18.04.2019

Speech etiquette in everyday life. Abstract: Speech etiquette

Module 4

Topic 2. Ethical and speech norms and speech etiquette. Typology of violations of ethical and speech norms

The specifics of Russian speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas of polite communication.

Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowledge of the rules of speech etiquette, their observance allows a person to feel confident and at ease, not to experience awkwardness and difficulties in communication.

Strict observance of speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression of the organization with customers and partners, maintains its positive reputation.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. IN Russian society such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, benevolence, and restraint are of particular value.

The importance of these qualities is reflected in numerous Russian proverbs and sayings that characterize the ethical standards of communication. Some proverbs indicate the need to listen carefully to the interlocutor: A wise man does not speak, an ignoramus does not let him speak. Tongue - one, ear - two, say once, listen twice. Other proverbs indicate typical mistakes in building a conversation: Answers when not asked. The grandfather talks about the chicken, and the grandmother talks about the duck. You listen, and we will be silent. A deaf person listens to a dumb person speak. Many proverbs warn of the danger of an empty, idle or offensive word: All the troubles of a man come from his tongue. Cows are caught by the horns, people by the tongue. The word is an arrow, if you shoot it, you won't return it. What has not been said can be said, what has been said cannot be returned. It is better to understate than to retell. Melet from morning to evening, but there is nothing to listen to.

Tact- this is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, to avoid inappropriate questions, discussing topics that may be unpleasant for him.

courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Tolerance is to calmly relate to possible differences of opinion, to avoid sharp criticism of the views of the interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. With such a quality of character as tolerance, is closely related consistency- the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

benevolence is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

Technique for the implementation of label forms

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. Of course, it is desirable that someone introduce you, but there are times when you need to do it yourself. Etiquette suggests several possible formulas:

Allow me to get to know you.

I would like to get to know you.

Let's get acquainted.

When contacting the institution by phone or in person, it becomes necessary to introduce yourself:

Let me introduce myself.

My surname is Sergeev.

My name is Valery Pavlovich.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers start with a hello.

Official greeting formulas:

Hello!

Good afternoon!

Informal greeting formulas:

Hello!

The initial formulas of communication are opposed by the formulas used at the end of communication, they express the wish: All the best (good)! or hope for a new meeting: See you tomorrow. Until the evening. Goodbye.

In the course of communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations.

Invitation:

Let me invite you...

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting).

We will be glad to see you.

Congratulation:

Allow me to congratulate you on…

Please accept my sincere (cordial, warm) congratulations...

Warm congratulations...

The expression of the request should be polite, delicate, but without excessive fawning:

Do me a favor...

If it doesn't bother you (if it doesn't bother you)...

Be kind…

May I ask you...

I beg you...

Advice and suggestions should not be expressed in a categorical form. It is advisable to formulate advice in the form of a delicate recommendation, a message about some important circumstances for the interlocutor:

Let me draw your attention to…

I would suggest you...

The wording of the refusal to comply with the request may be as follows:

(I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (permit, assist).

At present, this (do) is not possible.

Understand, now is not the time to make such a request.

I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot fulfill your request.

I have to refuse (prohibit, do not allow

Interaction of speech and behavioral etiquette

Etiquette is closely related to ethics. Ethics prescribes rules of moral conduct (including communication), etiquette implies certain behaviors and requires the use of external, expressed in specific speech actions, politeness formulas.

Compliance with the requirements of etiquette in violation of ethical standards is hypocrisy and deception of others. On the other hand, completely ethical behavior, not accompanied by the observance of etiquette, will inevitably make an unpleasant impression and cause people to doubt the moral qualities of the individual.

In oral communication must be respected a number of ethical And etiquette norms closely related to each other.

First, you must be respectful and kind to the interlocutor. It is forbidden to offend, insult, express disdain to the interlocutor with your speech. Direct negative assessments of the personality of the communication partner should be avoided; only specific actions can be evaluated, while observing the necessary tact. Rough words, a cheeky form of speech, an arrogant tone are unacceptable in intelligent communication. And from the practical point of view, such features of speech behavior are inappropriate, since they never contribute to the achievement of the desired result in communication.

Politeness in communication involves understanding the situation, taking into account the age, gender, official and social position of the communication partner. These factors determine the degree of formality of communication, the choice of etiquette formulas, and the range of topics suitable for discussion.

Secondly, the speaker is ordered to be modest in self-assessments, not to impose his own opinions, to avoid excessive categoricalness in speech.

Moreover, it is necessary to put the communication partner in the spotlight, show interest in his personality, opinion, take into account his interest in a particular topic.

It is also necessary to take into account the listener's ability to perceive the meaning of your statements, it is advisable to give him time to rest and concentrate. For the sake of this, it is worth avoiding too long sentences, it is useful to make small pauses, use speech formulas to maintain contact: you, of course, know ...; you might be interested to know...; as you can see...; note…; it should be noted ... etc.

Norms of communication determine the behavior of the listener.

First, it is necessary to postpone other matters in order to listen to the person. This rule is especially important for those professionals whose job is to serve customers.

When listening, one must be respectful and patient with the speaker, try to listen to everything carefully and to the end. In case of heavy employment, it is permissible to ask to wait or reschedule the conversation for another time. In official communication, it is completely unacceptable to interrupt the interlocutor, to insert various remarks, especially those that sharply characterize the interlocutor's proposals and requests. Like the speaker, the listener puts his interlocutor in the center of attention, emphasizes his interest in communicating with him. You should also be able to express agreement or disagreement in time, answer a question, ask your own question.

ethics and etiquette concern and writing.

An important issue of etiquette business letter is the choice of treatment. For standard letters on formal or minor occasions, the appeal is suitable Dear Mr. Petrov! For a letter to a superior, an invitation letter or any other letter on an important issue, it is advisable to use the word dear and call the addressee by name and patronymic.

In business documents, it is necessary to skillfully use the possibilities of the grammatical system of the Russian language. So, for example, the active voice of a verb is used when it is necessary to indicate the character. Passive voice should be used when the fact of the action is more important than the mention of the persons who performed the action.

The perfective form of the verb emphasizes the completeness of the action, and the imperfective indicates that the action is in the process of development. IN business correspondence there is a tendency to avoid the pronoun i. The first person is expressed by the end of the verb.

Speech distances and taboos

Distance in speech communication determined by age and social status. It is expressed in speech by using the pronouns you and you. Speech etiquette defines the rules for choosing one of these forms. In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of interlocutors: the degree of acquaintance of partners ( You- to a friend You- unfamiliar); formality of the communication environment ( You- informal You- official); the nature of the relationship You- friendly, warm You- emphatically polite or strained, aloof, "cold"); equality or inequality of role relations (by age, position: You- equal and inferior, You equal and superior).

The choice of one of the forms of address depends not only on the formal position and age, but also on the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, their mood for a certain degree of formality of the conversation, linguistic taste and habits.

Thus, it is revealed You- related, friendly, informal, intimate, trusting, familiar; You- polite, respectful, formal, aloof.

Depending on the form of application for You or You there are grammatical forms of verbs, as well as speech formulas greetings, farewells, congratulations, expressions of gratitude.

Taboo- this is a ban on the use of certain words, due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors.

Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime. They may concern the names of certain organizations, the mention of certain persons objectionable to the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), certain phenomena of public life that are officially recognized as not existing in this society.

Cultural and ethical taboos exist in any society. It is clear that swear words, the mention of certain physiological phenomena and body parts are prohibited.

neglect ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law. Insult, i.e. humiliation of the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, is considered by the criminal law as a crime (Article 130 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Compliments. The culture of criticism in speech communication

An important advantage of a person in communication is the ability to make beautiful and appropriate compliments. A tactfully and timely compliment lifts the mood of the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, to his proposals, to the common cause.

Compliment it is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance, parting, or during a conversation. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere or overly enthusiastic compliment is dangerous. A compliment can refer to appearance, excellent professional abilities, high morality, ability to communicate, contain a general positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great) looking.

You are so (very) charming (smart, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur).

You are good (excellent, excellent, excellent) in managing (your) household (business, trade, construction).

You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.

It is a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business with you (to work, to cooperate).

Culture of criticism is needed so that critical statements do not spoil relations with the interlocutor and would allow him to explain his mistake to him. To do this, one should criticize not the personality and qualities of the interlocutor, but specific mistakes in his work, the shortcomings of his proposals, the inaccuracy of the conclusions.

In order for criticism not to affect the feelings of the interlocutor, it is desirable to formulate comments in the form of reasoning, drawing attention to the discrepancy between the tasks of the work and the results obtained. It is useful to build a critical discussion of work as a joint search for solutions to complex problems.

Criticism of the arguments of the opponent in the dispute should be a comparison of these arguments with the interlocutor's doubts general provisions, reliable facts, experimentally verified conclusions, reliable statistical data.

Criticism of the opponent's statements should not concern his personal qualities, abilities, character.

Criticism joint work one of its participants should contain constructive proposals, criticism of the same work by an outsider can be reduced to pointing out shortcomings, since the development of decisions is the business of specialists, and assessing the state of affairs, the effectiveness of the organization's work is the right of any citizen.

Non-verbal means of communication

When talking with each other, people use gestures and facial expressions along with verbal speech to convey their thoughts, moods, desires.

The main indicator of the speaker's feelings is the expression of his face, his facial expressions.

In "Private Rhetoric" Prof. N. Koshansky (St. Petersburg, 1840) says: “Nowhere are the feelings of the soul reflected so much as in the features of the face and eyes, the noblest part of our body. No science gives fire to the eyes and a living blush to the cheeks, if the cold soul is dormant in the speaker ... Body movements speakers are always in secret agreement with the feeling of the soul, with the aspiration of the will, with the expression of the voice.

Facial expressions allow us to better understand the interlocutor, to figure out what feelings he is experiencing. So, raised eyebrows, wide-open eyes, lowered lips, slightly open mouth indicate surprise; lowered eyebrows, curved forehead wrinkles, narrowed eyes, closed lips, clenched teeth express anger.

Sadness is reflected by knitted eyebrows, dull eyes, slightly lowered corners of the lips, and happiness - calm eyes, raised outer corners of the lips.

Gesticulation can also tell a lot. Language is taught from childhood, and gestures are acquired naturally, and although no one explains their meaning beforehand, speakers correctly understand and use them. This is explained by the fact that the gesture is most often used not by itself, but accompanies the word, serves as a kind of help for it, and sometimes clarifies it.

In the Russian language, there are many set expressions that have arisen on the basis of free phrases that name a particular gesture. Having become phraseological units, they express the state of a person, for example, lower your head, turn your head, raise your head, shake your head, do not raise your hand, spread your arms, lower your hands, wave your hand, put your hand, stretch out your hand, put your hand on your heart, wag your finger.

It is no coincidence that in various rhetoric, starting from ancient times, special chapters dedicated to gestures. Oratory theorists in their articles and books on lecturing paid special attention to gestures. So, A.F. Horses in "Advice to Lecturers" writes: "Gestures enliven speech, but they should be used carefully. Expressive gesture (raised hand, clenched fist, sharp and fast movement, etc.) must correspond to the meaning and meaning of a given phrase or a single word (here the gesture acts in conjunction with the tone, doubling the power of speech). Too frequent, monotonous, fussy, abrupt movements of the hands are unpleasant, boring, annoying and annoying.

Mechanical gestures distract the listener's attention from the content of speech, interfere with its perception. Often they are the result of the speaker's excitement, testify to his self-doubt.

Gestures that have any useful value for communication, are divided into rhythmic, emotional, indicative, pictorial and symbolic.

Rhythmic gestures associated with the rhythm of speech, they emphasize logical stress, slowing down and speeding up speech, the place of pauses, i.e. what the intonation conveys in the speech itself.

Emotional gestures convey various shades of feelings, for example, excitement, joy, chagrin, annoyance, confusion, confusion.

pointing gestures are required to select one object from a number of homogeneous ones, indicate the place where the object is located, indicate the order of the objects. The pointing gesture is recommended to be used in very rare cases when there is an urgent need for it.

Pictorial gestures appear in the following cases:

if there are not enough words to fully convey the idea;

if the words themselves are not enough due to the increased emotionality of the speaker, nervousness, lack of concentration, uncertainty;

if it is necessary to enhance the impression and additionally influence the listener.

Figurative gestures are used as a visual means of conveying thoughts; they should not replace verbal speech.

Symbolic gestures conditionally designate some typical situations and accompany the corresponding statements:

gesture of intensity (hand clenched into a fist) at the words: He is very tenacious. How stubborn she is;

gesture of refusal, denial (repulsive movements of the hand or both hands with palms forward) along with statements: No, no, no, please. No no;

a gesture of opposition (the hand performs the movements "there" and "here" in the air), along with the words: There is nothing to go here and there. One window to the north, the other to the south;

gesture of separation, dissimilarity (palms open, move apart in different directions): This must be distinguished. These are completely different things. They went their separate ways;

gesture of unification, addition, sum (fingers are connected into a pinch or the palms of the hands are connected): They worked well. They are very suitable for each other. And if you put it together. Let's join forces.

Ergonomics of the environment component speech etiquette

The first thing people notice when they come to an appointment, an interview, a meeting, business meeting, - this is the external environment of the room in which any issues are to be resolved. The results of the conversation and negotiations partly depend on how the cabinet or office looks.

Competent construction of space requires compliance uniform style in the design of the premises: in the planning decision, in the decoration, decoration, furniture. A properly and tastefully planned office helps to create a favorable environment for conversation, which contributes to the establishment of fruitful contact.

The above, of course, applies not only to cabinets. Special requirements apply to other rooms. A convenient and aesthetic layout should be in the reception room, in the premises of departments, in classrooms, in rooms for storing documents.

The appearance of any premises should correspond to its functional purpose, give the impression of a reasonably organized business environment. Furniture and its location should be convenient for employees and visitors.

Learning tasks

What is speech etiquette?

What moral qualities are based on speech etiquette?

What are the speech formulas for starting communication?

What are the speech formulas for ending communication?

What determines the distance in communication?

What is taboo?

What is the role of compliments in communication?

What norms must be observed when criticizing the ideas of the interlocutor?

What are non-verbal means of communication?

SPEECH ETIQUETTE

1. The specifics of Russian speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas of polite communication.

Strict observance of speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression of the organization with customers and partners, maintains its positive reputation.

Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. In Russian society, such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint are of particular value.

The importance of these qualities is reflected in numerous Russian proverbs and sayings that characterize the ethical standards of communication. Some proverbs indicate the need to carefully listen to the interlocutor: A smart one does not speak, an ignorant one does not let him speak. Tongue - one, ear - two, say once, listen twice. Other proverbs point to typical mistakes in building a conversation: Answers when not asked. The grandfather talks about the chicken, and the grandmother talks about the duck. You listen, and we will be silent. A deaf person listens to a dumb person speak. Many proverbs warn of the danger of an empty, idle or offensive word: All the troubles of a person are from his tongue. Cows are caught by the horns, people by the tongue. The word is an arrow, if you shoot it, you won't return it. What has not been said can be said, what has been said cannot be returned. It is better to understate than to retell. It grinds from morning to evening, but there is nothing to listen to.

Tact is an ethical norm that requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.

Courtesy lies in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the readiness to inform him in detail on all topics essential for the conversation.

Tolerance consists in being calm about possible differences of opinion, avoiding harsh criticism of the interlocutor's views. You should respect the opinions of other people, try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Consistency is closely related to such a quality of character as tolerance - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements of the interlocutor.

Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor, and in the entire construction of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.

2. Technique for the implementation of label forms

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. Of course, it is desirable that someone introduce you, but there are times when you need to do it yourself.

Etiquette suggests several possible formulas:

Allow me to get to know you.

I would like to get to know you.

Let's get acquainted.

When contacting the institution by phone or in person, it becomes necessary to introduce yourself:

Let me introduce myself.

My surname is Sergeev.

My name is Valery Pavlovich.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances and strangers begin with a greeting.

Official greeting formulas:

Hello!

Good afternoon

Informal greeting formulas:

Hello!

In the course of communication, if there is a reason, people make invitations and express congratulations.

Invitation:

Let me invite you...

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting).

We will be glad to see you.

Congratulation:

Allow me to congratulate you on…

Please accept my sincere (cordial, warm) congratulations...

Warm congratulations...

The expression of the request should be polite, delicate, but without excessive fawning:

Do me a favor...

If it doesn't bother you (if it doesn't bother you)...

Be kind…

May I ask you...

I beg you...

Let me draw your attention to…

I would suggest you...

The wording of the refusal to comply with the request may be as follows:

- (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (permit, assist).

At present, this (do) is not possible.

Understand, now is not the time to make such a request.

I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot fulfill your request.

I am forced to refuse (prohibit, do not allow).

3. Interaction of speech and behavioral etiquette

Etiquette is closely related to ethics. Ethics prescribes the rules of moral behavior (including communication), etiquette presupposes certain manners of behavior and requires the use of external formulas of politeness expressed in specific speech actions.

Compliance with the requirements of etiquette in violation of ethical standards is hypocrisy and deception of others. On the other hand, a completely ethical behavior that is not accompanied by the observance of etiquette will inevitably make an unpleasant impression and cause people to doubt the moral qualities of a person.

In oral communication, it is necessary to observe a number of ethical and etiquette norms that are closely related to each other.

First, you must be respectful and kind to the interlocutor. It is forbidden to offend, insult, express disdain to the interlocutor with your speech. Direct negative assessments of the personality of the communication partner should be avoided; only specific actions can be evaluated, while observing the necessary tact. Rough words, a cheeky form of speech, an arrogant tone are unacceptable in intelligent communication. Yes, and from the practical side, such features of speech behavior are inappropriate, because. never contribute to achieving the desired result in communication.

Secondly, the speaker is ordered to be modest in self-assessments, not to impose his own opinions, to avoid excessive categoricalness in speech.

Moreover, it is necessary to put the communication partner in the center of attention, show interest in his personality, opinion, take into account his interest in a particular topic.

Norms of communication determine the behavior of the listener.

First, it is necessary to postpone other matters in order to listen to the person. This rule is especially important for those professionals whose job is to serve customers.

When listening, one must respectfully and patiently treat the speaker, try to listen to everything carefully and to the end. In case of heavy employment, it is permissible to ask to wait or reschedule the conversation for another time. In official communication, it is completely unacceptable to interrupt the interlocutor, to insert various remarks, especially those that sharply characterize the interlocutor's proposals and requests. Like the speaker, the listener puts his interlocutor in the center of attention, emphasizes his interest in communicating with him. You should also be able to timely express agreement or disagreement, answer a question, ask your own question.

The norms of ethics and etiquette also apply to written speech.

An important issue of business letter etiquette is the choice of address. For standard letters on formal or minor occasions, the appeal is suitable Dear sir Petrov! For a letter to a superior, an invitation letter or any other letter on an important issue, it is advisable to use the word dear and call the addressee by name and patronymic.

In business documents, it is necessary to skillfully use the possibilities of the grammatical system of the Russian language.

So, for example, the active voice of a verb is used when it is necessary to indicate actor. The passive voice should be used when the fact of an action is more important than the mention of the persons who performed the action.

The perfective form of the verb emphasizes the completeness of the action, and the imperfective indicates that the action is in the process of development.

There is a tendency in business correspondence to avoid the pronoun I. The first person is expressed by the end of the verb.

4. Speech distances and taboos

The distance in speech communication is determined by age and social status. It is expressed in speech by using the pronouns you and you. Speech etiquette defines the rules for choosing one of these forms.

In general, the choice is dictated by a complex combination of external circumstances of communication and individual reactions of interlocutors:

the degree of acquaintance of partners (you - to a friend, you - to a stranger);

the formality of the communication environment (you are unofficial, you are official);

the nature of the relationship (you are friendly, "warm", you are emphatically polite or strained, aloof, "cold");

equality or inequality of role relations (by age, position: you are equal and inferior, you are equal and superior).

Thus, you are revealed to be kindred, friendly, informal, intimate, trusting, familiar; You are polite, respectful, formal, aloof.

Depending on the form of address for you or you, there are grammatical forms of verbs, as well as speech formulas of greeting, farewell, congratulations, expressions of gratitude.

Taboo is a ban on the use of certain words, due to historical, cultural, ethical, socio-political or emotional factors.

Socio-political taboos are characteristic of speech practice in societies with an authoritarian regime. They may concern the names of certain organizations, the mention of certain persons objectionable to the ruling regime (for example, opposition politicians, writers, scientists), individual phenomena public life, officially recognized as non-existent in this society.

Cultural and ethical taboos exist in any society. It is clear that obscene vocabulary, the mention of certain physiological phenomena and parts of the body, is prohibited.

Neglect of ethical speech prohibitions is not only a gross violation of etiquette, but also a violation of the law.

Insult, that is, humiliation of the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form, is considered by the criminal law as a crime (Article 130 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

5. Compliments. The culture of criticism in speech communication

An important advantage of a person in communication is the ability to make beautiful and appropriate compliments. Tactfully and timely said, a compliment lifts the mood of the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the interlocutor, to his proposals, to the common cause.

A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance, parting, or during a conversation. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere or overly enthusiastic compliment is dangerous.

Compliment may refer to appearance, excellent professional abilities, high morality, ability to communicate, contain an overall positive assessment:

You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great) looking.

You are so (very) charming (smart, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent) specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur).

You are good (excellent, excellent, excellent) in managing (your) household (business, trade, construction).

You know how to well (perfectly) lead (manage) people, organize them.

It is a pleasure (good, excellent) to do business with you (to work, to cooperate).

A culture of criticism is needed so that critical statements do not spoil relations with the interlocutor and would allow him to explain his mistake to him.

To do this, one should criticize not the personality and qualities of the interlocutor, but specific mistakes in his work, the shortcomings of his proposals, the inaccuracy of the conclusions.

In order for criticism not to affect the feelings of the interlocutor, it is desirable to formulate comments in the form of reasoning, drawing attention to the discrepancy between the tasks of the work and the results obtained. It is useful to build a critical discussion of work as a joint search for solutions to complex problems.

Criticism of the arguments of the opponent in the dispute should be a comparison of these arguments with the general provisions that the interlocutor does not doubt, true facts, experimentally verified conclusions, reliable statistics.

Criticism of the opponent's statements should not concern his personal qualities, abilities, character.

Criticism of joint work by one of its participants should contain constructive proposals, criticism of the same work by an outsider can be reduced to pointing out shortcomings, since the development of decisions is the business of specialists, and assessing the state of affairs, the effectiveness of the organization's work is the right of any citizen.

6. Non-verbal means communication

When talking with each other, people use gestures and facial expressions along with verbal speech to convey their thoughts, moods, desires.

The language of facial expressions and gestures allows the speaker to more fully express his feelings, shows how much the participants in the dialogue control themselves, how they really relate to each other. The main indicator of the speaker's feelings is the expression of his face, his facial expressions.

In "Private Rhetoric" Prof. N. Koshansky (St. Petersburg, 1840) says: “Nowhere are the feelings of the soul reflected so much as in the features and eyes, the noblest part of our body. are always in secret agreement with the feeling of the soul, with the striving of the will, with the expression of the voice.

Facial expressions allow us to better understand the interlocutor, to figure out what feelings he is experiencing. So, raised eyebrows, wide-open eyes, lowered tips of the lips, parted mouth indicate surprise; lowered eyebrows, curved forehead wrinkles, narrowed eyes, closed lips, clenched teeth express anger.

Sadness is reflected by frowned eyebrows, dull eyes, slightly lowered corners of the lips, and happiness is reflected by calm eyes, raised outer corners of the lips.

In the Russian language, there are many set expressions that have arisen on the basis of free phrases that name a particular gesture. Having become phraseological units, they express the state of a person, for example, lower your head, turn your head, raise your head, shake your head, your hand does not rise, spread your arms, lower your hands, wave your hand, put your hand, stretch out your hand, put your hand on your heart, wag your finger.

It is no coincidence that in various rhetoric, starting from ancient times, special chapters devoted to gestures were allocated. Oratory theorists in their articles and books on lecturing paid special attention to gestures. So, A.F. Koni in "Advice to Lecturers" writes: "Gestures enliven speech, but they should be used carefully. An expressive gesture (raised hand, clenched fist, sharp and quick movement, etc.) should correspond to the meaning and meaning of this phrase or a single word (here the gesture acts in conjunction with the tone, doubling the power of speech). Too frequent, monotonous, fussy, abrupt hand movements are unpleasant, boring, annoying and annoying.

Mechanical gestures distract the listener's attention from the content of speech, interfere with its perception. Often they are the result of the speaker's excitement, testify to his self-doubt.

Gestures that have any useful meaning for communication are divided into rhythmic, emotional, pointing, pictorial and symbolic.

Rhythmic gestures are associated with the rhythm of speech, they emphasize logical stress, slowing down and speeding up speech, the place of pauses, i.e. what the intonation conveys in the speech itself.

Emotional gestures convey various shades of feelings, for example, excitement, joy, grief, annoyance, confusion, confusion.

Pointing gestures are required to select one object from a number of homogeneous ones, indicate the place where the object is located, indicate the order of the objects. pointing gesture it is recommended to use in very rare cases, when there is an urgent need for it.

Pictorial gestures appear in the following cases:

if there are not enough words to fully convey the idea;

if the words themselves are not enough due to the increased emotionality of the speaker, nervousness, lack of concentration, uncertainty;

if it is necessary to enhance the impression and additionally influence the listener.

Figurative gestures are used as a visual means of conveying thoughts; they should not replace verbal speech.

Symbolic gestures conditionally designate some typical situations and accompany the corresponding statements:

gesture of intensity (hand clenched into a fist) at the words: He is very stubborn. How stubborn she is.

a gesture of refusal, denial (repulsive movements of the hand or both hands with palms forward) along with statements: No, no, I beg you. No no.

a gesture of opposition (the hand performs the movements "there" and "here" in the air), along with the words: There is nothing to go back and forth. One window to the north, the other to the south.

gesture of separation, dissimilarity (palms open, move apart in different directions): This must be distinguished. These are completely different things. They parted ways.

gesture of association, addition, sum (fingers are connected in a pinch or the palms of the hands are connected): They worked well together. They are very suitable for each other. And if you put it together. Let's join forces.

7. Ergonomics of the environment as an integral part of speech etiquette

The first thing that people notice when they come to an appointment, an interview, a meeting, a business meeting is the external environment of the room in which any issues are to be resolved. The results of the conversation and negotiations partly depend on how the cabinet or office looks.

Competent construction of space requires compliance with a single style in the design of the room: in the planning solution, in decoration, decor, furniture.

A properly and tastefully planned office helps to create a favorable environment for conversation, which contributes to the establishment of fruitful contact.

The above, of course, applies not only to cabinets. Special requirements apply to other rooms. A convenient and aesthetic layout should also be in the reception room, in the premises of departments, in classrooms, in rooms for storing documents.

Bibliography

Budagov R.A. Man and his language. - M., 1976.

Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. - Rostov-on-Don: 2000.

Goykhman O.Ya., Nadeina T.M. Speech communication. - M.: 2000.

Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of modern Russian literary language. - M., 1989.

Ivanova-Lukyanova G.N. Culture of oral speech. - M., 1998.

Klyuev E.V. Speech communication: the success of speech interaction. - M., 2002.

Kokhtev N.N. Rhetoric. - M.: 1994.

Kuznetsov I.N. Rhetoric. - Minsk: 2000.

Kurbatov V.I. The art of managing communication. - Rostov-on-Don: 1997.

Lemmerman H. Textbook of rhetoric. Speech training with exercises. - M.: 1997.

Leontiev A.A. What is language. - M.: 1976.

Mikhailichenko N.A. Rhetoric. - M.: 1994.

Muchnik B.S. The culture of writing. - M.: 1996.

Russian language. Encyclopedia. - M.: 1997.

Formanovskaya N.I. Speech etiquette and communication culture. - M.: 1989.

Schmidt R. The art of communication. - M.: 1992.

The concept and factors of speech etiquette

Definition 1

Speech etiquette is a stable system of communication that ascribes to society the rules for establishing speech communication in order to maintain communication in a certain tone, according to social statuses, roles and positions, and the environment.

In a broad sense, speech etiquette performs a regulatory function in the process of communication (for example, communication by age status, youth or professional norms).

In a narrow sense, speech etiquette is a semantic field of the functional type of a polite behavior model in the following acts of communication: appeal, acquaintance, gratitude, request, apology, etc.

The richness of the synonymic rows of units of speech etiquette is due to the contact of different social signs communicants in different social interactions.

Factors taken into account in speech etiquette:

Pragmatic, a unit of etiquette, in which a speech act takes into account the principle of politeness and cooperation;
Linguistic, differentiates the unit of etiquette as a word, phrase, correctly pronounced from the point of view of the language;
The stylistic factor delimits the forms of communication among the public, generations, partners, etc.;
Cultural, considers speech etiquette as an integral part folk culture and norms of behavior inherent in this territorial community.

Rules and requirements of speech etiquette

There are two types of communication rules:

Forbidding - rules of conduct in a closed system of communication (in an organization, in a family, in a team, etc.);
Advisory - rules speech communication in an open system of communication (in society, at cultural events, etc.).

At the same time, requirements, prohibitions and recommendations are formed for the culture of speech behavior.

Speech requirements include:

Correctness and purity of pronunciation in accordance with the literary norms of the language;
Accuracy of speech in terminology and professionalism;
Relevance of speech in the choice of tone and style of communication;
Communication and expediency avoiding rudeness, tactlessness and unclear pronunciation;
The ethics of communication, taking into account the rules of treatment, consent and praise.

Speech prohibitions to avoid a conflict situation and improve communication comfort include:

The ban on tonality (neglect, lisping);
Prohibition of expressions (rude, insulting);
Prohibition of gestures (intimidation, resentment);
Voice ban (stuttering, illegibility).

Commandments of communication and special cases

The main commandments of successful and productive communication, the main provisions of speech etiquette:

Avoid verbosity and speech monotony;
Speak simply, clearly, accessible;
Know why and what to talk about;
Know how to find mutual language with every person;
Politeness is the basis of success in any sphere of human life;
Learn to listen.

Special cases of applying the rules of etiquette:

Establishing contact is associated with ethical and kind treatment of others. The main word in this case should be “hello”, “greeting”, “good afternoon / morning / evening”. To attract attention, the use of phrases is allowed: “let me turn”, “sorry”, etc.
Appeal to the opponent. It is now considered more appropriate to address by name and patronymic, the position held. It is not allowed to indicate the personal characteristics of the communicant - his gender, age, faith, and others;
Completion of the contact should leave a positive impression of the narrator. It is considered important not only to politely say goodbye, but also to leave words of gratitude, a warm atmosphere for further cooperation or dialogue.

SPEECH ETIQUETTE, a set of requirements accepted in a given culture for the form, content, order, nature and situational relevance of statements. The well-known researcher of speech etiquette N.I. Formanovskaya gives the following definition: “Speech etiquette is understood as the regulatory rules of speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotyped, stable communication formulas accepted and prescribed by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt contact in the chosen key.” Speech etiquette, in particular, includes words and expressions used by people to say goodbye, requests, apologies adopted in different situations forms of address, intonational features that characterize polite speech, etc. The study of speech etiquette occupies a special position at the intersection of linguistics, theory and history of culture, ethnography, regional studies, psychology and other humanitarian disciplines.

The boundaries of the phenomenon of speech etiquette. In the broad sense of the word, speech etiquette characterizes almost any successful act of communication. Therefore, speech etiquette is associated with the so-called postulates of speech communication, which make the interaction of communication participants possible and successful. These are the postulates formulated by H. P. Grice (1975), which are derived from the principle of cooperation underlying all communication. The postulates of verbal communication include: the postulates of quality (the message should not be false or without proper grounds), quantity (the message should not be too short or too long), attitude (the message should be relevant to the addressee) and method ( the message must be clear, concise, not contain words and expressions that are incomprehensible to the addressee, etc.). Violation of one or more of these postulates to one degree or another entails a communicative failure. Other important requirements - for example, the postulates of politeness (every message must be polite, tactful, etc.) - are not included by Grice among the fundamental ones, since the task of the message is considered to be the effective transmission of information. It is significant that even with such a utilitarian formulation of the problem, one has to consider the requirements of speech etiquette as the necessary conditions successful communication. Moreover, these requirements are significant for messages that have other functions: establishing interpersonal contacts, attracting listeners to their side, etc. In these cases, the postulates of politeness inevitably come to the fore. Others, such as the postulates of relation, are pushed to the periphery. So, in many textbooks on advertising, it is recommended to refrain not only from any statements that offend or offend the addressee, but also from statements that could cause him unwanted associations. For example, the slogan Our beer is beer ,from which they do not get fat was considered unsuccessful because it recalls the very fact that beer makes you fat. Thus, the requirements of relevance and truthfulness turn out to be secondary in this case.

Thus, speech etiquette in a broad sense is associated with the general problems of linguistic pragmatics and should be considered in line with pragmalinguistic research. The act of linguistic communication is considered by pragmatics from the point of view of the achievement by the participants of communication of certain goals. The statement is not considered in isolation, but in the context of these goals; for example the question You don't have a watch? implies a request to say what time it is. Therefore the answer Yes ,There is(without a message, what time is it) ignores the context and thereby violates the requirements of speech etiquette. Or: What's going on here? - a question (especially in a certain context) can mean aggressive dissatisfaction with what is happening and, as such, violate etiquette.

The sphere of speech etiquette includes, in particular, the ways of expressing sympathy, complaints, guilt, grief, etc., accepted in a given culture. So, for example, in some cultures it is customary to complain about difficulties and problems, in others it is not. In some cultures, talking about your successes is acceptable, in others not at all. This may also include specific instructions for speech etiquette - what can be the subject of conversation, what is not, and in what situation.

Speech etiquette in the narrow sense of the word can be characterized as a system language tools in which etiquette relations are manifested. Elements of this system can be implemented at different language levels:

At the level of vocabulary and phraseology: special words and set expressions ( Thank you , Please , I'm sorry , Sorry , Goodbye etc.), as well as specialized forms of address ( Mister , Comrade and so on.).

At the grammatical level: use for polite address plural(including pronouns You); using interrogative sentences instead of imperative ones ( You will not say ,what time is it now ?Could you move a little? and so on.).

At the stylistic level: the requirement of competent, cultured speech; refusal to use words that directly name obscene and shocking objects and phenomena, the use of euphemisms instead of these words.

At the intonational level: using polite intonation (for example, the phrase Be kind ,close the door can sound with different intonation depending on whether it is supposed to be a polite request or an unceremonious demand).

At the level of orthoepy: use Hello instead of hello , Please instead of Please etc.

At the organizational and communicative level: a ban on interrupting the interlocutor, interfering in someone else's conversation, etc.

Everyday language practice and the norm in speech etiquette. The specificity of speech etiquette is that it characterizes both everyday language practice and the language norm. Indeed, elements of speech etiquette are present in the daily practice of any native speaker (including those with poor command of the norm), who easily recognizes these formulas in the flow of speech and expects the interlocutor to use them in certain situations. The elements of speech etiquette are assimilated so deeply that they are perceived by the "naive" linguistic consciousness as part of the everyday, natural and regular behavior of people. Ignorance of the requirements of speech etiquette and, as a result, their failure to comply (for example, addressing an adult to a stranger on You) is perceived as a desire to offend or as bad manners.

On the other hand, speech etiquette can be considered from the point of view of language norm. So, the idea of correct, cultural, normalized speech includes certain ideas about the norm in the field of speech etiquette. For example, every native speaker knows the formulas for apologizing for awkwardness; however, only one is welcomed by the norm ( excuse me , I'm sorry) - and others are rejected or not recommended, for example, I'm sorry(moreover, sometimes such a distinction is given “reasons” like: you can’t excuse yourself, you can only apologize to others, etc.). The very use or non-use of units of speech etiquette can also be the subject of normalization, for example: apology formulas are appropriate if the speaker causes concern to his interlocutor, but you should not apologize too often, as this puts the interlocutor in an awkward position, etc. In addition, a violation norms and rules of the literary language, especially if it looks like negligence, in itself can be considered as a violation of speech etiquette.

So, the requirements of speech etiquette form a kind of hierarchy. To some extent, they are an integral part of the active and passive language practice of every native speaker; on the other hand, these requirements are associated with a certain level of speech culture, more or less high. For example, every native speaker with early age It is known that at a meeting it is necessary to say hello. Further, the child is explained that it is necessary to greet in accordance with certain rules (the younger greets the elder first, using quite specific formulas for this - not Hello or Great, A Hello, or better: Hello ,Ivan Ivanovich). Finally, in the future, a native speaker learns about other subtleties of speech etiquette and learns to use them in his daily practice.

The boundary between everyday speech practice and the norm in speech etiquette is inevitably mobile. Practical use speech etiquette is always somewhat different from normative models, and not only because of the participants' insufficient knowledge of its rules. Deviation from the norm or too meticulous adherence to it may be due to the speaker's desire to demonstrate his attitude towards the interlocutor or emphasize his vision of the situation. In the example below, the polite form is used to emphasize the dissatisfaction of the boss with the subordinate:

- Hello, Lyubov Grigorievna !he said in a disgustingly gallant manner. – You are delayed ? <…>

What scared her the most was ,what is being addressed to her « You », by first name. It made everything that happened extremely ambiguous. ,because if Lyubochka was late, it was one thing ,and if the rationalization engineer Lyubov Grigoryevna Sukhoruchko is already completely different.(V.O. Pelevin, “News from Nepal”.)

Thus, speech etiquette is not a rigid system of rules; it is plastic enough, and this plasticity creates quite a large "room for maneuver".

Speech etiquette and speech situation. Speech etiquette is somehow tied to the situation of speech communication and its parameters: the personalities of the interlocutors, the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. First of all, it is a complex of linguistic phenomena focused on the addressee, although the personality of the speaker (or writer) is also taken into account. This can be best demonstrated in use. You- And You forms of communication. General principle is that You- forms are used as a sign of respect and greater formality of communication; You-forms, on the contrary, correspond to informal communication between equals. However, the implementation of this principle may be various options depending on how the participants in verbal communication correlate according to the age and / or service hierarchy, whether they are in family or friendly relations; from age and social status each of them, etc.

Speech etiquette reveals itself differently also depending on the topic, place, time, motive and purpose of communication. So, for example, the rules of verbal communication may differ depending on whether the topic of communication is sad or joyful events for the participants in communication; there are specific etiquette rules associated with the place of communication (feast, office space, production meeting), etc.

Researchers describe a whole range of communicative functions of speech etiquette. Here are some of them. Speech etiquette:

helps to establish contact between interlocutors;

attracts the attention of the listener (reader), distinguishes him from other potential interlocutors;

allows you to show respect;

helps to determine the status of ongoing communication (friendly, business, official, etc.);

forms a favorable emotional environment for communication and has a positive impact on the listener (reader).

The place of specialized units of speech etiquette in the language system. Speech etiquette is realized both in the characteristics of speech in general and in specialized units. These units - formulas of greetings, farewells, apologies, requests, etc. - as a rule, are performatives (i.e. statements, the utterance of which simultaneously means the performance of the named action;). Indeed, phrases I apologize ,Thank you ,I ask you to and so on. do not describe actions, but are themselves actions - respectively, an apology, gratitude, request, etc.

Units of speech etiquette are regularly correlated with cognate or synonymous words and constructions that do not have an etiquette character, for example: Thank you very much. –He thanked me heartily. And finally, it is impossible not to notice that speech etiquette often fits into the broader context of the pragmatics of behavior in typical situations. For example, the whole complex of “speech-behavioral tactics for wiping out the delict” (E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarov) is associated with stable formulas of apology - in other words, the whole range of speech models used by the speaker or writer to get rid of guilt. So next to the stable formula excuse me it is necessary to place other more or less stable formulas: I have nothing to apologize for !I couldn't do otherwise !My transgression is not so great !Oh ,what should I do ,You will never forgive me now!etc. Thus, in a stable formula of apology, a native speaker can at any time isolate certain semantic elements.

Social differentiation of the phenomena of speech etiquette. The phenomena of speech etiquette differ depending on social status communication participants. These differences manifest themselves in several ways.

First of all, various units of speech etiquette are used depending on the social roles that the participants in communication take on. Here are important how social roles themselves, and their relative position in the social hierarchy. When communicating between two students; between student and teacher; between superior and subordinate; between spouses; between parents and children - in each separate case etiquette requirements can be very different. Some units are replaced by others, functionally homogeneous, but stylistically opposed. So, in these situations, different greeting formulas may be appropriate: Hello , Hello , Hello , Hello ,Ivan Ivanovich. Other units of speech etiquette are mandatory in some cases, optional in others. For example, when calling on the phone at an after-hours, it is necessary to apologize for the disturbance, just when calling on the phone, you should not apologize, however, if it is not the addressee of the call who answers the phone, but a stranger, especially if he is older, it would also be appropriate to apologize for the disturbance, etc. .d.

These aspects of speech behavior are also superimposed by differences in the use of units of speech etiquette among representatives of different social groups. Many specialized units and general manifestations of speech etiquette differ in their stable attachment to certain social groups of native speakers. These groups can be distinguished according to the following criteria:

age: speech etiquette formulas associated with youth jargon ( Ale , Chao , goodbye); specific forms politeness in the speech of older people ( thank you , Do a favor);

education and upbringing: more educated and educated people gravitate toward a more accurate use of units of speech etiquette, more widely use You-forms, etc.;

gender: women, on average, gravitate towards more polite speech, less often use rude, close to abusive and obscene vocabulary, are more scrupulous in choosing topics;

belonging to specific professional groups.

Speech etiquette and problems of style. Stylistic differences in the use of units of speech etiquette are largely determined by the belonging of speech to various functional styles. In fact, each functional style has its own etiquette rules. For example, business speech is different a high degree formalities: participants in communication, persons and objects about which in question, are called by their full official names. In scientific speech, a rather complex system of etiquette requirements has been adopted that determines the order of presentation, references to predecessors and objections to opponents (somewhat archaic manifestations of scientific speech etiquette, of course, include We-shape: We have shown above...- including on behalf of one author). In addition, special forms of address may correspond to different functional styles (for example, address Colleagues in scientific speech).

The contrast between written and oral speech is also essential. Written speech, as a rule, belongs to one or another functional style; on the contrary, oral speech tends to blur stylistic boundaries. As an example, one can compare written documents of legal proceedings and oral presentations in court by litigants and their representatives: in the latter case, there are constant departures from the functional style, less formalized language, etc.

The units of speech etiquette, due to their socio-stylistic marking and wide use in speech practice, significantly expand the expressive and stylistic resources of the language. It can be used both in everyday speech and in fiction. Using certain units of speech etiquette, you can achieve various goals, you can express your emotions and provoke an emotional reaction from a communication partner. In fiction, the use of marked units of speech etiquette often serves to create speech characteristics character. For example, in the novel by A.N. Tolstoy "Peter the Great", the letter of Queen Evdokia contains the following etiquette formulas: my sovereign ,joy ,Tsar Peter Alekseevich ... Hello ,my light ,for many years<…>Your fiance ,Dunka ,beats with a forehead ... Wed the addresses used by Peter's mistress Anna Mons: bow from Anna Mons: recovered ,became even more beautiful and asks Herr Peter to accept two citrons as a gift .

Obscene and shocking words and expressions. Prohibitions on the use of obscene and shocking words and expressions can be combined with recommendations or instructions to replace them with euphemisms. http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/69/1006960/1006960a1.htm they directly name objects and phenomena, which it is not customary to talk about directly in this culture. The same expressions may be considered forbidden in some communities and acceptable in others. In the same community, it may be acceptable, or at least excusable, to use swear words; however, the severity of the prohibition increases sharply in the presence of women, children, etc.

Etiquette requirements for the intonational design of the statement. Among the etiquette requirements for oral speech, an important place is occupied by the intonation of the statement. A native speaker accurately determines the entire range of intonations - from emphatically polite to dismissive. However, to determine which intonation corresponds to speech etiquette, and which goes beyond it, in general view, without taking into account the specific speech situation is hardly possible. So, in Russian speech, there are (following E.A. Bryzgunova) seven main “intonation constructions” (i.e., types of phrasal intonation). The pronunciation of the same statement with different intonation (respectively, the implementation of different intonation constructions) expresses various oppositions: in meaning, in actual articulation, in stylistic nuances, and, among other things, in expressing the attitude of the speaker to the listener. This relation determines which intonation construction should be used in this case, and which should not. So, in accordance with the rules of etiquette, intonation should not indicate a dismissive or patronizing attitude, the intention to teach the interlocutor, aggression and defiance. This is especially true for various kinds of interrogative statements. For example, the same question: Where were you last night? - allows different intonation depending on who and by whom this question is addressed: the boss - the subordinate, the representative of the investigating authorities - the suspect; one friend to another; one interlocutor to another in the course of secular conversation “about nothing”, etc.

Paralinguistic aspects of speech etiquette. In addition to intonation, oral speech distinguishes from written use of paralinguistic signs - gestures and facial expressions. From the point of view of speech etiquette, the following paralinguistic signs are distinguished:

not carrying a specific etiquette load (duplicating or replacing segments of speech - indicating, expressing agreement and denial, emotions, etc.);

required by etiquette rules (bows, handshakes, etc.);

having an invective, offensive meaning.

At the same time, the regulation of gestures and facial expressions covers not only the last two categories of signs, but also signs of a non-etiquette character - up to purely informative ones; cf., for example, the etiquette prohibition to point a finger at the subject of speech.

In addition, the requirements of speech etiquette can apply to the paralinguistic level of communication in general. For example, in Russian speech etiquette, it is prescribed to refrain from too lively facial expressions and gestures, as well as from gestures and facial movements that mimic elementary physiological reactions.

At the same time, it is essential that the same gestures and facial movements can have different meaning in different linguistic cultures. This poses an urgent task for methodologists and teachers of foreign languages to describe the features of gestures and facial expressions in the studied language culture. Attempts are also being made to create dictionaries of gestures, facial expressions and postures. Differences in the etiquette meaning of gesticulation and facial expressions are studied in the broad context of the study of systems of gestural and mimic communication.

Speech etiquette in the historical and ethno-cultural perspective. It is impossible to name a language culture in which etiquette requirements for speech activity would not be presented. The origins of speech etiquette lie in ancient period language history. In archaic society, speech etiquette (like etiquette in general) has a ritual background. The word is given special meaning associated with magical and ritual ideas, the relationship between man and space forces. Therefore, human speech activity, from the point of view of members of the archaic society, can have a direct impact on people, animals and the world; the regulation of this activity is connected, first of all, with the desire to cause certain events (or, on the contrary, to avoid them). Relics of this state are preserved in various units of speech etiquette; for example, many stable formulas are ritual wishes, once perceived as effective: Hello(Also be healthy); Thank you(from God save). Similarly, many prohibitions on the use of words and constructions that modern language considered as abusive, go back to archaic prohibitions - taboos.

Later layers associated with various stages in the evolution of society and its structure, with religious beliefs, etc. are superimposed on the oldest ideas about the effectiveness of the word. Of particular note is the rather complex system of speech etiquette in hierarchical societies, where the rules of speech communication fit into the semiotics of the social hierarchy. An example is the court of an absolute monarch (the medieval East, Europe at the turn of the New Age). In such societies, etiquette norms became the subject of training and codification and played a dual role: they allowed the speaker to express respect for the interlocutor and at the same time emphasize the sophistication of his own upbringing. The role in the formation of a new, Europeanized elite, which was played in the era of Peter the Great and the subsequent decades of etiquette manuals, including speech etiquette, is well known: Youth honest mirror , Butts, how they write complements different .

In the speech etiquette of almost all peoples, common features can be distinguished; Thus, almost all peoples have stable formulas of greeting and farewell, forms of respectful address to elders, etc. However, these features are realized in each culture in its own way. As a rule, the most detailed system of requirements exists in traditional cultures. At the same time, with a certain degree of conventionality, we can say that the comprehension of speech etiquette by its carriers goes through several stages, as it were. A closed traditional culture is characterized by the absolutization of etiquette requirements for behavior in general and for speech behavior in particular. The bearer of another speech etiquette is perceived here as a poorly educated or immoral person, or as an insulter. In societies that are more open to external contacts, the idea of the difference in speech etiquette among different peoples is usually more developed, and the skills of imitating someone else's speech behavior can even be a source of pride for a member of society.

In modern, especially urban culture, the culture of industrial and post-industrial society, the place of speech etiquette is being radically rethought. On the one hand, the traditional foundations of this phenomenon are being eroded: mythological and religious beliefs, ideas about an unshakable social hierarchy, etc. Speech etiquette is now considered in a purely pragmatic aspect, as a means of achieving a communicative goal: to attract the attention of the interlocutor, to show him your respect, to arouse sympathy, to create a comfortable climate for communication. Relics of hierarchical representations are also subject to these tasks; cf., for example, the history of circulation Mister and the corresponding appeals in other languages: an element of speech etiquette, which once arose as a sign of the social status of the addressee, subsequently becomes a nationwide form of polite address.

On the other hand, speech etiquette remains an important part of the national language and culture. Impossible to talk about high level possessions foreign language if this possession does not include knowledge of the rules of speech communication and the ability to apply these rules in practice. It is especially important to be aware of the differences in national speech etiquette. For example, each language has its own system of addresses that has been formed over the centuries. With a literal translation, the meaning of these appeals is sometimes distorted; yes, english Dear is used in official addresses, while the corresponding Russian Expensive used, as a rule, in less formal situations. Or another example - in many cultures of the West, the question How are you? should be answered: Fine. Answer Badly or Not good It is considered indecent: the interlocutor should not impose his problems. In Russia, it is customary to answer the same question in a neutral, rather with a negative connotation: Nothing ; little by little. Differences in speech etiquette and in general in the systems of rules of speech behavior belong to the competence of a special discipline - linguistic and regional studies.

In preparing this work, materials from the site http://www.studentu.ru were used.

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Speech etiquette in everyday life. Abstract: Speech etiquette

Rules and requirements of speech etiquette

Commandments of communication and special cases

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