Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in public institutions, court, and different types business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style- these are language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). The document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd the document, the more convenient it is to use (see examples of clichés below)

Formal business style is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

§2. Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the period.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.

In official business style, the use is unacceptable polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example: arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), locality(instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.

Morphological features of the official business style of speech

The morphological features of this style include the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle Not-(deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

4) derivative prepositions ( in connection with, on account of, due to);

5) infinitive constructions: ( check, help);

6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( behind non-payment will be fined…).

7) compound words formed from two or more stems ( tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, below and so on.).

The use of these forms is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation.

Syntactic features of the official business style of speech

The syntactic features of the official business style include:

1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the series of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8–10), for example: ... fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with the legislation of Russia for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( the results of the activities of the tax police…);

4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex ones, with conditional clauses: If there is a dispute about the amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee.

non-state educational institution

higher professional education

"Kuzbass Institute of Economics and Law"

Department of HUMANITARIAN DISCIPLINES

TEST

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH CULTURE

Option number 3

Completed by: Student of group F-203

Dudkina Z.R.

Checked:

KEMEROVO 2011

2 Task 2

List of used literature

1 Formal business style and its features

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Indeed, the language of laws requires, above all, accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for a complete understanding. Business speech is impersonal, stereotyped, it lacks an emotional beginning.

A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. So, in management documentation, we constantly meet with the forms of the first person of the verb (please, offer, order, congratulations). With modal forms, musts (should, must, should, proposed). The main task is information: a statement of something, approval, prescription, notification, etc.

The official business style functions in the form of documents of various genres: laws, decrees, orders, contracts, reports, minutes of statements, powers of attorney, instructions, certificates and other business papers. Most clearly manifested in the written form of speech.

Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation, but it actively penetrates into various areas of communication, into other styles and into colloquial. There is almost no place for the manifestation of the author's individuality. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

Lexical features of the official business style of speech.

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

Language stamps (clericalism, cliches): to raise a question, on the basis of a decision, incoming-outgoing documents, to impose control over execution, after the expiration of the term;

Professional terminology: arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

Archaisms: I certify this document.

In an official business style, the use of polysemantic words, as well as words in figurative meanings, is unacceptable, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized.

Morphological features of the official business style of speech.

TO morphological features This style includes the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

Nouns - names of people on the basis of the action (taxpayer, tenant, witness);

Nouns denoting positions and ranks in the masculine form (Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);

Verbal nouns with the particle non- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

Derivative prepositions (in connection with, due to, due to, to the extent, in relation to, on the basis of);

Infinitive constructions: (inspect, provide assistance);

Present tense verbs in the meaning of an action usually performed (a fine is charged for non-payment);

Compound words formed from two or more stems (tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, below, etc.).

The use of these forms is explained by the desire business language to the accuracy of the transfer of meaning and the unambiguity of interpretation.

Syntactic features of the official business style of speech

TO syntactic features official business style include:

The use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8-10);

The presence of passive structures;

Stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in genitive case;

predominance complex sentences, especially complex ones, with conditional clauses.

There are several sub-styles of official business style.

Documentary sub-style - the language of legislative documents related to the activities of official bodies, includes the vocabulary and phraseology of state law, civil law, criminal law, labor code, code of laws on marriage and family. It is joined by vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activities of citizens.

Everyday business style is found in business correspondence between institutions and organizations and in private business papers, as well as in official correspondence ( business letter, commercial correspondence), official business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol), private business papers (application, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, invoice, etc.). All of them are characterized by a well-known standardization, which facilitates their compilation and use, and is designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy.

Diplomacy is the art of resolving international disputes by peaceful means; it is also a technique and skill that harmoniously affects international relations and is subject to certain rules and customs.

Diplomatic substyle - a substyle of diplomatic documents, such as a diplomatic note, a government statement, a credential. It is distinguished by specific terms, most of which are international: status quo, persona non grata, ratification, preamble. Unlike other sub-styles of the official business style, the language of diplomatic documents contains high, solemn vocabulary to give the document an underlined significance, and etiquette forms of politeness generally accepted in international state circulation are also used.

The syntax of diplomatic documents is characterized by the use of conditionally concessive sentences, flexible wording, which meets the requirements of diplomatic etiquette, diplomatic tact. Imperative mood and, accordingly, imperative sentences (order, command) are used in the diplomatic style in exceptional cases - in notes of protest, in ultimatums.

In conclusion, I note that the diplomatic sub-style is the most "open" of all sub-styles of business speech, it is closer than other varieties of official business style to politics and journalism, and this determines its linguistic and stylistic originality.

business language style official

a) Write a review of the accusatory speech in the Kitelev case, giving its assessment and noting what qualities of good speech are violated in it (prove this with examples).

Speaking is the most important integral part oratorical speech.

In the introductory part of the accusatory speech in the Kitelev case, the lawyer fulfilled his main task, i.e. managed to attract the attention of the audience, establish contact with the audience, create favorable conditions for the perception of speech, prepare those present in the hall to accept the main provisions and conclusions of the speaker.

Example. Comrade Judges // The Soviet government / constantly shows concern // for the protection of the life / health and dignity of a Soviet person / for the public safety of all citizens // This, first of all / explains the issuance of a decree / of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the RSFSR / dated May 16 / 1980 / on strengthening measures against drunkenness and alcoholism // Drunkenness is / one of the most disgusting / phenomena in human life / because on this basis / disrespect for society / violation of public order is manifested / rules of law /

My opinion is that introductions are not needed and are permissible only as exceptions in very rare cases. If we mean a lawyer-judge, then for him such introductions are superfluous, because he himself knows both the features of this case and the significance of the crime being treated. For me, in the first place is this case itself in all its real nakedness, and not the prosecutor's theoretical fabrications about this case, which will hardly help me solve this problem correctly.

This is an ordinary case, which is of no interest, and the evidence is simple and few in number, and one should start from the circumstances of the case, or even directly from the point at issue. If this case was loud and complex, then a beautiful introduction is quite appropriate.

In my opinion, the basic requirements for entry are violated, namely:

In this case, the introduction is not short and concise, and not closely related to the speech. Speech is made up of general expressions and thoughts that are not relevant to the case;

Too much enthusiasm, heat and harsh pictures at the beginning of a speech force the speaker to lower his tone very quickly in the main part of his speech, while the whole essence of the matter lies in it.

Indeed, the analysis of the text of the accusatory speech shows that the speaker in the introduction uses a variety of techniques to bring those present in the courtroom to the perception of the circumstances of the criminal offense.

Official business style of speech (general characteristic)

Formal business style- This is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Among book styles, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

For formal business style characteristic dryness, lack of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is language stamps, or the so-called cliches (French. clich ).

Formal business styleis the style of documents of different genres, such as:

• international treaties,
  

• state acts,
  

• legal laws,
  

• decrees,
  

• charters,

• instructions
  

• business correspondence,
  

• business papers, etc.
  

But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and the most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of interpretation;

2) locale.

These traits find their expression:

A) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic);

b) in the preparation of business documents.

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

Lexical (dictionary) system of official business style, except for common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the period.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.

In formal business style unacceptable use polysemantic words, and words in figurative meanings, A synonyms are rarely used and, as a rule, belong to the same style:

supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

Formal business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result, her vocabulary is extremely generalized. In the official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example:

• arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.),
  

• vehicle (instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.),

• locality (instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.

Morphological signs of official business speech style

The morphological features of this style include repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the masculine form ( Sergeant Petrova, InspectorIvanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle Not-(deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

4) derivative prepositions ( in connection with, on account of, due to);

5) infinitive constructions: ( check, help);

6) present tense verbs in the meaning of a commonly performed action ( behindnon-payment will be fined… ).

7) compound words formed from two or more stems ( tenant, employer, logistics, maintenance, above, below and so on. ).

The use of these forms is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation.

Syntactic features of the official business style of speech

TO syntactic features official business style include:

1) the use of simple sentences with homogeneous members, and the rows of these homogeneous members can be very common (up to 8–10), for example:

… fines as an administrative penalty may be established in accordance with the legislation of Russia for violation of safety and labor protection rules in industry, construction, transport and agriculture;

2) the presence of passive structures ( payments are made at the specified time);

3) stringing the genitive case, i.e. the use of a chain of nouns in the genitive case: ( the results of the activities of the tax police… );

4) the predominance of complex sentences, especially complex ones, with conditional clauses:

If there is a dispute about the amounts due to the dismissed employee, the administration is obliged to pay the compensation specified in this article if the dispute is resolved in favor of the employee.

Genre diversity of the official business style of speech

According to the theme and variety of genres in the style under consideration, there are two varieties:

I- official documentary style and II- casual business style .

In turn, in the official documentary style, one can single outjlanguage of legislative documents related to the activity government agencies(Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws, charters), andklanguage of diplomatic acts related to international relations(memorandum, communique, convention, statement). In everyday business style, they distinguishjthe language of official correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, andkthe language of private business papers, on the other.

All genres of everyday business style: official correspondence (business letter, commercial correspondence) and business papers (certificate, certificate, act, protocol, statement, power of attorney, receipt, autobiography, etc.) - characterized by well-known standardization, facilitating their compilation and use and designed to save language resources, to eliminate unjustified information redundancy.

Questions and tasks

1. What areas of activity does the official business style serve?

2. What are the common features of the official business style?

3. List the language features of the official business style (lexical, morphological, syntactic).

4. What are the main genres of official business style.

Structural-logical scheme "Official-business style of speech and its varieties"

Official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc.

Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, economical use language means;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the often obligatory form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, birth and marriage certificates, money documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) widespread use of terminology, names (legal, diplomatic, military, administrative, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in the text;

4) the frequent use of verbal nouns, denominative prepositions (on the basis of, in relation to, in accordance with, in deed, by virtue of, for purposes, at the expense of, along the line, etc.), complex conjunctions (due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, etc.), as well as various set phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (in case ...; on the basis that ...; for the reason that ...; with the condition, that ...; in such a way that ...; the circumstance that ...; the fact that ..., etc.);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) the tendency to use complex sentences, reflecting the logical subordination of some facts to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

11. Journalistic style of speech: purpose, genres, style features and language features.

The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.

Journalistic style is used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, comments on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is a speech activity in the field of politics in all its variety of meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for the message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).

Characteristic features publicistic works are the relevance of issues, political passion and imagery, sharpness and brightness of presentation. They are due to the social purpose of journalism - reporting facts, to form public opinion, actively influence the mind and feelings of a person.

Publicistic style is represented by many genres:

1. newspaper - essay, article, feuilleton, reportage;

2. television - analytical program, information message, dialogue in live;

3. oratory - speech at a rally, toast, debate;

4. communication - a press conference, a meeting "without a tie", teleconferences;

§2. Functions of journalistic style

One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination of two language functions within its framework: the message function (informative) and the impact function (expressive).

The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in a journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, in its sources and addressees. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of environment, O Everyday life citizens.

The method of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes the facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, moods of the authors, contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist tends to write selectively - primarily about what is of interest to certain community groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence. The purpose of the publicist is not only to tell about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need certain attitude to the facts stated and to the necessity of the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open tendentiousness, polemicism, emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).

In different journalistic genres one of the two named functions can act as a leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not crowd out the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in government agencies, courts, as well as in various types of business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The formal business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés. A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.

Official business style is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, state acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

• 1). accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
• 2). locale.

These traits find their expression:

• a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic);
• b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the official business style.

The main area in which the official business style functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of the state, public, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication.

The texts of the official business style of speech represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, order, contract, instruction, complaint, recipe, various kinds of statements, autobiography, explanatory letter, questionnaire, statistical report, etc.

The expression of the legal will in business documents determines the properties, the main features of business speech and the socially organizing use of the language. Genres of official business style perform informational, prescriptive, stating functions in various fields activities, so the main form of implementation of this style is written.

Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common style features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotyping, standard presentation; obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, strictness of expression of thought, objectivity, logic - which is characteristic of scientific speech.

The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes on the corresponding texts the requirement of unambiguous reading. In this regard, each text should be characterized by such accuracy of presentation of information that would not allow the possibility various interpretations. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and the language design is impeccable.

It is this purpose that determines the actual standard design of many business documents (a personnel record sheet, a questionnaire, a receipt for payment of housing and communal services, etc.).

Consider an example: “When studying any international agreement, and in particular, an agreement on the elimination of double taxation, it is first necessary to clearly define its scope in two aspects:

• - taxes covered by the agreement;
• - the territories covered by the agreement.

Even in this short passage there are words and phrases with official legal coloring ( international agreement, double taxation, taxes), the phrase “needs to be determined”, expressing the obligation, such features as the severity of the expression of thought, an impartial statement, the complete impersonality of the presentation.

The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, up to a narrow terminology. Therefore, texts of this style often give precise definitions of the words and concepts used. Polysemy (polysemy), metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings are unacceptable, synonyms are used to a small extent (as a rule, they belong to the same style).

Typical for the business language are compound words formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, logistical, above, below named, etc. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a “non-idiomatic” nature, for example, destination, higher educational institution, tax return, Joint-Stock Company, housing cooperative, etc. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the use of clichéd language means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standard character.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, i.e. everything that is sharp, concrete, unique has been eliminated, and the typical has been brought to the fore.

Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns (replenishing the budget, providing housing, serving the population, taking measures) and participles (given, indicated, above named). Complex denominative prepositions are widely used (in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning).

Typically, a sentence contains a fairly large amount of information and is designed for re-reading. Simple sentences are often complicated by homogeneous members, which is due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. Passive structures are actively used; complex sentences with an additional condition: “The procedure for conducting a meeting and examining additional evidence, if they were presented, to the appellate instance, is determined by the chairperson. By general rule First, the explanations of the persons participating in the case and their representatives are heard. First, the person who filed the appeal and his representative speak. In the event of an appeal against the decision by both parties, the plaintiff shall act first.”

In this passage, the first sentence is a complex one with a subordinate clause. In the following sentences, there are several participles (participants, submitter), a passive verb (are heard), a complex denominative preposition (in case). Strict logic and accuracy of presentation determine the sequence of actions in the presented situation. This text acts as a regulation and establishes the procedure for considering an appeal.