How to find which part of the sentence is the infinitive? III. The infinitive as a nominal part of a compound predicate

In a sentence, the indefinite form of the verb can act as the main and minor members, which makes it similar to a noun, which also has the ability to be used in the meaning of any member of the sentence:

Come over my brother was scared(M. Gorky) . I ready to tell to you, field, about wavy rye under the moon(S. Yesenin) . Yes, and you will go on your way to scatter the joyless days(S. Yesenin) . He was sent to her with instructions to convey a sign(A. Pushkin) . Mother, in tears, ordered me to take care of my health, and Savelich to look after the child.(A. Pushkin) .

In the role of predicate infinitive most often appears in the following syntactic constructions:

1) one-part impersonal and infinitive sentences: Best to see him in the morning(A. Griboyedov);
2) in two-part sentences as part of a compound verbal predicate (the first part of such a predicate is always expressed by phase or modal verb): Say goodbye I wanted to be with you as a friend(M. Lermontov). Vronsky and Anna continued to sit at the small table(L. Tolstoy);
3) in two-part sentences as a simple verbal predicate in a situation where it is likened to forms of the indicative mood and receives a temporary meaning with a nominal subject: Are you bribing me?(M. Saltykov-Shchedrin) - bribe “you bribe.” Here I am screaming and water is pouring into my mouth(M. Sholokhov) – scream"screamed"; He beats you, and you stand your ground(V. Sleptsov) - beat"will hit."

Subject function can perform an independent infinitive with a predicate, expressed by a noun, a predicative adverb, another infinitive, less often - an adjective in full form instrumental case with copula: Follow behind the thoughts of a great man there is a most interesting science(A. Pushkin). Live on earth, even without being in love, is a glorious occupation(A. Chekhov). Live in old mansions with great-grandmother’s furniture, it’s cute, but uncomfortable(A. Tolstoy). « Live- this is to know! - Lisa repeated(M. Gorky). Stay in Bogucharovo was becoming dangerous (L. Tolstoy).

In the role of adverbial purpose, the infinitive appears when it refers to verbs of motion ( walk, run, jump, move, drive and etc.): You came here to listen to my confession, thank you(M. Lermontov). One neighbor sometimes comes over to play cards(A. Pushkin). Tired of spending the night, the fighters went from all the dens to warm themselves by running, washing themselves with snow, snow as hard as sand(A. Tvardovsky).

Infinitive, often used in the role inconsistent definition, explains an abstract noun with the modal meaning of necessity, possibility, obligation, desirability, expression of will, etc. and denotes the characteristic according to its internal content: Given the possibility of losing her forever, Faith became dearer to me than anything in the world.(M. Lermontov). He gave strict orders not to let her out of the room and to see that no one spoke to her.(A. Pushkin). I have an innate passion to contradict(M. Lermontov).

Sometimes the infinitive of verbs is an object. The infinitive object denotes the action as an object to which the action of another person is directed (asked to stay, invited to sit): I'll have Andrey and his violin moved into your room.(A. Chekhov). Please excuse me from further questions.(K. Paustovsky). Dasha forced Ivan Ilyich to drink several cups of coffee(A. Tolstoy).

Less often, the infinitive performs the function of a complement when it denotes an action performed jointly by a person playing the role of a subject (subject) and another person ( agreed to meet, were planning to go, agreed to write): On this day, in the morning we agreed to go to the skating rink(V. Kataev).

The word "infinitive" in Latin means "indefinite." In many languages ​​of the world, including Russian, this word is used to denote verbs that do not have a specific form.

The concept of the infinitive

An infinitive is an indefinite form of a verb that names a procedural state or action, without indicating the time when this action or state occurs. The infinitive also does not indicate the subject of activity, and does not express any relation to reality.

Infinitive forms of the verb answer the questions: what to do? what to do? For example: What to do? - to love, live, sleep, eat, sing, dance. What to do? - sing, dance, say, forget. The infinitive is the most general form of the verb and expresses its general grammatical meaning.

The infinitive has such morphological characteristics as transitivity, reflexivity, conjugation and aspect. Unlike other languages, in Russian you can form an infinitive form from each personal verb.

The personal form can also be formed from the infinitive. For example: sleep - sleep, sing - sing. Infinitives cannot be inflected in number, gender and tense, as they are opposed to the finite form of the verb.

Means of forming the infinitive

In Russian, infinitives are formed from the personal form using suffixes -th And -ti. In most cases, for verbs whose stem ends with a vowel, the indefinite form is formed using the suffix - т. For example: sleep, dance, eat.

The only exceptions to the rule are two verbs: put and gnaw. The suffix - ti occurs in in rare cases when the verb stem ends with a consonant. For example: carry, weave. The stress in such verbs is always placed on the last syllable.

The personal forms of verbs, the stem of which ends with the letters - g, - x, - s, have the ending - ch. For example: bake - bake, bank - take care, guard - guard.

The role of the infinitive in a sentence

Most often, the infinitive in a sentence is part of the predicate. For example: Katya started writing poetry in at a young age. The infinitive can also act as an object. For example: I suggest you sit and be silent.

In the common phrase “Smoking is prohibited,” the infinitive acts as the subject. It should be noted that the subject can only be an independent infinitive.

Predicate expressed by infinitive

As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical predicate has the following properties:

Included in block diagram offers;

Expressed by the conjugated form of the verb and nouns, adjectives and others.

Structurally subordinate to the subject;

Occupies a position after the subject (not always);

Matches a logical predicate;

Denotes a predicative feature of the subject of speech;

Expressed in predicative words;

Denotes a new thing, a rheme (but can also denote a theme).

These properties of the predicate constitute a complex of differential features of the concept of a typical predicate and are included in its definition in various combinations.

It is difficult to give an exhaustive definition of the predicate, as well as the subject, since even the inclusion of all the above-mentioned features of the predicate does not cover all cases of the functioning of the predicate in speech.

Simple verb predicate

The infinitive in the indicative mood is used under the following grammatical condition: the infinitive is directly related to the subject - without the help of a conjugated verb, and this is not a consequence of omission or ellipsis. The result of this use of the infinitive is that it designates an action related to the subject in terms of a specific time. This value the infinitive characterizes it as one of the forms of a simple verbal predicate.

The infinitive expresses the main components of the grammatical meaning of the predicate differently than the conjugated verb forms:

The meaning of time is expressed descriptively - by the relationship of the predicate and subject in the sentence, taking into account the syntactic environment. Therefore, the temporary meaning does not always appear quite clearly and indisputably.

The infinitive in the indicative mood does not have one temporal meaning. In certain contexts it can be used to mean the past tense or the present tense. But in the indicated use, the infinitive does not form a modal-temporal paradigm of the predicate, that is, it is not a means of regularly expressing the correlative modal and temporal meanings of a simple verbal predicate.

The grammatical subordination of the predicate to the subject does not receive fictitious expression. There is no dependence of the form of the predicate on the form of the subject: they have neither direct nor indirect influence Each other. Consequently, the attribution of the predicative attribute to the subject is not expressed by the form of the predicate, but is conveyed by syntactic means located outside the predicate - word arrangement (the norm is the postposition of the predicate) and intonation. Intonation in the constructions under consideration plays a more prominent role than in sentences with a consistent predicate: it is not only a means of connecting the predicate with the subject, but also expresses the modal meaning of the infinitive and the sentence as a whole (the incentive meaning of the infinitive in a sentence, etc.).

The infinitive in the indicative mood contains additional expressive and semantic connotations, for example, an intense beginning of action - “an energetic attack to action.” The presence of “excess meaning” determines the expressiveness of the forms under consideration, which is determined not by the lexical meaning of the verb, but by the construction of the sentence and the position of the infinitive. The very form of the predicate - the infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood - is stylistically marked; its main area of ​​use is everyday speech.

You can sit on it, light a cigarette and think.

Now I won’t sit on its banks with a fishing rod, I won’t go to the islands where it’s calm and cool, where the bushes are bursting with all sorts of berries...

Well, I haven’t hit him with the horn yet - I should sit on his head like a sheaf on a pitchfork.

...that wall, the eastern one, should be polished as the master wanted, the crowns should be sheathed and placed, and colored glass should be inserted into the upper windows...

The infinitive can be any part of the sentence: 1) subject (if the infinitive at the beginning of the sentence is smoke– harm health; ride- funny); 2) predicate: a) simple verbal predicate in a non-productive form (if it is procedural); b) as part of a compound verbal predicate (subjective character); c) as part of a compound nominal predicate (its attachment to the infinitive subject - smoke - harm health (it is)); 3) addition (objective character - I I beg I believe sing); 4) the circumstance of the goal (its relation to verbs with the meaning of movement - I went study in the Institute); 5) inconsistent definition (its attribution to a noun, usually verbal - wish study instilled me my Mother)

Impersonal offer

One part is included in the sentence of the conjugated verb class. In this case, the main member is expressed by the conjugated verb form. Its other part is included in the unconjugated verb class, represented by the adverbial variety. In this case, the main member is expressed by a predicative adverb, i.e. state category word.

Meaning impersonal offers

Either they do not have components denoting a person at all, or the person or subject is thought of as passive, i.e. unable to control an action or state.

Third person form singular, present or future tense, indicative or neuter, singular, past tense in indicative mood(It’s getting light. It’s getting light). The subject is absent or the subject is conceived as passive

In a two-part sentence, the person is active. This means that the meaning of, for example, a sentence like “I’m not sleeping” is determined as follows: I don’t want to sleep and therefore I don’t sleep. In an impersonal sentence face passive . This means that the meaning of a sentence like “I can’t sleep” is defined as: I should fall asleep, but I not free force yourself to do it.

The passive person is usually represented by forms of indirect cases: dative subject, accusative subject. "He (S) is chilling"

The two common meanings can be divided into a number of particular varieties: 1) impersonal sentences characterizing the state of nature; 2) characterizing spontaneous, unknown forces (there was a hum in the pipes); 3) characterizing a person’s condition (I can’t sleep); 4) denoting modal-volitional relations between phenomena (you can’t go any further)

The main member of impersonal sentences can be expressed: 1) an impersonal verb (impersonal is a verb that is a frozen form, amononymous to the conjugated form of the verb 3 l., singular, present or weekday - It’s getting evening. It’s getting dark). 2) a personal verb in an impersonal meaning; 3) a state category word (Hot). 4) brief passive participle with suffixes -n-, -en-, -t-, neuter, singular (the room is smoky); 5) impersonal predicative word - no ( No not a cloud)

Larisa Fominykh

Among verb forms, the infinitive occupies a special position - it can act as any member of a sentence. Very laconic information about this is given in the educational complex of V.V. Babaytseva and L.D. Chesnokova.

The purpose of this note is to summarize information about syntactic function infinitive and offer training material to consolidate this information.

Infinitive as the main members of a sentence

Infinitive as subject known to students mainly through studying the rule for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective. If both main terms are verbs in indefinite form or there is a combination “noun in nominative case plus infinitive”, a dash is placed between them.

However, difficulties may arise when parsing a sentence. Thus, it is not always obvious which member of the sentence is the verb in the indefinite form. The independent infinitive, which comes first in the sentence and is intonationally separated from the predicate, is the subject. He calls an independent, non-procedural action, the characteristics of which are contained in the predicate. Moreover, as a rule, it contains a definable concept about which some kind of judgment is made: Live - means to work. Play Hockey is his main hobby. Create Happiness is hard work. Count other people's income is a thankless task. All exaggerate was his passion.

But the infinitive subject can also occupy a postposition if the second main member at the beginning of the sentence has a clear evaluative meaning: The worst thing about our work is stay in its growth. His business was patronize younger and take care about elders. Wasted work - fish without hook and study without a book. My favorite thing was read“Rossiada” aloud to her (mother) and receive she gives me different explanations for words and entire expressions that I don’t understand. (Aksakov)

If one of the main members has a connective IT, its presence indicates that we have a predicate and an infinitive is the subject: This is against our law - commemorate old. This is the most accessible way to elevate yourself in your eyes - another humiliate . What happiness is this - respect parents.

Sometimes, when determining the main terms, the word order is decisive: Become a sailor - his dream. His dream - become a sailor.

The subject infinitive, like the predicate infinitive, can include words dependent on it if one verb does not convey the meaning of the statement. This is often found in proverbs and aphorisms: To steal from a thief - only time to waste. teach a fool - what to treat the dead. play a song - it's not a field to yell. Nothing to do - hard work. House to lead - don't shake your beard. To drink a tea - don't chop wood. Talk about what has been decided - only confuse.

Difficulty may arise when the infinitive is combined with words starting with -O: if the infinitive comes first in a sentence, and then a word starting with -O follows, we have a two-part sentence with the subject - the infinitive: Argue with him useless. Tell jokes with liberalismdangerous . Rearranging the infinitive into second place after the word ending with -O, which is a state category, turns the sentence into an impersonal one: It's no use arguing with him. It wasn't easy to get there before work that day due to a snowstorm. It's dangerous to joke with liberalism. The presence in the infinitive of words of the categories of state must, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is possible, etc. indicates that this is the predicate of impersonal sentences, regardless of the word order: You have here you can get lost. Ask about it it was impossible. Need to find another solution.

Independent infinitive can act as predicate in one-part infinitive sentences (in school textbooks they are considered as a type of impersonal construction): Not in sight better luck to you! Raise sail! Everyone get ready! Be silent! Raise no objection commander! Who be in love? Who should believe? Such constructions are most often of an order nature and are distinguished by the categorical nature of the statement.

The most common use of the infinitive is in a compound verbal predicate, which has two parts: auxiliary and main. The first conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, tense, person, number or gender, the second (infinitive) - the main lexical meaning.

An auxiliary verb can have a phase meaning (the beginning, continuation, end of an action ( started getting ready, started arguing, continued talking, stopped nagging) and is used with the infinitive only imperfect form: At my sister's began to stick together eyes. Welcoming host started me treat. Other meanings are modal: possibilities/impossibility of action ( didn't dare admit it), ought ( forced to endure, must go), expressions of will (desirability, determination, readiness) - changed my mind about buying; subjective-emotional nature ( loved to eat); assessment of the degree of normality of an action ( used to commanding).

If there are two verbs (conjugated and infinitive), both are part of the verbal predicate if the actions relate to one person - the subject of the action: Ranks are given by people, and people may be deceived. (Griboyedov) If the actions are performed by different persons, then the infinitive is not part of the compound verbal predicate, but acts as a secondary member: Brother asked Pavka come through thick and thin. (N. Ostrovsky) I would strictly forbid these gentlemen to shoot drive up to the capitals. (Griboyedov)

Examples for analyzing the infinitive as main members

Task 1. Determine in which sentences the main members are correctly identified.

1. Get there before work that day it wasn't easy.

2. In the evenings the doctor likes to meet and chat with friends.

3.Peeping is mean, A retell gossip low, vile, vile.

4. It’s not easy for the strong and the evasive win in the ring.

5.Walk on foot - to live a long time.

6.Be famous- ugly.

8. Hurry with answer No need.

9. ride at this time - present pleasure.

10. I had to keep watch weather and for boat travel enjoy every calm.

Infinitives as secondary members of a sentence

The infinitive can serve as an inconsistent definitions. Usually he explains nouns with the modal meaning of possibility, necessity, desirability, expression of will, etc.: the decision to refuse, the fear of making a mistake, the need to meet, the desire to help. Less commonly, the infinitive defines abstract nouns with a different meaning: manner of arguing, pleasure in hunting, thought of traveling, refusal to obey etc. For example: Only hope (what?) save her son supported her. He was driven by a desire (what?) to figure out the truth. Grushenka made him promise (what?) come behind her at twelve o'clock. Suddenly an opportunity (what?) arose to quickly leave from this city.

The infinitive is addition, if the conjugated verb has a full lexical meaning, and the actions of the verbs relate to to different persons: I ask you (what?) speak on the merits of the matter. My father taught me (what?) walk on a boat with a pole. The king deigned to order (what?) us to come to him call. (P. Ershov) In these examples the action verbs refer to different people(I ask, and the interlocutor will speak; the father taught, and the son will sail the boat; the king ordered, and his subjects came to call).

Much less common are cases where the infinitive complement denotes the action of the same subject: Yesterday we agreed (about what?) go to the dacha. In a week he learned (what?) ride on skates. My sister quickly got used to (what?) care for a sick mother.

The infinitive can be circumstance of purpose. At the same time, the actions of verbs also refer to different persons: In summer and autumn we go beyond the Kama (for what purpose?) gather mushrooms. The travelers settled down by the stream (for what purpose?) rest And feed horses.

Syntactic role of the infinitive

Examples for analyzing the infinitive as minor members

Task 2. Determine which secondary members of the sentence the infinitive plays.

1. The thought of not catching her in Pyatigorsk struck my heart like a hammer.

2. Well, I hope you have a lot of fun.

3. Captain Tushin sent one of the soldiers to look for a dressing station or a doctor.

4. And now we are going to look for Palitsyno.

5. Guns are fired from the pier, the ship is ordered to land.

6. I have an innate passion for contradiction.

7. The next year Nevzorov went to study abroad.

8. The habit of finding only a changeable side in everything is the surest sign of a shallow soul, because the funny always lies on the surface.

10. Logic is the art of making mistakes with confidence in your rightness.

Training tasks

1. In which sentence is the infinitive the subject?

1. It was a pity to look at him.

2. What a great pleasure it is to wander in the forest!

3. Loving others is a heavy cross, but you are beautiful without any twists.

4. Teaching a scientist is just a matter of dragging his feet.

2. In which sentences is the infinitive not a subject?

1. I hate exchanging the familiar for the unknown.

2. Fedor, don’t let him go anywhere!

3. It’s easy to give advice, but difficult to implement.

4. It’s somehow awkward to ask to come into the house.

3. In which sentences is the infinitive part of the predicate?

1. Has it ever happened to you on a stormy winter day, in the late, quiet light, to sit alone, without a candle, in your office?

2. He is always ready to help with advice and deeds.

3. There is no shame in losing your family - it was not your fault.

4. Losing your head is a shame, but that’s what the war is for. (A.T.)

4. In which sentences is the infinitive not part of the predicate?

1. Ivan Ivanovich was a respectable man, of the most subtle manner, and could not stand rude or obscene words.

2. Nozdryov continued to laugh at the top of his lungs.

3. Auntie invited both families to stay with her for two weeks.

4. It was easy to talk to her.

5. Establish a relationship between the highlighted word and its role in the sentence.

3. She said this quite loudly and probably with the intention of stabbing me.

4. Petrushka was ordered to stay at home, watch the room and suitcase.

9. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the infinitive is not part of the predicate.

1. We arrived at the place, to the birch tree, only in the evening and, as usual, immediately began to prepare for the night. 2. Even before the birds arrive (wood grouse flock to the lek at sunset), you need to chop firewood and prepare a bed from the branches. 3. Here, by the hunting fire, I expected to spend more than one night. 4. In the evening, having prepared our lodgings for the night, we separated. 5. The companion went to look for nearby currents, and I was left alone. 6. After seeing my friend off, I trampled down the fire, took the gun and slowly headed into the current. 7. Under an old birch tree I chose a high hummock and, lighting a pipe, prepared to listen and observe. 8. Never before have I seen such an extraordinary number of wood grouse at leks. 9. I sat enchanted, motionless, afraid to move.
(according to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

10. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which there is an infinitive that serves as a definition.

1. The Belaya River began to overflow its banks and flood the meadow side. 2. My father argued that it was difficult to drive through those places that were flooded with spring water. 3. But all such obstacles seemed completely unreasonable to me. worth attention. 4. The desire to move to Sergeevka as soon as possible became for me a painful aspiration of all my thoughts and feelings towards one subject; 5. I could no longer do anything, I was bored and picky. 6. It was possible to foresee and should have taken measures to tame this passion in me, this ability to get carried away to the point of self-forgetfulness and go to extremes.
(according to S. Aksakov)

Keys:

Task 1. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6. 8, 9, 10.

Task 2. 1 - definition, 2 - additional, 3 - circumstance, 4 - additional, 5 - additional, 6 - specific, 7 - specific, 8 - specific, 9 - additional, 10 - def.

Training tasks: 1) 2, 3, 4 2) 1, 2 3) 1, 2 4) 3, 4 5) 1d, 2c, 3b, 4a 6) 2, 4 7) 2, 3 8) 1, 2 9 ) 5, 7, 9 10) 4, 6.

Literature

Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language: Theory: Textbook. for 5-9 grades. general education textbook institutions / V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova. - M., Education, 1993.

Modern Russian language. Theory. Analysis of linguistic units: for higher students. textbook establishments. In 2 hours. Part 2. Morphology. Syntax / V.V. Babaytseva, N.A. Nikolina, L.D. Chesnokova and others; edited by E.I. Dibrova. - M., 2008.

Fedorov A.K. Tough questions syntax / A.K. Fedorov. - M., 1972.