10 indeclinable nouns. Indeclinable nouns. Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

Indeclinable nouns

Nouns without inflection forms. For such nouns, the relation to other words in the phrase and in the sentence is expressed not by the case form (ending), but analytically - with the help of prepositions and various forms agreement of the words associated with these nouns. Indeclinable nouns include:

1) common nouns and proper names, foreign in origin, ending in unstressed and stressed e (e), and, o, y and stressed a: coffee, muffin, aloe, pony, taxi, cocoa, slang, bantu, cockatoo, interview, entresha; Dante, Dode, Verdi, Mali, Oslo, Bordeaux, Shaw, Barthou, Dumas, Zola;

2) common nouns and proper names of females, foreign in origin, ending in a consonant sound: madam, mademoiselle, missus; Carmen, Carolina Schlegel;

3) Ukrainian surnames with -ko: Korolenko, Lyashko;

4) Russian surnames in -ago (-yago), -ovo, -ykh, -ikh, ascending to the forms genitive singular or plural adjectives; Shambinago, Dubyago, Sedykh, Long, Durnovo;

5) Russian surnames with a consonant denoting females: Tatyana Zhuk, Anna Greben;

6) alphabetic (less often sound) abbreviations and compound words for a vowel: Ukrainian SSR, Moscow State University, UN, rono, selpo, Mosenergo.

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "indeclinable nouns" are in other dictionaries:

Names not covered by inflection (nominal declension): metro, kangaroo. Most often these are foreign words, their resistance is Russian. grammar is explained by the lack of declension in the source language and the tendency towards analyticism (the expression of grammatical ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Morphology. ... Wikipedia

Gender of indeclinable nouns- 1. Words denoting inanimate objects. Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin, denoting inanimate objects, for the most part belong to the middle gender, for example: healing aloe, Scotch whiskey, ... ... A guide to spelling and style

1) Lexico grammatical category noun, inherent in all nouns (with the exception of words used only in the plural), syntactically independent, manifested in their ability to combine with those defined for ...

NON-GRAMMATIC CATEGORIES OF WORDS. Such categories of words that are not designated as special categories using grammatical means; such grammatical means can be both the forms of the words themselves, and the ability to enter into certain ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Non-grammatical categories of words- NON-GRAMMATIC CATEGORIES OF WORDS. Such categories of words that are not designated as special categories using grammatical means; such grammatical means can be both the forms of the words themselves, and the ability to enter into ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Aya, oh; nyem, ah, oh. gram. Having no forms of declension, not changing in cases. Indeclinable nouns... Small Academic Dictionary

A part of grammar (morphology) that ensures the change of words. The main means of inflection is endings (case numerical, personal). Each part of speech has a special inflection, it may not cover individual words - there are indeclinable ... Literary Encyclopedia

- (from lat. adjectivum adjective). The transition of other parts of speech into the category of adjectives. Most often used as adjectives passive participles past tense (exquisite taste, ground coffee), present tense (indeclinable ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Books

• Suitcase "I'm going to 1st class" . A set of games (6703613) , Barchan Tatyana Alexandrovna. A set of games in a suitcase "I'm stepping into grade 1" Dictionary expansion, synonyms and homonyms, proverbs, phraseological units, the beginning of grammar, number composition, acquaintance with the outside world Games in the set: 1. ...

Class: 6

Lesson Objectives:

a) Introduce students to the concept of "indeclinable nouns"; be able to find indeclinable nouns in sentences and use them correctly in speech;

b) to teach children to explore and analyze the morphological features of an indeclinable noun and to distinguish between inflected and indeclinable nouns; determine the case of indeclinable nouns; generalize and systematize the acquired knowledge, draw conclusions and conclusions;

c) promote the development of students' speech, expand their vocabulary; cultivate interest in the language.

Lesson type: lesson-assimilation of new ZUN through the solution of educational problems.

Applied methods: Cognitive UUD: Search for the necessary information, semantic reading.

Personal UUD: the ability to analyze and comprehend their achievements.

Meta-subject result: learn to set the goal and objectives of the lesson, conduct self-control and self-assessment.

Subject result:

Know: indeclinable nouns

To be able to: find indeclinable nouns, use them correctly in speech.

During the classes

Org. Moment

1. Checking homework

2. Assimilation of new concepts and the formation of skills and abilities.

Today we, continuing to work on the topic “Declination of nouns”, will get acquainted with very interesting words. Listen to the poem "About how not to talk":

Somehow early in the morning with a friend we sat down in the meter,
And we went in a meter to watch a movie about a kangaroo,
Here we are sitting with him in a kina without a coat and without a scarf ...
Or rather - me and you without a scarf and without a coat.
The kangaroo entered the cafe. I took an empty table there.
And he sits at the domino with a chimpanzee and a cockatoo.
Suddenly a huge monkey began to play the piano.
Here the adult took off his pince-nez and laughed all the way.
Interesting movie! Too bad it's over!

What words seemed strange to use? (kangaroo, cinema, coat, cafe, subway, piano, chimpanzee, pince-nez, scarf, cockatoo) Do you understand all the meanings of the words?

Vocabulary work:

cache-pot - a decorative vase for a flower pot,

cockatoo - a bird of a detachment of parrots with a crest on its head,

scarf - neck scarf,

pince-nez - a kind of glasses held by the bridge of the nose with the help of a spring,

manto - a wide ladies' dress.

foyer - a room in a theater, cinema, etc. for the stay of the audience before the start of the performance, film, concert.

And now each of you will work as an editor. Take the papers with the text and correct the mistakes . (I distribute in rows)

3. Definition of the topic of lessons, goal setting

• What do all the words we corrected in the poem have in common?
• What is the topic of our lesson?
• What is the purpose of the lesson? What should we know? What to learn in class?
• Do you think there are many such words?
• Are there indeclinable surnames?
• Which of your friends or in the class has an indeclinable last name?

Physical education:

We walk together in the forest (steps in place)
And we collect the leaves (tilts forward)
Everyone is happy to collect them
Just a wonderful leaf fall! (Jumping in place, clapping hands)

4. Groups of indeclinable nouns

Indeclinable nouns are nouns that in all cases have the form only nominative case.

Let's try to decline one of the indeclinable nouns:

I.p. metro built

R.p. standing at the subway

D.p. I'm walking on the subway

V.p. I see the subway

etc. admire the subway

P.p. I'm going to the subway

5. Let's get acquainted with groups of indeclinable nouns

1. Borrowed nouns with a final vowel -O, -E, -I, -U, -Yu and a final stressed vowel - A (common and proper)

Animal world: kangaroo, cockatoo, chimpanzee, hummingbird, pony.

Clothing, food and human habitation: scarf, tights, pince-nez, manteau, purse, khaki, coat, mango, cocoa, coffee, popsicle, salami, ivasi, fillet, blinds, foyer, dressing table, piano, flower pot, domino, piano, radio.

City: avenue, highway, scoreboard, show, panel, atelier, cafe, subway, taxi, cinema.

Names, surnames, titles: Tbilisi, Congo, Tokyo, Sochi, A. Dumas, Chipollino, Peppy, Mowgli, Pinocchio. .

2. Borrowed nouns denoting females and ending in a consonant: miss, madam, E. Voynich, M. Poppins

3. Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in -О and -ЫХ(-Х): Rudykh, Malykh, Levchenko, Daineko, Golovnykh, Tikhikh, A.N.Prikhodko.

4. Compound words: traffic police, exercise therapy, media, VVC, PFT

(We read the rule from the textbook p.140-141)

There are many indeclinable nouns in Russian. For example, jury, interview. Yes, you yourself can continue this list. Give examples.

Hummingbird, kangaroo, highway,
Flamingo, pony, chimpanzee,
Cocoa, coffee, dominoes,
Aloe, radio, movies,
Taxi, subway, coupe, coat,
Muffler, cafe, dressing table, coat,
And cockatoo, dragee, bet,
And interviews, stews, jury
And the piano, and the foyer,
Puree, bureau and atelier -
You remember all the words
But never bend them!

Let's do ex. No. 267 one at the blackboard the rest in the notebook

6. Let's play the game "Break the rhyme" (handouts)

Correct in this text the mistakes made by the poet, put indeclinable nouns in desired shape, determine their case. (distributing papers)

Loves kiny kids,
If in the kins of a kangaroo,
Walks - wanders along the highway,
Carries a chimpanzee in a bag.
Kangaroo went to the cafe
Took a free table there
And sits at the domino
With chimpanzees and cockatoos.

Suddenly a huge monkey
He began to play the piano.
Here is an adult, taking off his pince-nez,
Laughed all the way.
Interesting movie.
Too bad it ended.
It's time to run to the wardrobe -
Will give out favors.

3rd group. The task is to insert into the phrases the indeclinable nouns that are suitable in meaning. Taxi, subway, coat, piano, radio, cinema, purse, atelier, salami, highway, pony.

• Exit from , play on , walk without ,
• Ride along , sandwich with , come to ,
• To ride on , take out from , listen on ,
• Go to , to work in .

Game “Name it in one word”

Children must identify words by their lexical meaning.

On the cards for each group, the lexical meaning of words. Children have to guess “What is it?”

1. Outerwear for winter and autumn.

2. Underground railway.

3. Keyboard musical instrument.

4. Asphalt road.

5. Sort of ice cream on a stick.

6. Drink from coffee beans.

Sayings of children (coat, subway, piano, highway, popsicle, coffee)

Let's solve the crossword

Horizontally:

1. A kind of glasses held by the bridge of the nose with a spring.

2. Musical keyboard instrument.

3. Kind of ice cream in chocolate.

4. Road with a hard surface.

5. Method of wireless transmission and reception of sound.

(pince-nez, piano, popsicle, highway, radio)

Vertically:

1. Hired car with payment by meter.

2. Building for parking and repair of locomotives and wagons.

3. Playing records with points.

4, Neck scarf.

5. Underground, ground or elevated on overpasses

(taxi, depot, domino, scarf, subway)

7. Lesson summary:

I will read "Song - the result" by Arkady Khait.

To become literate and write well,
Never change in different cases
No cinema, no dominoes, no bureau, no subway
No muffler, no pince-nez, no highway, no chimpanzees.
You can sing a song both at a party and at home,
Unless you change the end of the word
No cocoa, no depot, no cafe and no coat,
No hummingbird, no cockatoo, no jury, no kangaroo.

8. Reflection

• I found out...
• I understand...
• It was interesting...
• It caused trouble...

9. Homework: Exercise 266, workbook. #52

indeclinable words nouns

1. Taxi, subway, coat, piano, radio, cinema, purse, atelier, salami, highway, pony.
2. Highway, cafe, subway, coat, movie, piano, coffee, jelly, cocoa, filet, bingo, kangaroo, radio.
3. 
   
   
   When indeclinable nouns are combined with other words, the case form is determined either by the construction of the entire sentence: There was a new dressing table in the room (im. p.), or by the endings of adjectives consistent with indeclinable nouns: He wrapped his neck in a soft scarf (tv. p.).
4. Bureau, zebu, highway, hobby, polto.
5. cinema domino coat of the jury consommé and many more

   Indeclinable nouns

   Indeclinable nouns do not have case forms; these words do not have endings. Grammatical meanings individual cases in relation to such nouns are expressed syntactically, for example: drink coffee, buy cashews, Dumas novels.

   Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -ю, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting females ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames in -o, -ih, -iy (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of an alphabetic and mixed character (MGU, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of the department).

   syntax function Indeclinable nouns are defined only in context. For example: The walrus asked the Kangaroo (R. p.): How can you stand the heat? I'm shivering from the cold! Kangaroo (I. p.) said to the Walrus. (B. Zakhoder)

   Kangaroo is an indeclinable noun, denoting an animal, masculine, in a sentence it is an object and subject.

6. kangaroo chimpanzee cocoa subway Cinema, domino, kangaroo, coat, jury, consommé, coffee, solo, hobby, piano, pony, karate, highway cf. p:taxi, dash, foyer, highway, coat, karate, tights, sketches. and. R: Lady, Mrs., Madam. m. r: pony, kangaroo, bourgeois., madam, taxi, subway, radio. Taxi, subway, coat, piano, radio, cinema, purse, atelier, salami, highway, pionino pony

   this is all that was said above and some will be repeated

   sorry 🙂

7. Subway, coat...
   1143. Indeclinable nouns naming animate objects refer to male. or wives. R. This relatedness corresponds to the opposition of generic meanings that characterize all animate. nouns (see 1138). To wives. R. include words that call females (Miss, Mrs., Madame, Frau, Lady), names and surnames of women (Betsy, Mary, Marie, Carmen, Helen; Zasulich, Curie, Norkevich, Pedersen); to husband. R. include words naming a person in general, words naming males according to social status or profession, as well as the names of animals, regardless of their gender: (big) bourgeois, (middle) rentier, (Spanish) hidalgo, (military) attache, (familiar) entertainer, curé, porter; (adorable) cockatoo, (swift-footed) kangaroo, (small) pony, (funny) chimpanzee.

   If necessary, to emphasize the gender of the animal noun, as a rule, is determined by the adjective in the form of husband. or wives. R. (on formations such as chimpanzee, kengurikha, see 384). In this case, the feminine gender denotes the belonging of the animal to female gender, and for the masculine gender, in addition to the ability to indicate belonging to male gender, the possibility of a general designation remains, regardless of gender: It is not every day that we have to sit in the company of a young and in its own way pretty chimpanzee (gaz.); Monkeys have developed a certain instinct for creepers. When we have to calm down a rebellious chimpanzee, we turn to grass snake(gas.); Baby Vega is the first and so far the only chimpanzee born in zoos Soviet Union. She is five months old (gaz.).

   Indeclinable nouns vis-a-vis, protégé, incognito are characterized by a dual generic affiliation(see 1146): this, mine, our counterpart this, mine, our counterpart; my, my protégé. Ex. incognito can refer to the husband. and avg. R.

   Indeclinable nouns include: 1) many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -о, -е, -и, -у, -ю, -а (solo, coffee, hobby, zebu, cashew, bra, Dumas, Zola); 2) foreign-language surnames denoting females ending in a consonant (Michon, Sagan); 3) Russian and Ukrainian surnames in -o, -ih, -iy (Durnovo, Krutykh, Sedykh); 4) complex abbreviated words of an alphabetic and mixed character (Moscow State University, Ministry of Internal Affairs, head of the department).

8. Kangaroo
9. coat, movie, confetti, hummingbird, kiwi, cafe, filet, floss...
10. Miss, boa, stew, madam, popsicle, dressing table, mrs, menu, cafe, avenue, metro, citro, chimpanzee, highway, plateau, cockatoo, kangaroo, attache, communique, coupe, Dumas, coat
11. Indeclinable nouns include those that do not change in cases. Most of the indeclinable nouns are foreign borrowings.
    In the group of indeclinable nouns, common nouns of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are distinguished, ending in vowels y, and, e, o and stressed a: bureau, blinds, riding breeches, monpensier, coat, lady, stew, antrasha, bourgeois, etc .; geographical names: Chicago, Tbilisi, Oslo, Bordeaux; names of persons: Jose, Mary, etc.
    Borrowed nouns are also indeclinable nouns. female ending in a hard consonant (both common nouns and proper ones): Madame, Irene, Polyak, Goldenberg, Zegers, etc.
    Indeclinable nouns are some surnames in -ovo, -ago, -yh, -ih: Durnovo, Dubyago, Black, Dry, Chutky, etc.
    Surnames in -ko (regardless of stress) are also among the indeclinable ones: Shevchenko, Franko (for example, the works of Ivan Franko), etc.
    The number of indeclinable nouns in the modern Russian language is replenished by individual complex abbreviated words: NTO, UFO, FSB and Ch.
    When indeclinable nouns are combined with other words, the case form is determined either by the construction of the entire sentence: There was a new dressing table in the room (im. p.), Or by the endings of adjectives consistent with indeclinable nouns: He wrapped his neck in a soft scarf (tv. p.). This is bullshit
12. pionino
13. For example, jury, interview

    Hummingbird, kangaroo, highway
    Flamingo, pony, chimpanzee,
    Cocoa, coffee, dominoes
    Aloe, radio, movies,
    Taxi, subway, coupe, coat
    Muffler, cafe, dressing table, coat,
    And cockatoo, dragee, bet,
    And interviews, stews, jury
    And the piano, and the foyer,
    Puree, bureau and atelier You memorize all the words,
    But never bend them!
    Coat, cinema, subway, depot, scoreboard, dressing table, cache-pot, casino, advice note, radio, piano, piano, kimono, popsicle, contralto, frill, leotard, lasso, loto, domino, zero, photo, video, maestro, mikado, tour, scarf, meringue, riding breeches, cabaret, pince-nez, highway, dossier, square, karate, jelly, relay , coffee, olivier, croupier, rentier, receptionist, attache, tsetse, taxi, salami, ivasi, hummingbird, penalty, matsoni, satsivi, sushi, assorted, chassis, bet, blinds, jury, travesty, lady, paparazzi, stew, azu, cockatoo, emu, kangaroo, menu, avenue, ingenue, boa, sconce, bourgeois...
    And many others.

14. whats the question?
15. kangaroo chimpanzee cocoa subway. And "wine" bows!
16. cf. p:taxi, dash, foyer, highway, coat, karate, tights, sketches. and. R: Lady, Mrs., Madam. m. r: pony, kangaroo, bourgeois.
17. Cinema, domino, kangaroo, coat, jury, consommé, coffee, solo, hobby, piano, pony, karate, highway, madam, taxi, subway, radio.
18. Coat, cinema, subway, depot, scoreboard, dressing table, cache-pot, casino, advice note, radio, piano, piano, kimono, popsicle, contralto, frill, leotard, lasso, loto, domino, zero, photo, video, maestro, mikado, tour, scarf, meringue, riding breeches, cabaret, pince-nez, highway, dossier, square, karate, jelly, relay , coffee, olivier, croupier, rentier, receptionist, attache, tsetse, taxi, salami, ivasi, hummingbird, penalty, matsoni, satsivi, sushi, assorted, chassis, bet, blinds, jury, travesty, lady, paparazzi, stew, azu, cockatoo, emu, kangaroo, menu, avenue, ingenue, boa, sconce, bourgeois, puree, atelier, dragee, manto, muffler, foyer, bureau, interview, piano, jury, dragee, chimpanzee, hummingbird, highway, pony, radio, cocoa domino, kangaroo, flamingo, stew, aloe, coat, taxi, cinema, cafe, subway, muffler, bet, coupe.

Declension of nouns

Declension is the change of words various parts speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles) by cases and numbers. Nouns in Russian have three main types of declension, which are shown in the table below. If you need numerals, you can read about declension of numerals in another article.

The main types of declension of nouns in Russian

In the plural, there are practically no differences between the types of declension, so we can speak separately about the special declension of plural nouns.

About spelling case endings nouns, see: Spelling of unstressed noun endings.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by asking a question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be recognized by the auxiliary questions that are answered by the circumstances. So the question is where? assumes the genitive case (from the store, from the camel); question where? assumes the accusative case (to the forest, to a lecture, to a lesson); question where? suggests a prepositional case (in the forest, at a lecture, at a lesson).

The following table will present the names of the cases of the Russian language, questions for each case and auxiliary questions. (grade 3) - table:

The nominative case is called the direct case, and all other cases are called indirect cases.

We summarize the difference in declinations in the following table.

Variants of nominative plural endings for masculine nouns authors / shores

Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural may have the stressed ending -а (-я) instead of the ending -ы (-и). This is first of all:

1) many monosyllabic nouns such as forest - forests, silk - silks, side - sides, eye - eyes, snow - snow, etc .;

2) many disyllabic nouns that have singular stress on the first syllable, for example: coast - coast, voice - voices, evening - evenings, city - cities, district - districts, skull - skulls, etc.

However, strict patterns of distribution of nouns according to endings cannot be found, since fluctuations are observed in this part of the language. We list in the table below the most common normative options in which errors are possible.

The following most common nouns allow the formation of the nominative plural in two ways:

Some nouns with different endings in the nominative plural differ in meaning. Here are the most commonly used words:

Variants of endings of the genitive case of plural nouns

In the genitive plural, nouns can have endings - , -ov (-ev), -ey . There are also large fluctuations in this area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe tongue. We will give in the table the most common normative options in which errors are possible.

Inflected nouns

Variable nouns include ten neuter nouns for -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and a masculine noun path. They are called heterogeneous because in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of nouns of the 3rd declension -i, and in the instrumental - the ending of nouns of the 2nd declension -em / -em.

Nouns in -mya have the suffix -en- / -yon- in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular and in all plural cases, and the words seed, stirrup, in addition to this suffix, have the suffix -yan- (seeds, stirrups) in the genitive case of the plural.

Let's show the change of inflected nouns in the following table.

Indeclinable nouns. Gender of indeclinable nouns

In Russian, there are indeclinable nouns - words that do not change by case. These include foreign-language nouns with a stem on vowels (coats, cafes, taxis, kangaroos, menus, Show, Sochi, Tbilisi), foreign-language feminine nouns on a consonant (Miss, Mrs, madam, George Sand's novel), Russian and Ukrainian surnames on -o and -yh / -ih and -ago (visiting Dolgikh, Shevchenko's poem, read about Zhivago, from Durnovo) and compound abbreviated words like general store, CSKA, Moscow State University, All-Russian Exhibition Center.

The case of an indeclinable noun is determined by the question and by the inflected words dependent on this noun (if any), for example: Take off (what? - accusative) coat; In this (in what? in what? - prepositional) coat you will be hot.

The number of an indeclinable noun is determined by the inflected words dependent on it (if any), by the verb (if any) or by the context, for example: These (which are plural) coats are no longer on sale; Coat cost ( singular) very expensive; Ten coats (plural) were brought to the shop.

Indeclinable nouns mostly belong to the middle gender: popsicle, subway, coffee, cocoa, menu, taxi, sometimes - to the masculine: coffee, penalty. The gender of many such nouns can be determined by the following features:

1) the gender of the designated person or animal (for animate nouns): rich / rich rentier, old / old kangaroo;

2) generic (general) concept: wide avenue (avenue street view), delicious kohlrabi (kohlrabi - a type of cabbage), sunny Sukhumi (Sukhumi - city);

3) the main word underlying the phrase, from which the compound word was formed: wonderful Youth Theater (theater of the young spectator), new hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

In accordance with his general meaning quality adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of a feature - comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree indicates a greater manifestation of a feature in one subject than in another, for example: This is a cake sweeter than cake(sweeter than cake). The comparative degree can be simple and compound.

A simple comparative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e, there is always an alternation of stem consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-her (wise-her)

sweet - sweeter

low - lower

thin - thinner

Adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by cases, or by numbers. In a sentence, they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:

This city is more beautiful than our native (predicate).

Let's find a prettier place (definition).

A compound comparative degree is formed by adding more or less to an adjective.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The second word in the form of a compound comparative degree changes in gender, cases and numbers. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and definitions, for example:

The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).

Let's bathe him in more warm water(definition).

Superlatives indicate the superiority of a given subject in comparison with the rest on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest pinnacle in the world. The superlative, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

A simple superlative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).

wise - wise

quiet - tish-aysh-y

Adjectives in the simple superlative form change by gender, case, and number. In a sentence, they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:

Everest - highest peak in the world (definition).

This crater is the deepest (predicate).

1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.

In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most by gender, cases and numbers, both words change, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.

In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.

We came to the most beautiful park (definition).

This park is the most beautiful (predicate).

2. The word of everything is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all.

This house is the tallest in the area.

This house is taller than all the houses in the area.

This boy is the tallest in the school.

These forms do not change. In a sentence, they are predicates.

How to distinguish between simple comparative degree and compound superlatives of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

The numerals denoting integers change by cases and for the most part do not have gender and number.

By birth, only the numerals two and one and a half change. They have two gender forms: one in combination with masculine and neuter nouns, the other in combination with feminine nouns.

two, one and a half packages, villages - two, one and a half cups

The numeral one changes by gender, case and number, like possessive adjectives.

The numerals two, three, four have a special declension.

The numerals from five to twenty and the numeral thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension.

Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half (one and a half) And a hundred and fifty have only two case forms.

As part of quantitative numbers denoting integers, there are many complex words formed by adding bases, for example: fifty from five + ten, six hundred from six + one hundred, four hundred from four + one hundred, etc. In these numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts decline. If the numerals denoting integers are composite, then all words are declined in them.

Let us summarize what has been said about the declension of complex and compound numbers denoting integers in the following table.

Declension of collective numbers

Collective nouns refer to several things as one. Unlike numerals denoting whole numbers, and fractional numerals, collective numerals can denote the total number of persons without combination with nouns: Three entered (it is impossible Three entered or I drew two thirds).

Collective numbers are formed from cardinal numbers from two up to ten using the suffixes -oh- (two (double-e), three (three-e) and -er- (four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten). They combine:

1) with nouns denoting males: two friends, five soldiers;

2) with nouns denoting cubs of animals: seven kids, nine piglets;

3) with nouns that have only the plural form, as well as with the words guys, children, people: two days, four children.

Collective numerals change in cases. In indirect cases, they have the same endings as plural adjectives.

The collective numeral oba has two gender forms: the form oba combined with masculine and neuter nouns (both boys, both villages) and the form both combined with feminine nouns (both girls). In indirect cases, this numeral has, respectively, the stems ob- and both-.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, yours, his, her, ours, yours, theirs) answer the question whose?, in a sentence they are usually a definition and indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (object).

The 1st person pronouns my, our indicate the speaker(s): My answer was good; Our teachers went to the concert.

2nd person pronouns yours, yours indicate belonging to the interlocutor (interlocutors): Your car broke down; Your house was built in the last century.

In Russian speech etiquette the pronoun Vash, capitalized, is used as a polite address to one person: Mr. Ivanov, your request has been received.

Pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, their indicate belonging to an outsider (outsiders): His pen does not write; Her friends have gone to the sea; Their child was crying.

The common person pronoun own indicates belonging to any person: I finished my breakfast - You finished your breakfast - He finished his breakfast.

Possessive pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and general person (my, ours, yours, yours, mine) change by gender, case and number and are declined like possessive adjectives. This can be seen from the following table.

The possessive pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, theirs do not change. They should be distinguished from the genitive and accusative forms of the personal pronouns he, she, they by the question and by the role in the sentence:

I saw (who?) Her (addition) - the accusative form of the personal pronoun she;

Here (who?) She is not (addition) - the form of the genitive case of the personal pronoun she;

My friend went to visit (whose?) her sister (definition) - the possessive pronoun of the 3rd person of her.

Let's show in the table how to distinguish personal pronouns his her And their in the genitive and accusative from 3rd person possessive pronouns him, her, them.

Verb conjugations. Opposite conjugated verbs and special conjugation verbs

Conjugation is the change of the verb in persons and numbers. Verbs change in person and number in the present tense and in the future perfect tense. There are two verb conjugations.

I conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for I conjugation.

The second conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for II conjugation.

For the spelling of personal verb endings, see: Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings.

In addition, the Russian language has heterogeneous verbs to want, run, honor, glimpse, as well as all verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (want, run, honor, glimpse, etc.), which have both the endings of the first and the endings of the second conjugation.

Note 1. In the literary norm, the conjugation of the verb to honor is also permissible as the verb of the II conjugation: honor - honor - honor - honor - honor - honor.

Note 2. The verb I of the conjugation burn is conjugated as follows:

burn - burn,

you burn - you burn

burns - burns.

The verbs formed from it with the help of prefixes are also conjugated, for example: burn, burn, burn. Common forms in oral speech burn, burn, burn, burn are not normative.

The special conjugation includes the verbs to give, create, eat, as well as all the verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (give away, recreate, eat, etc.). These verbs have special endings that are not found anywhere else.

Some verbs of I conjugation can have two forms of the present and future perfect tenses: with and without alternations. Here are the most common verbs:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs in -o / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute: he spoke cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully than everyone else. Qualitative adverbs form comparative (more fun) and superlative (more fun than all) degrees of comparison.

The comparative degree of adverbs denotes a greater (lesser) manifestation of a sign, for example: My mother bakes cakes better than yours (better than yours). The comparative degree can be simple and compound.

A simple comparative degree is formed from adverbs using the suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e, there is always an alternation of stem consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-her (wise-her)

sincerely - sincerely-her (sincerely-her)

sweet - sla sch-e

low - none and-e

thin - thinner

A compound comparative degree is formed by adding words more or less to the original form of the adverb.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The superlative degree of adverbs denotes the greatest (least) degree of manifestation of a sign, for example: He jumped the farthest; This village is closest to the forest. The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, is only compound. Forms of the simple superlative degree of the adverb have practically disappeared from the language. Only three obsolete words from the speech etiquette of the past remained: the lowest, the deepest, the most humble (for example: I humbly ask you, sir, to leave me alone).

Compound superlatives are formed in two ways.

1. Words are added to the adverb most, least, For example: beautiful - most beautiful, least beautiful.

2. The word of everything is added to the comparative degree of the adverb, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all objects of this class.

This light bulb shines brightest of all (in general, everything that shines).

This bulb shines brighter than all (all other bulbs).

He laughed more cheerfully than anyone (in general, everyone who laughs).

Simple comparative and compound superlatives of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category sound and are written the same way: quieter, more beautiful; the quietest, the most beautiful. They should be distinguished from each other by the question and by the role in the sentence.

How to distinguish between a simple comparative degree and a compound superlative degree of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category

Declension is a change in cases. Declinable nouns are divided into three types (declension): l dec., ll dec. and ll cl. There are also various nouns (name, time, burden, banner, udder, tribe, flame, stirrup, seed, crown, daughter, path, child and mother).

Indeclinable Nouns: Definition and Examples

Zero declension nouns include:

1. Words of foreign origin that name inanimate objects and end in a vowel: canoe, subway, foyer, cinema, cafe, coat, purse, radio, taxi, cockatoo, interview, menu.

2. Words of foreign origin that name female and male persons and end in a vowel: attaché, dandy, referee, maestro, Hugo, lady, impresario, Nana, Shaw, Barto, Dumas, Verdi, Dode, Zola, Dante.

3. Indeclinable nouns are also represented by foreign words that denote animals: zebu, chimpanzee, pony, cockatoo, kangaroo, macao, flamingo, rhea, jaco, koala, jaco, macaque, cockatoo.

4. Foreign language female names and surnames that end in a hard consonant: Edith, Carmen, Aliger, Helen, Madame, Miss, Finkelstein, Schlegel.

5. Foreign names geographical objects are also indeclinable nouns. Examples: Somalia, Toronto, Baku, Helsinki, Calais, Abu Dhabi, Batumi, Mississippi, Congo.

6. Russian old surnames ending in -ih, -ih -ovo and -ago, which are frozen forms of R. p. in the singular and in plural. Zhivago, Khitrovo, Durnovo, Polish, Long, Twisted.

7. Indeclinable nouns are also surnames like Nightingale, Strizh, Kovalchuk.

8. Ukrainian surnames in -enko, -ko: Oleshko, Franko, Tsekalo, Nesterenko, Cheshko, Shevchenko, Korolenko, Makarenko.

9. Abbreviations: UN, Moscow State University, USA, Russian Federation, NPP, USSR, ITAR-TASS, ATS, head of department, head of base.

Indeclinable nouns are always presented unchanged: warm coat; put on a coat; rejoice coat; be proud of a coat, think about a coat, not have a coat, etc. The grammatical features of such words (case, number, gender, animation or inanimateness) appear only in a phrase or sentence.

When using indeclinable nouns in speech (in a phrase, in a sentence), one must be able to determine their gender in order to correctly coordinate adjectives and verbs of the past tense with them. There are specific rules for determining the gender of such nouns. In case of doubt, you can look it up in dictionaries.