanied by standard prefixes: work - everyday, level - high, support - warm. There are numerous journalistic cliches (field workers, a city on the Volga), and literary cliches (an exciting image, an angry protest).
Clichés - speech stereotypes, ready-made phrases used as a standard that is easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts - are constructive units of speech and, despite frequent use, retain their semantics. Clichés are used in official business documents (meeting at top level); V scientific literature(needs to be proven); in journalism (our own correspondent reports from); in different situations of everyday speech (Hello! Goodbye! Who's the last one?).

III. Factual errors

Violation of the requirement for the correct transmission of factual material causes factual errors.
Factual errors are a distortion of the situation depicted in the statement or its individual details, for example: “In winter forest The cuckoo crowed loudly." or "The merchants Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky enter."
Factual errors can be detected if the reader of the work knows the factual side of the matter and can evaluate each fact from the standpoint of its reliability. The reason for factual errors is insufficient knowledge of the events described, poverty of life experience, and incorrect assessment of the actions and characters of the heroes.
In the presentation, factual errors include various types of inaccuracies:
1) errors in indicating the place and time of the event;
2) in conveying the sequence of actions, cause-and-effect relationships, etc., for example: instead of “Kirovsky Prospekt” - in the work “Kyiv Prospekt” or “Kirovsky Village”.

In an essay, factual errors are
1) distortion of life's truth;
2) inaccurate reproduction of book sources;
3) proper names;
4) dates;
5) places of events,
for example: “Chadsky”, “at Nagulny and Razmetnoye”.
Examples of typical factual errors.
“With the image of Onegin, Pushkin opened a gallery of “superfluous people” in Russian literature: Oblomov, Pechorin, Bazarov. A superfluous person must have two qualities: reject the ideals of society and not see the meaning of his existence.” In the above example, Oblomov and Bazarov clearly fall out of the proposed chain.
"The literature of classicism (Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Fonvizin, Karamzin, etc.) had big influence on the work of A. S. Griboedov." There are two mistakes here at once. The first: Fonvizin really "had a great influence" on "Woe from Wit", but it is hardly possible to talk about the influence of Lomonosov and Derzhavin. The author confuses facts and types of fiction. The second the factual inaccuracy lies in the fact that Karamzin is a representative of the culture of sentimentalism.

IV. Logical errors

Violation of the sequence (logic) of presentation leads to the appearance of logical errors.
Logical errors consist of violating the rules of logical thinking. This type of error includes the following shortcomings in the content of the work:
1) violation of the sequence of utterances;
2) lack of connection between parts and sentences;
3) unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought;
4) fragmentation of one micro-theme by another micro-theme;
5) disproportionality of parts of the statement;
6) lack of necessary parts;
7) rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for presentation);
8) unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person).

V. Grammar errors

Grammatical errors are non-compliance with the norms of word and form formation, the norms of syntactic connections between words in a phrase and a sentence.

There are two types of grammatical errors:
1. Word formation.
The structure of the word is broken: “ruthlessness”, “immortality”, “instead”, “publicism”.
2. Morphological.
Errors associated with non-normative formation of word forms.
This type of error includes:
a) errors in the formation of forms of nouns: “obleki”, “English”, “two banners”, “on the bridge”, “Grinev lived as an undergrowth”, “He was not afraid of dangers and risks”, “They built a big swing in the yard”.
b) errors in the formation of adjective forms: “One brother was richer than the other,” “This book is more interesting.”
c) errors in the formation of pronouns: “I went to him,” “their house.”
d) errors in the formation of the verb: “He never made a mistake,” “Mom always rejoices at guests,” “Having walked out into the middle of the room, he spoke,” “A smiling child was sitting in the far corner.”
e) incorrect construction of an aspectual pair, most often a paired imperfective verb: “My brother and I saw off all the extra branches, put the tree in the middle of the room and decorate it.”

VI. Syntax errors

Syntactic errors consist of incorrect construction of phrases, violation of the structure of simple, complicated and complex sentences.

Errors in the structure of phrases:
1. Violation of agreement with the main word in gender, number and case of the dependent word, expressed by an adjective, participle, ordinal number, pronoun: “This summer I was in the steppe Trans-Volga region.”
2. Impaired control.
Errors in unprepositioned management (wrong choice of preposition): “If you touch a birch tree on a hot day, you will feel the cool trunk.”
3. Wrong choice of case with a correctly chosen preposition: “He looked like a deathly tired man.”
4. Omission of a preposition: “After a hasty lunch, I sat at the helm and drove (?) to the field.”
5. Using the unnecessary pretext “Thirst for fame.”
6. Omission of the dependent component of the phrase: “Getting into the hot cabin again, turning the steering wheel shiny from the palms again, (?) driving.”

Errors in the structure and meaning of the sentence:
1. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate: “But neither youth nor summer last forever,” “The sun had already set when we returned.”
2. Lack of semantic completeness of the sentence, violation of its boundaries: “Once during the war. A shell hit a poplar.”
3. Syntactic ambiguity: “Their (the girls’) dream came true, they (the fishermen) returned.”
4. Violation of the type-temporal correlation of verbs in the sentence: “Grinev sees Pugachev getting into the carriage.”

Errors in a simple two-part sentence:
Subject:
- Pronominal duplication of the subject: “Children sitting on an old boat with its keel overturned, they are waiting for their father.”
- Violation of agreement between the subject and the pronoun replacing the subject in another sentence: “Apparently, there is a storm at sea, so it is full of dangers.”
Predicate:
- Errors in the construction of the predicate: “Everyone was happy.”
- Violation of the agreement of the predicate in gender and number with the subject, expressed collective noun, quantitative noun phrase, interrogative and indefinite pronoun: “My mother and I stayed at home,” “A sheaf of sun rays entered the room.”
- Pronominal duplication of the addition: “Many books can be read several times.”
Definition:
- Incorrect use of an inconsistent definition: “On the right hang a lamp and my portrait from the kindergarten.”
- A conglomeration of agreed and inconsistent definitions relating to one member of the sentence: “Huge, beautiful world the life of our country and our peers is revealed in millions of books."
- Incorrect choice of morphological form of the circumstance: “I teach my lessons on the table” (at the table).

Errors in one-part sentences:
1. The use of two-part structures in place of one-part ones.
2. Using an adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence: “When I saw the dog, I felt sorry for it.”

Sentences with homogeneous members:
1. Using different parts of speech as homogeneous members of a sentence: “I like the room because it is bright, large, and clean.”
2. Inclusion in a series of homogeneous terms of words denoting heterogeneous concepts: “When it’s spring and a clear day, the sun illuminates my whole room.”
3. Incorrect use coordinating conjunctions to connect homogeneous members: “The boy had a big forehead, but serious.”
4. Incorrect attachment of logically heterogeneous secondary members to one main member: “There are books in the closet, newspapers and glassware on the shelves.”
5. Errors in coordinating homogeneous subjects with the predicate: “Anxiety and melancholy froze in her eyes.”
6. Violations in the area of ​​homogeneous predicates:
a) the use of different types of predicates as homogeneous: “The sea after the storm is calm, gentle and plays with the rays of the sun”;
b) violation of the uniform design of compound nominal predicates: the use of different case forms of the nominal part of homogeneous compound nominal predicates: “Their father was an experienced fisherman and a brave sailor”; joining homogeneous verbal predicate an addition that is controlled by only one of the predicates: “Everyone is really waiting and worried about the soldiers”; use of short and full forms adjectives and participles in the nominal part: “My room has recently been renovated: whitewashed and painted.”
7. Association of members and units different offers on a homogeneous basis: “Mushrooms grow under the birch tree, berries grow, snowdrops bloom in the spring.” “The children were waiting for their father and when his boat would appear.”

Sentences with introductory words and introductory constructions:
1. Wrong choice introductory word: “The girls peered intensely into the distance of the sea: a boat would probably appear on the horizon.”
2. Using an introductory word that leads to ambiguity: “According to the fishermen, there was a storm at night, but now it’s calm.”
3. Using the introductory sentence as an independent one: “A book is a source of knowledge. As many say.”

Offers with separate members:
1. Violation of word order in sentences with participial phrases.
- Separation of the participial phrase from the word being defined: “But again a misfortune happened to the tree: its low branches were cut off.”
- Inclusion of the defined word in the participial phrase: “Girls have their eyes fixed on the sea.”
2. Violation of the rules for constructing participial phrases.
- Construction of a participial phrase according to the model subordinate clause: “The painting shows a girl who has just gotten up.”
- Using a participial phrase instead of an adverbial phrase: “And every time we returned back, we sat down under a poplar tree and rested.”
3. Errors in sentences with isolated circumstances expressed by the adverbial phrase: “Resting in a chair, the picture “March” hangs in front of me.

Methods of transmitting direct speech. Direct and indirect speech:
1. Combining direct speech and the author’s words: “Before the war, my father told me: “Take care of the tree and went to the front.”
2. The use of direct speech without the author’s words: “The girls saw the longboat: “Dad!”
3. Mixing direct indirect speech: “Grandfather said that in childhood they had such a law: on birthdays we gave only what was made with our own hands.”
4. Errors when introducing quotes: “K. Paustovsky said that “A person who loves and knows how to read, happy man".

Complex sentences:
1. Violation of the logical-grammatical connection between the parts of a complex sentence: “My father did not forget this story for a long time, but he died.”
2. Use of a pronoun in the second part of a complex sentence, leading to ambiguity: “May hopes come true and they will return.”
3. Errors in using complex conjunctions:
a) connective - to connect parts of a complex sentence in the absence of adversative relations between them: “Yesterday there was a storm, and today everything was calm.”
b) adversatives - to connect parts of a complex sentence in the absence of adversative relations between them: “There is a birch tree growing in our yard, but buds are also swelling on it”;
c) double and repeated: “Either a bird has landed on the water, or the wreckage of a broken boat is floating on the sea”;
d) unjustified repetition of conjunctions: “And suddenly the girls saw a small black dot, and they had hope”;
e) unsuccessful choice of alliances: “Mitrasha was ten years old, but her sister was older.”

Complex sentences:
1. Inconsistency between the type of subordinate clause and the meaning of the main one: “But they will still wait for their father, since the fishermen must be waited on the shore.”
2. Using composition and subordination to connect parts in a complex sentence: “If a person does not play sports, he ages quickly.”
3. Making structures heavier by “stringing” subordinate clauses: “The sail appeared in the sea as happy news that the fishermen were all right and that the girls would soon be able to hug their parents, who were delayed at sea because there was a strong storm.”
4. Omission of a necessary demonstrative word: “Mom always scolds me for throwing my things around.”
5. Unjustified use of a demonstrative word: “I have an assumption that the fishermen were delayed by the storm.”
6. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words when choosing them correctly:
a) the use of conjunctions and allied words in the middle of a subordinate clause: “There is a TV on the nightstand in the room, on which I watch entertainment programs after school”;
b) violation of the agreement of the conjunctive word in the subordinate clause with the replaced or attributive word in the main clause: “On two shelves - fiction, which I use when preparing for lessons."
7. Use of the same type of subordinate clauses when consistent subordination: “Walking along the shore, I saw two girls sitting on an overturned boat, which was lying upside down on the shore.”
8. Using a subordinate clause as an independent clause: “The girls are worried about their relatives. That’s why they look so sadly into the distance.”

Non-union complex sentence:
1. Violation of the unity of constructions of homogeneous parts in a non-union complex sentence: “The picture shows: early morning"The sun is just rising."
2. Decomposition of parts of a non-union complex sentence into independent sentences: “The girls are dressed simply. They are wearing summer cotton dresses. The eldest has a scarf on her head.”
3. Simultaneous use of non-union and allied connections: “The girls’ clothes are simple: the older ones with a scarf on their heads, in a blue skirt and gray blouse, the younger ones without a scarf, in a purple dress and a dark blue blouse.”

Complex sentence with different types of connections:
1. Violation of the order of parts of the sentence: “The waves are still foaming, but they calm down near the shore; the closer to the horizon, the darker the sea; and therefore the girls have hope that their father will return.”
2. Using pronouns that create ambiguity: "We see that the girl's bed is not made, and she confirms that the girl just got up."

Word - important element our Everyday life and, in particular, speech. This unit can rightfully be called extremely diverse and voluminous. With its help, we not only give names to phenomena and objects, but also convey our thoughts and feelings. By remembering the main ones, you can avoid them in the future and make your communication style cleaner.

When we decide what word to say, there are several aspects to consider. These primarily include stylistic coloring, appropriateness of use and level of compatibility with other components of the sentence. If you break even one of these rules, the likelihood of saying something wrong increases significantly.

We monitor the value

Examples of speech errors are often associated with the fact that the speaker does not understand the meaning of a word and uses it in a situation that is not suitable for this. Thus, in the phrase “the fire grew more and more intense,” the verb was used incorrectly. It has two meanings.

The first of them is “to heat up, to heat up to a high temperature,” and the second is “to get excited.” In this situation, it would be much more logical to use the word “flare up.” It just conveys the meaning that the author tried to put into the phrase.

Irrelevance

Speakers often use significant and function words without taking into account their semantics. You often see these in the media. Examples of them can be from the category “thanks to the tornado, several thousand people died.” The preposition with which this phrase begins must be used only in those situations when we want to talk about what caused a desirable, rather than destructive, result.

The nature of this error is hidden in the semantic abstraction of the word from the verb that gave impetus to its appearance. In the above case, instead of “due to” you need to say “as a result”, “due to” or “as a result”.

In any field of activity, speech errors are inevitable. Examples from life are often associated with the choice of words-concepts that have different base division. That is, we are talking about a combination of concrete and abstract vocabulary in one context. Thus, phrases in the style of “we will ensure a complete cure for drug addicts and other diseases” are often found. If we talk about an illness, we need to use its name, and not talk about the people who suffer from it. In this situation, it would be correct to use the word “drug addiction.”

At every step we are surrounded by speech and examples of them can be so ingrained in our lives that we may not even notice that we are speaking incorrectly. Such cases include the incorrect use of paronyms. Many people are confused about the concepts of “addressee” (the one to whom we are writing a letter) and “addressee” (sender, author). To avoid embarrassment, you just need to remember the meaning of such problematic words.

Incompatible

Another eternal problem for many people is that they do not watch the phrases they pronounce. After all, when we choose a suitable word, it is necessary to monitor not only its literary meaning. Not all structures can be harmoniously connected to each other. To maintain speech balance, it is necessary to take into account semantics, stylistics, grammatical features of words and more.

You can come across a variety of sentences with speech errors. Examples might be something like this: “A good father needs to be a role model for his children.” In this case, the word “example” must be used.

Synonyms, homonyms, paronyms

Speech errors on television are often associated with the incorrect use of synonyms. Examples are often associated with the wrong choice of the emotional connotation of a word and the scope of its use: “ CEO made a mistake and immediately set about correcting it.” The neutral word “error” would be much better suited for this situation, instead of the chosen jargon.

Homonyms also often become the cause of incorrect statements. If you do not take them out of context, the meaning of such words will be quite clear. But there are times when they are used in a situation that is absolutely inappropriate for this. Hearing the sentence “The crew is in excellent condition now,” we will not be able to understand who or what we are talking about we're talking about: about a team or cart. In this situation, additional context is indispensable.

Types of speech errors (we will look at examples a little later) are often associated with the fact that speakers incorrectly use ambiguous words. To avoid such missteps, it is necessary to monitor how acceptable a certain word is for a particular situation.

Context plays a big role in this. It is with its help that you can understand the meaning of many words. Example - “she was singing so loud.” Without additional explanation, it is difficult to understand whether the heroine was carried away by the action she was performing or simply gained momentum.

Too much or too little

Examples of speech errors are also often associated with lexical incompleteness of the statement. This is an omission in a sentence of a word that logically should be there. Such a blunder is present in the proposal “not to publish statements on the pages of newspapers and television that could cause an aggressive reaction.” One gets the impression that the author is speaking “on the pages of television.”

New and old

Many types of speech errors with examples are associated with the use of inappropriate new ones and Often, authors unsuccessfully fit them into the context or come up with their own, inappropriate forms. Thus, in the sentence “More than twenty thousand rubles have been allocated this year,” the author’s neologism “pothole repair” means “pothole repair,” which is impossible to understand without additional context.

Archaisms are words that have gone out of use. You also need to be careful with their use. Some insert them into texts that require the use of neutral vocabulary rather than outdated ones. “Currently there is a cleanup day at school” - this is a case when it would be better to say “now” to make the text more logical in style.

Foreign words

Examples of speech errors also often appear due to the incorrect use of words that came to our country from abroad. Many people manage to rush beautiful phrases of such origin, without even fully understanding their meaning and semantic nuances.

“My purchasing plan is limited due to the fact that I earn little.” This is a case where it was necessary to use a simpler formulation like the phrase “executes more slowly.”

Problems with vocabulary

Speech errors in literature, examples of which can be found in many books, are often associated with the wrong choice of vocabulary. These may be dialectisms, vernaculars, jargons and phraseological units that are not entirely suitable for a particular text. When choosing words from these groups, you need to monitor how harmoniously they fit into the overall context. You also need to adhere to one thing in the story a certain style presentation. If we want to say “I met a neighbor at the entrance,” we don’t need to call her a “scavenger” (dialectical).

In the sentence “I bought a thin TV,” it is better to use the neutral word “thin” or “bad” instead of vernacular, depending on what meaning you give to the text. Otherwise, the recipient of your speech may misunderstand what exactly you are saying.

The professional jargon “steering wheel” is appropriate in a driver’s dialogue, but not in the seller’s description of the interior of a new car model: “The chairs and steering wheel are upholstered in natural leather.” Phraseologisms also cause a lot of difficulties in correct use: “This man is constantly throwing pearls before swine.” This expression means “to invent, to lie,” but without additional context it can be interpreted literally.

Is Grammar Nazi your middle name? On the one hand, it is very unethical to pretend to be a know-it-all both in personal communication and in online correspondence. in social networks. But on the other hand, it’s ignorance to be illiterate and not know your native Russian language. Everyone has a girlfriend or boyfriend who regularly says “Call me.” How it hurts the ears, and you kick her for it with undisguised irritation. But what if you try to say “Call me” in a joking manner? This will be much more effective, and one day you will hear the long-awaited correct accent!

Examples of speech errors in Russian

People communicate using speech, this is a kind of communication channel. And, as you know, if the signal is disrupted, the connection may be interrupted. Therefore, in order for human bonds to remain inseparable, speech must be correct. Which typical mistakes are allowed in the pronunciation of a proper name?

Ukraine or Ukraine?

All derived country names must be pronounced with emphasis on the consonant I: Ukraine, resident - Ukrainian, language - Ukrainian. It is a mistake to emphasize the letter A.

Marilyn Monroe reading

We decline Maria Tsigal by case

Who what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- Who, what?
- Maria Tsigal.
- To whom; to what?
- Maria Tsigal, etc.
Female surnames that end with soft sign, do not bow.

In Ivanovo or in Ivanovo?

How often do we hear: “We live in Ivanovo” or “We live in Ivanovo.” Right - live in the city of Ivanovo, live in Ivanovo.
Below are examples of typical speech errors in the Russian language and the peculiarities of using these words.

Inside? INSIDE!

When getting dressed, we tuck the blouse INSIDE the skirt. Opening the envelope, we look INSIDE. No prefixes "vo" must not be.

Dress? WEAR IT!

This case is perhaps the most common misuse words in speech. There is a simple rule that makes it easy to remember the correct use of these words depending on the context. WEAR A HAT – DRESS A DAUGHTER. When it comes to yourself, in this case, put on, someone else – put on.

Marilyn Monroe carefully reads a book

Finish school or university? FINISH!

At school they asked me to do own project. And here it comes BEHIND it's over. You cleaned the house - FINISHED. As you understand, they finish the job, and the educational institution (university, school, driving courses) ABOUT are finishing.

Boiling white? BOILING WHITE!

You cook pasta or meat, and a snow-white foam always forms on the surface - boiling water, as our ancestors called it in ancient times.

Therefore, white wardrobe items are boiling white - and no others!

Colleagues? Just COLLEAGUES!

The word “colleague” already by default has the following meaning: “a person who works with me, or has a similar profession,” so it should be explained that “Vasya is my work colleague” is an excessive expression.

Cream, sweater, jumper? CREAMS, SWEATERS, JUMPERS!

We hear the ending “a” in these words regularly; it brings a certain “simpleness” to colloquial speech. It’s much more “poetic” and more correct to use the “s” at the end: today we went shopping and bought warm jumpers, and then went to the cosmetics department and bought nourishing creams.

Eat? EAT!

When pronouncing the phrase “I ate”, remember that it sounds as if from the lips of a mannered coquette. The word “is” is universal. It is worth distinguishing between the boundaries of what is possible and what is not. Asking a child if he has eaten is completely ethical. However, an adult man who answered about himself: “I ate” is bad manners.

Lie down? PLAY!

This is considered one of the most common mistakes in speech. Remember the rule: the word “lay down” does not exist, it is used only with prefixes: Put on the table, Stack, etc. The famous phrase from movies: “hang up” is also not the norm. Just “put it down, put it down.”

Hardly, in half? HARDLY, IN HALF!

Remember the popular group “Na-na” in the 90s? So: in the case of these words, no “na-na” is needed: It’s unlikely that today we’ll go somewhere and split the fruit in half.

Marilyn Monroe reading a book in bed

Upon arrival, upon arrival, upon completion? UPON ARRIVAL, UPON ARRIVAL, UPON FINISH!

The correct use of these words primarily depends on your visual memory, frequent reading and interest in dictionaries, since there are no checking rules for them. All that remains is to remember it well, to memorize it.

A sheet? SHEET!

How easy it is to make a mistake with the ending of words “ny, nya”. Get out colloquial version of "sheet" from our vocabulary! To do this, you will have to remember your childhood and Chukovsky’s famous poem “Moidodyr”:

“The blanket ran away, the sheet flew away, and the pillow, like a frog, jumped away from me...”

Vacuuming? Vacuuming? I CLEAN WITH A VACUUM CLEANER!

The struggle for cleanliness in the house often ends in a struggle for correct speech! You are putting things in order, but suddenly a friend calls and asks what you are doing. You answer: “vacuuming...vacuuming...sucking dust”... That’s right – “cleaning with a vacuum cleaner”!

According to the order, instructions? According to ORDER, DIRECTION!

After the preposition “according to” there is always a noun in genitive case , that is, answering the question “what”: “according to what? I order." The bonus for the month was issued according to the order of the director of the enterprise.

Wash? WASH!

By using the words wash, rinse, remove the additional ending “sya” in the words, you seem to attribute the action to yourself, that is, you are going to rinse, wash and scrub away dirt from your beloved self.

Shoes? SHOE!

One cannot help but recall the famous phrase from the film “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, which became almost a catchphrase: “Whose shoe is it?” The word “shoes” is constant. Correct usage: I tried on a pair of shoes today, which I really liked.

Tea, sugar or TEA, SUGAR?

Experts from the Russian language help service “Gramoty.ru” answer: both options are acceptable. And they add: if earlier forms in -у, -ю (drink tea, eat soup, add sugar) were preferable, now they have acquired a colloquial connotation and are gradually losing their popularity to forms in -a, -я (pour tea, add sugar) .

Marilyn Monroe reading a book while lying on the couch

Expresso? ESPRESSO!

Why not go and have a cup of your favorite espresso? If you hear this, you are practically offended to the core! This is the most common misuse of the word in speech. The reason for the confusion is the mixing of two words from Italian and English languages, having a similar sound and the same meaning: espresso - fast in Italian, express - “fast, urgent, emergency” in English. We will travel by express from Moscow to St. Petersburg, enjoying a cup of our favorite espresso while sitting in the dining car.

Which ones are found:

1. Pronunciation: pays (incorrect) - pays (correct), of course (incorrect) - of course (correct).
2. Lexical: Indian - turkey.
3. Phraseological: a combination of two stable phrases (“sleeveless” and “hands folded”) - “You can’t do this with your sleeves folded.”
4. Morphological: towels, pianos, cheaper ones, etc.
5. Syntactic: there are a lot of books on the table (incorrect agreement).
6. Orthographic: tubaret, vogzal, here, etc. (found in written speech).

Funny misspelled words

We often make funny mistakes in words and don’t even notice it. Sometimes this happens by accident (slip of the tongue), but more often than not the person really doesn't know how to pronounce the word correctly. Evoshny, evonny, ikhniy - it’s so rustic. These are incorrect derivatives of the words “his” and “their”. “It would be funny if it weren’t so sad.” The most common mistakes in Russian are often made automatically. We heard this word somewhere and remembered it on a subconscious level. Therefore, if you do not want to accidentally embarrass yourself at some performance at work or in public, carefully “filter the market.”

“This” - what kind of animal is this?

Few people know such a word as etovat. But it turns out it exists. In meaning it can be compared with the English Do, which denotes an action, but an indefinite one. This is a universal verb that can be replaced by another depending on the context.
- "What did you do today?"
- “Yes, I’ve been doing this all day!”
or
- “Stop doing this to me!”
This is how diverse the Russian language is, with different features of the use of words in speech. Some words that are not currently used are often mistaken for speech errors by those who do not know their meaning. For example: lamb - lamb, hail - city, blueberry - nun and etc.

Crib! You can check the word you are interested in – its pronunciation, stress, spelling, features of meaning and use – using the portals “Gramota.ru”, “Gramma.ru”, “Yandex Dictionaries”. The website "Orfogrammka.ru" allows you to eliminate errors from entire sentences and paragraphs - to restore order, for example, in the text of a comment or letter. It’s interesting to train literacy by doing online dictations (has everyone heard about the “Total Dictation” project?) and interactive exercises, of which there are many on “Gramote.ru”

Examples of sentences with common speech errors constantly heard:

1. My bills have not been paid.
2. You need to put things like this.
3. Will you call me?

Even the media often admit something like this: “Thanks to the earthquake, thousands of residents died.”

Conclusion

Speaking your native language correctly is not only the duty of a citizen of the country, but also his respectful attitude towards other members of society. That is why it is so important to instill in a child a love of learning a language from childhood. Incorrect tongue-tied speech leads to misunderstanding when communicating between people.

Types of speech errors

Speech errors- this is a violation of the laws of use of language units in speech, as well as shortcomings in the formation of syntactic structures.

Types of grammatical errors

Grammatical errors are a violation of the norms of word and form formation, as well as the norms of syntactic connections between words in a phrase and sentence.

Types of logical errors

Logical errors are a violation of the sequence (logic) of presentation.

Logical errors consist of violating the rules of logical thinking. This type of error includes the following shortcomings in the content of the work: 1) violation of the sequence of statements; 2) lack of connection between parts and sentences; 3) unjustified repetition of a previously expressed thought; 4) fragmentation of one micro-theme by another micro-theme; 5) disproportionality of parts of the statement; 6) lack of necessary parts; 7) rearrangement of parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for presentation); 8) unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person).