Which of the features are characteristic of the journalistic style. Journalistic style, its genres and language features. Style polyphony of journalistic texts. Syntactic features of the journalistic style of speech

1. Definition

The journalistic style of speech is a functional variety literary language and widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. Political literature for the mass reader and documentaries should also be added here.

In various textbooks on stylistics, the journalistic style was also called newspaper-journalistic, newspaper style, socio-political style. The name "journalistic style" seems to be more accurate, since other variants of the name more narrowly define the scope of its functioning. The name "newspaper style" is explained by the history of the formation of this style: its speech features took shape precisely in periodicals and, above all, in newspapers. However, today this style functions not only in print, but also in electronic media. mass media: it would also be fair to call it "television" style. Another name - socio-political style - more accurately indicates the close connection of the style under discussion with social and political life, but here it is worth remembering that this style also serves non-political spheres of communication: culture, sports, activities public organizations(environmental, human rights and others).

Name journalistic style is closely connected with the concept of journalism, which is no longer linguistic, but literary, since it characterizes the content features of the works related to it.

Publicism is a kind of literature and journalism; considers topical political, economic, literary, legal, philosophical and other problems of modern life in order to influence public opinion and existing political institutions, to strengthen or change them in accordance with a certain class interest (in a class society) or social and moral ideal. Publicist subject - all modern life in its grandeur and smallness, private and public, real or reflected in the press, art, document." Such a definition is given in the "Concise Literary Encyclopedia" (M., 1971 v.6 Stb. 72). If we omit the mention of class interest, That this definition quite accurately reflects the place and role of journalism among works of literature and journalism, and will also allow us to further understand the stylistic features of journalistic works.

In another encyclopedic edition we find the following definition:

Journalism is a kind of works devoted to topical issues and phenomena of the current life of society. Plays an important political and ideological role, influences the activities social institutions, serves as a means of public education, agitation and propaganda, a way of organizing and transmitting social information. Publicism exists

in verbal (written and oral),

Graphically pictorial (poster, caricature),

photography and cinematography (documentary films, television),

theatrical and dramatic

and verbal and musical forms.

Publicism is often used in artistic and scientific works." ("Soviet encyclopedic Dictionary"M., 1990 S. 1091). The concepts of journalism and journalistic style, as can be seen from these definitions, do not completely coincide. Journalism is a kind of literature, journalistic style is a functional type of language. Works of other styles may differ in their journalistic focus, for example, science articles dedicated to current economic problems. On the other hand, a text that is journalistic in style may not belong to this type of literature due to the purely informational nature or the irrelevance of the problems discussed.

2. Style functions

The most important functions of journalistic style are informational and influencing. The informational function of texts related to this style is that the authors of such texts aim to inform the widest possible range of readers, viewers, and listeners about problems that are significant for society and about the views of the authors on these problems.

The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. The specificity of the information function in a journalistic style lies in the nature of the information, its sources and addressees.

Television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform the society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of environment, O Everyday life citizens.

Information in journalistic texts not only describes the facts, but also reflects the opinions, moods, contains comments and thoughts of the authors. This distinguishes it from scientific information. Another difference is due to the fact that journalistic works are not tasked with a complete comprehensive description of a particular phenomenon, the publicist seeks to write, first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, highlighting those aspects of life that are important for his potential audience. .

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence. The goal of the publicist is not only to tell about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude to the facts presented and the need for a certain behavior. The journalistic style is characterized by open tendentiousness, polemicism, emotionality, which is precisely caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position.

The influence function is a backbone for the publicistic style, it is it that distinguishes this style from other varieties of the literary language. Although this function is also typical for official business and conversational style, for selection language tools it actively influences precisely in journalistic texts.

As an example of the implementation of these functions, let us consider a note from the Okrug newspaper dated 08/04/2001 entitled "Prince Vladimir is exiled to the province." The note has the subtitle "City officials support the Swedish commodity producer." She informs about the purchase of Swedish Volvo cars by the Moscow government and the City Council. At the same time, the note affects the reader, forming certain attitude to the position of leaders who verbally agitate for the support of the domestic commodity producer.

In various journalistic genres, which will be discussed later, one of these functions can act as a leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not crowd out the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.

In addition to informational and influencing, journalistic style texts, of course, perform all other functions inherent in the language:

communicative,

the expressive

aesthetic.

3. General functions of the language in a journalistic style

The communicative function is the main function of the language and is manifested in all its forms. Since the journalistic style functions in the sphere of relationships between different community groups, the role of this style in supporting public communication is enormous. The communicative nature of the journalistic style lies in the fact that its texts are created not for internal use and not for a single addressee (although in these cases the communicative aspect is present), but for the widest possible audience. Being at a considerable distance in space, the author of a journalistic text seeks to get closer to the addressee in terms of time, subject matter of messages, as well as speech stylistic features. Communication also involves feedback - the response of the addressee. For this style, the feedback is most clearly carried out in a situation of public discussion, but not only here. For newspaper feedback are letters from readers, answers officials, articles sent in response to previous publications. Radio and television have moved from letters to phone calls listeners and spectators, during which they can ask questions, express their opinion, tell about the events known to them. It is also widely used to attract viewers to filming television programs in studios. Modern interactive television is looking for new forms of maintaining contact with the audience.

The expressive function of language allows the speaker to express his feelings. The journalistic text usually clearly reflects the personality of the author, is distinguished by a clearly expressed and emotionally colored attitude of the author to the facts presented. Not all journalistic genres equally assume the expressiveness of the text: it is less likely for an informational note and more typical for an essay or pamphlet. On television, emotionality is less characteristic of newscasts and is mandatory for talk shows.

Here are some examples of expressiveness newspaper headlines:

"The old wagon new way. Moscow does not say goodbye to Czech trams", "Secret census. Mosgorkomstat promises not to share information”, “Mushroom picker is wrong 1 time”, “You are taking a comrade on the right road! Three Hours of Socialism at the Three Stations". These headlines not only indicate the subject of the message, but emotionally characterize the situation that the note is about.

The aesthetic function of a journalistic text is the author's attitude to ensure that the message, in unity with the content, satisfies the aesthetic sense of the addressee.

There are many definitions of the term "style". If we compare these definitions, we can distinguish general provisions: style is: 1) a kind of literary language, 2) which functions (acts) in a certain area social activities, 3) for which he uses the features of text construction and language means of expressing content, specific for this style. In other words, styles are the main largest speech varieties.

Various factors influence the formation and functioning of styles. Since style exists in speech, its formation is influenced by factors (conditions) that are associated with the life of society itself. These factors are called extralinguistic or extralinguistic. There are the following factors:

· Sphere of social activity: science, law, politics, art, domestic sphere;

Form of speech: written or oral;

Type of speech: monologue, dialogue, polylogue;

Method of communication: public or personal (all functional styles, except colloquial, refer to public communication);

· Genre of speech: in particular for journalistic style - note, article, reportage, etc.;

· Functions of communication.

Each style implements all the functions of the language (communication, message, influence, etc.), but only one is leading. For example, for a scientific style this is a message, for a journalistic style it is an impact. Based on these factors, the following styles of the Russian language are traditionally distinguished: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.

Let's take a closer look at publicistic style.

The journalistic style is characteristic of the political sphere of society, functions in written and oral forms, manifests itself both in monologue and in dialogue and polylogue (discussion), is a public way of communication.

The purpose of journalistic texts is to inform citizens about events in the country and in the world, as well as to form public opinion. A feature of the journalistic style is the combination of the standard (stable linguistic forms of expression) and expression (linguistic means that affect the reader's emotions).

The journalistic style is represented by a variety of genres that have different tasks in the process of communication and function in different conditions. Yes, to journalistic genres include newspaper political information, editorials, notes, feuilletons, pamphlets, lyrical and journalistic articles, as well as slogans, appeals, appeals to the citizens of the country, reviews of films and performances, satirical notes, essays, reviews, that is, all genres mass communication(the language of newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs), as well as the oral form of speech - public speeches on socio-political topics. Due to the variety of genres, the characteristic of journalistic style causes many difficulties.

It should be borne in mind that the journalistic style, like all other styles, is a historical phenomenon and is subject to change, but in it, more than in other styles, changes are noticeable that are due to socio-political processes in society. So, even a non-specialist can see changes in the newspaper modern style in comparison, for example, with the language of the newspapers of the beginning of the century: open conscription, slogans, directiveness of newspapers have disappeared, modern newspapers strive at least for external argumentation of presentation, polemical publications. However, the characteristic stylistic features of journalism have been preserved.

The journalistic style is primarily characterized by the desire to influence the reader, the listener. So, essential feature journalistic style - its influencing function, which can be designated linguistic term"expressive function". This function of journalistic style is inherent in all its genres in any socio-political conditions.

characteristic feature of this style is also the informational content of the presentation associated with the popularizing function. The desire to communicate something new for the reader and listener ensures the success of journalistic genres. The peculiarity of the functioning of the journalistic genre, for example, in newspapers, the conditions for preparing the material, different level qualifications of numerous correspondents contributes to the fact that there are standard language means in the texts of newspapers. The standard character of language means is generated both by repetition and by the fact that the search for expressive means is limited in time, and therefore ready-made expression formulas are used.

Thus, the typical features of a journalistic style are: the desire to influence the reader is an influencing function; information content; expressiveness due to the influencing function; the presence of a standard in the expression. The influencing function of the journalistic style determines the expressiveness of this style. Expressiveness is manifested primarily in the evaluation of events and phenomena. Evaluation is expressed by the use of adjectives, nouns, adverbs with the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation of the type: wonderful, most interesting, important, sufficient, grandiose, unprecedented, etc. Evaluation is also expressed by the use of high book vocabulary : daring, Motherland, Fatherland, mission, inspiration, feat of arms, etc. On the other hand, the assessment is expressed by colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary, for example: hype, frenzied, renegades, etc.

A sharp, apt, figurative assessment is expressed using metaphors, personification, for example: the news is in a hurry, spring is raging, slander and hypocrisy are walking side by side.

In the journalistic style, foreign words and elements of words are actively used, in particular prefixes a-, anti-, pro-, neo-. ultra- (anti-constitutional, ultra-right, etc.). It is thanks to the media Lately the active dictionary has been significantly enlarged foreign words, which are part of the Russian language - privatization, electorate, denomination and others. Evaluation can also be expressed using word-formation means, for example, suffixes superlatives adjectives, evaluation suffixes for nouns: the highest, the most interesting, the most important, group action, hazing, assault.

The syntax of the newspaper-journalistic style of speech also has its own characteristics associated with the active use of emotionally and expressive-colored constructions: exclamatory and interrogative sentences, sentences with appeal, rhetorical questions, repetitions, dissected constructions, etc. The desire for expression determines the use of constructions with colloquial coloring: particles, interjections, inversions, unionless proposals, the omission of one or another part of the sentence, etc. Often the assessment is already expressed in the headlines, so the requirements for expressiveness and catchiness are imposed on the title of the articles. Expressiveness is thus expressed by a variety of linguistic means, including the structure of the sentence.

The informativeness of the journalistic style is achieved:

a) documentary and factual manner of presentation through the use of special terms, special vocabulary, professional words;

b) the generalization of the presentation, its analyticity;

c) "neutrality" of presentation, which is facilitated by non-expressive vocabulary; complex syntactic constructions are used, especially with a subordinating connection.

A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is the presence of special newspaper standards, special newspaper phraseology, newspaper clichés appear, for example: make a huge contribution, work with a twinkle, honor sacredly, increase martial traditions, universal values, etc.

The journalistic style uses linguistic means of different styles, however, the main style features of the journalistic style stand out very clearly, and the journalistic style is a special phenomenon, combining such features as expressiveness and standard, informativeness and popularization.

Publicistic style is called official style Mass media (mass media), including - reports, notes, interviews, etc. This style is more often used in written speech, less often - in oral forms of the same reports or public speaking political and public figures.

Examples of journalistic style:,.

Common features of this style include:

• emotionality and figurativeness of speech - to create the necessary atmosphere;
• appraisal and confidence - for interest;
• logic of presentation based on irrefutable facts - to make the speech credible and informative;
• call of readers (listeners) to action and public accessibility;
• easy and clear presentation.

About what language means should not be used when working on a book, we will talk in the corresponding article.

Stay tuned!

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bigwigs of show business, public opinion, people's representatives;

• interspersed with colloquial, colloquial vocabulary, vocabulary that is outside the literary language:

So he will “dunk” all of us - about military projects, how you want to cling to these projects ... is it difficult to play cops?

• neologisms or new author's word formations:

Rap is a hooligan character, a Kremlin party, music critics, clearly "bent his line";

• standard designs:

According to our correspondent, as it became known to us, caused a reaction, in response to ...., a special meeting was held, etc.;

• synonyms: ...

two 17 year olds. The teens got...

• polysemantic words, homonyms, antonyms, paronyms as a means of expression:

illusions and reality, lost and lost, black optimism, left always turns out to be right;

• abbreviations:

DG - The State Duma, ORT - public Russian television

• all kinds of means of verbal imagery ():

Alas, today we must admit that we are emerging from communism in the most twisted, most painful, most absurd (gradation) way. From all my meetings I got the impression that the central authorities, executive and legislative (inversion), have little connection with the pains of the country (metaphor).

Morphological features of the journalistic style

• specific verb forms - the present tense (the present of the reportage), which contributes to the creation of the effect of presence:

We arrive at X ... We immediately go to the morgue. We rise and approach the door ..

• frequency of personal pronouns of the 1st person:

My helicopter landed right at the construction site. I was met. We immediately went to the site, I was shocked by what I saw ...

Syntactic means of connection in a journalistic style

This syntax is sometimes called expressive. Indeed, it is the variety of syntactic constructions that allows the author to influence the audience.

• declarative, interrogative, exclamatory sentences:

And who are you? Yes, this is our friend from the XXXXX group

• parceling - separating a part of a sentence into a separate sentence:

This understanding is necessary for all people. So that there is no war.

• segmentation - placing an important statement for the author at the beginning of the sentence and designing it as a nominal sentence:

Elections in Primorsky Krai: who will win?

• inversion - a change in the usual word order in order to enhance expressiveness, the introduction of additional shades of meaning:

The most cynical fraud of the scammers was the deception of pensioners. I didn't like them.

use of stylistic figures:

• anaphora - repetition of the beginning of words of a series of sentences or turns of speech:

What a great morning looks into our faces, how beautiful ... these Berlin streets at the hour when Freedom steps on them! (A. N. Tolstoy)

• rhetorical question - question, not requiring an answer or a question contained in the text or in the question itself:

Is it possible to be ashamed if you are fighting for your homeland? (A.N. Tolstoy)

• rhetorical exclamation - an expression of the speaker's emotions, a technique that attracts the attention of listeners:

Fascists have nothing to do on our land! (A.N. Tolstoy)

• parallelism - the same construction of neighboring sentences or their parts:
• epiphora - repetition of words or combinations at the end of a construction:

On bended knee, we swear that we will not disgrace the Russian land. Kissing the edge of our holy banner, we swear - we will not give up a single inch of Russian land! (A.N. Tolstoy)

• antithesis - a construction based on the opposite of pictures, characters, objects, etc.:
• oxymoron - a combination of opposite words in meaning in one artistic image:

The burdensome lightness of this life (M. Sturua)

• gradation is a gradual gradual strengthening or weakening of images, comparisons and other means of artistic expression:

I beg you, I beg you - I demand, finally!

• ellipsis - omission of words or facts read in context:

Time - to eight (from newspapers)

Text features of journalistic style

• relatively short sentences:

What should a person be sure of when buying an insurance policy? First, that the insurer will deceive him. Second, is that the company does not go bankrupt. Thirdly, that he himself paid no more for insurance than a neighbor.

• paragraph division according to the objectives of the impact: one sentence can be singled out in a separate paragraph:
• A "bright" title about information or text content that immediately grabs the reader's attention:
• emotional repetition as a means of connection:

We don't tend to plead guilty. Despite the fact that we ourselves are to blame for our disgusting history.

• comparison as a way of proof:

We cannot but reckon with the fact that the state cannot yet afford to keep a professional army. I will not reveal a secret if I say: a soldier or a sergeant american army today receives more than our officer or general.

Read about the features and genres of journalistic style

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means "public, state."

The words journalism (socio-political literature in modern, hot topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics).

Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:

1) visitors, spectators, listeners;

2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transferring socially significant information with a simultaneous impact on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, suggesting certain ideas, views to him, encouraging him to certain actions, actions.

Scope of publicistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - an article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

For journalistic style of speech characteristic:

logic,

Imagery,

emotionality,

appraisal,

Invocation

and their corresponding language tools.

It is widely used socio-political vocabulary, various kinds syntactic constructions.

Publicistic text is often built like scientific reasoning: an important public problem, analyzed and evaluated possible ways its solutions, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

Publicistic speeches differ in reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. It also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.

On the other hand, for journalistic speech characteristic passion, lust. The most important requirement for journalism is public accessibility: It is designed for a wide audience and should be understood by everyone.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that reinforce emotional impact of speech.

Publicistic articles by V. G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovieva, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by prominent Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Plevako.

M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.

The writers S. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, Academician D.S. Likhachev.

The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defender or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory, the ability to master the word.

Lexical features of journalistic style

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting internal state, human experience, etc.

In a journalistic style, words are often used: with prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, times (s), with suffixes -i (ya), -qi (ya), -izatsi (ya), -izm, - ist; with roots close in meaning to prefixes, all-, general-, super-. Compound and complex abbreviated words, stable turns of speech are widely used in the genres of journalism.

Emotional means of expression in the journalistic style of speech

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, the figurative meaning of words, words with a bright emotional coloring.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble the figurative and expressive means of the artistic style of speech, with the difference, however, that their main appointment becomes not a creation artistic images, namely impact on the reader, listener, persuading him of something and informing, transferring information.

Emotional means of expressiveness of the language can include epithets (including those that are an application), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation.

Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost), it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational unions and allied combinations (not only ..., but also; not only ..., but and; not so much ... as).

This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial turns of speech (including vernacular); usage literary images, quotations, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).

The emotional means of the language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic emphasis important words, revolutions, separate parts of the statement.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of the revival of previously known words, but with a new meaning. Such, for example, are the words: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.

Syntactic features of the journalistic style of speech

In a journalistic style of speech, as in a scientific one, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role inconsistent definition like the voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the form imperative mood, reflexive verbs.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use homogeneous members, introductory words and proposals involved and participle turns, complex syntactic constructions.

Sample essay style text

According to our correspondent, yesterday over central regions Penza region a thunderstorm passed by. In a number of places, telegraph poles were knocked down, wires were torn, and hundred-year-old trees were uprooted. Fires broke out in two villages as a result of a lightning strike.

Added to this is another disaster: Heavy rain in places caused severe flooding. Some damage done agriculture. Railway and road communication between neighboring regions was temporarily interrupted. (Informative note in the newspaper)