political regimes. Common features and varieties of totalitarian regimes and their characteristic political processes

Resisting, these people gloomy buildings triumph.

They are stubborn to the point that I spit on justice.

I.-V. Goethe "Faust"

Characteristic common features of totalitarian regimes

The complete opposite of the rule of law is a totalitarian state. For all the differences between totalitarian dictatorships, they are characterized by the fact that they, operating with attractive social myths, seek to mobilize the population of their countries for the implementation of obviously utopian, albeit tempting, social projects. Therefore, at the heart of almost all totalitarian regimes is a detailed ideological doctrine, covering all the vital aspects of human existence.

Ideological Doctrines of Totalitarian Regimes, as a rule, contain the "only correct" answers to all questions that arise among members of the society. Widespread propaganda of these doctrines accompanies every person throughout his life. It begins already in kindergarten, continues at school, at the university, fills the entire periodical press, sounds in radio and television programs: from birth to death, a person remains under strict ideological control. As a result, a single ideology is being formed, which, according to the plan of the authorities, should be adhered to by all the inhabitants of the country without exception. This ideology orients society towards a certain final and perfect state: "communism", "racially pure society", "Islamic state" - for the sake of which it is necessary to make some sacrifices and endure temporary inconveniences and restrictions in the present.

Any totalitarian ideology contains a call based on a categorical rejection of the existing state of affairs and aimed at conquering the world for the sake of building a "bright future". An important component of the totalitarian ideology is the "image of the enemy" that it forms, which helps the regime to rally society in the face of a mythical threat from wreckers and saboteurs within society or from the outside environment. In the name of the lofty goals it proclaims, the totalitarian regime considers it possible to systematically violate not only civil rights, but also human rights. The central idea of ​​totalitarianism in all its varieties is the complete subordination of each individual and of society as a whole to the absolute control of state power.

One party system. The cornerstone in the foundation of a totalitarian state is the one-party system. The establishment of such a system is the first step towards totalitarianism. A political party seeking to establish its undivided dominance is usually inspired by the idea of ​​a unified will of a class or nation. Such a party considers itself to be the only true spokesman of this will, thus appropriating the monopoly right to speak on behalf of the whole class or nation. A party may for tactical purposes enter into cooperation and form coalitions with other political parties, but its true goal is not a coalition, but a monopoly, therefore, at the first opportunity, it ruthlessly destroys all political competitors.

Totalitarian rule does not tolerate any opposition, so the main goal of totalitarian parties is to achieve undivided dominance over the apparatus of state power. The establishment of a one-party system is a key measure on which the very existence of a totalitarian state depends. Therefore, once established, the one-party system is protected by all forces and means available to the modern state. Every demand to abolish the one-party system and restore democracy with its inherent multi-party system is viewed by the totalitarian regime as a direct encroachment on the foundations of state security. Such demands are declared anti-people and anti-state and are punished especially cruelly and mercilessly, because a terrorist dictatorship cannot be strong if its fundamental foundation, the one-party system, is collapsing.

Party-state. Significantly important point in the creation of a totalitarian state is the complete fusion of the party apparatus with the state. Having won a dominant position, the party turns the state apparatus into its monopoly possession, appointing its functionaries to all state posts and positions. As a result, the state becomes party, and the party - the state. Party leaders simultaneously become leaders of the state, sometimes combining several higher government posts. Appointment to any public office becomes impossible without the consent of party authorities, and soon there is not a single post left that would be occupied by a person who does not belong to the ruling party.

In a totalitarian state, a system is established according to which not a single law, not a single decree of state power can be adopted without prior agreement with the party leadership. Formally, legislative acts are adopted government bodies, but in essence their role becomes purely decorative. In the same way, any decision of the local authorities must obtain the prior approval of the regional party organization. Thus, not only executive, but also legislature completely falls under party control, and there is not a single sphere in the state free from the pervasive influence of the ruling party, which usually begins to call itself simply the Party (with a capital letter). The formally preserved separation of powers loses all practical significance, because in a totalitarian state both the parliament, the government and the courts are essentially transformed into the executive organs of the Party.

The merging of the party with the state finds its expression in the complete subordination of all state structures to the party. Thus, thanks to party control over the appointment of all officers, the army is transformed from the armed force of the state into the armed force of the party. Law enforcement States begin to fulfill the function of the Party, and all speeches against the Party are elevated to the rank of state crimes and become criminally punishable. The state budget actually turns into a party fund, and all the resources of the state become, in essence, the resources of the party and are spent at the discretion of the party functionaries without any sanctions of the state power.

Characteristic features of totalitarian states. The presence of coincidences in the ways of organizing and functioning of power allows us to say that despite the difference in ideologies, and sometimes even the irreconcilable enmity between them, totalitarian states are similar in their political structures and methods of government. This similarity is manifested in the commonality of the following features:

• - the forcible establishment of a one-party system, when all political parties, except for the dominant one, are eliminated from the political scene, after which the monopoly right to state power is assigned to one single party, usually headed by a leader of a charismatic warehouse;
• - merging of the ruling party with the state, when the party bodies exercise full control over the bodies government controlled or completely replace them, taking control directly on themselves;
• - unification public life when all independent public organizations disbanded, and remain and are created only those in which the monopoly influence of the ruling party and its ideology is ensured;
• - the establishment of an authoritarian way of thinking, when any discussions on socio-political issues are strictly prohibited, the ideology of the ruling party is declared the only true doctrine, and the party and its next leader are proclaimed the highest authority on all issues without exception;
• - the creation of a powerful repressive apparatus aimed at suppressing any real and even potential resistance to the regime, the widespread use of preventive repression directed not only against individuals, but also against entire classes of the population or even entire nations;
• - establishing comprehensive control over all means mass communication and information in the press, radio, film, television.

"State-mechanism" and "state-organism"

Structurally, the totalitarian state is the most perfect and most brutal political system designed to suppress human personality and the people in general. It resembles a well-calibrated mechanism that works flawlessly and accurately, as long as its links are in good order, and nothing interferes with their interaction. However, the extremely close interconnection of all links political organization totalitarian state makes it very sensitive to even the most minor failures and violations. A totalitarian state looks solid and solid, but its hardness can be deceiving, like the brittle hardness of glass. Due to the colossal internal tensions and too rigid coupling of the parts of the state mechanism, even minor violations in one of its links threaten the integrity of the entire system. Hence the constant fear and the merciless cruelty of the totalitarian regime to all manifestations of disagreement caused by this fear. Hence the sharp intolerance towards liberalism, a multi-party system, pluralism, because everything that forms the basis of totalitarianism is mortally dangerous for totalitarianism. normal life legal state.

The most elementary statements of citizens in a liberal democracy on issues of politics and law, economics and morality, with which you can agree or not, but for which no one is condemned or held accountable, are considered by the totalitarian regime as serious political crimes that threaten the security of the state. Literally, a totalitarian regime can give political significance to everything, condemning a person for long hair or tight trousers, not because they are dangerous in themselves, but because the very fact of independently solving even such insignificant issues is seen as a political act - disobedience to the system.

Unlike a totalitarian state, liberal democracy is more like a living organism than a machine. Although his actions do not have such mathematically verified accuracy, but thanks to the flexibility and mobility of parts, he is able not only to compensate for certain individual defects, but also to regenerate lost or missing details, adapting to constantly changing living conditions.

Comparing the two proposed models - the rule of law and the totalitarian state, it can be noted that they constitute the extreme opposite points of a certain series. At one end, there is an ideal model of the state, adapted to the maximum extent to reveal the individual characteristics of each individual person. On the other, there is an equally ideal model of a state mechanism that completely suppresses the individual, driving him into the framework of "serving" some global idea. Between these two extremes there is a fairly wide range of political systems, approaching one or the other end of the series, almost never reaching it. History does not know the real state formations which would be perfectly legal or completely totalitarian. But the history of any state is the development of tendencies that bring it closer to one or another ideal model. And for each individual person, his conscious participation in political life is determined by the ability to see these trends and, by his action, promote or hinder their development.

For all its complexity and multi-vector nature, the totalitarian regime has a fairly clear set of basic characteristic features, the most important signs reflecting the essence of this mode. These characteristics include the following:

1. Totalitarianism always feels very serious problems Withlegitimacy of power. A totalitarian regime is never established as a result of free, fair elections. The establishment of totalitarianism is usually preceded by revolutions, coup d'état, rebellions, coups, usurpation of power, etc. Thus, the totalitarian regime does not receive a mandate from the people and therefore cannot be considered legitimate.

2. There is an absolute alienation of the vast majority of the population from the opportunity not only to form power, but also to influence power, to control the state. As a result of this, the state receives at its disposal almost absolute, unlimited power over the people by no one and nothing. This leads to a general, total bureaucratization of all processes and relations in society and their strict regulation by the state, civil society is completely destroyed, there is a complete nationalization of not only the political sphere, not only social and economic relations, but also scientific, cultural, everyday, interpersonal, marriage and family and all other relations. The authorities establish the most severe control over literature and art, plant a new, state morality and morality in society.

3. The logical conclusion of the state's total control over the country is the nationalization of the individual, the transformation of citizens of a totalitarian society into state serfs or state slaves. Developed totalitarianism most often establishes not only the actual, but even the formal legal personal dependence of citizens on the state. This is necessary for a totalitarian state to recreate a system that would allow forcibly withdrawing the labor force of citizens in favor of the state by methods of direct non-economic coercion.

4. In order to ensure such exploitation of citizens, the state will create an organized system of internal terror against its own people. In order to ensure the solution of this problem, the authorities intensify in the country an atmosphere of general suspicion, distrust, total surveillance of citizens one after another, an atmosphere of general denunciation. This is fueled by an artificially inflated atmosphere of spy mania, the search for numerous internal and external enemies, the creation in the public mind of an allegedly constantly existing threat to the country from outside, the creation of an atmosphere of a besieged camp, which in turn requires an increase in the militarization of public life, the militarization of the economy, and an increase in the degree of its penetration into all public and state organizations.

5. In this situation, the legal system in the country actually disappears. Instead, a system of legislative acts is being created, as well as subordinate secret directives, decrees, etc., equal in importance (or even surpassing them), which no longer reflect the norms of law, but the political will of power structures or even individual leaders. The application of laws is not universal, and the authorities, not bound by any rules of law, can apply laws as they see fit.

On the basis of such a system of legislation, institutions of extrajudicial reprisals by the state against citizens are often created, special or emergency courts are created, etc., which receive the right to decide the fate of people at their own discretion. A citizen of a totalitarian society can be convicted not only for what he has done, but also for the fact that he could have the intention to do something reprehensible from the point of view of power, as well as for his social origin, property status, ideological convictions, family or friendly ties and so on.

6. In the political system of the totalitarian system, all the fullness of the supreme power is concentrated in the hands of the leader, his inner circle. The practical implementation of the directives of the highest political leadership is carried out by the party-state bureaucracy, which in its activities is guided not by laws, but primarily by secret circulars, decrees, resolutions, decisions of higher state and party authorities. In a totalitarian state, the principle of separation of powers is completely absent.

7. The totalitarian regime is characterized by the existence of one undividedly ruling political party. Thanks to a rigid system of the production-territorial principle of functioning and structure, this political party covers the whole country, permeates all state and public structures, all enterprises, the education system, health care, culture, etc.

By creating a large party bureaucracy and gaining total control over personnel policy, such a political party, merges with the state, rises above it, becomes above laws, society, morality. This creates an ideal environment for numerous abuses of power and money, to create a system of general and total corruption. There is no legal political opposition in the country, the government relies on violence or the constant threat of violence. One of the pillars of power is the systemic brainwashing of citizens, total brainwashing.

8. characteristic feature totalitarian regime is the creation of a leader's personality cult, inflating this cult to hypertrophied proportions, turning the leader's personality into a kind of demigod.

9. Politicization and ideologization of all processes and relations in society, economic, social, cultural, scientific, domestic, interpersonal, marriage and family, etc.

10. The power of the totalitarian regime in its social policy seeks to implement the principle of "divide and conquer". To this end, society is divided into "historically progressive" and "historically reactionary" classes and social groups that are potentially dangerous to society. The result of such social policy is the opposition of some social groups to others (according to national, ethnic, religious, social signs, property status, etc.).

11. the most importantcharacteristics of a totalitarian regimeis the creation and planting special kind totalitarian mass consciousness. It is based on identification, such as state power and society, complete disregard for individual rights and personal freedoms and conscious subordination to their interests various types collective, the desire to unite the whole society around a certain higher idea, to present the whole people as a kind of single collective entity, united by the single will of a monolithic state headed by a wise leader and an infallible ruling party that has a monopoly on the highest truth “in the last resort”.

This entails extreme intolerance towards any form of dissent, reprisals against any carriers of such dissent. Its political and state system is declared to be the only correct one, saving all of humanity, which “unreasonably” opposes its integration into the system of totalitarian values. An arrogant-condescending or hostile-suspicious attitude towards everything foreign is asserted due to the self-isolation of a totalitarian society from outside world, closeness, from world civilization.

12. The economic system of a totalitarian society is based on the all-embracing domination of state property, which operates in the regime of a rigid planned economic system. Methods of direct state coercion against non-state producers are widely used, inadequate remuneration of employees or completely free appropriation prevails. work force state.

Totalitarianism as a type of political system arose in the 20th century, although totalitarian ideas arose much earlier. The term "totalitarianism" comes from the late Latin words totalitas (completeness, integrity) and totalis (whole, complete, whole).

The term "totalitarianism" was introduced into the political lexicon in the 1920s. Italian philosopher Giovanni Gentile, and then was used by the Italian fascist leader Benito Mussolini to characterize the regime he created. In 1929, The Times newspaper used this term in relation to the regime that had developed in the Soviet Union. After the Second World War, it became generally accepted in Western political science to designate the regimes that existed in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and the countries of “victorious socialism” with the concept of “totalitarianism”.

In the work of two American political scientists K. Friedrich and Z. Brzezinski "Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy" (1956), the following main features of a totalitarian regime are formulated:

1. Official ideology, i.e. the set of ideas that substantiate the right of these regimes to exist claims to cover all spheres of public and private life without exception, as well as to the fact that they are the embodiment of truth and therefore are generally binding. Officially, it is believed that the vast majority of the population unanimously recognizes and shares this ideology. The totalitarian ideology denies the past and present in the name of a great and bright future. Its goal is to create a "new" society and a "new" person, and the interests and especially freedom of the individual are subordinated to the interests of the state. The society operates on the principle of "everything is prohibited except what is ordered."

2. Monopoly on the power of one political party, and the party itself under the rule of one charismatic leader (the Fuhrer, Duce, Secretary General). There is a process of merging the ruling party with the state apparatus. The party practically "absorbs" the state, performing its functions.

3. The system of terrorist police control, which is carried out not only for "enemies of the people", but for the whole society. Individuals, entire classes, ethnic groups are controlled. The role of law, the law is diminished: the authorities receive powers that are not limited by law and are not subject to the law. The state becomes illegal.

4. Party control of funds mass media. Rigid censorship of any information, control over all means of mass communication - the press, radio, cinema, literature, television, etc.

5. Comprehensive control over the armed forces. Preservation and strengthening of this entire system of monopolies is impossible without violence; consequently, militarization of society takes place, the situation of a military camp, a "besieged fortress" is created, an "iron curtain" is lowered.

6. Centralized control of the economy and the system bureaucratic management economic activity. It is argued that the planned economy is the most rational and efficient.

Among the features listed highest value have the first two - the official ideology and the monopoly of one mass party on power. Indeed, not a single dictatorial regime, except for a totalitarian one, planted and approved a single official ideology in society, did not seek to put the entire spiritual life of society under its control. It was the party, which under totalitarianism had full power, that ensured the mobilization of the masses to achieve political goals and support the regime. Under totalitarianism, the line between the state and society is erased, because the autonomous spheres of public life that are not controlled by the authorities disappear. Under the control and regulation of the state fall economic, social, spiritual activities, as well as private life citizens. Thus, totalitarianism differs from other dictatorships in the highest degree of regulation and control.

Most researchers note that totalitarianism is a "reaction" of society to the crises of the period of industrialization. Breaking old traditions fundamental change the foundations of society in the conditions of a new social and national identity give rise to a desire for a strong centralized authority that establishes a strict order and guarantees a quick solution to the most acute and urgent social problems. The growth of elements of rationality, organization, manageability in public life, as well as obvious successes in the development of technology, science and education, gave rise to the illusion of the possibility of a transition to a rationally organized and totally controlled form of life on the scale of the whole society. The core, the core of this totalitarian organization could only be an all-powerful and all-pervading state power.

Totalitarian systems do not arise spontaneously, but on the basis of a certain ideological image. The ideologization of all social life, the desire to subordinate all economic and social processes to the “only true” theory is the most important feature of a totalitarian society.

The political features of a totalitarian society also include the presence of a powerful apparatus of social control (security services, army, police, etc.), mass terror, and intimidation of the population. Blind faith and fear are the main resources of totalitarian government. The sacralization of the supreme power and its bearers is being carried out, a cult of leaders is being created, which can be brought to the point of absurdity.

Totalitarianism, seeking to find mass support, proclaims the superiority of a certain class, nation or race, dichotomously divides all people into friends and foes. At the same time, an internal or external enemy is necessarily found - the bourgeoisie, imperialism, Jews, etc.

In the process of limiting or liquidating private property, mass lumpenization of the population takes place. An individual falls into total dependence on the state, without which the vast majority of people cannot get a means of subsistence: work, housing, kindergarten.

The individual loses all autonomy and rights, becomes completely defenseless against the all-powerful power, falls under its total control. An attempt is being made to form a “new man”, the defining features of which are selfless devotion to ideology and leaders, diligence, modesty in consumption, enthusiasm, readiness for any sacrifice for the sake of the “common cause”.

The dominance of ideology and politics is manifested not only in the social sphere, but also in the economy. Here hallmarks totalitarianism is the statization of economic life; restriction, and ideally the complete elimination of private property, market relations, competition; planning and command-administrative methods of management. The monopoly of the state is established on the disposal of all the most important social resources and the person himself.

It is customary to distinguish two varieties of totalitarianism - "left" and "right".

"Left" totalitarianism arose in the communist countries - in the Soviet Union, in the countries of Eastern Europe, Asia (China, North Korea, North Vietnam), in Cuba. "Right" totalitarianism established itself in fascist Italy and Germany.

"Left" totalitarianism was based on the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, which asserts 1) the possibility of building a communist society in which the needs of all individuals will be fully satisfied; 2) the need to abolish private property and create a planned, regulated economy; 3) the leading role of the proletariat in modern history; 4) the necessity of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the transition to a new society; 5) the possibility of building communism in every country.

The social basis of the "left" totalitarianism was lower classes and above all the proletariat. From the point of view of the dominant ideology, all other classes are less progressive, and some even reactionary. Therefore, the policy was aimed at the eradication of other classes. In practice, this meant the liquidation of the class of proprietors and the peasantry. Building a "bright future" involved the use of a powerful apparatus of coercion up to terror.

"Right" totalitarianism is represented by fascism and National Socialism. The main provisions of the National Socialist ideology boiled down to the following: the reconstruction of the German Reich; struggle for the purity of the German race; extermination of all foreign elements (and above all Jews); anti-communism; limitation of capitalism. The social support of right-wing totalitarianism was the extremist-minded middle strata of society. German fascism also received support from big capital, which saw in it the "lesser evil" in comparison with the revolutionary movement of the masses and communist ideology.

The main differences between the main varieties of totalitarianism are clearly expressed in their goals (communism or the revival of the empire, the world domination of the Aryan race) and social preferences (the working class or the descendants of the Romans, the German nation).

Political regime - it is a set of techniques, methods, forms, ways of exercising political state power in society.

ü Describes the degree of political freedom, legal status individuals in society and certain type political system in the country.

Types of political regimes:
- democratic political regime;
- liberal political regime;
- authoritarian political regime;
- totalitarian political regime.

Totalitarianism(“whole”) is full control and strict regulation by the state over all spheres of society and every person, based on the means of direct armed violence.

Power at all levels is formed closed one person or ruling the elite.

The dominant ideology

· Punitive system, political terror, total processing of public opinion.

Absoluteness, aggressiveness.

Signs of a totalitarian political regime:

1. the state strives for global domination over all spheres of public life, to all-encompassing power;

2. society is almost completely alienated from political power , but it does not realize this, because in the political consciousness the idea of ​​“unity”, “merging” of power and people is formed;

3. monopoly state control over the economy , media, culture, religion, etc. up to personal life, to the motives of people's actions;

4. state power is formed by bureaucracy , through channels closed to society, surrounded by a “halo of mystery” and inaccessible to control by the people;

5. the dominant method of management becomes violence, coercion, terror ;

6. one party dominance , the actual merging of its professional apparatus with the state, the prohibition of opposition-minded forces;

7. rights and freedoms are formal , there are no clear guarantees of their implementation;

8. the economic basis is large property : communal, monopolistic, state;

9. availability one official ideologies , pluralism is actually eliminated;

10. centralization of state power led by a dictator and his entourage;

11. lack of control repressive public authorities on the part of society;

12. lack of legal statehood and civil society;

Varieties of totalitarian regimes:

I. Communism. As polit. the system began to take shape 1918 in Russia.

Main features:- destruction of private property; - creation of the absolute power of the state.

II. Fascism. Began to take shape in polit. mode in 1922 in Italy.

Main features:- formation of the collectivist idea on the ethnic and cultural platform; - elimination of crime as a mass phenomenon.

III. National Socialism. Formed in Germany in 1933. He borrowed from communism the forms of a totalitarian state and party structure, the slogans of revolutionary and socialist ideas. As a state structure, he directed his aggression to the seizure of other countries, while at the same time carrying out total surveillance of his people.

Ø Totalitarian political systems characteristic of countries with pre- and early industrial economic structures that make it possible to organize monopolization of the ideological space by forceful methods, but absolutely not protected against modern economic and especially information and communication processes.

12. Political culture. Features of the political culture of Russia.

Political culture is a set of knowledge, ideas, attitudes, experience, standards political activity, allowing the subject to effectively perform political roles.

§ Political culture - This component common culture of mankind, which is why

basis level of political culture society can be judged by the level of its political maturity.

§ Political culture is an integral part of the national culture, the value-normative system that society adheres to.

- Polit. human experience obtained during historical development, has an impact on the formation political consciousness, which

defines political behavior.

The structure of political culture (elements):

v political consciousness - these are political ideas and beliefs, political values, traditions, customs and norms, political installations.

v Political behavior - it is a culture of political participation, the culture of political activities.

v Culture of political institutions - This culture of making and implementing political decisions, culture of perception and regulation of conflicts.

Functions of political culture:

1) cognitive(polit. knowledge \ views \ political education)

2) integrative(consent in the existing political system \ achievement of socially significant goals)

3) communicative(connection between participants in the political process \ accumulation of political experience)

4) regulatory(fixing in the public mind political values, attitudes, norms of behavior)

5) educational(formation of a citizen, personality as a subject of politics \ political socialization)

Types of political culture, depending on:

I. Generality level :

- general - stable signs characterizing the political consciousness and political behavior of the bulk of the population.

- subculture (locally) is a set of political orientations and models of political behavior inherent in certain social groups and regions.

II. From attitude to progress:

§ closed- activity according to the model established by traditions.

§ open- change-oriented, easily assimilating new values.

III. From the degree of people's interest in participating in political life :

Ø patriarchal - there is no interest of citizens in political life.

Ø tributary - orientation towards political institutions and low level of individual activity citizens.

Ø activist - citizens' interest in political participation.

IV. From styles of political behavior :

v market - politics as a kind of business .

v statist - the dominant role of state institutions in the organization of political life.

v. From the type of political regime :

ü democratic

ü anti-democratic;

VI. From connection with religion :

o divine traditional - the sacred nature of power, the immutability of a specific system of political relations and its political norms.

o secular- pragmatism, empiricism.

VII. From basic values :

- general social(within the framework of which the basic value is a person with his needs and interests)

- elite (main value here the power itself appears, while the person, society is considered as a means to achieve this goal).

Polit culture society cannot be completely homogeneous.. Diversity

The political regime of the state is a method of organizing the system, reflecting the relationship between authorities and representatives of society, social freedom and the peculiarities of legal life in the country.

Basically, these properties are due to certain traditional features, culture, conditions of the historical formation of the state. So, we can say that in any country its own special and characteristic political regime has been formed. Nevertheless, most of them in different states can be found similar features.

Scientific literary sources describe 2 types of social and legal devices:

• democratic regimes.

Signs of a democratic society

The main features that are characteristic of democracy are:

• dominance of legislative acts;
• power, divided into types;
• the existence of real political and social rights of citizens of the state;
• elected authorities;
• presence of oppositional and pluralistic opinion.

Signs of anti-democracy

The anti-democratic form of government is divided into totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. Its main properties:

• dominance of a single party organization;
• the dominant position of a single form of ownership;
• infringement of rights and freedoms in political life;
• repressive and coercive methods of influence;
• infringement of the influence of elected bodies;
• strengthening the executive power;
• prohibition of the existence of opposition party organizations;
• the prohibition of polypartyism and dissent;
• the desire of the state to coordinate all areas of public life and relations between individuals.

• slaveholding;
• feudal;
• bourgeois;
• socialist democracy.

Anti-democratic regimes are divided by this politician into:

• totalitarian;
• fascist;
• autocratic.

The latter, in turn, is divided into individual (despotism, tyranny, regime of sole power) and collective (oligarchy and aristocracy).

Political regimes at the present stage

At the present stage, it is believed that democracy is the most perfect regime, unlike any anti-democratic one. This is not entirely correct. Historical facts show that totalitarian countries (a certain part) exist quite effectively and perform their functions, for example, in the Korean People's Democratic Republic. In addition to this, totalitarianism is largely able to mobilize the entire population of the state in order to solve a certain (no less important and difficult) state problem.

Eg, Soviet Union managed to win in hostilities with fascist Germany, although totalitarian Germany at the very beginning of hostilities significantly exceeded its forces in terms of internal military power. In the post-war years, such a social and legal structure created a record rise in the economy of the USSR. Even if this was achieved at a considerable cost. Thus totalitarian and characterized as positive aspects, as well as negative ones.