The social status of the individual Protsenko M.V. The concept and types of social status Quotes that each person is individual

Another result of socialization is the acquisition by people various statuses, ie, certainpositions in society. There are social and personal statuses. * social status- This the position of an individual (or a group of people) in society in accordance with his gender, age, origin, property, education, occupation, position, marital status, etc. For example, people studying at a university have the status of a student; those who completed their labor activity by age - the status of a pensioner; those who lost their jobs - the status of the unemployed. Each status position implies certain rights and obligations.

People have in their lives not one, but many statuses. So, a person can be both a son, and a husband, and a father, and a scientist, and a mayor, and a car enthusiast, and a patron of the arts, etc. At the same time, in the set of statuses one can single out one main status(usually official), which is of decisive importance for a given individual.

Bright example - famous Russian economic and political figure of the 1990s. Yuri Luzhkov(born in 1936). Despite rich variety his positions in society (up to the senator, honorary professor Russian Academy Sciences and the author of a popular book about Moscow), after all, the position of mayor of the capital of Russia is the main social status of this person. Depending on the role played by the individual himself in acquiring his status, two main types of social statuses are distinguished: prescribed and achieved. Prescribed status(also called attributed or attributed) - this is the one that is received from birth, by inheritance or by a coincidence of life circumstances, regardless of the desire, will and efforts of a person. These are, in particular, acquired from birth, or born, statuses associated with gender (woman, man), nationality (Egyptian, Chilean, Belarusian), race (representative of the Mongoloid, Negroid or Caucasoid racial groups), consanguinity (daughter, son, sister, grandmother), with inherited titles (queen, emperor, baroness). The prescribed statuses include such “unwittingly” acquired statuses as stepdaughter, stepson, mother-in-law, etc.

Contrary to the prescribed status achieved (or being achieved) acquired through the individual's own efforts. It is associated ♦ with obtaining education and labor qualifications (student, student, worker, foreman, engineer), ♦ with labor activity And business career(farmer, banker, director, major, general, doctor of science, minister, member of parliament), ♦ with any special merit ( National artist, honored "teacher, honorary citizen of the city), etc.

According to Western analysts, in the post-industrial society, it is precisely achieved(rather than prescribed) status of people. Modern societies gravitate toward the so-called meritocracy, which involves evaluating people according to their merits (knowledge, qualifications, professionalism), and not according to inherited or personal connections with VIP.

Achieved and prescribed statuses are two major status type. But life, as always, is “more bizarre” than schemes and can create non-standard situations, in particular, the status of an unemployed person, an emigrant (who became such, say, due to political persecution), a disabled person (as a result, for example, of a road accident), an ex-champion 4 . ex-husband. Where should these and other similar “negative” statuses be attributed, to which a person, of course, initially does not aspire in any way, but which, unfortunately, he nevertheless received? One option is to classify them as mixed status, for they may contain elements of both prescribed and attained status.

If the social status determines the place of the individual in society, then the personal one determines his position in the environment of the people directly surrounding him. * personal status - This the position of a person in a small (or primary) group, determined by how others relate to him. Thus, each worker in any labor collective enjoys a certain reputation among colleagues, i.e. has a public assessment of its personal qualities(a hard worker is a lazy person, a kind person is a miser, a serious person is a dummy, a benevolent person is evil, etc.). In accordance with such assessments, people often build their relations with him, thereby determining his personal status in the team.

Levels of social and personal status often may not coincide. So, let's say, a minister (high social status) can be a bad and dishonest person (low personal status). And vice versa, a “simple” cleaner (low social status) due to her hard work and sincerity can be highly respected by others (high personal status).

Social statuses and roles are important elements of personality structure. The concepts of "social status" and "social role" have steadily entered the dictionary of terms of the social and human sciences. In scientific circulation in the 1930s. they were introduced by the American social anthropologist and sociologist Ralph Linton (1893-1953).

social status. The word "status" is borrowed by sociology ( social sciences) from the language of Roman jurisprudence. IN Ancient Rome status meant the legal status of the person. Thus, social status is understood as the position (position) of an individual in society or a group, associated with his rights and obligations. Highlighting a status position allows you to:

• a) see place occupied by a person in a society, a group, including through the prism of generally recognized indicators social achievements chances of success;
• b) show the surrounding social status environment;
• c) understand amount of social benefits(resources) and rights and obligations that he possesses.

It is customary to distinguish social statuses in a certain way.

Socio-demographic statuses (also called sociobiological or natural) may be related:

• 1) with the age of the person ( age status)- a child, a teenager, a young man, a person of mature, advanced age;
• 2) kinship (related family statuses) - father, mother, son, daughter, etc.;
• 3) gender of a person ( sexual status) - man Woman;
• 4) race ( racial status). This social category arose in the 19th century, when biologists and anthropologists tried to classify the diversity of human physical types into three groups - Caucasians, Negroids, Mongoloids;
• 5) health ( health status)- for example, a disabled person, a person with limited physical abilities.

Proper social statuses- their education and existence is possible only in society; they are a product of the system social connections established in society. These include statuses:

• ? economic(owner, tenant, rentier, landowner, employee etc.);
• ?political(reflect this or that attitude of people's social positions to power);
• ? legal(belonging to a status is often associated with the corresponding legal scope of the rights and obligations of persons);
• ?professional(these include all professions and specialties within them);
• ? sociocultural(consist of four basic areas: science, education, art, religion);
• ?territorial(for example, city dweller, villager; Siberian, resident Far East etc.).

Social statuses are also subdivided into formal And informal.

Formal status -

it is a social position that is fixed and spelled out in one or another official document. For example, CEO joint-stock company, tone manager of a trading company, rector of the higher educational institution, director of the lyceum.

Unofficial (informal) status is not reflected in official documents. Usually unofficial status positions are added up in the process interpersonal relationships in small groups, between friends, acquaintances, colleagues, relatives. For example, we say about a person that he is “responsible” or “irresponsible”, “hardworking” or “loafer”, “upstart” or “deservedly holds a high managerial position”, “the soul of the company” or “on his mind”, etc.

Allocate prescribed (ascriptive), achieved And mixed social statuses.

> prescribed name the statuses that an individual received and possesses them without making any effort to acquire them. For example, the status of social origin, inherited aristocratic titles, socio-demographic statuses.

> achievable name the status positions that an individual acquired through his own efforts. Thus, educational and professional status are examples of achieved status positions. Modern open societies are focused on ensuring that the statuses achieved have the main, determining value in society ( self made man- a man who made himself), and not prescribed, as in traditional and closed societies.

> mixed name the statuses at the same time they have signs of a prescribed and achieved status. For example, children decided to follow in the footsteps of the older generation and chose the same profession as their parents, under the influence of their example, overt or covert influence, explicit or implicit consent, assistance. This is not uncommon in the families of lawyers, doctors, actors, musicians, financiers, successful businessmen. Mixed status can also include positions desired by a person, but received by him under patronage, thanks to various social ties.

In the aggregate of statuses, it is customary to single out the main status, i.e. the status most characteristic of a given individual; the social position by which he is singled out by others and he identifies himself in the first place. In modern society, the main status often coincides with the professional and official status of a person (financial analyst, chief researcher, lawyer, unemployed, housewife).

Distinguish private And social statuses.

social status is the position (position) of a person in society, largely determined by the representative of which social group he is.

personal status- this is the position (position) of a person V primary group, depending on how he (his qualities) is evaluated by other members of the group.

Social status is predominant in the system of impersonal formal relations, in large organizations, among strangers. Personal status prevails among people known to a person. Personal statuses are informal; their influence and effectiveness are determined by the fact that it is important for most people to maintain and increase their personal status in the group. People are very sensitive to the expectations and demands of those they personally know and respect, and in order to maintain their trust, they sometimes run the risk of incurring the resentment of officials.

difference personal status from social status corresponds to the distinction that the Chinese make between the two ways of "saving face". Social status refers to a person's position in society: the respect he enjoys is based on which social category he belongs to and how this category is evaluated in the system of social evaluation, prestige. A person retains his social status if he lives in accordance with the norms of this social category. When the Chinese talk about saving mian", they mean the preservation of the reputation that a person has secured due to his position in society. Thus, a successful merchant is expected to provide his daughter with an excellent dowry, even if he has to go into debt to do so.

The Chinese also talk about saving "l yang." A person cannot live without “lian”, it depends on how he will be evaluated as a human being, the loss of “lian” will lead to the fact that he will be isolated. A person is unlikely to be forgiven if he is convicted of dishonesty, meanness, betrayal, if he reveals an unforgivable poverty of mind, an inability to keep his word. Preservation of "lian" is not related to social status, its assertion depends personally on the person himself.

In the middle of the 20th century, Robert Merton introduced the term "status set"(The term is used as a synonym for this concept. "status portrait" person). Under status set is understood as the totality of all statuses belonging to one individual.

For example, sir N is a middle-aged man, teacher, doctor of science, scientific secretary of the dissertation council, head of department, trade union member, member of one of the parties, Christian, voter, husband, father, uncle, etc. Such is the status set, or portrait, of a person N.

From point of view rank value allocate social statuses high, middle, low rank. According to the rank value, for example, the status positions of a top manager, a middle manager, or a lower level manager are distinguished.

When analyzing social statuses, one must remember about status incompatibility. There are two forms of status incompatibility:

• 1) when a person occupies a high position in one group and a low position in another;
• 2) when the rights and obligations of one status contradict, exclude or interfere with the exercise of the rights and obligations of another status.

An example of the first form of status incompatibility is when the CEO big company in his family is not the head of the family, this role is performed by his wife. Examples of the second form of status incompatibility include the fact that an official does not have the right to engage in commercial activities, a policeman cannot be a member of a mafia group. Criminals who are servants of the law are considered "werewolves in uniform."

status incompatibility

a situation is called in which the same person in different group hierarchies occupies different ranks - high, medium, low.

In contrast to this status compatibility called a position in which the same person in different group hierarchies occupies approximately the same ranks - all high, all middle or all low.

social role. If the key to understanding social status is the word "position", then when we talk about social role, then the word "behavior" is the starting point here. Social statuses describe position, position of people in the social world, and social roles reveal behavior of people in the world of social statuses. We occupy status, but we play(perform) a role, therefore a role is performed dynamic aspect social status.

A social role is a kind of model, template, format for the behavior of an individual occupying a particular status. In its origin, the word "role" is associated with the Latin word persona(person, person), which in ancient times meant actor's mask, depicting the character of the character (or role): villain, jester, hero, titan, etc. In a certain sense, a role is a mask that a person puts on himself when he enters people, society.

American sociologist II. Berger writes: "... man plays dramatic roles in the grandiose play of society, and, speaking in sociological terms, he is the mask that he must wear when playing his roles."

A role is the expected behavior of an individual holding a certain status (R. Linton). All aspects of the definition of social role are interconnected. So, the role is the behavior of the individual, but not any, but expected, i.e. such behavior that corresponds to the ideas that have developed in groups, society regarding the normality, adequacy, correctness, worthiness of a person’s actions in connection with his status position. Thus, role-playing is human behavior, considered in the coordinate system of expectations and status positions. In other words, only behavior that meets the expectations of those who are functionally associated with a given status is called a role; other behavior is not a role.

Talcott Parsons noted that each role can be described using five main characteristics - in terms of: 1) its emotionality; 2) method of obtaining; 3) scale; 4) formalization; 5) motivation.

Given these characteristics, let's compare two roles: the role of a policeman and the role of a mother.

• 1. The role of a policeman is much less emotional than the role of a mother. In general, emotional restraint is expected of a police officer, while the role of a mother can be very bright manifestation feelings.
• 2. According to the method of obtaining, the role of a policeman is related to the achieved status. The role of a mother includes both prescribed (since women are mothers) and attainable (since all women become mothers) aspects.
• 3. The role of the policeman is formal; he can only do what is prescribed by law, by instructions, determined by orders. The role of the mother is largely informal, although, of course, it is formal in terms of the provisions fixed in legal acts and documents.
• 4. The role of a mother is larger than the role of a police officer, since the role of a police officer is limited only by the scope of his professional performance. official duties, while between mother and child there is a much more wide range relations.
• 5. From the point of view of motivation, the role of a police officer is primarily focused on the implementation of public interests in law and security. But this role also includes personal motivation. It is associated with public recognition of the police service, worthy rewards for the work of police officers, their career interests. However, the defining role of a policeman is serving the legitimate interests of citizens, the law, i.e. First of all, the role of the policeman is socially motivated. The mother's role includes motivation for personal and public interest. Primary here is the personal motivation of a woman to have children, which may coincide with the interest of society in the reproduction of the population.

In addition to the concept of "status set", Robert Merton introduced the term role set. Under role set refers to a set of roles (role complex) associated with one status. As a rule, each status includes several roles. For example, the status of a university professor is associated with the roles of a teacher, researcher, supervisor of graduate students, youth mentor, scientific consultant, expert, author. scientific works etc. Thus, together with the concept of "status set", the concept of "role set" is used, which describes the whole variety of behavior patterns - roles assigned to one status (Fig. 10.1).

Is the role part of the "I" of a person, his personality structure or is it just an outer shell for the inner “I”, a mask, a label? To what extent "I" identifies(identifies) with the role?

The role can be a part of the "I", and only an external mask. If one of the parents plays the role of Santa Claus on the New Year tree in kindergarten, then this role is nothing more than a mask, which with "I" this person may be completely unrelated. For a professional actor, playing the role of Santa Claus is already something else. For him this

Rice. 10.1.

the role, of course, is a mask, but a mask associated with his profession; here, the performance of the role is already to a certain extent included in the "I" of a person.

An even greater identification of the inner "I" of a person with a role is possible. The actor plays different roles: today the role of Prince Hamlet, tomorrow King Lear, then the inhabitant of the social bottom of Sateen. But in reality the actor is neither Hamlet, nor Lear, nor Satine, none of these and other dramatic characters. But for a doctor, a lawyer, their musician professional activity- not a theatrical performance; what they serve are the roles of their whole lives. So, the doctor calls himself, considers and identifies himself with the doctor, and not with a masquerade role-playing character in a white coat. at the doctor the role of the doctor deeply rooted in his "I".

Roles can suddenly have a second bottom, when they seem to begin to live their own life separate from people. There are two main dangers here. The first is that it is impossible to live in society and evade the performance of roles. Roles, among other things, are a form of social selection, the establishment of social filters, and control. If a person does not want or is not able to master role-playing behavior, then he is threatened with non-recognition, rejection, social isolation. The second danger is that people tend to think that the roles they play are under their complete control; they believe that they can always enter any role they want or leave it at will. However, after all, one can play too much and one day find that roles command people, and not people command roles; that the roles put people under their control and turned their inner self into ashes.

• See: Shibutani T. Social Psychology. Rostov n / a, 1998.S. 351-356.
• See: Belsky V. Yu., Kravchenko A. I., Kurganov S. I. Sociology for lawyers. M., 2009. S. 154.
• Berger P. L. An invitation to sociology: a humanistic perspective. pp. 99-100.

36 chose

Not all people who have connected their lives with fashion are aphoristic wits. But when you think a lot about fashion, when your life is connected with fashion and style, words that form into sentences come to mind by themselves, in which nothing can be added or subtracted! .. I picked up 50 fashion quotes belonging to the great designers of the 20th century, as well as people who knew the art of creating their own style...

1. In order to be irreplaceable, you need to be different. Coco Chanel

2. Fashion doesn't just make women beautiful, it gives them confidence. Yves Saint Laurent

3. Pure, strong emotions. It's not about design. It's about feelings. Alber Elbaz

4. When you hear designers complaining about the problems of their profession, say: Don't get carried away, it's just dresses. Karl Lagerfeld

5. Fashion is not about labels. And not about brands. It's about something else that's going on inside of us. Ralph Lauren

6. We should never confuse elegance with snobbery. Yves Saint Laurent

7. Girls don't dress for boys. They dress for themselves and, of course, for each other. If girls dressed for boys, they would be naked all the time. Betsey Johnson

8. Women's dress should be like barbed wire: do their job without spoiling the landscape. Sophia Loren

9. Style is an easy way to talk about complex things. Jean Cocteau

10. Give a girl the right shoes and she can conquer the world. Marilyn Monroe

11. I don't do fashion. I myself am fashion. Coco Chanel

12. Fashion designers present on the catwalk four times a year. Style is what you choose. Launer Hatton

13. I like being a woman even in this man's world. After all, men can't wear dresses, but we can wear trousers. Whitney Houston

14. Fashion should be a form of escapism, not a form of incarceration. Alexander McQueen

15. Always walk as if three men are following you. Oscar de la Renta

16. Perfume can tell more about a woman than her handwriting. Christian Dior

17. Dressing as Scheherazade is easy. Pick up a small black dress- harder. Coco Chanel

18. Being different is easy, but being unique is very difficult. Lady Gaga

19. Style is a way of saying who you are without words. Rachel Zoe

20. I don't model clothes. I create dreams. Ralph Lauren

21. I can't concentrate in flat shoes. Victoria Beckham

22. When in doubt, wear red. Bill Blass

23. Nothing makes a woman more beautiful than the belief that she is beautiful. Sophia Loren

24. My job is to combine comfort and luxury, practical and desirable. Donna Karan

25. Luxury should be comfortable. Otherwise it is not a luxury. Coco Chanel

26. Fashion is like architecture: the main thing is proportions. Coco Chanel

27. If you can't be better than your competitor, then at least dress better. Anna Wintour

28. Nothing ages a woman like an overly rich outfit. Coco Chanel

29. Attire - a preface to a woman, and sometimes the whole book. Sebastien-Roche Nicolas de Chamfort

30. A person is painted by clothes. Naked people have very little influence in society, if not none at all. Mark Twain

31. There is nothing special about a skirt when it sways on a clothesline. Lawrence Dow

32. If you can’t remember what a woman was wearing, then she was dressed perfectly. Coco Chanel

33. Fashion is a form of ugliness so unbearable that we are forced to change it every six months. Oscar Wilde

34. I dress for image. Not for myself, not for the public, not for fashion, not for men. Marlene Dietrich

35. Each generation laughs at the old fashion, invariably following the new one. Henry David Thoreau

36. I know what women want. They want to be beautiful. Valentino Garavani

37. I have always considered a white t-shirt to be the alpha and omega of the fashionable alphabet. Giorgio Armani

38. Fashion is what we make ourselves out of every day. Miuccia Prada

39. Fashion is always inspired by youth and nostalgia and often draws inspiration from the past. Lana Del Rey

40. Fashion brings happiness. This is joy. But not therapy. Donatella Versace

41. There is no better designer in the world than nature itself. Alexander McQueen

42. A dress doesn't make any sense if it doesn't make men want to take it off you. Françoise Sagan

43. Buy less, choose better, and do it yourself. Vivienne Westwood

Taste is a muscle that can be trained.(NN)

First Commandment real woman: took off his heels - left the race. (NN)

Fashion is a matter of money. Style is a matter of individuality. (NN)

If some woman struck you with her beauty, but you cannot remember what she was wearing, it means that she was dressed perfectly. (Coco Chanel)

Lack of attire is sometimes the best attire. (Petronius)

A well-dressed person is one who considers himself and others. (Pierre Cardin)

There is a legend that there are women who, opening the closet, know what they will wear. (NN)

To despise fashion is as foolish as to follow it too zealously. (Jean de La Bruyère)
***
Most people live by fashion, not by reason. (Georg Christoph Lichtenberg)
***
There are people who even dress their thoughts according to the requirements of fashion. (Berthold Averbakh)
***
Outfit is a preface to a woman, and sometimes the entire book. (Sebastian-Roche Nicolas de Chamfort)
***
The expression on a woman's face is much more important than her clothes. (Dale Carnegie)
***
A man is adorned by clothes. Naked people have very little influence in society, if not none at all. (Mark Twain)
***
We eat for our own pleasure, we dress for the pleasure of others. (Benjamin Franklin)
***
The worse things are going for you, the better you should dress. (English saying)

***
Modesty died when clothing was born. (Mark Twain)
***
Women's clothing - painting, men's clothing- sculpture. (Barnett Newman)

***
If men in our time are more serious than women, it is only because their clothes are darker. (André Gide)
***
Women dress best in areas where they often undress. (Fortunat Strovsky)
***
Brevity is the soul of lingerie. (Dorothy Parker)
***
A man does not like women in cheap clothes, except for him own wife. (NN)
***
A man who has to take some decisive step thinks: “What will I say?”, And a woman: “How will I dress?”. (Madeleine de Puisier)
***
If a woman looks good in slacks, she will look good in anything. (NN)
***
Judge a man not by his clothes, but by the clothes of his wife. (Thomas Dewar)

***
If women only dressed for one man, it wouldn't last so long. (Marcel Achard)
***
If women dress up so carefully, it is only because the eye of a man is better developed than his mind. (Doris Day)
***
Women believe that they dress up for men or for their own pleasure; in truth, they dress up for each other. (Francis de Miomander)
***
I dress for women and undress for men. (Angie Dickinson)
***
The dress should be tight enough to show that you are a woman and loose enough to show that you are a lady. (Edith Head)
***
Wearing one dress for too long is bad for the body. (Yanina Ipohorskaya)
***
What do men like most about a woman's dress? Their ideas of what a woman would look like without any dress. (Brendan Francis)
***
Modern dresses are like barbed wire: they protect the territory, but allow it to be explored. (Danny Kay)
***
The neckline is another form of matter conservation. (Tamara Kleiman)
***
Women's dresses don't have to be tight, but if a woman is wearing, I want to see exactly where she is in that dress. (Bob Hope)

***
An unloved suit never wears out. (NN)

***
The most important thing in women's clothing is the woman who wears it. (Yves Saint Laurent)
***
There is nothing special about a skirt when it is swaying on a clothesline. (Laurence Dow)
***
Moth loves to change the wardrobe. (Antony Regulsky)
***
Fashion passes, style remains. (Coco Chanel)
***
The mod no longer exists. It is created for several hundred people. (Coco Chanel)
***
You can follow fashion or run after fashion. But you can only run if you're young enough. (Jeanne Moreau)
***
There are no ugly women - there are only women who do not know that they are beautiful. (Vivien Leigh)
***
In everything that concerns sins, one should carefully follow the fashion. (Lillian Hellman)
***
It takes twenty minutes to look like a goddess. It takes three hours to look natural. (Women's folk wisdom)
***
Beware of originality. In women's fashion, originality can lead to a masquerade. (Coco Chanel)
***
The best decoration for a girl is modesty and a transparent dress. (Eugene Schwartz)
***
Black flat shoes are worn to balding short men. (Women's folk wisdom)
***
Fashion exists for women who lack taste, etiquette for women who lack education. (Queen Maria of Romania)
***
Under the clothes, all people are naked. (Heine)
***
Many women's problems, before which the best psychiatrists give in, the hairdresser of the second category often decides. (Mary McCarthy)
***
Clothing on a woman should be moderately modest, so that it does not catch the eye, and at the same time it is noticeable that she is wearing it. (Stas Yankovsky)
***
Fashion is traditionalism squared: to be like everyone else and, moreover, to compete. (A. Kruglov)
***
Wear rich clothes - they will open all doors for you. (Fuller)
***
Every fashion looks like it will last forever. (Georg Simmel)
***
Taking fashion too seriously is probably stupid. (Hans Georg Gadamer)
***
The essence of fashion is that it is always followed by only a part of the group, while the group as a whole is only on the way to it. (Georg Simmel)
***
The breaking of fashion by kings becomes fashion for their subjects. (Emil German)
***
The latest fashion statement tends to echo in an empty pocket. loving man. (Eduard Aleksandrovich Sevrus (Vorokhov))
***
I love clothes and I don't like fashion. (Miuccia Prada)
***
The desire for novelty is a special gift that explains the absolute dominance of the French in the field of fashion. (Valery Giscard D "Estaing)
***
In fashion stores, look not for a thing, but for yourself. (NN)
***
Perfume is business card. Without fragrance, a woman is anonymous. (Hubert de Givenchy)
***
Shoes are made so that even in clothes a woman seems naked.
(Christian Louboutin)
***
The value of the bag must be greater than the value of its contents. (GQ magazine)
***
A dress doesn't make any sense if it doesn't make men want to take it off you.
(Francoise Sagan)
***
You can wear whatever you like, as long as it looks feminine and sexy. (Vivienne Westwood)
***
The secret of the success of our suits is in the small details, understandable at the level of sensations.
(Cristiano Corneliani, Director of Corneliani)
***
If there is no clothes you would like to wear, design it yourself. (The principle of hand-made)

***
Taste is the ability to find a way out in the most natural in different circumstances.
(Fazil Iskander)
***
I love vulgarity. Good taste- death. Vulgarity is life. (Mary Quant, inventor of the miniskirt)
***
A person's style is the voice of his soul. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
***
Only superficial people do not judge by appearances. (Oscad Wilde)
***
A well-tied tie is the first serious step in life. (Oscad Wilde

***
A real man walks in a suit, not jeans, but this suit looks like a person slept in it. (Susan Vega)
***
She looked like she was poured into a dress, slightly pouring over the edge. (Palem Wodehouse)
***
Better two folds on the face than one on a stocking. (Commandment of a Parisienne)
***
A woman should be undressed by the one for whom she dresses. (NN)
***
To be beautiful, it is not enough to be beautiful. (Paul Reynal)
***
Charm is beauty in motion. (Gothold Lessing)
***
Very expensive clothes age. (Coco Chanel)
***
Youth fashion - pleonasm; There is no old fashion. (Coco Chanel)
***
I love it when fashion goes outside, but I don't allow it to come from there. (Coco Chanel)
***
Nothing ages a woman like an overly rich suit. (Coco Chanel)
***
Fashion, like architecture, is a matter of proportion. (Coco Chanel)

To be irreplaceable, you need to change all the time. (Coco Chanel)

Fashion is what goes out of fashion. (Coco Chanel)

People are not interested in fashion, but in the few who create it. (Coco Chanel)

Clothes are like canvas different people drapes differently. (Donna Karan)

If a woman is poorly dressed, others will remember her clothes. If a woman is well dressed, others will remember her. (Coco Chanel)

A woman, not clothes, expresses sexuality. (GianiVersace)

Style is the person. (Buffon, French naturalist)

Fashion is what we ourselves wear. What others wear is not fashionable. (Oscar Wilde)

Fashionable what I wear! (Coco Chanel)

Fashion lives not only in dresses, fashion is in the air, it is brought by the wind, we anticipate it, we breathe it, it is in the sky and on the road, it is inseparable from people, customs, events. (Coco Chanel)

A well-dressed person is one who considers himself and others. (P. Cardin)

A real woman can be immediately recognized by her disobedience to the fashionable standard, she wears only what suits her. (I. A. Efremov)

A lover of rarities does not value what is good or beautiful, but what is unusual and outlandish, what he alone has. Fashionable and hard-to-reach he appreciates more than perfect. (J. La Bruyère

The whims of women are not subject to fashion, but fashion is always in their power. (Valery Afonchenko)

Happiness is not in money, but in shopping. (Marilyn Monroe)

Bad taste is an indicator of a decline in morals. In clothes, try to be elegant, but not dandy; the sign of grace is decency, and the sign of panache is excess. (Socrates)

Depending on your means, dress magnificently, But not funny, richly - not colorful. Clothing speaks about a person. (Shakespeare)

Elegance is more than lightness, more than freedom from awkwardness and restrictions. Elegance means inspired yet refined precision, detail and brilliance. (Garlitz)

Each new generation laughs at the old fashion, passing into the new religion. (Toro)

The majority, lacking in vanity, follows the new fashion, forgetting the old. (Hubert)

Fashion is the only attempt to transform art into form social interactions. (Oliver Wendeler Holmes)

In any form, redundancy is revolting, so every man of sense must adhere to this rule both in dress and in speech. Try to avoid other people's influences in everything, but follow, without undue haste, changes in fashion. (Molière)

Try not to get ahead of fashion and keep up with it, and even more so do not fall into its extremes. (Lavater).

Admit it, you sold your soul when you first wore Jimmy Choo shoes! (film The Devil Wears Prada).

The best wardrobe for clothes is a chair! (NN)

Cheap is only what you wear without a sense of self-confidence. (NN)

Read even more new aphorisms about fashion and style on our page

social status- the position of an individual or social group in social system.

status rank- the position of the individual in the social hierarchy of statuses, on the basis of which the status worldview is formed.

status set- a set of several status positions that an individual simultaneously occupies.

Conceptions of social status

The concept of "social status" was first used in science English philosopher and 19th century jurist. G. Main. In sociology, the concept of status (from Latin status - position, state) is used in different meanings. The dominant idea is the social status as the position of an individual or a social group in the social system, which is characterized by certain distinctive features (rights, duties, functions). Sometimes social status refers to a set of such hallmarks. In ordinary speech, the concept of status is used as a synonym for prestige.

In modern scientific and educational literature, they are defined as: the position of the individual in the social system, associated with certain rights, duties and role expectations;

• the position of the subject in the system of interpersonal relations,
• defining his rights, duties and privileges;
• the position of the individual in the system of interpersonal relations, due to his psychological influence on the members of the group;
• the relative position of the individual in society, determined by his functions, duties and rights;
• the position of a person in the structure of a group or society, associated with certain rights and obligations;
• an indicator of the position occupied by an individual in society;
• the relative position of an individual or a social group in a social system, determined by a number of features characteristic of the given system;
• the position occupied by an individual or a social group in society or a separate subsystem of society, determined by characteristics specific to a particular society - economic, national, age, etc.;
• the place of an individual or group in the social system in accordance with their characteristics - natural, professional, ethnic, etc.;
• structural element social organization society, which appears before the individual as a position in the system of social relations;
• the relative position of an individual or group, determined by social (economic status, profession, qualifications, education, etc.) and natural characteristics (sex, age, etc.);
• a set of rights and obligations of an individual or a social group associated with the performance of a certain social role by them;
• prestige that characterizes the position of an individual or social groups in a hierarchical system.

Each person in society performs certain social functions: students study, workers produce wealth, managers manage, journalists talk about the events taking place in the country and the world. For execution social functions certain duties are imposed on the individual in accordance with social status. The higher the status of a person, the more duties he has, the more stringent the requirements of society or a social group for his status duties, the more Negative consequences from their violation.

status set is a set of status positions that each individual occupies simultaneously. In this set, the following statuses are usually distinguished: ascriptive (assigned), achieved, mixed, main.

The social status of the individual was relatively stable due to the class or caste structure of society and was fixed by the establishment of religion or law. In modern societies, the status positions of individuals are more mobile. However, in any society there are ascriptive (assigned) and achieved social statuses.

Assigned status- this is a social status received "automatically" by its carrier due to factors beyond his control - by law, birth, sex or age, racial and national origin, consanguinity system, socio-economic status of parents, etc. For example, you can not get married, participate in elections, get a driver's license before reaching the required age for this. Assigned statuses are of interest to sociology only if they are the basis for social inequality, i.e. affect social differentiation and the social structure of society.

Achieved status - it is a social status acquired by its bearer through his own efforts and merits. The level of education, professional achievements, career, title, position, successful in social relations marriage - all this affects the social status of the individual in society.

There is a direct relationship between assigned and achieved social statuses. Achieved statuses are acquired mainly through competition, but some achieved statuses are largely determined by ascriptive ones. Thus, the possibility of obtaining a prestigious education, which in modern society is a necessary prerequisite for high social status, is directly related to the advantages of family origin. On the contrary, the presence of a high achieved status largely compensates for the low ascriptive status of an individual due to the fact that no society can ignore the real social successes and achievements of individuals.

Mixed social statuses have signs attributed and achieved, but achieved not at the request of a person, but due to a combination of circumstances, for example, as a result of job loss, natural disasters or political upheavals.

Major social status the individual determines mainly the position of a person in society, his way of life.

demeanor. When we are talking O stranger, we first of all ask: “What does this person do? How does he make a living? The answer to this question says a lot about a person, therefore, in modern society, the main status of an individual is, as a rule, professional or official.

Lych status It manifests itself at the level of a small group, for example, a family, a work collective, a circle of close friends. In a small group, the individual functions directly and his status is determined by personal qualities and character traits.

group status characterizes an individual as a member of a large social group as, for example, a representative of a nation, confession or profession.

The concept and types of social status

The substantive difference between them boils down to the fact that the role is performed, but the status is. In other words, the role implies the possibility of a qualitative assessment of how the individual meets the role requirements. Social status - This is the position of a person in the structure of a group or society, which determines certain rights and obligations. Speaking of status, we abstract from any qualitative assessment of the person who occupies it, and his behavior. We can say that status is a formal-structural social characteristic of the subject.

Like roles, there can be many statuses, and in general, any status implies a corresponding role and vice versa.

Main status - the key of the entire set of social statuses of the individual, mainly determining his social position and importance in society. For example, the main status of a child is age; in traditional societies, the main status of a woman is gender; in modern society, as a rule, the main status becomes professional or official. In any case, the main status acts as a decisive factor in the image and standard of living, dictates the manner of behavior.

Social status can be:

• prescribed- received from birth or due to factors independent of its carrier - gender or age, race, socio-economic status of parents. For example, by law, you cannot get a driver's license, get married, participate in elections or receive a pension before reaching the required age for this;
• achieved- acquired in society thanks to the efforts and merits of the individual. The status of a person in society is affected by the level of education, professional achievements, career, socially successful marriage. No society can ignore the real success of the individual, so the existence of achieved status has the ability to largely compensate for the low status attributed to the individual;
• private- manifests itself at the level of a small group in which the individual functions directly (family, work team, circle of close friends), it is determined by his personal qualities and character traits;
• group- characterizes an individual as a member of a large social group - a representative of a class, nation, profession, carrier of certain gender and age characteristics, etc.

Based on sociological surveys, it has been established that the majority of Russians are currently satisfied with their position in society rather than dissatisfied. This is a very significant positive trend. recent years, since satisfaction with one's position in society is not only an essential prerequisite for social stability, but also a very important condition for people to feel comfortable in their socio-psychological state in general. Among those who assess their place in society as “good”, almost 85% believe that their lives are going well. This indicator does not depend much on age: even in the group over 55, about 70% share this opinion. Among those who are dissatisfied with their social status, the picture turned out to be the opposite - almost half of them (with 6.8% in the array as a whole) believe that their life is going badly.

Status hierarchy

French sociologist R. Boudon considers social status as having two dimensions:

• horizontal, which forms a system of social contacts and interchanges, both real and simply possible, that develop between the holder of the status and other individuals who are at the same level of the social ladder;
• vertical, which is formed by contacts and exchanges that arise between the holder of the status and individuals located at higher and lower levels.

On the basis of such a representation, Budon defines social status as a set of equal and hierarchical relations maintained by an individual with other members of society.

The status hierarchy is typical for any organization. Indeed, without nes organization is impossible; it is due to the fact that all members of the group know the status of each, there is an interaction between the links of the organization. However, the formal structure of an organization does not always coincide with its informal structure. Such a gap between hierarchies in many organizations does not require sociometric research, but is visible to a simple observer, since the establishment of a status hierarchy is the answer not only to the question “Who is the most important here?”, but also to the question “Who is the most authoritative, most competent, most popular among employees?”. The real status is largely determined by personal qualities, qualifications, charm, etc.

Many modern sociologists pay attention to the functional dissonance that arises from the mismatch of hierarchical and functional status. Such a mismatch can arise due to individual compromises, when the orders of the leadership acquire the character of a “stream of consciousness”, providing subordinates with a “zone of free action”. The result can be generally both positive and manifest itself in an increase in the flexibility of the organization's response, and negative, expressed in functional chaos and confusion.

Status confusion acts as a criterion of social disorganization and, perhaps, as one of the causes of deviant behavior. E. Durkheim considered the relationship between violations of the status hierarchy and the state of anomie and suggested that discord in the status hierarchy in an industrial society takes two forms.

First, the expectations of the individual in connection with the position he occupies in society and the counter-expectations of other members of society directed towards the individual become largely uncertain. If in a traditional society everyone knew what to expect and what awaited him, and in accordance with this he was well aware of his rights and obligations, then in an industrial society, due to the growing division of labor and instability labor relations the individual is increasingly faced with situations that he did not foresee and for which he is not ready. For example, if in the Middle Ages studying at a university automatically meant a sharp and irreversible increase in social status, now no one is surprised by the abundance of unemployed university graduates who agree to any job.

Second, status instability affects the structure of social rewards and the level of individual life satisfaction.

To understand what determines the status hierarchy in traditional - pre-industrial - societies, one should turn to modern societies of the East (except for caste ones). Here you can find three important element, influencing the social position of the individual - gender, age and belonging to a certain "estate", which assign to each member of society his rigid status. At the same time, the transition to another level of the status hierarchy is extremely difficult due to a number of legal and symbolic restrictions. But even in traditionally oriented societies, the spirit of entrepreneurship and enrichment, the personal benevolence of the ruler influence the distribution of statuses, although status is legitimized through reference to the traditions of the ancestors, which in itself reflects the weight of the attributing elements of the status (the antiquity of the family, the personal prowess of the ancestors, etc.).

In modern Western society, the status hierarchy can be viewed from the standpoint of either meritocratic ideology as a fair and inevitable recognition of personal merits, talents and abilities, or holistic sociologism as a result strictly determined by social processes. But both theories offer a very simplistic understanding of the nature of status, and there are points that cannot be explained in the context of either of them. For example, if status is entirely determined by personal qualities and merit, then how to explain the presence in almost any organization of formal and informal status hierarchies?

Within an organization, this duality refers to the mismatch of competence and power seen in various forms and on various levels when decisions are made not by competent and impartial experts, but by "capitalists" who are guided by the logic of personal gain, or "soulless technocrats". The discrepancy between professional qualifications and material and status remuneration is also inexplicable. Inconsistencies in this area are often denied or hushed up in the name of the meritocratic ideal of "status by merit." For example, in modern Russian society the situation of low material remuneration and, as a result, low prestige and status of highly educated and highly intelligent people became typical: “The profession of physics in the USSR in the 1960s. enjoyed high prestige, and the accountant - low. In modern Russia, they have changed places. In this case, prestige is strongly associated with the economic status of these occupations.

Since systems are more complex and subject to faster evolution, the mechanism for assigning status remains uncertain. First, the list of criteria involved in determining the status is very long. Secondly, it is becoming more and more difficult to reduce the totality of various status attributes belonging to each individual to a single symbol, as in traditional societies, where it was enough to say “this is the son of such and such” to immediately become known the social status of a person, his material level, circle of acquaintances and friends. In traditional societies, the individual and his status were very closely linked. Personality and status tend to diverge these days. The identity of a person is no longer set: she herself builds it with her own efforts throughout her life. Therefore, our perception of ourselves as a person is split into many aspects in which our social status is manifested. Personal identity is felt not so much through a connection with a fixed status, but through a sense of one's own value and uniqueness.