All cases are plural. Declension by cases of the word case in the singular and plural. Grammatical category of number

Nouns plural in the genitive case are practically no different from the singular forms: they perform similar syntactic functions answer the same questions. This article discusses the ways of forming forms of the genitive plural, as well as the most difficult cases.

What is the genitive plural of nouns?

Genitive plural of nouns is represented by case forms of nouns with endings -ov (s), -ey, -y and null ending. Like the singular forms, they answer questions Whom? What?, perform the same syntactic functions and can express subjective, objective or attributive meaning in speech.

Examples of genitive plural nouns: apples, roads, hopes, glasses, tables, corners, trees, leaves, logs, mothers, mice, cases.

Formation of genitive plural forms

The endings of plural nouns in the genitive case in different declensions with examples are shown in the table.

Difficult cases of form formation

When forming the forms of the genitive plural, 2 declensions often make mistakes by choosing the wrong case ending.

Null ending in the plural R. p. have nouns:

TOP 2 articleswho read along with this

• Denoting paired items (mainly clothes and shoes). Examples: hands, boots, boots, stockings, trousers(Butsocks, rails);
• Names of large military groups, military branches. Examples: in meaning collective noun- (squad) soldier, hussar, lancer, cadet, partisan, midshipman; but in the sense of individuals- (three) midshipmen, hussars, cadets;
• The names of some nationalities are predominantly based on -n, -r. Examples: Gypsies, Ossetians, Turkmens, Bulgarians, Khazars and etc.;
• Names of some units of measure. Examples: arshin, volt, watt, newton, hertz and etc. ( But carats - carats, grams - grams, ohms - ohms, microns - microns and etc.);
• Words that start with -ca. Examples: hearts, rings, saucers, tentacles.

endings -ov(s) in R. p. plural. numbers have nouns.

As with other forms, genitive plural nouns in each type of declension, several variants of endings can be found.

In general, the following regularity operates during the formation of this form.

If in initial form(nominative singular) the word has null ending, then in the genitive plural, the ending is usually non-zero:

a house - many houses, a horse - many horses, a steppe - no steppes.

If in the initial form the ending is non-zero, then in the genitive plural it will be zero:

earth - no lands, loop - no loops, business - no business, place - no places, stigma - no stigmas, apple - no apples.

Thus, the language seeks to get rid of the coincidence of the initial form and indirect forms noun.

note

Feminine and neuter nouns ending in -ya, -ye obey general rule and have a null ending in the genitive plural. The final -i in this form is not an ending, but is included in the stem of the word: a prophetess - there are no prophets, a hillock - there are no hills, a nesting place - there are no nesting places, a backwater - there are no backwaters, a spear - no spears, food - no food, housewarming - no housewarming, pancakes - no pancakes, coast - no coasts, drug - no drugs.

However, in reality, this regularity is not absolute. On the one hand, a number of masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant have a zero ending:

one soldier - several soldiers; one Georgian - several Georgians, one gypsy - several gypsies.

On the other hand, nouns with a non-zero ending in the initial form can also have a non-zero ending in the genitive case, for example:

feminine words: share - several shares, size - several sizes; neuter words: swamp - several swamps, upper reaches - no upper reaches, bottom of the vessel - no bottoms, shaft - no shafts, face - several faces, point - no points, dress - several dresses, mouth - several mouths, awl - several awls.

In live speech, especially in vernacular, two opposite tendencies are now observed.

Firstly, the ending -ov / -ev, inherent primarily in masculine nouns of the second declension, quite consistently displaces other endings (zero, -ey).

For example: colloquially - a lot of people instead of normative many people; no places instead of normative no places.

The latter trend is reinforced by the fact that in the plural in other indirect cases, all nouns have the same endings:

about songs, about people, about fields, about nights, about kilograms.

Secondly, in common speech there is the use of forms with a zero ending in cases where in literary language only forms with non-zero endings are allowed.

For example: plow 10 hectares of land instead of the literary version - 10 hectares of land.

All this requires special attention to the formation of the genitive plural form, especially since many of these options become an indicator of the level speech culture person. It is no coincidence that morphological errors in the formation of this form are used in a language game, that is, intentionally - to create a comic effect ( How many some people! Delov something! - in modern intellectual colloquial speech). Such mistakes are also played up in jokes, for example, in the dialogue between an illiterate passenger and an equally illiterate champion of correct speech:

- There are no seats on the tram.
- Not places, but places. You don't know cases.
- And you don't care that we don't know cases.

When forming the genitive plural form in difficult cases, several factors must be taken into account.

1. For nouns of the second declension, the endings -ov / -v, -ey are distributed as follows:

for masculine nouns with a solid consonant stem, c or th the main one is the ending -ov / -ev:

many drivers, fighters, geniuses;

for masculine and neuter nouns with a base for a soft consonant or sibilant, the main ending is -ey:

many inhabitants, fields, cases;

nouns ending in -anyin/-yanin (except for the word family man, which does not have a plural form at all), as well as for words barin, boyar, master, Tatar- null ending with clipping -in :

many Slavs, Tatars, bar, citizens.

2. For masculine nouns of the second declension with a hard consonant stem, zero endings and -ov endings tend to be distributed as follows:

A) the ending -ov usually has most of the names of fruits, vegetables, etc.:

five tomatoes, five oranges, five eggplants(admissible - five eggplant);

b) zero ending usually have:

names of paired objects:

a pair of boots, a pair of boots, a pair of boots, a pair of stockings, But: a pair of boots, a pair of boots(admissible - couple bot ), no rails(admissible - no rail); noun sock in the genitive plural has two literary variants - no knitted socks And socks;

names of nationalities with finals -н, -р:

no gypsies, no Romanians, no Ossetians, But: no Bedouins, no Bushmen, no Svans;

names of military personnel of various groups and branches of service:

no soldiers (!), no partisans (!); But: no sappers, no miners, no hussars And hussars, no dragoons And dragoons, no grenadiers And grenadiers, no cuirassiers And cuirassiers, no lancers And ulans;

V) nouns that name units of measurement ( volt, hertz, ohm etc.), usually have two forms in the genitive plural - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending. The zero ending is used in the so-called counting form of units of measurement, that is, when indicating a specific amount, the number of something:

100 volts, 100 amps, 200 hertz, 200 ohms, 1000 x-rays etc.

Nouns gram, kilogram, milligram, carat etc. in the countable form, both forms are acceptable - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending:

10 grams And 10 grams; 10 kilograms And 10 kilograms; 5 carats And 5 carats.

note

Forms with -ov are perceived as more formal. Therefore, if both forms are recognized as acceptable in the literary language, then in written speech it is recommended to use options with the ending -ov. Not in a countable form (not when indicating a quantity), these nouns necessarily end in -ov.

Yes, in this collective farm, not only grams, but also kilograms of losses are not counted!

Not all names of units of measurement obey this pattern. The ending -ov is required in any context for the following nouns:

acre (10 acres), hectare (10 hectares), inch (5 inches), liter (10 liters), meter (5 meters), kilometer (5 kilometers), millimeter (10 millimeters), centimeter (10 centimeters), pood (10 poods), pound (10 pounds), foot (5 feet), yard (5 yards).

The ending -ov is usually also masculine nouns with a base on a solid consonant, denoting monetary units:

dollar (five dollars), dinar (five dinars) and etc.

3. For nouns of the first declension, zero endings usually have nouns with an accent on the basis in the initial form:

a shoe - a pair of shoes, an apple tree - five apple trees, a heron - five herons, a wedding - five weddings, a town hall - several town halls, but: a share - five shares; uncle - no uncles and uncles; skittles - five skittles; a handful - five handfuls and a handful; rokhlya - no rokhlya, a young man - five young men.

The ending -ee can have nouns with an accent on the last syllable in the initial form:

candle - five candles, article - five articles, family - five families, tub - no bads, melon - no melons, sheet - five sheets And five sheets, But: poker - five pokers, shafts - five shafts And dumbfounded

note on the formation of the genitive form of the plural of nouns that have accentological variants in the initial form: barge And barge - no barges And barge, loop And loop - no loops.

4. For nouns that are used only in the plural, the most common is the zero ending:

pasta - no pasta, money - no money, sawdust - no sawdust, ink - no ink.

At the same time, a number of such nouns will have a non-zero ending. In this case, the ending -ov / -ev is typical for nouns with a stem on a solid consonant, on r, k, x and a vowel:

jeans - no jeans (!), clips - no clips, wallpaper - no wallpaper, bronchi - no bronchi.

The ending -ee is common among nouns with a stem in a soft consonant:

sledge - no sledge, gangway - no gangway, manger - no manger (!), curls - no curls, harp - no harp.

How peer options function: rake - no rake And no rakes, stilts - no stilts And no stilts, everyday life - no everyday life And weekday

5. If the stem of a noun in its initial form ends in a combination of two consonants ( hollow, towel, song, doll), then when forming the genitive plural form with a zero ending, fluent vowels o and e usually appear between these consonants:

no hollows, no towels, no songs, no dolls, no roses, no planks (permissible - doso k), no villages, no sabers, no shoes, no kitchens, no dusk, no nozzles and nozzles, but: dachshund - no dachshunds, morning - a few mornings.

6. Pay attention to the formation of the genitive plural form of the following nouns:

Buryats - no Buryats and Buryats, son-in-law - no sons-in-law, commentary - no comments, hooves - no hooves and hooves, corrections - no corrections, lower reaches - lower reaches and lower reaches, apprentice - no apprentices, polentse - no polenze and towels, Turks - no Turk, ear - without ears, awl - no awls.

In order to solve the problem posed to us, we will analyze each concept separately.

Noun

Noun- an independent part of speech. It denotes the subject, and also answers the questions "who?" (if animate) and "what?" (if inanimate). Examples: table, chair, guitar, computer. In a sentence, it is most often the subject, less often an addition, but it also happens that it is used as another member of the sentence.

Nouns can change by cases (also by gender, numbers, and so on, but we, within the framework of this task, are not interested).

Noun case

As we have already determined, adjectives change by case. If suddenly you don’t know, then in general there is such a series of cases:

1. Nominative.
2. Genitive.
3. Dative.
4. Accusative.
5. Instrumental.
6. Prepositional. It is used only with a preposition, which is clear from its name.

Plural of a noun

The noun is both singular and plural. The singular number means that the item being talked about has a quantity of one, and plural means several items, some quantity more than one.

Examples of the singular: table, chair, beauty, life, pencil, garden, T-shirt, book, balcony, door, guitar.

Plural examples: tables, chairs, beauties, lives, pencils, gardens, T-shirts, books, balconies, doors, guitars.

Solution of the task

So, now, knowing all the concepts, we will try to understand how to determine the case of a noun in the plural. To do this, we decline the word "handles" in cases:

I.p. What? pens.

R.p. what? pens.

D.p. to whom? pens.

V.p. What? pens.

etc. how? handles.

P.p. about what? about pens.

It turns out that the questions of cases do not change: they are the same for the singular, for the plural.

The case of a noun, as we see, in the plural is determined in the same way as the case in singular: by prepositions in a sentence, endings and questions.

Declension of nouns

Declension is a change in words of various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles) in cases and numbers. Nouns in Russian have three main types of declension, which are shown in the table below. If you need numerals, you can read about declension of numerals in another article.

The main types of declension of nouns in Russian

In the plural, there are practically no differences between the types of declension, so we can speak separately about the special declension of plural nouns.

About spelling case endings nouns, see: Spelling of unstressed noun endings.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by asking a question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be recognized by the auxiliary questions that are answered by the circumstances. So the question is where? assumes the genitive case (from the store, from the camel); question where? assumes the accusative case (to the forest, to a lecture, to a lesson); question where? suggests a prepositional case (in the forest, at a lecture, at a lesson).

The following table will present the names of the cases of the Russian language, questions for each case and auxiliary questions. (grade 3) - table:

The nominative case is called the direct case, and all other cases are called indirect cases.

We summarize the difference in declinations in the following table.

Variants of nominative plural endings for masculine nouns authors / shores

Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural may have the stressed ending -а (-я) instead of the ending -ы (-и). This is first of all:

1) many monosyllabic nouns such as forest - forests, silk - silks, side - sides, eye - eyes, snow - snow, etc .;

2) many disyllabic nouns that have singular stress on the first syllable, for example: coast - coast, voice - voices, evening - evenings, city - cities, district - districts, skull - skulls, etc.

However, strict patterns of distribution of nouns according to endings cannot be found, since fluctuations are observed in this part of the language. We list in the table below the most common normative options in which errors are possible.

The following most common nouns allow the formation of the nominative plural in two ways:

Some nouns with different endings in the nominative plural differ in meaning. Here are the most commonly used words:

Variants of endings of the genitive case of plural nouns

In the genitive plural, nouns can have endings - , -ov (-ev), -ey . There are also large fluctuations in this area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe tongue. We will give in the table the most common normative options in which errors are possible.

Inflected nouns

Variable nouns include ten neuter nouns for -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and a masculine noun path. They are called heterogeneous because in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of nouns of the 3rd declension -i, and in the instrumental - the ending of nouns of the 2nd declension -em / -em.

Nouns in -mya have the suffix -en- / -yon- in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular and in all plural cases, and the words seed, stirrup, in addition to this suffix, have the suffix -yan- (seeds, stirrups) in the genitive case of the plural.

Let's show the change of inflected nouns in the following table.

Indeclinable nouns. Gender of indeclinable nouns

The Russian language has indeclinable names nouns are words that do not change by case. These include foreign-language nouns with a stem on vowels (coats, cafes, taxis, kangaroos, menus, Show, Sochi, Tbilisi), foreign-language feminine nouns on a consonant (Miss, Mrs, madam, George Sand's novel), Russian and Ukrainian surnames on -o and -yh / -ih and -ago (visiting Dolgikh, Shevchenko's poem, read about Zhivago, from Durnovo) and compound abbreviated words like general store, CSKA, Moscow State University, All-Russian Exhibition Center.

case indeclinable noun is determined by the question and by the inflected words dependent on this noun (if any), for example: Take off (what? - accusative) coat; In this (in what? in what? - prepositional) coat you will be hot.

The number of an indeclinable noun is determined by the inflected words dependent on it (if any), by the verb (if any) or by the context, for example: These (which are plural) coats are no longer on sale; The coat was (singular) very expensive; Ten coats (plural) were brought to the shop.

Indeclinable nouns mostly belong to the middle gender: popsicle, subway, coffee, cocoa, menu, taxi, sometimes - to the masculine: coffee, penalty. The gender of many such nouns can be determined by the following features:

1) the gender of the designated person or animal (for animate nouns): rich / rich rentier, old / old kangaroo;

2) generic (general) concept: wide avenue (avenue street view), delicious kohlrabi (kohlrabi - a type of cabbage), sunny Sukhumi (Sukhumi - city);

3) the main word underlying the phrase, from which the compound word was formed: wonderful Youth Theater (theater of the young spectator), new hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

In accordance with his general meaning quality adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of a feature - comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree indicates a greater manifestation of a feature in one subject than in another, for example: This is a cake sweeter than cake(sweeter than cake). The comparative degree can be simple and compound.

A simple comparative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e, there is always an alternation of stem consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-her (wise-her)

sweet - sweeter

low - lower

thin - thinner

Adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by cases, or by numbers. In a sentence, they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:

This city is more beautiful than our native (predicate).

Let's find a prettier place (definition).

A compound comparative degree is formed by adding more or less to an adjective.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The second word in the form of a compound comparative degree changes in gender, cases and numbers. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and definitions, for example:

The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).

Let's bathe him in more warm water(definition).

Superlatives indicate the superiority of a given subject in comparison with the rest on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest pinnacle in the world. The superlative, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

Simple superlative formed from adjectives with the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).

wise - wise

quiet - tish-aysh-y

Adjectives in the simple superlative form change by gender, case, and number. In a sentence, they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:

Everest - highest peak in the world (definition).

This crater is the deepest (predicate).

1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.

In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most by gender, cases and numbers, both words change, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.

In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.

We came to the most beautiful park (definition).

This park is the most beautiful (predicate).

2. The word of everything is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all.

This house is the tallest in the area.

This house is taller than all the houses in the area.

This boy is the tallest in the school.

These forms do not change. In a sentence, they are predicates.

How to distinguish between a simple comparative degree and a compound superlative degree of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

The numerals denoting integers change by cases and for the most part do not have gender and number.

By birth, only the numerals two and one and a half change. They have two gender forms: one in combination with masculine and neuter nouns, the other in combination with feminine nouns.

two, one and a half packages, villages - two, one and a half cups

The numeral one changes by gender, case and number, like possessive adjectives.

The numerals two, three, four have a special declension.

The numerals from five to twenty and the numeral thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension.

Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half (one and a half) And a hundred and fifty have only two case forms.

As part of quantitative numbers denoting integers, there are many complex words formed by adding bases, for example: fifty from five + ten, six hundred from six + one hundred, four hundred from four + one hundred, etc. In these numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts decline. If the numerals denoting integers are composite, then all words are declined in them.

Let us summarize what has been said about the declension of complex and compound numbers denoting integers in the following table.

Declension of collective numbers

Collective nouns refer to several things as one. Unlike numerals denoting whole numbers, and fractional numerals, collective numerals can denote the total number of persons without combination with nouns: Three entered (it is impossible Three entered or I drew two thirds).

Collective numbers are formed from cardinal numbers from two up to ten using the suffixes -oh- (two (double-e), three (three-e) and -er- (four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten). They combine:

1) with nouns denoting males: two friends, five soldiers;

2) with nouns denoting cubs of animals: seven kids, nine piglets;

3) with nouns that have only the plural form, as well as with the words guys, children, people: two days, four children.

Collective numerals change in cases. In indirect cases, they have the same endings as plural adjectives.

The collective numeral oba has two gender forms: the form oba combined with masculine and neuter nouns (both boys, both villages) and the form both combined with feminine nouns (both girls). In indirect cases, this numeral has, respectively, the stems ob- and both-.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, yours, his, her, ours, yours, theirs) answer the question whose?, in a sentence they are usually a definition and indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (object).

The 1st person pronouns my, our indicate the speaker(s): My answer was good; Our teachers went to the concert.

2nd person pronouns yours, yours indicate belonging to the interlocutor (interlocutors): Your car broke down; Your house was built in the last century.

In Russian speech etiquette the pronoun Vash, capitalized, is used as a polite address to one person: Mr. Ivanov, your request has been received.

Pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, their indicate belonging to an outsider (outsiders): His pen does not write; Her friends have gone to the sea; Their child was crying.

The common person pronoun own indicates belonging to any person: I finished my breakfast - You finished your breakfast - He finished his breakfast.

Possessive pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and general person (my, ours, yours, yours, mine) change by gender, case and number and are declined like possessive adjectives. This can be seen from the following table.

The possessive pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, theirs do not change. They should be distinguished from the genitive and accusative forms of the personal pronouns he, she, they by the question and by the role in the sentence:

I saw (who?) Her (addition) - the accusative form of the personal pronoun she;

Here (who?) She is not (addition) - the form of the genitive case of the personal pronoun she;

My friend went to visit (whose?) her sister (definition) - the possessive pronoun of the 3rd person of her.

Let's show in the table how to distinguish personal pronouns his her And their in the genitive and accusative from 3rd person possessive pronouns him, her, them.

Verb conjugations. Opposite conjugated verbs and special conjugation verbs

Conjugation is the change of the verb in persons and numbers. Verbs change in person and number in the present tense and in the future perfect tense. There are two verb conjugations.

I conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for I conjugation.

The second conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for II conjugation.

For the spelling of personal verb endings, see: Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings.

In addition, the Russian language has heterogeneous verbs to want, run, honor, glimpse, as well as all verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (want, run, honor, glimpse, etc.), which have both the endings of the first and the endings of the second conjugation.

Note 1. In the literary norm, the conjugation of the verb to honor is also permissible as the verb of the II conjugation: honor - honor - honor - honor - honor - honor.

Note 2. The verb I of the conjugation burn is conjugated as follows:

burn - burn,

you burn - you burn

burns - burns.

The verbs formed from it with the help of prefixes are also conjugated, for example: burn, burn, burn. Common forms in oral speech burn, burn, burn, burn are not normative.

The special conjugation includes the verbs to give, create, eat, as well as all the verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (give away, recreate, eat, etc.). These verbs have special endings that are not found anywhere else.

Some verbs of I conjugation can have two forms of the present and future perfect tenses: with and without alternations. Here are the most common verbs:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs in -o / -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute: he spoke cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully than everyone else. Qualitative adverbs form comparative (more fun) and superlative (more fun than all) degrees of comparison.

The comparative degree of adverbs denotes a greater (lesser) manifestation of a sign, for example: My mother bakes cakes better than yours (better than yours). The comparative degree can be simple and compound.

A simple comparative degree is formed from adverbs using the suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e, there is always an alternation of stem consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-her (wise-her)

sincerely - sincerely-her (sincerely-her)

sweet - sla sch-e

low - none and-e

thin - thinner

A compound comparative degree is formed by adding words more or less to the original form of the adverb.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The superlative degree of adverbs denotes the greatest (least) degree of manifestation of a sign, for example: He jumped the farthest; This village is closest to the forest. The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, is only compound. Forms of the simple superlative degree of the adverb have practically disappeared from the language. Only three obsolete words from the speech etiquette of the past remained: the lowest, the deepest, the most humble (for example: I humbly ask you, sir, to leave me alone).

Compound superlatives are formed in two ways.

1. Words are added to the adverb most, least, For example: beautiful - most beautiful, least beautiful.

2. The word of everything is added to the comparative degree of the adverb, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all objects of this class.

This light bulb shines brightest of all (in general, everything that shines).

This bulb shines brighter than all (all other bulbs).

He laughed more cheerfully than anyone (in general, everyone who laughs).

Simple comparative and compound superlatives of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category sound and are written the same way: quieter, more beautiful; the quietest, the most beautiful. They should be distinguished from each other by the question and by the role in the sentence.

How to distinguish between a simple comparative degree and a compound superlative degree of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category

Nouns are very widely represented in Russian. They can act as main and secondary members of the proposal. Using the cases of nouns, the speaker and writer can connect these parts of speech with others in the context of the sentence. Cases are directly related to another category of a noun - its declension. From correct definition which, by the way, depends on the spelling correctness of the written.

Case category

The case of nouns is such a grammatical category that indicates the relation of a given part of speech to other words in a sentence. These connections can be realized not only with the help of case forms - prepositions help in this, as well as intonation coloring and even word order.

In modern Russian, there are only 6 case forms.

Once upon a time in the Old Russian language there was another, seventh, vocative case. But it has lost its significance in the course of the development of linguistic culture. Echoes of the vocative case remained in common speech. Previously, it was comparable to the nominative and denoted the appeal: father, man. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, it is realized in such colloquial appeals: Sing, Vas, Tan, etc.

Meaning and form of expression of cases. Nominative

Apart from grammatical meaning, cases of nouns have lexical. Let's sort them out.

Nominative. This is the basic form of the noun. Used in academic literature (dictionary entries). In this case, there is always a subject, as well as a word in it. n. may be integral part predicate.

Example: Roses bloomed in time. Subject roses is in the nominative case.

Another example: This tree is a birch. Subject tree(Name p., predicate birch - nominal part compound nominal predicate, stands in Im. P.).

Genitive case meanings

Genitive. Can associate nouns with various parts speech. So, if the genitive case connects two nouns, then it will denote:

• a substance whose measure is indicated: liter of kvass;
• affiliation: mom's shoes b;
• object of any action: boiling water;
• definition relationships: the beauty of the fields.

The genitive case is used in the comparative degree of adjectives: stronger than (whom?) Bull. With a quantitative numeral: a thousand (what?) rubles.

As for the verb and verb forms, this case is used in the following cases:

• denotes a specific object when associated with a transitive verb: issue a receipt;
• used after verbs like to be afraid, to seek, to deprive me and others: seek (what?) permission.

The genitive case is used when reporting exact date. For example: She was born on the sixth (what?) of March, nineteen eighty-two.

Meanings of the dative and accusative cases

Other cases of nouns are not so rich in lexical meanings and grammatical connections. So, the dative case is associated with verbs and some nouns (verbal). Has a side object value: to help parents(compare: help around the house- direct object).

The accusative case indicates that we have a direct object: writing a poem.

Instrumental and prepositional cases

A noun in the instrumental case will have the following meanings:

• tool or method of action: to beat (with what?) with a fist(way), beat (with what?) with a hammer(tool);
• the subject performing the action: spelled (by whom?) by mother; washed (with what?) with a rag;
• is part of the nominal part of the predicate: she was (who?) a doctor.

The prepositional case is special, this is clear from its name. He always asks for a preposition. May refer to:

• topic of conversation, thoughts, etc.: let's talk (about what?) about the work of Goethe; I think (about whom?) about a beautiful stranger;
• temporal and geographical indicators: met (when?) last weekend; work (where?) in a cafe.
• used to indicate a date, but not a full one, but with an indication of the year: I was born (when?) in 1990.

Noun declension

To write spelling correctly, you need to know not only cases. The declension of nouns has a paramount role. There are three types of declension in Russian, each of them requires certain endings. To determine whether nouns belong to one of them, case, gender, you need to know first of all.

Nouns such as homeland, land, frame, belong to the first declension. They are united by belonging to the feminine gender and the endings -а/-я. Also, few masculine nouns fell into these declensions: Vitya, grandfather, father. In addition to the gender, they are united by the endings -а / -я.

The group of masculine nouns is much larger: son-in-law, wolf, sofa. They have a null ending. Such words belong to the second declension. The same group includes neuter nouns with inflection -о/-е: sea, building, crime.

If you have a feminine noun ending in a soft sign (zero ending), it will refer to the third declension: rye, youth, daughter, brooch.

Nouns can have an adjective declension, that is, they change in cases like adjectives and participles. This includes those who have made the transition from these parts of speech to a noun: living room, meeting.

To determine which cases of nouns are used in a sentence, you need to find the word to which the noun refers and ask a question.

For example, let's define cases and declensions of nouns in a sentence: The motorcyclist was driving on level ground.

Subject motorcyclist does not refer to any other word, because it is the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the nominative case. We determine the declension: the zero ending and the masculine gender indicate that the word is 2 declensions. Noun with preposition by terrain depends on the word rode. We ask a question: drove (where?) through the area. This is a matter of prepositional case. terrain - feminine, ends with b, so the declension is third.

Declension of singular nouns

To determine with what ending you want to write a noun, gender, number, case and declension, you must know. Declension is hard and soft: the word can end in a soft or hard consonant. For example: lamp- solid type; pot- soft.

Let us give examples of the declension of singular nouns and pay attention to the endings in some forms.

first declension

Pay attention to the dative and prepositional cases. They require the ending -e. In a noun on -iya, on the contrary, in these cases one should write the ending -и.

Second declension

Here we pay attention to the prepositional case: it requires the ending -e. If the noun ends in -й / -е, then in this case it is necessary to write -и.

third declension

Pay attention to the genitive, dative and prepositional cases: they require the ending -i. It should also be remembered that after hissing in the singular in this declension, it is required to write a soft sign. It is not needed in the plural.

Declension of plural nouns

Let's analyze the cases of plural nouns.

Nouns in the dative, instrumental, and prepositional cases have identical endings.

The endings -i/-ы or -а/-я have plural nouns. The first can be in all three declensions, the second - in some nouns of the second declension: director, watchman, professor.

To distinguish lexical meanings Plural nouns have different endings: sheet, But leaves (of a tree) And sheets (of a book).

Nouns like contracts, elections, engineers, officers, designers it is required to write only with the ending -s. Another flexion is a violation of the norm.

Inflected nouns

The Russian language has a unique group of nouns. When changing in cases, they have endings of different declensions. The group includes those words that end in -my (for example, time, stirrup), as well as the word path.

Like nouns of the 3rd declension, these words in the singular, genitive, dative and prepositional cases require the ending -i.

Immutable nouns

Another special group of nouns is invariables. They are not put in the form of number and case. They always have the same form: without kimono(R. p.) - about kimono(P. p.); new kimono(units) - bought kimonos(plural).

How to determine in this case how the noun is grammatically expressed? Number, case, look at the word to which it refers. Examples:

1. Pedestrians hurried along the new highway.

2. New highways are laid.

In the first sentence, we determine the number and case by adjective new(singular h., D. p.). In the second - also by adjective new(pl., Im.p.).

Invariable nouns are, as a rule, foreign words, like common nouns ( soda, cafe) and own ( Baku, Hugo). Complexly abbreviated words (abbreviations) are also invariable. For example: computer, nuclear power plant.