ON THE. SHAPIRO

Continuation. For the beginning, see No. 39, 43/2003

Single sentences.
Incomplete sentences

Definition of a one-part sentence

In Russian, all simple sentences are divided into two types according to the nature of the grammatical basis - two-part And one-component. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful language.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , But must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) One-part sentences have only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything before getting dark. In school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scholars usually use the term "the main member of a one-part sentence."

All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).

It is important to realize the difference between single-part sentences and incomplete ones, in which there can also be only one main member. Compare: 1) - Dry leaves are burning in the yards. 2) - What do the janitors do in autumn? - Dry leaves are burning in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, and who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a certain subject - janitors. Subject wipers omitted, but easily recovered from the preceding sentence. Hence, the second sentence is a two-part incomplete.

Name sentences

One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the mist.(A. Akhmatova) Green laurel, reaching to shiver. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase "turns" into a sentence.

Denominative sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as a specific demonstrative (expressed by the particle Here: Here is the mill); emotional evaluation (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with particle Here from two-part with pronoun This. Here is a chair- one-part denominative sentence; This is a chair- two-part, where This- subject, and chair- a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective.

The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the word order in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in the proposal Warm day the subject and the definition expressed by the adjective in front of the word being defined are easily detected. This is a one-part denominative common sentence. In the proposal The day is warm there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero link and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part uncommon sentence.

Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring to listen to him is considered to be one-part impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb - the word of the category of state boring and linking verb. But if you put the infinitive in the first place - listen to him was boring, it can be considered as a subject, then it was boring- a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective (cf. Listening was boring.)

In Russian, there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(In meaning: How much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not taught in the curriculum. grammatical meaning beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as nominal ones. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as a subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (by the Latin name genitive), and those sentences that we call denominative - nominative (according to Latin name nominative case), combining both into the type of "nominal one-part sentences".

When the only main member of the sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the minor members depend on the main one and make up a phrase with it ( Early morning; end of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.

But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has a circumstantial or object meaning (I have a blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with a missing predicate on the grounds that neither the circumstance nor the object can refer to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor member that refers to the entire sentence, spreading it as a whole, and is called the determinant.

Exercise

Are the highlighted sentences nominal?

A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right under his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.

- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, what is exposed to weather along with the dress? .. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find these guns anywhere else. I, even as I was going to the police, bought it from a turchin ... How can I? This is a necessary thing...
- Nice gun!(N. Gogol)

Answer. Name suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right under his windows! And Good gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. In all other selected sentences, there is both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are bipartite.

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate

One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, impersonal. These types differ in two main features: a) in terms of the extent to which the idea of ​​the agent is expressed; b) by morphological verb forms used as the main part of the sentence. In other words, different types one-part sentences make it possible to imagine with varying degrees of specificity who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine.

At the same time, each type of sentence has its own forms of the verb-predicate, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, one can determine the type of a one-part sentence (the exception is generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).

Definitely personal suggestions

Definitely personal such one-part sentences are called in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a completely specific person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definitely personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the pronoun of the 1st or 2nd person (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by the verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.

Forgive me fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river rinse, my two flowers grow.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed, "Oh prophesy We're both in trouble."(A. Akhmatova) Let's glorify, brothers, the twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come close to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's have a drink guilt, let's have a bite bread or plums. tell me me news. bed you in the garden clear sky And I will say what the constellations are called.(I. Brodsky)

It is important to note that in definite personal sentences, the predicate cannot be expressed by the verb in the past tense or in conditional mood, because in these forms there is no meaning of the face (cf. Approached. I didn't get excited...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence, it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but a two-part incomplete one. You can only find out which subject is missing from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).

Exercise

Find one-part sentences in the text, determine the type of each of them.

Steppe again. Now Abadzekhskaya stanitsa is widely spread on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars are turning blue, the church is turning blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression that is calm to the point of severity - they hide their fatigue. But finally, the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounds us with white huts, front gardens with mallow.
Here we made the first halt. River bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Bathing in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am the most. We collect firewood, make a fire, the girls cook Conder - either soup, or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz)

Answer. Name suggestions: Steppe again. A river bank, a low hedge, someone's gardens. Bathing in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely a personal suggestion: We collect brushwood, make a fire(Part complex sentence).

Indefinitely personal sentences

vaguely personal one-part sentences are called, where the actor is conceived as an indefinite person who is not interested in the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean at all that there are many implied figures), it will express in the present and future tenses. incl. and in command. incl. - form of the 3rd person pl. h.

After all, only here cherish nobility!(A.Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A.Griboyedov) Let me will announce old believer...(A.Griboyedov) But without asking her advice, the girl lucky to the crown. And at the table they have guests wore dishes by order. When would left me at will, how briskly I set off into the dark forest! Just like you lock up, they will imprison on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) led away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) And let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)

Exercise

Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in the plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the rest of the sentences to be vaguely personal.

Once the goddess Eris tossed three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite - an apple with the inscription: "The most beautiful." Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was meant for her. Zeus ordered Paris to judge the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he did not live in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received terrible prophecy: Because of the boy, Troy will die. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and thrown there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)

Answer. Indefinite personal offer: baby carried to the mountain I go and threw there.
Possible modifications of the remaining proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the royal son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.

Generalized personal sentences

Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is conceived as a generalized person, i.e. action is related to each person, to everyone; especially often such a meaning in proverbs: Soldiers not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily Not take out and fish from the pond. Quiet you are going- further you will.

As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite personal or indefinite personal sentences. Nevertheless, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal offers.

impersonal proposals

Impersonal such one-part sentences are called in which the action is not comparable with any actor; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, it cannot be imagined.

To me can't sleep, no fire ... About Lensky's wedding, they have long it was decided. How funny, shod with iron sharp feet, slide on the mirror of stagnant, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter ... But how any to me autumn sometimes, in the evening silence, in the village visit family cemetery ... How long will I walk in the world, now in a carriage, now on horseback, now in a wagon, now in a carriage, now in a cart, now on foot? Where are we swim? (A. Pushkin)

The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the form of the 3rd person singular. hours (for the present and future tenses, as well as for the imperative mood): smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let you sleeping, like at home;

unit form h. neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat swept away to the middle of the river. Her would take and further, if not for the snag;

infinitive: Be rain.

As can be seen from the examples above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and environment, human condition, inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in ways of expressing the predicate.
Simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence it can be expressed:

a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Wind blew away hat. Wed Wind blew away hat - two-part preposition, subject - wind));
c) a verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No And did not have) ;
d) a verb in indefinite form (This not to be).

In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:

a) impersonal verbs should, I want to, lucky and so on. (I had to All do again);
b) personal phase verb ( Getting dark );
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it is impossible, it is possible, it is necessary, it is a pity, it is time, sin and so on . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field. It's a sin to complain for lack of time).

A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive participles of the past tense - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - a zero link). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter And quiet. Evenings in the city dangerous. In the room tidied up.).

Word No

What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, it cannot have an auxiliary verb or a connective, it is impossible to put a question to it ... Meanwhile, we find that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! - a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you already read the book?– No .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we will call it an invariable verb form ( No - Means does not exist, does not exist). This word is not found in any Slavic language, except for Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression not e (st) that, Where that - adverb with meaning Here. From this expression first appeared the word There is not, and then final at disappeared, began to speak and write No, although in colloquial speech can be found There is not so far (no one There is not Houses).

Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to assume that we have complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.

Exercises

1. Highlight the predicates in impersonal sentences.

About this tenant it would be necessary to tell in more detail, because in the first place suspicions fell on him. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly ... Suddenly he straightened his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy for us to reach. (Yu.Koval)

Answer.Needless to say, it wasn't easy to get there.

2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.

Since my mother is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And my mother, and Marusya, and I have to get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go for water, and we want to save her from this - me and Marusya. (K. Chukovsky)

Answer. Will you bring four buckets - definitely-personal (or generalized-personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green, need to bear fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water to mom - impersonal.

3. Find the wrong statements.

1) In one-part sentences, there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinitely personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by the verb in the plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definitely personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - the personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the verb-predicate cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by the verb in the form of the feminine or masculine singular. h past. vr., this sentence is two-part incomplete.

Answer. 1, 4.

4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinitely personal sentence; b) one-part impersonal sentence.

1) The hardest thing was in the Sumerian writing depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various auxiliary words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word life that sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned to some signs not a specific meaning, but sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote some short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between sounding speech and written signs, without which real writing is impossible.

Answer. a) - 3); b) - 1).

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete is a sentence in which a member (or group of members) is omitted. The omitted member of the sentence can be restored from the context or clear from the speech situation.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.

Walked, walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden over a bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context - previous sentence: In a clean field, the moon in a silvery light, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences whose missing members are restored from the situation.

Husband knocked down and wants to look at the widow's tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - the words of Leporello, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Juan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, with this coffin!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna's reaction to the words of the protagonist " stone guest”: Don Juan confessed that he was not a monk, but “unfortunate, a victim of hopeless passion.” There is not a single word in his remark that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation, they can be approximately restored as follows: “ you dare to say it here, with this coffin!

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she entered her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored according to the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatiana!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on water, without any trace, without leaving descendants, without delivering to future children either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, to me perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God more!)(N.V. Gogol);

addition:And so I took it! And I fought so hard! And I fed it with gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long have I, it seems, baptized you?);

predicate: Only not to the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the yards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

several proposal members, including the grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder ...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Juan reminded me how you scolded me and gritted your teeth.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech, in particular, in dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

– I am angry with my son.
– For what?
– For a bad crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that students mistakenly consider incomplete sentences in which not a single member is omitted, for example: He is a genius, just like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that the incompleteness of a sentence is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is the grammatical incompleteness that causes the semantic one. In the given example, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need contextual disclosure.

Exercises

1. Find incomplete sentences and restore the missing members.

And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ... Tanya is far away; The old woman told her: “But the fireplace; here the gentleman sat alone ... This is the master's office; here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk's reports and read a book in the morning ... " (A.S. Pushkin)

Answer. Tanya ( goes) further ... Old woman ( speaks) to her...

2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.

You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when you are contradicted. You are tolerant if you can understand why you are so hated or so intrusively and troublesomely loved, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people without hurting their pride and in the depths of their souls forgiving them for being different from you.

An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown it to be false, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying political regime, no matter what outrages were created under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather ridiculous occupation if done out of stupidity, and vile if done by calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)

Answer. 1) ... if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul forgiving them for being different from you; 2) ... if done out of stupidity; 3) ... if by calculation.

All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part sentences.

Let us recall once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it is sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject We, which is restored by the addition us from the previous subordinate clause. The subordinate part of the sentence Just look to didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin), by the nature of the grammatical basis, is a one-part indefinitely personal sentence: the action itself is important here, and not the one who performs it; the grammatical form of the verb (pl. past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action, it is an indicator of an indefinitely personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you - complete.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

IN incomplete sentence a dash can be placed at the place where the predicate is skipped, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was a minister, and I was his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put: ...Well, the people in this side! She to him, and he to me.(A.S. Griboyedov)

Elliptical proposals

There are sentences in Russian called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means "omission", "lack"). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and the context for understanding such sentences is not needed. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, displacement ( I - to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speech - thoughts And his wife: for rudeness, for your going words(A.T. Tvardovsky) and others. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, and in book styles (scientific and official business) are not used.

Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a kind of incomplete sentences, while others consider them to be a special type of sentences that adjoins incomplete sentences and is similar to them.

Indefinitely personal offer

It is one of the types of a one-part sentence in which the only main member is the predicate.

Recall that there are four types:

• indefinitely personal;
• generalized personal.

Generalized-personal

The allocation of generalized-personal is conditional, more often they talk about definitely-personal or indefinitely-personal with the meaning of generalization, but we will consider them as a separate type of one-component sentences.

Generalized personal sentences are one-part sentences with the main member in the form of a predicate.

The name itself explains their main feature: they have a generalized meaning. In other words, the action expressed by the predicate in this sentence applies to each or any person, is general.

As you can see, the action denoted by the verb in this sentence can refer to any person and does not depend on the time it was performed, that is, it is thought in a generalized way.

The difference between generalized-personal sentences and all other one-component sentences is precisely this meaning of generalization, in form they can be similar to definite-personal or indefinitely-personal sentences.

The predicate in generalized personal sentences can be expressed:

1. Verb 2 person singular present or future tense.

   For example:

   You won't put thanks in your pocket. What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe. What goes around comes around.

2. Imperative verb.

   For example:

   Take care of your honor from a young age. Seven times measure cut once. Don't rush with your tongue, hurry with your deeds.

3. Verb 3 person plural present tense.

   For example:

   Do not count your chickens before they are hatched. Good is not sought from good. They don't wave their fists after a fight.

Many of the examples of such sentences are proverbs, since it is in proverbs that broad generalizations are given, general judgments are figuratively expressed.

Vaguely personal

The difference between indefinite personal sentences and the rest is the form in which the predicate is expressed in the sentence:

1. It can be expressed by a third person, plural present or future tense verb.
2. It can be a third person verb, plural, imperative.
   

   Let them talk! Let them bring hot water.

3. It can be a past tense plural verb.
   

   I was offered to go to the Olympics. Our team was included in the competition. You have been recorded in the disciplinary notebook.

4. Or a conditional plural verb.
   

   They would say right away. Lunch would have been delivered on time. In the morning we would reschedule the meeting for tomorrow.

In such sentences, the protagonist is not defined. Or rather, actors. Another one distinguishing feature is the plural of the predicate. In the sentence, the emphasis is on the predicate, that is, on the action about which in question. If the sentence is supplemented by the meaning of the missing subject, then it will be expressed by the pronoun "they" or "all".

On winter holidays we will be taken to the Christmas tree. (During the winter holidays They we will be taken to the Christmas tree).

The news is discussed in the kitchen. ( All discussing the news in the kitchen).

When supplementing an indefinitely personal sentence with a pronoun - subject, we get a two-part sentence.

It is very easy to confuse indefinite personal sentences with incomplete two-part sentences. To avoid mistakes, you should remember a simple rule:

In an incomplete two-part sentence, we understand the meaning of the action of specific persons, in an indefinitely personal one, the actors cannot be determined. Hence the name.

In January, the builders began work on the construction of the crossing, in September they finished it.

(The second part of the complex sentence is a two-part incomplete with the missing subject "builders", which is easily restored in meaning; a dash is put in place of the gap).

Completed work on the construction of the transition.

(Who finished? Unknown. Someone finished, they finished. One-part indefinite-personal).

Also, if the predicate is expressed by the verb in the singular and you can add a subject, then this is an incomplete two-part.

I was about to leave.

(Who is going to leave? I or he can be determined by neighboring sentences, but even if they are not, we see that the sentence does not have the meaning of uncertainty. The action is performed by some specific person whose name is omitted: we have an incomplete two-part sentence).

I saw a sail.

He spoke about himself.

He looked at me intently.

Lesson summary in grade 8

Note:

The synopsis was compiled according to the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.

Indefinitely personal proposals.

• repetition and deepening of knowledge about the types of one-part sentences;
• study of the main features of indefinite personal sentences;
• familiarization with generalized personal proposals;
• development of skills to find indefinite personal sentences in the text, to distinguish them from other types of one-part and incomplete sentences, to use them in speech;
• development of syntactic parsing skills.

Lesson type:

Combined.

1. Repetition of what has been learned, updating of basic knowledge.

a) Spelling warm-up (repetition of the spelling of personal endings of verbs);

form the 3rd person plural from these verbs:

run, run, want, exalt, guard, build, fight, shine, land, win, tell, tell, glue, breathe, wave.

b) Parsing sentences (2 students write on the board).

Raise your gaze to the sky.
They write to us from France.

(Based on the analysis of the second sentence, we proceed to the study of a new topic)

2. Learning a new topic.

a) Independent formulation by students of the topic and objectives of the lesson, work planning (together with the teacher).

b) Repetition of information about single-component sentences and their types (according to the table), an independent explanation of the concept of "indefinite personal sentence".

(you can organize work in pairs, then students' answers).

c) "Test yourself": study of information on the topic in the textbook § 23, clarification and addition of answers (continuation of work in pairs, then students' answers).

d) Analysis of linguistic material (determining the type of sentences, justification, proof).

On such days, you especially begin to appreciate trifles.

There is a lot of noise in our hallway.

The case was taken under control.

The fields have already been plowed, the grain has been sown.

The work was completed on time.

Be quiet and don't interrupt!

(Conclusion on the differences between definite-personal and indefinite-personal sentences)

e) Execution training exercises from the textbook (152, 154, 156):

Exercise 152:

Find among the one-component sentences indefinitely personal. Write them out, emphasizing the grammatical basis and indicating the form of the verb-predicate. Orally prove the correctness of your point of view. Use the following beginning of the reasoning: “I believe that this sentence is one-part, indefinitely personal, because ...”

Exercise 156:

Write down a fragment of the text from S. Lavrova's book "Entertaining Chemistry", inserting the missing letters.

Find idioms in the text. How do you understand them?

Find one-part indefinitely personal sentences, underline the main members in them and indicate how they are expressed.

Explain the role of indefinite personal sentences in the text. What are they used for?

3. Acquaintance with generalized personal sentences.

a) Analysis of language material:

Murder will out. They don't wave their fists after a fight.

Students define these sentences as definite-personal (first) and indefinitely-personal (second): You you can’t hide an awl in a bag (2 person singular); They after a fight they don't wave their fists (3rd person plural).

b) Pay attention to the meaning of these sentences, to the fact that they have a generalized meaning: All cannot hide an awl in a bag, All after a fight they don't wave their fists.

c) The generalizing meaning is characteristic primarily for proverbs. Here are examples of proverbs that have the form of one-component sentences.

What goes around comes around. You can't take words out of a song. With whom you lead, from that you will type. You can't even take a fish out of the pond without effort. When you take off your head, you don't cry for your hair.

(With an explanation of the meanings, commenting).

We conclude that in these sentences we are talking about actions in general, of any person, without reference to a specific person. These are generalized personal proposals.

4. Lesson conclusion, reflection. (What was the most important thing in the lesson? What material was difficult? What needs to be worked out at home, what should we return to again? What was the most interesting thing in the lesson? What went well? Etc.)

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's evening.

Types of one-part sentences

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.

Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.

Wed: I am walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.
2. Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.

Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.

With an affectionate word and melt the stone(proverb).

The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; by meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any acting person(cf.: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).

Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).

The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter gender).

soft moonlight(stagnant).

The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's evening.

Types of one-part sentences

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.

Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.

Wed: I am walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.
2. Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.

Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.

With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).

The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).

Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).

The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

soft moonlight(stagnant).

The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.

Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.

The boy is running; The earth is round.

One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).

Evening; It's evening.

Types of one-part sentences

Notes.

1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).

2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.

3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).

4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.

Note!

1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).

In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).

2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.

Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.

3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (Where?) around the corner; I- (Where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.

Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.

Wed: I am walking/following you.

Plan for parsing a one-part sentence

1. Determine the type of one-part sentence.
2. Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.

Sample parsing

Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).

The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.

Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).

The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.

With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).

The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).

Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).

The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).

soft moonlight(stagnant).

The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.