How are imperfect participles formed? The participle of perfective and imperfective. Morphological analysis

How difficult it is for schoolchildren studying the course of Russian morphology. Our language is so diverse and sometimes complex that not everyone can master it.

For example, the perfect participle is often confused with participle. How to remember once and for all their features and differences, we will consider further.

Definition of gerund

In order to correctly determine which part of speech is in front of us, it is necessary to know the most basic information about each. First you need to find out what questions they answer. Participles, for example, on the one hand are very similar to verbs (they are formed from them), and therefore they have questions similar to them: “what by doing”, “what by doing”. On the other hand, they are often confused with adverbs. Like them, gerunds can answer the question "how".

For example: The athlete ran without looking back. Two questions can be asked to this word at the same time: running “how” and “what doing”. This is explained by the origin of gerunds: they simultaneously took signs from the adverb and the verb.

If we talk about grammatical meaning, then everything is simple here. Being similar to verbs, they also denote the action of an object, but not the main one, but an additional one.

For example: Mom watered the flowers, singing a song.

The main thing that my mother did was watering the flowers. But she also sang. However, this is not the main thing, but a secondary action that she did.

Kinds

All participles are in many ways similar to their fellow participles. Both of them are similar to the verb. The first ones are usually divided into Recall that the aspect is also a verb feature.

The perfect view answers questions starting with the letter "C": what to do? "go away" (verb) What Did You Do? “arrived” (participle), what did you do? "having eaten" (germ).

All of them have the meaning of an already completed action.

The imperfect aspect has the opposite meaning - the action is still ongoing, processivity is reflected. Do verbs - what does it do? "walking", what did he do? “painted”, in participles - what is he doing? "decisive", gerund - what are you doing? "playing".

As you can see, all these three parts of speech have very similar questions.

The types of adverbs differ in meaning. But they are easy to remember, it is enough to ask a question and determine the presence of the initial letter “C” in it. If we have a perfect participle in front of us, you can easily distinguish it.

Suffixes

As you know, each part of speech has its own characteristics in word formation. A gerund, like an adverb, will never change, has no endings, but actively forms new words with the help of suffixes.

They, in turn, will depend on the species.

The perfect participle will be formed from:

• Verbs that are in the past tense. The suffixes "v", "shi", "lice" are added to them. For example: Having gathered in a flock, the birds flew south.After writing the letter, I took it to the post office. Having brought me a stick, the dog waited for the continuation of the game.
  

• Verbs in the future tense. The suffixes "a" or "ya" are attached to such forms. For example: After reading the newspaper, the father left the room.

The imperfect form of participles has a slightly different form:

• Verbs in the present tense plus the suffixes "a", "I". For example: Walking in the park, we admired the beauty of nature. I walked slowly around the city.

It is worth remembering that the perfect participle cannot be formed from such verbs that end in “-ch”: oven, cherish; “-noot”: jump, resort, smell, and also if the stem of the verb ends in hissing: I write, wear, knit.

Parsing the participle

Knowing all the signs of each of the parts of speech, you can begin to analyze them.

Let's break it down in the following sentence: Fulfilling homework, Pay attention.

Fulfilling - adverb.

1. Meaning is an additional action, since it answers the question "what by doing?"

2. Initial form: what to do? Fulfill (the verb that forms it)

3. Permanent signs:

• Immutability (it has no endings)
• View (determined by the verb that formed it) - imperfect

4. Syntactic function - circumstance. Included in participle turnover.

Using our tips, as well as an example of parsing, you can easily distinguish gerunds from other parts of speech. The main thing is to carefully understand the rules and strictly follow them.

Like the participle, the participle can be considered as an independent part of speech or as a special form of the verb. We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verb form.

gerund is a special form of the verb that has the following features:

1. Denotesadditional action , answers the questions what by doing? or doing what?

2–3. It hasgrammatical features verbs and adverbs .

The features of the verb areview ( reading - NSV,having read - SW),transitivity ( reading book - transitional,sitting on a chair - intransitive.) andrecurrence ( washing - irrevocable,washing your face - return). In addition, the participle is characterized by the samecontrol , as well as other verb forms:reading / reading / reading / reading a book, but reading a book.

Adverbial signs of adverbial participles includeimmutability (germs do not have morphological features mood, tense, person, gender, number, characteristic of the conjugated forms of the verb, and do not decline, unlike participles); syntactic function gerunds -circumstance ; in a sentence, the participle depends on the verb.

Imperfect gerunds kind answer the question what do you do? and denote an action simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate):Standing on a stool, he pulled books from the top shelf.

The gerunds NSV are formed from the verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense with the help of the formative suffix -а(-я).

In the verb to be, the gerund participle is formed with the help of the suffix -learn from the basis of the future tense:bud-learn . The same suffix is ​​used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs:game-i - game-yuchi .

Imperfect participles are not present in all NSV verbs; so, gerunds NSV are not formed:

- from verbs in -ch:bake - baking ( oven );

- from verbs in -nut:wither - wilting ,;

- from some verbs into sibilant in the stem of the present tense:write , write - writing , lick - licking (but the adverb is lying);

- from verbs with the stem of the present tense, consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them:drink , drink (pj-ut) -pb I.

At the verbgive the gerund is formed from a special stem:Giving (come on j-a).

Participles of the perfect kind of answer the question what did they do? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb:Standing on a stool, he took a book from the top shelf.

The gerunds SV are formed from the verbs SV from the stem of the past tense with the help of suffixes

In from verbs with a stem to a vowel:done-in ,

Lice from reflexive verbs with a vowel stem (or obsolete, stylistically non-neutral gerunds likeseeing, looking etc.): mind-lice,

Shi from verbs with stem to consonant: baked-shi .

Some verbs have variant forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other is formed by adding the suffix -а(-я) to the stem of the future tense:frown-lice-s - frown-I-s .

Verbsread, acquire do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which gerunds are usedread, find , formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the suffix -я.

Two aspect verbs may have two gerunds formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and CB, for example:

promise: promise-i - NSV,promise-in - SW,

marry: wives - NSV,marry-in - SW.

The participle must indicate the action of the object (person) that is called the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the participle. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like:

? Leaving the house gave me a headache (the gerund and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).

? Lost, the puppy was soon found by the owners (the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).

The adverb can calladditional action related to the main member one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive, participle or other participle. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example:When crossing the street, you should look around.

Morphological analysis of the participle

Morphological analysis we will conduct participles according to the following plan:

I.Part of speech (a special form of the verb). General value. What verb is it derived from

II.Morphological features: a) species, b) recurrence, c) transitivity.

III.Syntactic role

Sample morphological parsing of a gerund

Sipping the sour wine, squinting from the smoke of his pipe, he listened gloomily to what Zoya was telling him. When she finished, she cracked her fingers (A. N. Tolstoy).

I.Sipping (what are you doing?) - gerund;

II.Fast. signs: NSV, non-returnable, transitional, unchangeable;

non-post. signs: no;

III.Listened to (how?) sipping (circumstance)

I.(what are you doing?) - gerund;

II.Fast. signs: NSV, return, non-transition., unchangeable;

non-post. signs: no;

III.Listened (how?) squinting (circumstance)

I.Having finished (what doing?) - gerund;

II. signs: ST, non-return, transition, unchangeable;

non-post. signs: no;

III.Cracked (when?) ending (circumstance)

Term "germs" appeared in the 17th century. It consists of two parts: dee- (action) and participle. That is it form, "involved" in the action. And the truth: gerund denotes an additional action of the verb in the sentence, combining grammatical features of the verb and adverb, so this form is sometimes called verbal adverb.

The formation of gerunds has its own characteristics that must be taken into account.

1. From the basis of the present tense of imperfective verbs are formed imperfective participles. Suffix used -and I). They start - starting, do - doing, play - playing.

Some imperfective verbs form gerunds with the suffix -uchi (-yuchi): walking, riding, being, playing, pitying, sneaking.

But in literary language forms on -uchi (-yuchi) have not been widely adopted. Most often, these forms are used by us d To stylize folk and ancient speech and are perceived as obsolete.

It is necessary to pay attention to how forms of gerunds are formed from some verbsV: sprinkle - rash(allowed - rash), swim - swimming, climb - climb, suffer - suffering(in the artistic style of speech you can find - suffering), pay attention - pay attention And listening(obsolete) waving - waving(allowed - masha), pinch - pinch.

Some imperfective verbs cannot have gerunds. As a rule, gerunds are not formed from verbs that do not have vowels in the present tense (for example, drive - bend - rot). Form rot- dissonant, therefore it is not used in modern Russian.

These verbs include: sew, beat, rub, twist, weave, lie, sleep, bend, send, eat, tear, reap b (hand), drink, harvest b (rye), crush, wait, pour, burn, lie.

From verbs with alternating consonants h–f, s–w it is impossible to form adverbial forms in the basics of the present tense and the infinitive, or these forms are of little use (for example, scratch - scratch - scratch). Form scale is not grammatically correct.

This applies to verbs such as scratch, weigh, cut, knit, dance, seem, lick, mow.

From imperfective verbs to -nut and on -whose forms of gerunds are not formed.

These are verbs pull, protect, sink, burn, smell, be able, get wet, bake, freeze, whip, grow stronger, guard, deaf, shear, go out, flow, wither.

Also imperfective participles should not form from the following verbs: want, arrest, shame, run, be born, stab, sing, climb, plow.

2. From the basis of the past tense or the infinitive of perfective verbs are formed perfect participles. Commonly used suffix -V: sold - sold, made - done.

Suffixes can also be used -and I) or - lice, - shi (divided - dividing, enter - entering; fall in love - falling in love, turn around - turning around).

In the vast majority of cases, the literary language uses forms with the suffix -V because they are shorter and sweeter. M. Gorky opposed the excessively frequent use of forms with suffixes - lice, - shi, comparing these suffixes to "lice" that crawl across the page, and strongly advised avoiding such forms. However, keep in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - looking back, thinking. Suffix -shi used instead of a suffix -V when forming gerunds from many verbs with a stem into a consonant: grow up - grow up; pasture - pasture.

In the XIX - early XX in suffix -and I) used quite often for education perfective gerunds(noticing - noticing, tilting - tilting, putting - putting). In modern Russian, many of these forms have fallen into disuse, but they can be found in the literary texts of that era, for example, by M. Gorky.

3. When forming gerunds, one of the main mistakes is using one suffix instead of another.

Let's consider the offer. Putting the forks on the table, she went to see if the hot meal was ready. Form used put with suffix -A instead of correct form putting with suffix -V.

Quite often, errors of this kind are encountered when using phraseological units. In some phraseological units, we can meet obsolete forms of gerunds ( head down, hand on heart). And here they often allow irregular shape, saying " outlining the heads at" or " putting your hand on your heart».

also in colloquial speech one can regularly observe the grammatically incorrect formation of gerunds from verbs, from which it is generally impossible to form gerunds in the literary language ( Sleeping, the puppy seemed to be running somewhere).

4. And, of course, we must not forget about the topic of using participle turnover in speech.

How much has been written about gerund denotes an additional action, Means, the main and additional action must be performed by the same object, but errors still occur with frightening regularity.

Read the following examples. Each of them has the same mistake: the incorrect use of the adverbial turnover.

Reading, I was interested.(Who read it? There is no pronoun “I” in the sentence, and the form “me” is not a character)

Sitting at the window, a sparrow flew into the room.(Sparrow was sitting by the window?)

Studying with the teacher, he really wanted to eat(Who was involved? There is no pronoun “he” in the sentence, and the form “him” is not an active person)

Hurrying home, he lost his mitten.(Mitten hurried home?)

Working on the machine, he had a headache.(Did the head work on the machine?)

I hope you smiled after reading these sentences, and you yourself will not make mistakes in the formation and use of gerunds.

Good luck to you and a beautiful, rich, correct Russian language!

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I'll go for a walk, having closed apartment door with a key. And Maxim broke the key, closing door. Do you know in which of the sentences used the gerund participle is perfect, and in which it is imperfect? If you don't know, you will definitely find out by reading this article. If you do not know what a gerund is, then we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the definition and examples:.

Perfect participles

Perfect participles- these are gerunds that denote an action that precedes the action of the verb-predicate. talking in simple words, first the action of the participle takes place, then the verb.

Example: I went for a walk, closing the apartment door with a key. First I closed the door, then I went for a walk.

Perfective gerunds answer the question “what have you done?”. They are formed from the suffixes -in-, -shi, -lice- (suffixes -а-, -я- can also be used)

Examples of gerunds of the perfect form

• Vadim began to write in a notebook, taking out a pen from his pencil case.
• Tanya turned on her phone, having previously charged it to 100%.
• Nikolai got up from the table, turning off his personal computer.
• I got into bed, thoroughly washing the floors throughout the apartment.
• Buying lottery tickets, you are throwing money away.

Imperfect participles

Imperfect gerunds are gerunds that denote an action that occurs simultaneously with the action of the verb-predicate.

Example: Maxim broke the key while closing the door. Maxim broke the key in the process of closing the door.

Imperfect participles answer the question "what are you doing?". They are formed from the suffixes -a-, -i-. There are exceptions: gerunds formed from verbs in -ch (burn), -nut (wither), some verbs with a hissing stem (lick).

Examples of imperfect participles

• The girl went down a dark alley, not thinking about the possible consequences.
• Anatoly made a big mistake by not calling his mother for the second day.
• The dog ate from the bowl, not noticing the cat sitting next to him.
• Working at Gazprom, Alexei Borisovich was able to provide for his children and grandchildren for life.
• Washing dishes at home, you help your mother.

Form a participle.

Consider an example based on tasks from textbooks in the Russian language:

Form perfect participles from the verbs "bring, get off."

Such gerunds answer the question “what have you done?”. Bring, come down. Example sentences: Diana made a big mistake getting off the flight at a different stop. The son helped his grandfather a lot by bringing him a hammer to the garage.

Form imperfect participles from the verbs "run, pour".

Such gerunds answer the question “what are you doing?” Bezhav. Sample sentence: Natalya sprained her leg while running after the departing bus.

To pour is one of the verbs that cannot take the form of an imperfect participle. Such verbs also include: rub, twist, weave, lie, sleep, bend, send and others.