Passive participles with the suffix an yang. Spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives. Adjective suffixes. Rules, exceptions

Mixed or mixed? (norm of spelling of participle suffixes -ann- (-yann-) and -an- (-yan-); -enn- and -en-)

Passive participles (also verbal adjectives) should be distinguished on -any (-yanny), -any (-any), on the one hand, and -eny, -eny- with another.

1. Letter and I) before nn (n) is written in these participles and adjectives, in that case the corresponding verb in the infinitive ( indefinite form) ends on -at (-yat): tether A nny (from binding at), elm A ny (from elm at), izva I ny (izva yat), nasto I ny (real yat), picking I nny (opening yat), pose I ny (posse yat), unless I nny (is it yat), ve I ny (ve yat), shaft I ny (shaft yat) .

Exceptions: in passive participles of verbs -equal and -equal with prefixes letter in suffix e: align e nny (aligned yat), equating e given (equated yat), aligned e nny (aligned yat), zarovn e nny (zarovn yat) .

2. Letter e before nn (n) is written in participles and adjectives formed from all other verbs(on -it, -ut, -et, -ti, -ch): seeing e ny (see et), isran e nny (izran it), run e ny (wound it), frozen e ny (freeze it), ice cream e ny (frost it), paint e ny (paint it), crush e ny (red it), measured e given (measured it), measures e ny (measures it), deputy e ny (zamuch it), much e ny (much it), namasl e ny (oiled it), output e ny (bring out), shear e ny (sharp ich), turn e ny (thrown ut) . From time to time a letter e V similar formations(in the suffix -enn- or -en-) is checked by stress position: var yo ny (cook), introduced yo given (bring in), brought yo given (bring).

3. Distinguish in accordance with this rule, writing such participles and adjectives as veil A ny, hang A ny(from veils at, hang at) And veil e ny, hang e ny(from veils it, canopy it); funny A ny, stir A ny, zamesh A ny, mesh A ny(from funny at, stir at, zamesh at, mesh at) And zamesh e ny, vymesh e ny, mesh e ny(from kneading it, mixture it, months it); pump out A ny, download A ny(from vykach at, download at) And pump out e ny, download e ny(from rollout it, sunset it); shooting I ny, shooting I ny(from shooting yat, shooting yat) And shot e ny, shooting e ny(from shooting it, shooting it) and etc.: Shot I this gun does not misfire; Shot e this predator was no longer scary.

Similarly, words derived from the above participles and adjectives are written: crash e nina (from crash e ny) and mesh A nina (from mesh A ny).

Notes:

1) in that case, in the above examples, it is necessary to highlight suffixes, you should keep in mind that the vowel e enters the suffix, and the vowel A Don `t come in: freezing-enn- th, ice cream -en- th, tetherA -nn- th,elm -n- th;

2) the choice of Н or НН should be made in accordance with the spelling rule Н and НН in participles and verbal adjectives;

3) to distinguish the spelling of the words "oil I ny" and "oil e ny" will help the norm "How to write correctly: oily or oily?".

Topic exercise"Delimitation of participles into -ann- and -enn-"(from the "Russian Language Manual for Applicants to Universities" by D.E. Rosenthal)

Rewrite by inserting missing letters in suffixes passive participles:

1. Between the wheels of carts, half-covered with carpets, fire burns.

2. At the threshold lay Shvabrin, shot through ... by the decrepit hand of my father.

3. However, his clerk was fired upon .... a bird.

4. From all sides, impregnable mountains, red mountains, hung with ivy.

5. The old man took off a fox malachai, exchanged for a fat young horse.

6. With ecstasy, I began to tell my sister and others all the miracles I saw ... miracles.

7. Kalinich led us to a hut hung with bunches of dry aromatic herbs.

9. A match struck, for a second illuminating the hanging nets, hay, the old man.

10. The wind knocked on the window of the hut, rattled glass fragments glued with newspaper and soared along the roof and chimney.

11. Fish was boiled in a cauldron hung on a knotty stick.

12. Cattle with large swollen bellies, shot by the Germans, were lying in the fields.

13. In a separate office hung with a heavy curtain, Seryozha sat at the table.

14. Frost started up, entering evenly into the usual

measure .... circle.

15. Some boys had low bull-calves hanging heavily on their hands, falling out ... in the sea sand, like in crackers.

16. Glauber's salt floats in suspension only in winter.

18. This is a cemetery of deer and elk killed by wolves.

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The topic of the Russian language "Spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives" is familiar to every student. However, after graduating from a general education institution, many people begin to forget the most simple rules and make a large number of mistakes during the creation of any text. In this regard, we decided to remind you of the cases in which the suffixes "n" and "nn" are written in adjectives. Also, some exceptions to the existing rules will be presented to your attention. They should be remembered.

Part of speech definition

They call the significant, which denotes a non-procedural feature of the subject, and also acts in the sentence as a definition or nominal part of the predicate and answers the following questions: “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, And also “whose?” and what?".

general information

"The spelling of 'n' and 'nn' in adjectives" is a very important topic in Russian. Indeed, without knowledge of such simple rules, it is quite difficult to compose a competent text or even a letter.

It should be especially noted that adjectives can be formed both from nouns and from verbs. Knowing these basics will allow you to better understand how many letters "n" you need to write in a particular case.

Spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives derived from nouns

So, let's figure it out together, in what cases should you put -nn-:

Which adjectives that are derived from nouns use "n"?

Now you know in what cases the suffixes -nn- are written in adjectives (-onn-, -enn-, etc.), if they are formed from nouns. However, this is not enough for a competent drafting of the text. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the spelling rules for the suffixes -in-, -yan- and -an-:

1. In adjectives that are derived from nouns using the above suffixes, only 1 letter "n" is always written. Let's give an example: leather (leather), sparrow (sparrow), clay (clay), pigeon (dove), waxed (wax), crane (crane), wood (firewood), nightingale (nightingale), etc. However, all rules have your exceptions. In this case, these are the words "glass", "wood" and "tin". 2 letters "nn" are written in them, and they should be remembered.
2. In the names of adjectives that are formed without the use of any suffixes. Let's take an example: green (green). It is also necessary to remember the following words: spicy, ruddy, pig, young and united.

How many letters "n" are written in the names of adjectives that are derived from adjectives?

2 letters "n" are written if adjectives are formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -enn-, which indicates a large measure of any feature. Let's give an example: hefty, tall or wide.

Important notes regarding the rules described

The spelling "n" and "nn" in adjectives has the following features:

Spelling "nn" in adjectives and participles derived from verbs

So, 2 letters "n" should be written if:

1. Adjectives are formed from verbs with prefixes. Moreover, the prefix non-almost never affects the spelling of "n" or "nn". Thus, in the adjective with, one should not write the same number of letters “n” as in the adjective without this prefix. Let's give an example: (connected, beveled, built).
2. If there are suffixes such as -eva- or -ova-. Here is an example: an organized excursion, uprooted forest, etc.). Exceptions are the following words: chewed And forged. In this case, ov- and ev- are included in the root, and are not suffixes.
3. If the sentence contains any dependent word (for example, woven from twigs).
4. If the adjective is formed from a verb that has perfect view(for example, solved). The exception is the word "wounded".

Spelling "n" in adjectives derived from verbs

One letter "n" is written in adjectives that are derived from verbs without the use of prefixes. Let's give an example: uncut, knitted. Exceptions are the following words: sacred, slow, unprecedented, unexpected, desired, unheard of, unexpected and unexpected.

Letters "n", "nn" in short adjectives

In addition to the full names of adjectives, there are also short forms in Russian. To understand how "n" and "nn" are written in short adjectives, you should remember the rules about full ones. After all, they are the same for both forms.

Here's an example:

Important notes on the material covered

To finally figure out how to write adjectives (with "n" or "nn"), you need to consider the following features:

1. Usually the suffixes -yang- and -an- give the meaning "intended for something" or "made from a certain material." For example: wood, clothes; sandy, clay.

2. In order to correctly compose a text, one should distinguish between adjectives whose spelling is related to their meaning.

Windy, that is, "with the wind" (windy weather). Windmill, that is, “driven by the power of the wind” (wind pump). In the phrase "chicken pox" the adjective is written 1 letter "n". This is due to the fact that this word comes from "windmill".

Buttered, that is, “soaked in oil” (buttered porridge). Oily, that is, "flattering" (oily voice). Butter, that is, “diluted in butter” (butter cookies).

Silver, that is, "subjected to silvering" (silver device). Silver, that is, "made of silver" (silver bottle).

Salty, that is, "containing salt" (salted fish). Salt, that is, "consisting of salt" (salt pillar).

49. In suffix -in- , which forms adjectives from nouns with the meaning of belonging or property, one is written n: geese n th, sparrows n th, donkeys n th.

Note. One n written in noun guests n and I, which used to be an adjective: living room.

50. In suffix -he N- n: division nn th, revolutionary nn th, constitutional nn th.

51. In suffix -enn- , forming adjectives from nouns, two n: production nn th, triumph nn th, kinship nn th, straw nn th, cranberries nn th.

Note 1. Adjective wind n th spelled with one n . Prefix adjectives formed from the word wind, are written with two n: no wind nn th, tomorrow nn th, downwind nn th etc. Adjectives should be distinguished windy(with suffix -en- ) And windmill(with suffix -yan- ). Suffix -en- written in adjectives with the meaning " with the wind": windy weather, windy summer, as well as used in a figurative sense: windy girl, windy behavior; these adjectives have a short form: the weather is windy, windy girl. Suffix -yan- used in adjectives meaning "driven by the wind": windmill, wind turbine; these adjectives do not have a short form. With suffix -yan- The name of the disease is also written: chickenpox (chickenpox).

Note 2. In the first stem of complex adjectives, two n , if it is formed from an adjective with two n: machine and tractor station(station machine And tractor), wagon and locomotive fleet(a park wagon And locomotive). But if the first stem is formed from a noun on n , then one is written in it n: machine building plant(factory by machine building), car repair plant(factory by wagon repair).

Note 3. Nouns in -Nick — -nitsa And -awn formed from adjectives with two n , are also written with two n: morning nn uy — morning nn ik, society nn th — society nn ik, revolutionary nn th — revolutionary nn awn, production nn th — production nn ik, tse nn th — tse nn awn, and formed from adjectives with one n are also written with one n: hemp n th — hemp n ik, sandy n th — sandy n ik, Yu n th — Yu n awn.

Note 4. Nouns formed with suffixes are also written with two n -Nick — -nitsa from nouns with stem on n: tribute — Yes nn ik — Yes nn itza, purse — moshe nn ik — moshe nn itza.

52. Full adjectives having two n , save them in short form: tse nn th thing — thing nn A.

53. In adjectives formed from the names of months on eh , ny , p , letter b remains: december b sky, november b sky, june b sky, july b sky, except for the word January.

54. Letter h before suffixes -sk- And -To- does not change: French h sky, neither h cue.

55. To distinguish between suffixes -To- And -sk- , we must remember that with the suffix -n- formed quality adjectives, which have a short form ( short — low, narrow — narrow), but with the suffix -sk- - relative adjectives that do not have a short form ( French, Kyrgyz, Circassian).

n n And nn

One letter n is written:

-in-, -an-, -yan-: (exceptions: );

Two letters n are written:

-n- n:

-me: .

-enn-, -onn-:

Note 1. The exception is the word windy -nn: windless, leeward.

Note 2. (oil oily (wind windy(1) - with the wind; windy (hydrochloric- consisting of salt; salty- contains salt

n

n

Note .

Denominative adjectives can have one letter n, or maybe two. Spelling n And nn in adjectives, it obeys certain rules.

One letter n is written:

a) in primitive adjectives, that is, not formed from other parts of speech: young, green, spicy, ruddy, pig, crimson;

b) in adjectives with suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-: animal, sandy, silver(exceptions: glass, pewter, wood);

Two letters n are written:

a) in adjectives formed with the suffix -n- from nouns whose stem ends in n: autumn, temporary, lunar, valuable;

b) in adjectives formed from nouns in -me: nameless, seminal, stirrup.

c) in adjectives with suffixes -enn-, -onn-: courageous, straw, debatable.

Note 1. The exception is the word windy. However, adjectives with this root that have a prefix are written with -nn: windless, leeward.

Note 2. It is necessary to distinguish between words that are close in meaning, but not identical, therefore, spelled differently: oil cooler - oily pancake(oil- consisting of oil, made in oil, running on oil; oily- impregnated, soiled, oiled); wind turbine - windy day, windy youth (wind- propelled by wind windy(1) - with the wind; windy(2) - frivolous, frivolous); salt column - pickle (hydrochloric- consisting of salt; salty- contains salt

2. So many letters are saved in the short form of adjectives n how much was in full form: the road is deserted (desert), the apple is green (green). However, the short form of the adjective (nominative formation) should be distinguished from the short form of the passive participle and the short form of the verbal adjective.

3. In nouns formed from adjectives, the same number is written n how many in the words from which they are formed: confusion (confused), contemporary (modern).

Note. The spelling of some words you need to remember: living room, hotel (gostiny dvor), worker, dowry.

24 - the use of b and b signs in various functions

. Dividing b written after consonants before letters i, yu, yo, e, transmitting combinations [ j] with vowels, in the following cases.

1. After prefixes ending in a consonant. Examples:

a) in words with Russian prefixes: non-nuclear, awake, enraged, pissed off, rumpled, interlingual, eat up, go around, departure, lift, pre-anniversary, present, disperse, detachable, eat, cringe, sarcastic, supernatural, super-capacity, super-bright;

Note. Letter b traditionally also written in the word flaw, Although from- is not a prefix in it.

b) in words with prefixes of foreign origin: countertier, post-nuclear, post-anniversary, subunit, subnucleus, superyacht, trans-European.

Words of foreign origin are also written with the initial parts ab-, ad-, dis-, in-, inter-, con-, ob-, sub-, which are prefixes in the source language, but are usually not distinguished as prefixes in Russian. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivation, adjunct, ajustage, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjecture, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, conjunctivitis, conjuncture, conjunction, object, objective, subject, subjective.

2. In compound words: a) after the initial parts two, three, four, for example: two-anchor, two-capacity, three-core, four-tier; b) in words pan-European, courier.

Note. After the initial parts of compound words, the separator b traditionally not written, for example: military lawyer, state language, children, party cell, food fair, spetseda, business unit, foreign language, Inyurkollegiya, Ministry of Justice.

3. Letter b it is also written when transmitting foreign proper names and words derived from them (after letters that convey paired hard consonants), for example: Kizilyurt(city in Dagestan), Torjal(village in the Republic of Mari El), Guo Hengyu(Chinese personal name), Hengyang(city in China) Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Jyväsjärvi(a lake in Finland), Manyoshu(anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).

Note. In this case, the separator b also possible before a letter And , for example: Junichiro(Japanese name).

Section 28. In all cases, except those specified in § 27, after consonants before letters i, yu, yo, e, and , transmitting combinations [ j] with vowels, spelled separator b . Examples: ya : devil, Yudyachy, monkey, billiards, family, drunk, ears of corn, draw, shepherd's, Lukyan; ew : loach, interview, pour, family, drink, trot, fifty, sew, fyut(interjection); yo : nightingale, gun, pours, crow, serious, life, whose, we sew; ye : premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, lull, Vietnam, Fourier; uh : passerine, nightingales, fritters, bearish, vary, articles, whose, Vigny.

Note. In some words of foreign origin, the dividing b written before O (in words broth, guillotine others

25- spelling of adverbs

arechia with prefixes must be distinguished from similar nouns, adjectives and pronouns with prepositions: at first I did not understand, but: from the beginning of the year; the egg was boiled hard-boiled, but: up a steep hill; you will read, then you will write, but: behind that house.

Note. Combinations close in meaning to adverbs are written separately with prepositions: tirelessly, radically (to change everything), straight away, in step (to go), tight-fitting, alone (works), barely enough, in general, point-blank, abroad, at home (task), nearby (lives), etc. If there are doubts about the united or separate spelling combinations of adverbial type, it is necessary to consult in the dictionary.

90. After the hissing adverbs at the end, it is written ь, for example: jump, wide open, completely.
Exceptions: really, unbearable, married.

91. In adverbs with prefixes from-, do-, s-, a is written at the end: a long time ago, red-hot, first (they came from genitive adjective or noun), and in adverbs with prefixes v-, na-, it will be written at the end o: left, left, dead (they came from the accusative case).
Note. This does not include cases where y is clearly heard at the end, for example: foolishly.

92. At the end of adverbs, after hissing under stress, it is written about: fresh, hot, naked.
Exception: more.

93. The hyphen is written:
1) in adverbs in -ski, -i, -mu with a prefix in -: in a comradely way, in a wolf way, in a new way, in my opinion, apparently, as before, in an empty way (and also in a Latin);
2) in adverbs firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc.;
3) in adverbs with something, -something, -either, -anywhere: somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, sometime;
4) in adverbs formed by the repetition of words: a little bit, tightly, little by little.

Note 1. Adverbs in y, -enka, -onka with a prefix are written together: equally, simply, for a long time, in vain, little by little, gently.
Note 2 . Adverbs formed from the names of people are written with a lowercase letter: in Michurin, in Suvorov.

94.Adverbs why, why, because, because, why, then they are written together, For example:

1) Why (why) did he not come? - He fell ill, therefore (therefore, therefore) he did not come;

2) Why (why) is he worried? - He is worried then (because) he might be late for the train.

95. In twelve adverbs, neither and neither are written together: once, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nothing, not at all, not at all. Under stress is written not, without stress - neither.

96.Adverbs formed from adjectives with two n retain these two n: an absent-minded person - looks absent-mindedly, a frightened facial expression - looks frightened.

Note. Adverbs with two 'I's should be distinguished from short passive participles with one 'I'. Adverbs are related to verbs and serve as adverbs; short participles refer to nouns or pronouns and serve as predicates: he spoke excitedly, the sea is excited.

In negative adverbs, under stress is written not, without stress - neither (in both cases, the spelling is continuous). For example: no time to deal with trifles - never dealt with trifles; in the summer there was nowhere to play - the children did not play anywhere; there is nowhere to wait for news - news did not come from anywhere.

26- spelling of negative and indefinite pronouns

In order to avoid mistakes when writing the pronouns of these categories, you must remember two rules :

Pronouns with particles -TO, -OR, - ANYTHING and SOME- are written with a hyphen. For example: SOMEONE, SOMETHING, SOMEWHERE, SOMEONE. If the particle KOE- is separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then it is written separately, for example, SOME OF WHOM;
-in negative and indefinite pronouns the prefix is ​​NOT written under stress, and NI is written in an unstressed position. For example: SOMEONE - NOBODY, NOTHING - NOTHING. If NOT and NOR are separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then they must be written separately, for example: NOT FROM ANYONE, ABOUT ANYTHING.

27- spelling of prepositions

28- Spelling Particles

1. Particles would (b), whether (l), same (f) written separately , except when they are part of whole words (so that, really, even it. P.).

2. Particles -something, -either, -anything, something (coy-), -the same, -ka, -de, - are written with a hyphen.

Particle something (something) separated from the pronoun by a preposition, written separately (with someone).

Particle still written with a hyphen only after adverbs (again) and verbs (took it) in other cases - separately (he still didn’t come; he built a dacha for himself). Combination all the same written in three words.

Particles as if, after all, they say and others, as well as combinations almost, just now etc. are written separately.

The spelling rules for the suffixes -enn-, -onn-, -nn- and the suffixes -en-, -in-, -an-, -yan- are clear to any student and are easy to learn.

Below in this article we will look at spelling rules. different parts speeches with suffixes enn-, -onn-, -nn- -en-, -in-, -an-, -yan-.

The difficulty lies in the fact that parts of speech with these suffixes you need to write thoughtfully and be able to distinguish:

1. What part of speech is the given word, its semantic properties;
2. Know what parts of speech it is formed from and its morphological composition;
3. What member of the sentence in this case is the word with the suffix being studied;
4. Full or short form;
5. Remember the exceptions to the rules.

Spelling rules

They can be educated from nouns (straw, timeless), from verbs (drowned logs), from adjectives (healthy - hefty) with the help of suffixes -nn- and -enn-, -onn- (station, commission).

Adjectives from nouns

In short adjectives as many "n" are written as in full ones. Long speech - speech is long. Modern music - clothes are modern. Educated youth - youth is educated.

The suffix -enn- is written in words with an emotional coloring of the sign: healthy - hefty, wide - broad, courage - courageous.

In the word windy, one letter “n” is written, windless - “nn”. Windy girl - windless day.

Writing participles

Most participles are used in written speech, so it is very important to use and write them correctly.

In participles, the suffixes -enn- and yonn are written if:

1. There is a prefix (divorced, folded).
2. There is a dependent word. Campfire laid out by tourists. City located by the sea. Task completed by students.
3. It is formed from verbs in -chi, -sti, -it: bake - baked, grow - grown, build - built, burn - burned.

Unexpected, unexpected, unheard of, unseen, given - these are exceptions.

Short and complete parts of speech

The rule is very simple:

1. Brief participles are written with -en-: the lesson is learned, the oak is cut down, the norm is worked out;
2. Short adjectives are written with -enn-: the art is perfect, the children are well-mannered.

Participles can have or you can substitute dependent words: the girl was raised (by whom) by her grandmother. This short communion.

Children are educated. There are no dependent words. This verbal adjective.

Compound adjectives are written in the same way as simple ones:

Compare:

1. Freshly frozen - no prefix, but freshly frozen, because the second part of the word has a prefix.
2. Plain dyed (no prefix), plain dyed (there is a prefix).

There are not very many spelling rules for suffixes. If desired, they are easy to remember. It is necessary to learn exception words and learn to distinguish between participles and adjectives. This is especially important when using short forms of these parts of speech, because their spelling is different.

Examples: long hair- hair is long, peaks conquered - peaks conquered, smart speeches - speeches are smart, painted doors - doors are painted.

The participle is used in writing. IN colloquial speech our contemporaries do without it. To learn how to write correctly and use them in your speech, you need to read the works of Russian classics, then your speech will become competent and logical. And you will undoubtedly be able to profitably show off your knowledge in the circle of intelligent and educated people.