Features of political terminology in English. Specifics of English socio-political terminology and newspaper headlines. Political vocabulary of the English language

Political discourse is a type of speech activity that serves political processes and is characterized by a special vocabulary and typical contexts of word use. The purpose of political discourse is to evoke certain intentions and attitudes among recipients; not to describe, but to convince, motivate, determine reactions, in particular actions.

main feature political discourse – the existence of political vocabulary. High percentage of use of argotisms (Argo-speech of socially or professionally closed groups).

The use is explained by the fact that one of the most significant characteristics of political language is its persuasive power, its focus on convincing or dissuading those to whom it is addressed from the previous views. The language of politics can also act as a means of intimidation and suppression. A characteristic feature of terms, words and phrases in the language of politics is their value-laden nature: they not only state certain phenomena (for example, events or facts), but also evaluate them.

Another characteristic of political language is that it is multidimensional, i.e. addressed simultaneously different groups and is capable of causing various reactions in them. However, the multidimensionality of political language in itself does not yet provide it with public support in the flow mass communication. Political language must, moreover, have a clearly defined partisanship (based on the opposition between “friends” and “enemies.” Only in this way does language fulfill its identification function.

To characterize political communication, A.P. Chudinov identifies the following antinomies:

1) ritual and information content;

2) institutional and personal character;

3) esotericism and general accessibility;

4) reductionism and multidimensionality of information in a political text;

6) intertextuality and autonomy of the political text;

7) aggressiveness and tolerance in political communication (Chudinov, 2003: 56).

The main problem of politics is the presence or absence of power. Consequently, political discourse reflects the struggle of various forces for the possession of power. This determines the features of communicative actions within the framework of political discourse. It follows that the basis of communicative acts of political discourse is the desire to influence the interlocutor.

Features of political discourse:

· The “political vocabulary” of discourse is terminological, and ordinary, not purely “political” linguistic signs are not always used in the same way as in ordinary language;

· specific structure of discourse – the result of sometimes very peculiar speech techniques;

· the implementation of the discourse is also specific – its sound or written form”

Political discourse is not just communication, but it is communication main goal which is the struggle for power, and main method which is the manipulation or influence on the mental world of another person.

It must be emphasized that the transmission of messages comes from political institutions and is aimed at society. This form of information transfer is characterized by dialogue. Accordingly, a politician’s public speech to the people is a way of transmitting information through dialogue. Consequently, we conclude that discourse has a dialogical nature, i.e. represents a dialogue between government structures and the population.

The vocabulary of periodicals is distinguished by its thematic diversity and stylistic richness. Common, neutral vocabulary and phraseology, as well as book and colloquial vocabulary, are widely represented here. The choice of verbal material is determined by the topic. Among the constantly covered topics, first of all, one should name politics, information about the activities of the government and parliament, elections, party events, statements political leaders. Texts on this topic regularly contain such words and phrases as: management, business, democracy, capitalism, pension, wages, basket of goods, unemployment, birth rate, faction, government coalition, bill, opposition, electioneering, Lower chamber, etc. .P. In a figurative sense, they are widely used in political topics. scientific terms: atmosphere - (friendly atmosphere - friendly atmosphere); duet (duet of liberals and conservatives - duet of liberals and conservatives); behind-the-scenes - behind-the-scenes negotiations - behind-the-scenes negotiations, etc. A characteristic feature of journalistically colored words is considered to be their emotional, evaluative, expressive nature, and this assessment is not individual, but social. On the one hand, in journalistic style There are words with a positive assessment, connotation (mercy, wealth, charity, prosperity), on the other hand, words and expressions that have a negative connotation (philistine, sabotage, racism, apartheid, etc.). In political articles of speech there are traditionally such rows of synonyms How:

situation - condition; commentator - observer - expert; specialist - professional.

In recent periodicals, new synonymous series have emerged:

oligarch - magnate;comment - declare;consultations - negotiations;support - financing;beggary - low-income population.

New vocabulary units also form new antonymic pairs:

democracy - dictatorship, fascism; legal - criminal; brand - false, imitation; people - authority.

Stylistic lexical means in journalism are determined by the communicative situation. They are closely related and complement each other, thus creating a complex model.

The most popular metaphor in political discourse. Metaphorization is the use of words in figurative meanings in order to create a vivid image, express evaluation, and emotional attitude to the subject of speech; it is intended to influence the addressee of the speech. Today, such metaphors used in a political context as ideological diversion, find one's niche, wall of distrust, economical paralysis, etc. have become erased.

The set of metaphors used in political communication is figuratively called a metaphorical mosaic [Chudinov, 2008:123].

When it comes to the Russian presidential campaign in the American media, the following metaphors are often used to nominate the main candidates for the post of head of the Russian state: a new Russian tsar (new Russian tsar), an inheritor (heir), the Russian strongman (Russian ruler), President of all Russia (President of All Russia) [Chudinov, 2008:222].

By decorating speech in form, metaphors often make it difficult to perceive the content, covering up demagoguery and putting pressure on the audience. When discussing political topics, an excess of metaphors leads to the fact that logical reasoning is replaced by emotional argument; the addressee is affected not by the strength of the arguments, but by the brightness, freshness, and catchiness of words. Excessive use of metaphors confuses the reader, and sometimes the author himself.

Political vocabulary of the English language

The English language of politics, just like the Russian language, includes both political terminology and commonly used vocabulary. The actual political terms include such lexical units as constitution, president, by-election, amendment, executive branch.

Commonly used vocabulary in the political context includes words such as public, progressive, nation-wide, unity, crisis, representative. However, due to the fact that many political terms are widely used in the media mass media, they are well known big circle native speakers and have also become commonly used.

As noted earlier, the texts of political speeches are characterized by the use of terms belonging to other areas of science and human activity, since in their speeches politicians often touch on certain socially significant topics. Thus, US President Barack Obama, answering a question about genetic research in the US, used special medical terminology:

Disease treatment and identification is likewise being transformed by modern genetics. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology has produced a number of products such as human growth hormone or insulin or other complicated proteins that are known to be involved in bone metabolism, immune response, and tissue repair (B.Obama).

The speech of politicians in the USA and Great Britain is highly ideological. The widespread use of ideologemes allows a politician to express his affiliation with a particular party or ideology.

For example, freedom is the main value of modern democratic societies. The adjective “free” and the noun “freedom” acquire an ideological meaning for the leaders and citizens of these countries. By using these words, politicians show their commitment to the principles of a democratic state:

We are fighting for the inalienable right of humankind – black or white, Christian or not, left, right or a million different – ​​to be free, free to raise a family in love and hope, free to earn a living and be rewarded by your efforts, free not to bend your knee to any man in fear, free to be you so long as being you do not impair the freedom of others (T. Blair).

In addition to terms borrowed from other spheres, the composition of political vocabulary is actively replenished with neologisms. On the pages of English-language media on political topics, you can find such words and expressions as a teach-in (a form of political competition in the form of heated political debates), white backlash (a violent reaction of American racists to the phenomenon of the struggle of African Americans for civil rights), stop-go policies ( half-hearted and ineffective policies).

Another characteristic phenomenon in Western ideology in general and English-language ideology in particular is a powerful cultural, behavioral and linguistic tendency called “political correctness” (PC). This tendency largely determines the lexical choice of politicians. “Political speech, because of its scope and for pragmatic reasons, is one of the most euphemism-rich styles of speech.”

The creation of politically correct lexical units can be traced in two illustrative examples: “Negro → Black → Afro-American” (American Negro) or “lame → crippled → handicapped → disabled → differently abled” (disabled).

The main semantic feature of OPL is the presence of the semantic component “political, social”. This approach is typical of the Western lexicographical tradition with a large set of political glossaries and dictionaries. Foreign linguists interpret political terminology as the language used by politicians both officially and behind the scenes in the process of communicating about politics. Determining the composition of OPL is a very difficult task, because “The definition of the very concepts of “political, social” is complex and multifaceted. It is in this regard that linguists begin their analysis of OPL by determining the meanings of the components of a given term. So, L.A. Muradova characterizes the composition of the OPL quite extensively, including lexical units from various spheres of public life, for example, from economics, diplomacy, culture, which characterize state policy in a particular area. “State policy is applicable to a large number of spheres of social life of society, because it affects all areas of human activity.” Muradova L.A. Semantic-functional characteristics of the socio-political vocabulary of the modern French language. - M.: Education, 1986. - P. 61.

However, at the same time, politics is a field of activity that is associated with relations between classes, nations, and social groups. Its core is the problem of conquest, retention and use state power, participation in state affairs. It can be noted that the core of the OPL is a very complex phenomenon, and the boundaries of the OPL are arbitrary, because language is living, moving matter. It is the OPL that quickly responds to changes occurring in the world. When translating it, not only traditional grammar is used, but also a large number of cliche.

The OPL consists of 4 zones: Zhdanova L.A. Socio-political vocabulary: Structure and dynamics: dissertation of a candidate of philological sciences: 10.02.01. - Moscow, 1996. - 224 p.

• 1 zone - OPL itself (OPL in the narrow sense). Actually, OPL is political vocabulary. This group includes direct nominations of persons, places, phenomena, structures that shape the political life of society.
• 2 zone - ideological vocabulary. The expression of a power relationship is associated with an evaluative meaning and a pragmatic component of meaning, designated as “engagement,” reflecting the attachment of the word to a specific historical era. Ideological vocabulary is a marker of the speaker’s political position and the ideological orientation of the text.
• 3 zone - thematic vocabulary. First of all, this vocabulary denotes the spheres and forms of manifestation of social life (army, economy, administrative sphere, foreign policy and etc.)
• 4 zone - non-specific OPL (so-called “peripheral” OPL). Such vocabulary describes power relations in general, regardless of the sphere of implementation, or a specific (but not state-political) sphere of implementation of power relations. Traditionally, this vocabulary is not included in the OPL. But semantics and the systematic correlation of non-literate OPL with socio-political life, including metaphorical transfers, branched relationships between all words denoting a power relationship, are the basis for considering this vocabulary within the framework of OPL.

It should be noted that the term “socio-political vocabulary” (SPL) is used by domestic linguistics to designate a set of lexical units that name the concepts and realities of socio-political life and are widely used in the media. Foreign science, in turn, operates with a different terminological apparatus:

“social life, political life, political discourse, political discourse analysis, political dictionary, language of politics, political language, political cognition, political communication, political opinion classification, political economy words, political quotations, political slang, dictionary of social sciences, political terms, social issues dictionary, social science terminology" .

but never socio-political life or socio-political words/lexis. In the West, there is a tendency to distinguish between political and social sphere, so options are possible social and political life/language/vocabulary/lexis(cf. public life - understood in English in a different context). According to the definition in many English-language dictionaries, socio-political is understood as “relating to, associated with, or implying a combination of both social and political factors” URL: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sociopolitical (access date: 04/28/2013) .

• Pryanikova Alina Alexandrovna, student
• Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies

• TERM FORMATION
• TERMINOLOGY
• CONCEPT
• TERM
• TRANSLATION METHODS

The article examines the methods of term formation and structural and semantic features of socio-political terminology. The study shows productive ways of forming political terms and describes their translation options from English and German into Russian.

• “It’s as if he built a house in chaos according to all the laws of statics and life...”: on the grammatical structure of participial phrases characterizing buildings in the poetry of I. Brodsky
• Historical and local history topics as a means of updating the ethnic community (travel journalism and ethnotourism in the Republic of Mordovia)
• Sonnet and wreath of sonnets in Mordovian poetry: formation and history of development
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XXI century – the era of globalization, origin and development information society, where everyone is involved to some extent in world events, receiving a huge amount of information every day. Language, being primarily a means of communication, performs many other functions; it allows you to look into the past, comprehend the present and open the curtain to the future. Words that express special knowledge, the concept of certain areas of activity are usually called terms. Despite the fact that terminology as a science emerged only in the 20th century, during the scientific and technological process, when new inventions and the development of human thought required the systematization of existing concepts and their precise interpretations for each field of knowledge and each language separately, many domestic and Foreign linguists date the origin of terminology to the early stage of human development. As you know, the Sumerian civilization gave the world many inventions - the wheel, writing, irrigation system, potter's wheel - hence the designations of these realities, which from written sources indicate the level of development of society in ancient times. V.V. Vinogradov wrote that “the history of terminology is a story about the patterns of development of knowledge about nature and society.”

Terminology acts as a repository of scientific and professional knowledge and a mediator in specialized communication, and also has many tools for creating new terms. Terminology can be classified as an anthropocentric science, since it reveals the human impact on language, recording the cultural, historical and social experience of ancestors. In the last century, the boom in the development of terminologies was associated with the emergence of new areas of knowledge, scientific achievements and the development of the information space; currently, most of it falls on the information space. Modern man strives to be informed, to keep abreast of world events, which allows the media to create neologisms, thereby replenishing the layer of socio-political terms.

It should be noted that political vocabulary is replenished from political science terminology, which contains knowledge aimed at specialists in this field and incomprehensible to most citizens. However, the information flow presents world events, uses narrow terms and, thereby, takes them out of the field of political science knowledge to a wide audience. In the era of globalization, the importance of information reaches enormous proportions, wars and attacks are waged to gain access to closed sources, and it is also necessary to name political actions in the international arena, which have adequate equivalents in target languages.

The desire to expand international scientific relations leads to the internationalization of terms and a large number of borrowings, which leads to problems in their functioning along with the national language and difficulties associated with synonymy, homonymy and polysemy. In this regard, it should be noted that many terms in Russian, English, German and other European languages ​​are international, as they were borrowed from Latin or Greek languages. Precisely determining the source of any term is difficult and requires etymological analysis and the study of extralinguistic factors.

The relevance of the study of socio-political terminology is determined not only by the need to systematize existing lexical units and their foreign language equivalents indicating the divergence of meanings, but also by the fact that at the present stage terminology is formed both at the level of national media and under the influence of the English-language press, which is reflected in the substitution original units of language, distortion national languages and difficulties in perceiving information. Languages ​​are annually replenished with thousands of new words, changes at the level of vocabulary on socio-political topics reflect the processes social development. This terminology cannot be studied in isolation from society and the changes occurring in it, since it names ideological concepts of reality.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural-semantic and word-formation models of socio-political terms to identify the most productive and widespread forms of the emergence of new lexical units, as well as to describe the specifics of translating terminological units of this area into English, German and Russian.

For this purpose, a glossary of 200 terms was developed, containing the basic concepts of the political science sphere, and also reflecting modern world processes used in international media materials. When compiling it, the following semantic subgroups were identified:

• Diplomacy (doyen, exequatur, der Auswanderer);
• Form of government and government system(teledemocracy, anarchy, der kalter Krieg);
• Political economy (embargo, securities issuer);
• Military-political vocabulary (die Annexion, disarmament);
• Civil terms (das Recht, nation, state);
• World political realities (political socialization, Benelux, die Kubakrise);
• Social statuses and positions (ombudsman, MP, die UN-Blauhelme);
• International documents and organizations (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Worldwatch Institute, GUS (die Gemeinschaft unabhängiger Staaten).

This work is the result of an analysis of the semantic and structural features and method of translation of socio-political terms. Based on the morphological features of each individual language, different ways word formation is inherent to each individual. Thus, in the Russian language, the majority of terms were phrases (41.5%) – articulation of interests, credentials, and then the suffixal method of word formation prevailed (26.5%) - citizenship, apartheid, legitimacy. The Russian language is characterized by a fairly large number of root words (16%) - right note, slogan, which is due high degree Greco-Latin loanwords - vote, deputy.

We see a similar picture in the English language, where the largest share falls on phrases (42%) - delegation of authorities, public administration, followed by the suffixal method of word formation (34.5%) – establishment, Legitimacy, observer. In both languages, the most common international suffixes are -ism, -id, -tion, -tion, -ism, -ment. Root words in English are less common, but compound words and adjuncts are more common (4.5%) – newsbreak, battle- cry .

For the German language as a whole, the leading method is compounding; this trend can also be seen in socio-political terminology. It accounts for 45.5% of terms – der Staatsangestellte, die Zweisprachigkeit. When translating phrases from Russian or English, they are often transformed into complex words in German (delegation of authorities-die Kompetenzdelegation, constitutional system - die Verfassungsordnen). The second most productive method is the suffix method (26.6%), where there are both international suffixes and typical German suffixes –keit, -ei, -ung – die Globalisierung, die Politikasterei.

In this study, an analysis was carried out of the most frequently used methods of translation from foreign languages ​​into Russian. It should be noted that the glossary contains three terms that have no correspondence in the German language, that is, they are gaps ( demopolitics, manual government, soft rating). From both German and English, the predominant method for translating socio-political vocabulary is translation using an equivalent (61% in English, 68.5% in German) – vote- das Votum, innuendo- die Unterstellung. This is followed by tracing (16% each) - repeat election- die Wiederwahlrepeat elections; further specification (7.5% each) – military takeover-putsch,die Abgrenzung-demarcation. Generalization, compression, transliteration, metaphorical and descriptive translation were also used. It should be noted that when translating from English into Russian, transcription was used, but in German there were no such matches.

Thus, this study showed that socio-political terminology is characterized by expressiveness and emotional coloring of vocabulary, which is an unacceptable indicator for other terminologies. Secondly, in the three languages ​​under study, borrowed Greek-Latin vocabulary predominates from the time of the formation of citizenship in the world, which has become international and has equivalents in each of the languages ​​or has remained in an unassimilated form ( status Quo, persona non grata). However, this situation is not always typical for the German language, where speakers prefer to use the equivalent from the original vocabulary, often expressed by a compound word ( Bipatrid –bipatride – der Doppelstaatler).

Bibliography

1. Vinogradov V.V. Introductory remarks // Questions of terminology. Materials of the All-Union Terminology Meeting. M., 1961
2. Grinev-Grinevich S.V. Terminology textbook for students. higher textbook establishments / S.V. Grinev-Grinevich. – M. Publishing center “Academy”, 2008. 304 p.
3. Leichik V.M. Terminology: subject, methods, structure. Ed. 3rd. – M.: LKI Publishing House, 2007. – 256 p.
4. Komarova Z.I. Semantic structure of special words and its lexicographic description - Sverdlovsk, 1991.
5. Kryuchkova T.B. Features of the formation and development of socio-political vocabulary and terminology. – M.: Nauka, 1991-153 p.
6. Towards New Ways of Terminology Description: The sociocognitive approach. (Google eBook)

Material prepared by O. A. Eliseeva

Unlike the neutral language of scientific and technical text, the language of newspaper articles is often emotionally rich, which brings it closer to the language of fiction. We find in it figurative comparisons, metaphors, idioms, elements of humor, sarcasm, irony, etc. In addition to all this, a newspaper article usually has a certain political orientation. All this poses additional tasks for the translator of socio-political text. A complete translation of newspaper material, in addition to the factually accurate rendering of the content, must convey to the reader all the emotional elements contained in the original, as well as its political orientation.

At the same time, a newspaper text has a number of characteristic lexical and syntactic features that distinguish it from a scientific and technical text.

If the lexical basis of a scientific and technical text is technical terminology, then a newspaper text is richly saturated with special terms related to political and state life; we find names here political parties, government agencies, public organizations and terms related to their activities, for example: House of Commons House of Commons, Security Council Security Council, term of office term of office.

While technical terminology has a relatively narrow sphere of circulation and, basically, does not go beyond the boundaries of a given specialty, socio-political terms have a much wider distribution: they penetrate into all areas of life and become common property. The newspaper text as a whole is characterized by the following specific features:

a) Frequent use of phraseological combinations that have the character of a kind of speech cliches, for example: on the occasion of no occasion, by the decision of no decision, in reply to in response to, in a statement of in a statement, with reference to in connection with , to draw the conclusion, to attach the importance, to take into account.

b) The use of constructions like “verb + that” when presenting someone else’s statement, commenting on statements of political figures, etc., for example: The paper argues that this decision will seriously handicap the country’s economy. The newspaper believes that this decision will cause serious damage to the country's economy.

c) The use of phraseological combinations like “verb + noun”, for example: to have a discussion instead of to discuss, to give support instead of to support, to give recognition instead of to recognize.

d) The use of neologisms formed with the help of some productive suffixes, for example: -ism (Bevinism), -ist (Gaullist), -ite (Glasgovite), -ize (to atomize), -ation (marshallization); and prefixes: anti- (anti-American campaign), pro- (pro-Arab movement), inter- (inter-European relations).

e) Widespread use of impersonal phrases as the introductory part of messages, for example: it is generally believed that... but generally believed..., it is officially announced that... it is officially announced that..., it is rumored that... there are rumors that..., it is reported that... they report that..., it is suggested that... they suggest that... etc.

f) Frequent use of abbreviations, for example: M.R. = Member of Parliament T.U.C. = Trades Union Congress TV = Television

In syntactic terms, newspaper text is much simpler than the language of scientific and technical publications; complex grammatical structures and phrases are less common in it.

In general, newspaper text is characterized by a desire for conciseness and laconism of presentation, and this feature is especially pronounced in newspaper headlines.

The peculiarities of the development of the press in the USA and England left a bright stylistic imprint on the headlines of newspaper articles, the translation of which, due to their specificity, presents certain difficulties. The headline plays a very important role in Anglo-American newspapers; its main task is to attract the reader’s attention, interest and even amaze him, and only secondarily the title is assigned an informational and explanatory function - telling the reader a summary of the content of this article. As a result of this focus, the Anglo-American press has developed a special style of newspaper headline, a characteristic feature of which is the extreme expressiveness of lexical and grammatical means.

Headings, as a rule, are written in “telegraphic language,” that is, using the most concise, extremely laconic phrases in which all semantically minor elements are omitted. At the same time, in order to ensure maximum clarity, headings are built on the basis of commonly used vocabulary and simple grammatical means.

Lexico-grammatical features of headings and methods of their translation.

a) To attract the reader’s attention to the main idea of ​​the message, headings, as a rule, omit articles and personal forms of the auxiliary verb to be.

The action is usually expressed in Indefinite or Continuous forms: (The) Russian Athlete (is) Winning (a) Prize, Houses (are) Smashed by (the) Hurricane.

6) Messages about recent events are transmitted using the Present indefinite form. This brings the event closer to the reader and increases his interest: Liner Runs Ashore, Influenza Kills 200 in India

c) Future action is often conveyed using the infinitive: Glasgow Dockers to Resume Work.

d) Often the predicate is omitted from the title; it plays a secondary role in the sentence: Hurricane in Miami, Deadlock in Committee, No Timber for Sale.

e) In order to draw special attention to the predicate and at the same time interest the reader, the subject is omitted if it is inferior in meaning to the predicate: (They) Expect New Economic Depression.

e) The possessive case, due to its structural compactness, is used with inanimate nouns and displaces the prepositional phrase with of: Price Control's Effect Discussed.

g) Popular nicknames and abbreviated names are used instead of the surnames of some political figures, artists, athletes, etc., for example: Ike = Eisenhower, Winnie = Winston Churchill

3) To add emotional coloring, neologisms, dialectisms, poetisms, and slang are interspersed into common vocabulary, for example: litter instead of policeman, foe instead of enemy, to irk instead of to irritate.

i) Abbreviations and complex words are widely used, for example: U.S.-Russian TV Exchanges.

j) The presence of elements of imagery is noted, for example: Clinton Raises His Eyebrows, Italian President Under Fire.

As we can see, the headlines of English and American newspapers reveal a number of features that require a special approach when translating them.

The common use of elliptical designs gives headlines extreme conciseness and dynamism. Russian headlines, like the entire newspaper style in general, are characterized by a smoother, calmer character, and the action in them, unlike headlines in English and American newspapers, is conveyed more often by a noun than a verb, for example:

Conference to open today - Today is the opening of the conference,

Russian Athlete Winning Prize - Victory of a Russian athlete.

As noted above, abbreviations, most often alphabetic, are widely used in English and American headlines, and often the meaning of such an abbreviation can only be understood from the text of the article itself, for example: N.G.O.A. Rejects Strike Clause. This abbreviation N.G.O.A. is not in common use and therefore is not listed in the dictionary. Its meaning - National Government Officers' Association - can only be determined from the text of the note following the title.

Referring to the text of the article before translating the title is often necessary in cases where the title contains elements of imagery. In the example above: Clinton Raises His Eyebrows, the idiom to raise the eyebrows conveys a feeling of either surprise or disdain. To clarify the meaning for this case, we turn to the text of the note:

President Clinton commended to journalists to-day that he had been much surprised by the suggestion that the control of visas for entry into the United States be transferred from the State Department to the Department of Justice.

It is clear from the text that we're talking about about a feeling of surprise, and now we can give a translation of the title, while trying to preserve the element of imagery. Since, however, the image underlying English expression to raise the eyebrows is alien to the Russian language, we are forced to resort to an analogue: “Clinton makes a surprised face” or “Clinton shrugs his shoulders in surprise.”

In many cases, the desire to give the headline an intriguing, enticing character leads to the fact that it ceases to fulfill its informational function, without actually reporting data on the content of the note or article, for example: Poles Apart, Boy Travels Like This. In these cases, when translating, it is necessary to resort to expanding the title by bringing in additional details from the text of the article itself.

To summarize, it can be noted that, unlike the headlines of scientific and technical articles, which, as a rule, give an idea of ​​​​the main direction of the content of the article and, therefore, to a certain extent, are the key to understanding the text, the situation is different with newspaper headlines.

Often, preliminary familiarization with the content of the text is required to correctly understand and translate the title.

English newspaper text, as we noted, is characterized by a certain laconicism, which in headlines takes the form of slogan-like compressed segments built on a jerky, feverish rhythm.

The Russian translation, while maintaining brevity, should be smoother and more rhythmic, as is typical for the entire Russian newspaper style in general.