Language signs of colloquial style of speech. Conversational style of speech. Linguistic features of conversational style

The colloquial style, as one of the varieties of the literary language, serves the sphere of easy communication of people in everyday life, in the family, as well as the sphere of informal relations at work, in institutions, etc.

The main form of implementation of the colloquial style is oral speech, although it can also be manifested in writing (informal friendly letters, notes on everyday topics, diary entries, replicas of characters in plays, in certain genres of fiction and journalistic literature). In such cases, the features of the oral form of speech are fixed.

The main extra-linguistic features that determine the formation of a conversational style are: ease (which is possible only in informal relations between speakers and in the absence of an attitude towards a message that has an official character), immediacy and unpreparedness of communication. Both the sender of speech and its recipient are directly involved in the conversation, often changing roles, the relationship between them is established in the act of speech itself. Such speech cannot be preliminarily considered, the direct participation of the addresser and the addressee determines its predominantly dialogic character, although a monologue is also possible.

A conversational monologue is a form of informal story about some events, about something seen, read or heard, and is addressed to a specific listener (listeners) with whom the speaker must establish contact. The listener naturally reacts to the story by expressing agreement, disagreement, surprise, indignation, and so on. or asking the speaker about something. So the monologue colloquial speech not as distinctly opposed to dialogue as in writing.

A characteristic feature of colloquial speech is emotionality, expressiveness, evaluative reaction. Yes, to the question Wrote! instead of No, they didn't write usually followed by emotionally expressive responses such as Where did they write it? or Directly¾ wrote!; Where did they write it!; So they wrote!; It's easy to say¾ wrote! and so on.

Environment plays a big role in conversation. speech communication, the situation, as well as non-verbal means of communication (gestures, facial expressions, the nature of the relationship of the interlocutors, etc.).

The extralinguistic features of the conversational style are associated with its most common linguistic features, such as standardization, stereotyping of the use of language means, their incomplete structure at the syntactic, phonetic and morphological levels, discontinuity and inconsistency of speech from a logical point of view, weakening of syntactic links between parts of the statement or their lack of formality, sentence breaks with various insertions, repetitions of words and sentences, widespread use of linguistic means with a pronounced emotional and expressive coloration, the activity of language units of a specific meaning and the passivity of units with an abstract generalized meaning.

Conversational speech has its own norms, which in many cases do not coincide with the norms of book speech, fixed in dictionaries, reference books, grammars (codified). The norms of colloquial speech, in contrast to the book ones, are established by usage (custom) and are not consciously supported by anyone. However, native speakers feel them and any unmotivated deviation from them is perceived as a mistake. This allowed researchers (O.B. Sirotinina, A.N. Vasilyeva, N.Yu. Shvedova, O.A. Lapteva and others) to assert that modern Russian colloquial speech is normalized, although the norms in it are rather peculiar. In colloquial speech, to express similar content in typical and repetitive situations, ready-made constructions, stable turns, various kinds of speech clichés are created (formulas of greeting, farewell, appeal, apology, gratitude, etc.). These ready-made, standardized speech means are automatically reproduced and contribute to the strengthening of the normative nature of colloquial speech, which is the hallmark of its norm. However, the spontaneity of verbal communication, the lack of preliminary thinking, the use of non-verbal means of communication and concreteness speech situation lead to a weakening of the rules.

Thus, in a colloquial style, stable speech standards coexist, reproduced in typical and repetitive situations, and general literary speech phenomena that can be subject to various shifts. These two circumstances determine the specifics of the norms of conversational style: due to the use of standard speech means and techniques of the colloquial style norms, on the one hand, are characterized by a higher degree of compulsion in comparison with the norms of other styles, where synonymy is not excluded, free maneuvering with a set of acceptable speech means. And on the other hand, the general literary speech phenomena characteristic of the colloquial style can, to a greater extent than in other styles, be subject to various displacements.

In colloquial style, in comparison with scientific and official-business, the share of neutral vocabulary is much higher. A number of stylistically neutral words are used in figurative meanings specific to this particular style. For example, the stylistically neutral verb cut off(‘to separate something, part of something’) in a colloquial style is used in the sense of ‘reply sharply, wanting to end the conversation’ (Said¾ cut off and did not repeat), fly(‘move, move through the air with the help of wings’) ¾ in the meaning of ‘break, deteriorate’ (Flew the internal combustion engine). See also: dump(‘shift the blame, responsibility onto someone’), toss up(‘give, deliver’), put(‘to appoint to some position’), take off(‘dismiss’), etc.

Common vocabulary is widely used: to be greedy, to stir up, instantly, tiny, unaware, rightly so, on the sly, electric train, potato, cup, salt shaker, panicle, brush, plate and so on.

The use of words with a specific meaning is common in the style under consideration and is limited with an abstract one; unusual use of terms foreign words not yet in general use. Author's neologisms (occasionalisms) are active, polysemy and synonymy are developed, and situational synonymy is widespread. A characteristic feature of the lexical system of conversational style is the richness of emotionally expressive vocabulary and phraseology. (a hard worker, a parasite, an old man, a fool; a fool, a swirling one, cast a shadow on the wattle fence, take by the throat, climb into a bottle, starve).

Phraseologisms in colloquial speech are often rethought, change their form, the processes of contamination and comic update of the phraseme are active. A word with a phraseologically determined meaning can be used as an independent one, while maintaining the meaning of the whole phraseological unit: don't poke your head¾ meddle¾ poke your nose into other people's business¾ get off the tongue. This is the expression of the law of economy of speech means and the principle of incomplete structure. A special kind of colloquial phraseology is standard expressions, familiar formulas speech etiquette type How are you?; Good morning!; Be kind!; Thank you for attention; I beg your pardon and so on.

The use of non-literary vocabulary (slang, vulgarism, rude and swear words etc.) ¾ this is not a normative phenomenon of colloquial style, but rather a violation of norms, as well as the abuse of book vocabulary, which gives an artificial character to colloquial speech.

Expressiveness and evaluativeness are also manifested in the field of word formation. Formations with suffixes of subjective assessment with the meaning of flattery, diminutiveness, neglect, (dis)approval, irony, etc. are very productive. (daughter, daughter, daughter, hands, furious, huge). Formations of words with the help of affixes are active, giving a colloquial or colloquial connotation. This includes nouns with suffixes -ak (-yak): weakling, good-natured; -k-a: stove, wall; -sh-a: cashier, secretary; -an(-yan); old man, troublemaker; -un: braggart, talker; -ysh: strong man, baby; -l-a: imagined, bigwig; otn-I: running around, pushing; adjectives with suffixes usch (-yushch): huge, thin; with prefix pre-: kind, unpleasant; preffixal-suffixal verbs: walk around, walk around, sentence, whisper; verbs in - to be fashionable, to grimace, to wander, to carpentry; on (-a) -nut: push, scold, scare, grumble, gasp. Colloquial speech, to a greater extent than book speech, is characterized by the use of multi-prefixed verb formations. (re-elect, hold back, reflect, throw away). Attachment-reflexive verbs are used with bright emotional-evaluative and figurative expression (to run, to work out, to agree, to think out), complicated attachment-return formations (to dress up, to invent, to talk).

To enhance expression, word doubling is used, sometimes with prefixation. (big-big, white-white, fast-fast, small-very small, tall-high). There is a tendency to reduce names, replacing non-single-word names with one-word ones (grade book ¾ credit card, ten-year school ¾ decade, nautical school ¾ sailor, surgical department ¾ surgery, eye specialist ¾ oculist, schizophrenic patient ¾ schizophrenic). Widely used metonymic names (Today there will be a meeting of the trade union bureau¾ Today the trade union bureau; Dictionary of the Russian language, compiled by S.I. Ozhegov¾ Ozhegov).

In the field of morphology, one can note, firstly, grammatical forms that function mainly in a colloquial style, and secondly, the use of stylistically unmarked grammatical categories, their correlation here is different compared to other functional styles. This style is characterized by forms on -A V nominative case plural, where in book styles the normative form is on -s (bunker, cruiser, searchlight, instructor), forms on -y in the genitive and prepositional cases (a kilogram of sugar, a glass of tea, a bunch of grapes, in the workshop, on vacation); zero inflection in genitive case plural (five grams, ten kilograms, a kilogram of tomato, compare book: grams, kilograms, tomatoes).

The quantitative distribution of case forms of nouns is specific: the nominative case is in the first place in terms of usage, the genitive case is rarely used with the meaning of comparison, a qualitative characteristic; the instrumental with the meaning of the subject of the action is not common.

Possessive adjectives are used, synonymous with oblique cases of nouns: Pushkin's poems (Pushkin's poems), Brigadier's sister (brigadier's sister), Katya's brother (Katya's brother). In the predicative function, it is usually not the short form of the adjective that is used, but the full one: The woman was of few words; The conclusions are indisputable(compare the book: True wisdom is laconic; The conclusions are indisputable). Short forms of adjectives are active only in amplifying constructions, where they are characterized by a pronounced expressive coloring: Well, cunning!; Painfully, she is simple; Your deeds are bad!

One of characteristic features colloquial speech ¾ the widespread use of pronouns, not only replacing nouns and adjectives, but also used without relying on context. For example, the pronoun such can mean positive quality or serve as an amplifier (She's such a woman!¾ beautiful, magnificent, smart; Such beauty all around! A pronoun in combination with an infinitive can replace the name of an object, i.e. exclude the noun. For example: Give me something to write; Bring something to read; Do you have something to write about?; Take something to eat. Due to the use of pronouns in colloquial speech, the frequency of the use of nouns and adjectives is reduced. The insignificant frequency of the latter in colloquial speech is also due to the fact that objects and their signs are visible or known to the interlocutors.

In colloquial style, verbs predominate over nouns. The activity of personal forms of the verb increases due to the passivity of verbal nouns, as well as participles and gerunds, which are almost never used in colloquial speech. Of the forms of participles, only the short form of the passive past participle of the neuter gender is active singular (written, smoked, plowed, done, said). Significant number of adjectivized participles (a knowledgeable specialist, a hard-working person, a wounded soldier, a tattered boot, fried potatoes). A striking sign of colloquial speech is the use of verbs of multiple and single action. (read, sat, walked, spun, whipped, fucked), as well as verbs with the meaning of ultra-instant action (knock, break, jump, lope, fuck, shash).

The immediacy and unpreparedness of the utterance, the situation of verbal communication and other characteristic features of the colloquial style especially affect its syntactic structure. At the syntactic level, more actively than at other levels of the language system, the incomplete structure of the expression of meaning by linguistic means is manifested. The incompleteness of structures, ellipticity ¾ is one of the means of speech economy and one of the most striking differences between colloquial speech and other varieties of the literary language. Since the conversational style is usually implemented in conditions of direct communication, everything that is given by the situation or follows from what was known to the interlocutors even earlier is omitted from speech. A.M. Peshkovsky, describing colloquial speech, wrote: “We always do not finish our thoughts, omitting from speech everything that is given by the situation or the previous experience of the speakers. So, at the table we ask: “Do you have coffee or tea?”; having met a friend, we ask: “Where are you going?”; having heard the annoying music, we say: “Again!”; offering water, let’s say: “Boiled, don’t worry!”, Seeing that the interlocutor’s pen does not write, let’s say: “And you with a pencil!” and so on."

In colloquial syntax, simple sentences predominate, and they often lack a verb-predicate, which makes the statement dynamic. In some cases, statements are understandable outside the situation and context, which indicates their linguistic consistency. (I'm at the cinema; He's at the hostel; I would like a ticket; Tomorrow at the theater), in other ¾, the missing verb-predicate is suggested by the situation: (at the post office) ¾ Please, a stamped envelope(give). Sentence words are used (affirmative, negative, incentive): ¾ Will you buy a ticket?¾ Mandatory; Can you bring a book?¾ Of course;¾ Did you read the note?¾ Not yet;¾ Get ready! March! Only colloquial speech is characterized by the use of special words and corresponding sentences expressing agreement or disagreement. (Yes; No; Of course; Of course) often they are repeated (¾ Shall we go to the forest?¾ Yes Yes!;¾ Are you buying this book?¾ No no).

From complex sentences in this style, compound and unionless are more active. The latter often have a pronounced colloquial coloring, and therefore are not commonly used in book speech. (Will you come¾ call; There are people¾ do not feel sorry for themselves). The unpreparedness of the statement, the lack of the ability to pre-think the phrase prevent the use of complex syntactic constructions in a colloquial style. Emotionality and expressiveness of colloquial speech due to the widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences (Didn't you see this film? Do you want to see it? Let's go to the "October" now, Why are you sitting at home! In such weather!). Interjection phrases are active (No matter how!; Yes, well!; Well, yes?; Of course!; Oh, is it?; Wow!); connecting structures are used (The plant is well equipped. With the latest technology; He is a good person. Besides, he is cheerful).

The main indicator of syntactic relations in colloquial speech is intonation and word order, while morphological means of communication - the transfer of syntactic meanings using word forms - are weakened. Intonation, closely related to the tempo of speech, tone, melody, voice timbre, pauses, logical stresses, etc., in a colloquial style carries a huge semantic, modal and emotionally expressive load, giving speech naturalness, ease, liveliness, expressiveness. It makes up for what is left unsaid, contributes to an increase in emotionality, and is the main means of expressing the actual articulation. The topic of the utterance is highlighted with the help of logical stress, so the element acting as a rheme can be located anywhere. For example, the purpose of the trip can be clarified using the questions: Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? ¾ Are you going to Moscow on a business trip?¾ Are you going to Moscow on a business trip? ¾ Are you going on a business trip to Moscow? circumstance (in business trip) can occupy a different position in the statement, since it is highlighted by logical stress. Highlighting the rheme with the help of intonation allows you to use interrogative words where, when, why, why etc. not only at the beginning of the utterance, but also in any other position (When will you go to Moscow? - When will you go to Moscow?¾ When will you go to Moscow? A typical feature of colloquial syntax is the intonational division of the topic and rheme and their formation into independent phrases (- How to get to the circus?¾ To the circus? Right; How mach is this book?¾ This? Fifty thousand).

The order of words in colloquial speech, not being the main means of expressing the actual articulation, has a high variability. It is looser than in book styles, but still plays a certain role in expressing the actual articulation: the most important, essential element, which has the main meaning in the message, is usually placed at the beginning of the statement: The snow was heavy in the morning; He is strange; The Christmas tree was fluffy; You have to run faster. Often a noun in the nominative case is put forward in the first place, since it serves as a means of actualization: Train station, where to get off?; Shopping mall, how to get?; The book was lying here, didn't you see it?; The bag is red, show me, please!

For the purpose of expressive emphasis, often a complex sentence begins with a subordinate clause in cases where in other styles its postposition is the norm. For example: What to do¾ Don't know; What was not afraid¾ Well done; Who is brave¾ come out.

The simultaneity of thinking and speaking in direct communication leads to frequent restructuring of the phrase on the go. At the same time, the sentences either break off, then additions to them follow, then their syntactic structure changes: But I do not see special reasons so much to worry ... although, however ...; They recently bought a cat. so cute and so on.

Table of differential features functional styles

For colloquial and everyday speech, an informal, relaxed, relaxed atmosphere is typical. The specific features of the colloquial-everyday style are usually most clearly manifested when it comes to objects, situations, and topics that are relevant in everyday life. In colloquial communication, a special, everyday type of thinking prevails. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in the system of the modern Russian language. This is the original, original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of later secondary education. Colloquial speech was often characterized as vernacular, which was considered outside the framework of the literary language. In fact, it is a kind of literary language.

Conversational style is opposed to book styles. It forms a system that has features at all levels of the language structure: in phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology and syntax.

Conversational style finds its expression both in writing and orally.

“Colloquial everyday speech is characterized by special conditions of functioning, which include: the lack of preliminary consideration of the statement and the lack of preliminary selection of language material associated with this, the immediacy of speech communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act associated with the lack of formality in relations between them and in the very nature of the statement. An important role is played by the situation (the environment of verbal communication) and the use of extralinguistic means (facial expressions, gestures, the reaction of the interlocutor). The purely linguistic features of colloquial everyday speech include the use of such non-lexical means as phrasal intonation, emotional and expressive stress, pauses, speech tempo, rhythm, etc. In colloquial everyday speech, there is a wide use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally expressive vocabulary (including particles, interjections), different categories of introductory words, originality of syntax (elliptical and incomplete sentences of various types, word-addresses, words-sentences, repetitions of words, breaking sentences with plug-in constructions, weakening and violation of the forms of syntactic connection between parts of the statement, connecting constructions, etc.).

In addition to its direct function - a means of communication, colloquial speech also performs other functions in fiction, for example, it is used to create a verbal portrait, to realistically depict the life of a particular environment, in the author's narrative it serves as a means of stylization, when confronted with elements of book speech, it can create a comic effect.

§ 2. Language features of conversational style

Pronunciation. Often, words and forms in a colloquial everyday style have an accent that does not coincide with the accent in more strict styles of speech: dO dialect(cf.: normative great danesO R).

Vocabulary. Colloquial and everyday vocabulary, being part of the vocabulary oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring.

These include:

and nomenclature: bullshit, bullshit, bullshit, bullshit and etc.;

and m e n a p r i l a g a t e l e : meticulous, sophisticated, industrious, lax and etc.;

Verbs: to be mean, to be greedy, to be secretive, to be ill, to chatter, to stir up and etc.;

adverb: basta, quietly, somersault, instantly, little by little, slowly, well and etc.

There are also colloquial places (sort of), s o u z s (once - in meaning If), h a s t and c s (maybe, out in the meaning here, hardly whether), m e f d o m e t i i (well, uh).

Phraseology occupies a significant place in colloquial everyday speech. This is due to the dominance of a specific way of thinking in the sphere of everyday communication. Concrete thinking does not shy away from abstraction. A person generalizes his specific observations, highlighting something significant and digressing from some particulars. For example: No smoke without fire. Don't hide the awl in the bag. Leopard change his spots. For me, mathematics is a dark forest. Quieter than water, lower than grass. Instead of saying Live unfriendly, quarrel - They say: They bite like dogs.

Colloquial phraseology is the great guardian of the traditional form. It contains many phraseological units that arose in ancient times.

Word formation. In the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial everyday character:

- ak (-yak) - good-natured, healthy, simpleton;

- an (-yang) - rude, old man;

- ah - bearded man;

"- ash - huckster;

- ak-a (-yak-a) for words of a common gender - a reveler, a bully, onlookers;

- szhk-a- sharing, cramming, feeding;

Yen is a minion;

- l-a - tycoon, thug, crammer;

- n-i - fuss, squabble;

- rel-I - running around, messing around;

- thai - lazy, slobbery;

- un - talker, talker, screamer;

- wow-a- dirty, fat woman;

- ysh - silly, naked, strong man, baby;

- yag-a - poor fellow, hard worker, hard worker.

Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with the suffix - sh-a, denoting female persons by their profession, position, work performed, occupation, etc.: director, secretary, librarian, cashier.f

In most cases, subjective evaluation suffixes give words a colloquial coloring: thief, rascal, little house; dirt, beards; big, furious; in the evening, in a whisper etc.

For colloquial adjectives, one can note the use of the suffix -ast-: big-eyed, toothy, tongued and etc.; as well as prefixes pre-: kind, amiable, obnoxious and etc.

The colloquial vocabulary includes many verbs in -nicat: to roam, to wander, to swindle.

Morphological features of colloquial speech are characterized by the following:

The form of the prepositional case of nouns: I leave, in the shop (cf .: on vacation, in the shop);

The nominative form of the plural: contracts, sectors (cf.: contracts, sectors);

Genitive form plural: orange, tomato (cf.: oranges, tomatoes);

Colloquial version of the infinitive: see, hear (cf.: see, hear).

Syntactic features of colloquial speech are of great originality. This:

Predominant use of the dialogue form;

predominance simple sentences; of the complex, compound and unionless are more often used;

Widespread use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;

The use of sentence words (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.);

Widespread use of incomplete sentences;

Breaks in speech caused by various reasons (excitement of the speaker, an unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.);

The use of introductory words and phrases of different meanings;

The use of insert structures that break the main sentence and introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into it;

Widespread use of emotional and imperative interjections;

Lexical repetitions: - Yes Yes Yes.

- various kinds of inversions in order to emphasize the semantic role of the word highlighted in the message: I like those white shoes better;

- special forms of the predicate.

In colloquial speech, there are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by lexical and syntactic means: in the first part there are evaluative words - smart, smart, stupid etc., and the second part serves as a justification for this assessment: Well done for standing up.

Control questions and tasks

Exercise 1.

Determine which styles these texts belong to.

Thunderstorm is atmospheric phenomenon, which consists in electrical discharges between clouds (lightning and thunder), accompanied by rain, hail and stormy gusts of wind.

- Well, a thunderstorm! It's scary to go to the window.

Yes, there hasn't been such a storm for a long time.

Imagine, in such a thunderstorm, to find yourself in a field ...

3. Strong wind suddenly roared in the sky, the trees raged, large drops of rain fell sharply, splashed on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out. (I. Turgenev).

Task2.

Determine the style of speech. Indicate the language features of the conversational style.

Hey good man! the coachman shouted to him. - Tell me, do you know where the road is?

The road is here; I'm on a solid line. - answered the roadman, - but what's the point?

Listen, little man, - I said to him, - do you know this side? Will you take me to bed for the night? (A. Pushkin).

Task 3.

What linguistic means make the text emotional?

It was about the tree. The mother asked the watchman for an ax, but he did not answer her, but got on his skis and went into the forest. Half an hour later he returned.

OK! Even if the toys were not so hot and elegant, even if the hares sewn from rags looked like cats, even if all the dolls had the same face - straight-nosed and goggle-eyed - and even if, finally, fir cones wrapped in silver paper, but no one in Moscow, of course, had such a Christmas tree. It was a real taiga beauty - tall, thick, straight, with branches that diverged at the ends like stars.

(A. Gaidar).

Task 4.

Determine the stylistic and semantic originality of the highlighted words.

1. He is completely reached. 2. What are you doing here bazaar arranged? 3. I will visit you in the evening I'll take a look. 4. I will not go before anyone bow! 5. The child also needs corner have. 6. And by the way, he is a figure at work.

Exercise 5.

Expand the meaning of colloquial metaphors.

1. Why are you sitting inflated? What is not satisfied?

2. It is necessary that the foreman was toothy a guy so that he could talk with the authorities and with the suppliers, and make a suggestion to his own comrades.

3. The family almost never has everything smooth. Here Nadia is offended by her Peter, but she herself also has a character - not sugar.

4. If you don’t develop your will from childhood, then you will grow up not as a man, but as a rag.

5. He is now so caught up in this problem that it is completely useless to force him to do something else.

Task 6.

Match the meanings of the underlined words. Determine which ones are stylistically neutral and which ones are colloquial.

1. Nikolai in childhood is strong stuttered. About fishing you tell me don't stutter.

2. Under wadded blanket will be hot to sleep. What are you today cotton some.

3. He was in love with me, even wooed. Woo me master in our workshop.

Task 7. Determine which of the two synonyms is neutral and which is colloquial.

1. The controller, my dears, also has a hard job: firstly, stowaway to find the passenger, and secondly, to make him pay the fine. I didn't put on my jacket today, but the money was all there. Well, I had to go to work. hare to go - there was no time to return.

2. - How did you spend your vacation? - I went to the Oka, lived in the village. all day long went through the forest. Ah, what a delight! Today is half a day dangled shopping for gifts. To the people before a holiday - God forbid!

3. - Well, tell me honestly: you are got scared Then? Tell me honestly. Well, I was a little scared, of course. And you would be in my place didn't flinch?

4. Distribution of books disposes of Valentina Vasilievna, you should contact her. - Who do you have here control work in command?

Task 8. Determine the meanings of the highlighted words.

I wake up in the morning, someone bale bale on glass. 2. There were cakes in the refrigerator. And cakes bye-bye. 3. Well, I think, now I'll sit down and study. And here - ding. - The wolf is coming. 4. - Is Irina at home? - What you! Came, ate, changed clothes and fyut! - And Zhenya swims - oh-oh-oh! At least put him on the rescue team.

Task 9 . Explain the meaning of the highlighted expressions.

With you, Artem, no stake, no yard. At a nearby large station, workers brewed porridge. These smugglers Grishutka became across the throat. Disappeared as if he had sunk into the water. I was looking for up to the seventh sweat. "He fell like snow on his head" - laughing said Rita. By night he completely exhausted. Case not worth a damn. I'm in these things shot bird. Tell me, Tsvetaev, why are you on do you have a tooth?

Task 10 . Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units. In case of difficulty, refer to the phraseological dictionary.

To be in the seventh heaven; do not believe your own eyes; walk on hind legs; open your mouth; freeze in place; both ours and yours; be silent like a fish; walk around to about; from small to large; play cat and mouse; come out dry from water; lead a cat and dog life; written in black and white; the house is a full bowl; chickens do not peck money; only bird's milk is not enough.

Task 11 . Write phraseological units with the word eye. Pick up similar phraseological units from your native language.

Don't take your eyes off; eat with eyes; flap your eyes; do not close your eyes; pull the wool over someone's eyes; close (to what), open eyes (to whom, what); speak in the eye; speak for the eyes; talk face to face; need an eye for an eye; do by eye; blurred in the eyes; spin before the eyes; sparks from the eyes fell; hide your eyes; go wherever your eyes look; do not believe your eyes; fear has big eyes.

Task 12 . Replace the highlighted combinations with phraseological units with the word eye.

Such apples were sent to me from Georgia yesterday - extraordinary beauty! 2. My friend and I do wood inlay work. But in a different way. He will calculate everything, copy the drawing, then select the tree as if. And I - without any precise calculations. As a result: I envy him, he envy me. 3. Now Sergey should come to me. You won't be offended if we go straight to my room? We really need to talk alone. 4. Something Ivan to us hasn't come for a long time. Maybe he went somewhere? 5. That closet all over the room spoils - somehow it becomes a pity: they are used to it, sort of like a member of the family. 6. I think: what is Frolov trying to do not meet with me. And meet - tries not look on me. Well, then he himself came and honestly told everything.

Task 13.

Name the colloquial phraseological units you know with the words head, hands, tongue etc. Pick up similar phraseological units from your native language.

Task 14.

Using the suffixes -UN/UN-ya, -УХ-а, -УШ-а, -УШК-а, -Л-а (-ЛК-а), -К-а, -Г-а, -IK, form colloquial nouns, with the meaning "name of a person according to an excessively manifest feature".

Boast, grumble, walk, work, yawn, whimper, whine, chat.

Task 15.

Using the suffixes (-i) Г-а, -УЛ-я, (-я) K (-yak), -ЫШ, - CHAK, -АЧ, ОН-я, -IK, -ИЦ-а, form colloquial nouns from the following adjectives with the general meaning "name of a person according to a strongly manifested sign".

Modest, dirty, fat, healthy, strong, kind, cheerful, dexterous, naked, quiet, clean, dumb, smart.

Task 16.

Explain what words these colloquial verbs are formed from.

To be idle, to be frank, to be cautious, to be liberal, to be fashionable, to be modest, to be capricious, to be delicate, to be lazy.

Task 17.

Determine from the context what semantic-stylistic shades each of the selected nouns has.

1. Alexander! You are already an adult and I intend to talk to you like man to man. 2. Sasha, you listen to what your father says to you, he worries about you, and he knows life better than you. 3. Sasha! You don’t fool me - you don’t have any urgent business right now. So come with us. 4. Ah, Sasha! Come on, brother, come in, they just talked about you. Just in time for tea. 5. Sasha, you could rest a little. Go son, take a walk in the fresh air.

Task 18.

Try to restore the full form of the following colloquial phrases. Pattern: Not seen with a baby stroller? - Did not see a woman with a child stroller?

1. Do you have a cough?

2. With green balconies - is this yours?

3. I'm two in thirty and one bagel?

4. Behind me in glasses and a woman with a child.

5. Didn't you pass here in a gray coat?

6. In a blue robe, she always flirts with him.

Task 19.

Write down these combinations in two columns: in the left - stylistically neutral, in the right - stylistically marked (that is, colloquial)

Steep descent, steep temper; household, home child; wave a handkerchief, wave out of town; go down the slope, go down the deuce; military glory, combat girl; hold on to, city, hold on to a chair; climb a tree, climb into a stupid story.

Task 20.

Replace phraseological units with synonymous words or free combinations.

They live soul to soul with their mother-in-law, she was just lucky with her mother-in-law. 2. I am in these tables no boom-boom. 3. Don't worry! We will honor them honorably. 4. Didn't they know they were coming here for work and not for a picnic? But they don’t want to work properly - good riddance! 5. You don’t explain to me, it’s been like two times two - four for me for a long time. 6. - Does Kostya get bored there? - What you! He and Petka - you can’t spill water, he has no time to think about us.

A sign that many words belong to the colloquial style vocabulary is also special suffixes, prefixes (or a combination of them).

So, among nouns, the following suffixes are common: - at n, -yнj (a) - talker (talker), talker (chatterbox), fighter (fighter), igrun (playing), screamer (screamer), silent (silent), troublemaker (busy), etc. *; -sh (a) - ticket attendant, cashier, elevator attendant, hairdresser, secretary (colloquial), inspector, courier, accountant, doctor ** (colloquial); -ag (a), -yag (a), -south (a) - poor fellow, handsome man, hard worker, hard worker, mongrel, cunning (colloquial), goner, hundred, prisoner, etc. (colloquial); -k(a), -lk(a), - And to in the composition of words (mostly colloquial), which were formed on the basis of combinations of several words as a result of their contraction, most often on the basis of the phrase adjective + noun, - valerian, buckwheat, semolina (from "buckwheat, semolina"), high-rise building, sailor, ride, stainless steel, carbon paper, commission, "Evening", sleeping bag (from "sleeping bag"), five-tonka (from "car with a carrying capacity of five tons"), a hundred meters, etc. ***; -n (I), -otn (I) (nouns mean an action or state) - running around, chatting, fussing, squabbling, dirtying, fussing, shoving, chattering (colloquial); chirping, chattering (colloquial); - I tin (a) (nouns characterize someone or something from the point of view of a negatively assessed attribute) - sour meat, rotten meat, gag (colloquial), dead meat, frozen meat, vulgarity (colloquial) (cf. also the individual formations of the Siberian L. Likhodeev - about the low quality of literary works about Siberia, the absurdity of M. Kozakov).

The vocabulary of the colloquial style is characterized by nouns, adjectives and adverbs with diminutive, pejorative or augmentative suffixes. These are the beard (beard, beard), eyes (eyes, eyes), leg (leg, legs), apartment (apartment), little idea, little story, thief, talker, river (river); sour, small (tiny), cunning (cunning), scary, huge; pretty, quietly (quietly), lightly (lightly), etc.

Verbs of colloquial style often have suffixes - And cha (t) or -nicha (t): to be sarcastic, to be nice, to put on airs, to be frank, to clown, to be greedy, to snitch, to be gentle, to be stingy, to be capricious, to beg, etc. Many verbs with the prefix behind- and the suffix -sya are colloquial and colloquial (meaning "doing something, get to the point of excess, excessiveness"): run, play, talk (in the meaning of "talk"), talk, read, sit up, lie, lie down (about a person), swim, etc. Colloquial verbs with a prefix in - and suffix -yva - (-iva-): talk, play, shout, ache, look, think, walk around, touch, pee, read, etc .; verbs with the prefix raz- and the suffix -sya (verbs of this type denote an action that, gradually growing, developing, reaches high degree or excessiveness) *: to be spoiled, to get sick, to talk, to play out, to daydream, to jump, to flare up, to rage, to unwind, etc.

A characteristic sign of the vernacular words proper is that they contain “extra”, or not “what you need”, prefixes or suffixes, or, conversely, they do not have prefixes (suffixes) in comparison with the same-root synonymous words of the literary language. Such are inside (cf. inside), always (cf. always), for now (cf. for now), in vain (cf. in vain), in vain (cf. in vain), theirs (cf. them), play (cf. play); by force (cf. by force), at once (cf. immediately), soon (cf. soon), see (cf. seen), seem (cf. it seems), die (cf. die), sew (cf. sew), fit (cf. come in handy), see each other (cf. see each other), traitor (cf. traitor), dodgy (cf. quirky), mischievous (cf. mischievous), from afar (cf. from afar), without fail (cf. without fail); wait (cf. wait), after (cf. after), etc.

A sign of stylistic attachments words can also serve as the nature of its figurative use. So, in most cases, the colloquial style includes those words in a figurative sense that name a person (parts of the body), his properties, actions, dwellings, etc., and in the direct designation of an animal, bird, insect (their actions, properties, body parts, place of dwelling, etc.). For example, a hare (about a stowaway), an elephant (about a clumsy, clumsy person), a goiter (about a throat), also cattle, an animal, a wild boar, a monkey, a parrot, a crow, a leech, a seal, a rooster, a goose, a bug, a dragonfly, a snake, an echidna; neigh, cackle, mumble, croak, lap; muzzle, snout, paw. (l apka), hole, kennel, etc.

As a rule, words that call a person (his action, state) "by the name" of an inanimate object or its property belong to the vocabulary of the colloquial style, and most often by the name of an object of an everyday, everyday nature. Compare: oak (oak), stump, club, deck, block, pole, shaft, tower, jelly, cap, hat, mattress, bag, pawn, bump, skirt ("run after every skirt"), scarecrow, morel, toadstool, boiling water, whirlpool, crumb, button, doll (doll), saw (to cut), bubble, bowler hat (about the head), hang around , crumble ("crumble in compliments"), crack, creak, boil, explode, rattle, call, stick, pester, dry, evaporate, wash off, disappear, etc. and so on. And the image contained in the figuratively used words predetermines not only the stylistic belonging of the words, but also the evaluation and nature of the evaluation (see the section "Polysemy of the word").

Module 1. Communicative culture of Russian speech

Topic 1.4. Conversational style

Purpose of the lesson: introduce students to the concept colloquial”, to consider the differences between the Russian literary language and colloquial style, to study general characteristics and linguistic features of conversational style.

Plan

Question 1. General characteristics of conversational style

Conversational style is associated with the implementation of the main function of the language - the function of communication. It is the most common of all functional styles, as it serves the sphere of easy communication of people at home, in the family, the sphere of informal relations at work.

Ease suggests that close or neutral relationships between speakers do not require special attention to speech form, except in those few cases. The choice of style - colloquial or bookish - in the field business relations is largely determined by the specific situation of communication and the accepted rules of speech etiquette. So, for example, in a conversation with a doctor, with a salesman, with a stranger, both colloquial and book styles are used, but preference is usually given to the latter or elements of both book and conversational styles are used.

Ease predetermines spontaneity (unpreparedness) of colloquial speech. Therefore, in a situation of easy communication, repetitions, self-interruptions, and pauses are observed.

Distinctive feature conversational style is multichannel perception of information. Book styles use visual (visual) and auditory (auditory) channels. In addition to these traditional in easy communication is active tactile And inner feeling speaker. The tactile channel involves the perception of information through patting, stroking, touching, shaking hands, etc. The internal sensation of the speaker can manifest itself in each person in his own way: a feeling of warm-cold, like / dislike, want / do not want. The tactile channel of perception, due to its physical manifestation, is quite well studied and is actively used as additional remedy conveying information in both informal and formal communication. For example, a handshake as an element of psychological characteristics serves as an additional source of information in business communication. Internal sensation is only studied by scientists. We still know little about the nature of its manifestation. Often, when a person says: "Intuition tells me ..." - this testifies precisely to internal sensations.

The tactile channel, internal sensation is referred to as non-verbal means of communication. Non-verbal means are also intonation, facial expressions, gestures, body movements. They are most actively used in casual communication.

Multi-channel perception gives rise to such a feature of the conversational style as a combination of opposite properties.

On the one hand, colloquial speech is characterized by the economy of language means, and on the other hand, it is distinguished by redundancy. The economy is generated by the conditions of direct oral communication, when part of the verbal information can be replaced by gestures, a special intonation: Like this(gesture) grass. Well, it's business-a-a! The conditions in which communication takes place also contribute to the reduction of speech. So, for example, at the box office of a cinema, where tickets are sold only for the next session, they usually say: one fifth or Two tickets, any row. When buying a newspaper or magazine, speakers only name: Izvestia, Week.

Redundancy, that is, the complete or partial repetition of messages, the use of uneconomical means of transmitting information, arises as a result of the unpreparedness (spontaneity) of speech. For example, from a conversation about a business trip: This year I went to Orel, on a business trip. Such an important trip. They took me to the factory there.

The conditions of communication also give rise to such opposite features of colloquial speech as a high degree of standardization of the language, on the one hand, and the manifestation of the individual traits of the speaker, on the other.

Typified, standard constructions are convenient in spontaneous speech. The speaker does not have to look for language means: they have already been worked out by the social practice of using the language in a given communication situation. Therefore, for each typical situation there are stereotypes, that is, typical, stable, repetitive constructions. Researchers of colloquial speech usually distinguish two types of high-frequency situations and two types of stereotypes associated with them:

1) etiquette stereotypes: Good afternoon How are you? What's new?;

2) situational stereotypes: "Transport" (Are you leaving next?)"Shop" (Two milk, one sour cream).

Speech stereotypes save the efforts of speakers, they free from the need to create original forms to express one content in typical communication situations. For example, in Russian colloquial speech, the social practice of using the language has fixed the greeting formulas: Hello! Glad to see you; farewell: Best wishes! Share a hello; thanks: Thank you. I am so grateful to you; surprise: Is that really true? Can't be! How so?; sympathy: What a pity! You're out of luck!; requests: I have a request.

The manifestation in colloquial speech of the features of the individual style of the speaker is also due to the atmosphere of relaxed, relaxed communication, permissiveness in the choice of language means. The speaker has the right to use both familiar, typified, and free and even author's language means. For example: to screw up, to screw up, to screw up. In any other sphere of speech associated with the official setting of communication, there are strict requirements: the choice is limited by the norms of style. Conversational speech is more conducive to self-expression: what a person is, such is his speech. This brings colloquial speech closer to artistic, where the requirement for individualization of style is due to its very specificity.

Finally, colloquial speech can be characterized both as expressive, emotional, and as relatively limited in the use of lexical and grammatical means. For example: I want to cry - cry. Don't save. Tears are water. On the one hand, the spoken language, especially folk poetic speech, is moving closer to the literary text. This rapprochement is based on the fact that colloquial speech serves not only the purposes of communication, but also the purposes of influence. This bidirectionality generated such qualities of colloquial speech as expressiveness, visualization, figurativeness, synonymous richness. On the other hand, non-verbal means often become the cause and condition of concise, economical speech.

Colloquial and professional speech is connected with the communication of people in the workplace. In situations of professional communication, one cannot do without describing objects, processes, concepts that are specific to a given professional area. In book speech, they have a traditional terminological designation; in colloquial speech, professionalisms are used. Here are some examples: dozer instead of dispenser; reciprocity instead of reciprocity method; snitch instead of self-recording device; black box instead of secure on-board storage of flight information. Compare also individual statements: Melting in the furnace sat for six and a half hours. Today on TV "black box"(“black field” means preventive maintenance).

Conversational style is reflected in journalism and fiction. Orientation towards colloquialism is characteristic of all oral genres of journalistic style ( public speaking, author's program, entertainment programs), as well as certain written genres (feuilleton, essay). The colloquial style has an impact on other functional styles, especially on their oral forms: report, lecture, discussion.

The use of a conversational style outside its usual areas of functioning gives communication looseness, intimacy, and makes it easier to establish contact between people. Therefore, the conversational style is used in all cases where it is necessary to create an atmosphere of trust. The inclusion of colloquial elements in an official conversation removes unnecessary formality.

In modern language communication, there is also a reverse trend - the influence of all functional styles on conversational. In colloquial speech, there are scientific and technical terms, stationery and newspaper stamps. The presence and proportion of such elements in colloquial speech depend on the conditions of communication, the subject of speech, and the individual style of speech of the speaker.

Conversational style, more than bookish, has the same features in different languages: spontaneity and the incompleteness of structures generated by it, repetitions, insertions; a tendency to reduce speech and its redundancy, a high degree of standardization and the manifestation of individual style traits, etc. However, in each specific language, the same trends find different linguistic embodiments.

Russian colloquial speech has its own norms, which are still little known and not fully described. Therefore, probably, when they talk about the norms of the Russian language, they usually mean the norms of book speech. However, in many cases book and colloquial norms do not coincide. So, for example, from the point of view of the norms of book speech, the combination two milk impossible, milk is an uncountable noun. From the point of view of colloquial speech in a situation of communication between a buyer and a seller, such a combination is common.

The norms of colloquial speech, unlike bookish - codified, are not consciously supported by anyone, they are established usus(custom). However, all native speakers of the Russian language feel these norms and perceive any unmotivated deviation from them as a mistake. A person who speaks as he writes gives the impression of insincere, cutesy.

So, colloquial style, on the one hand, and codified book styles, on the other, have their own, non-coincident systems of norms. The norms of book styles are established and consciously maintained (they are enshrined in dictionaries, reference books, grammars), the norms of colloquial speech are determined by the usage, that is, they are conditional, have the character of a collective agreement.

Linguistic features conversational style

phonetic signs. Colloquial speech is characterized by a special colloquial style of pronunciation and an exceptional richness of intonation variation.

The colloquial style of pronunciation, in contrast to the bookish and neutral, is characterized by relaxed (sluggish) articulation. Therefore, the sounds in a conversational style undergo great changes, a fuzzy pronunciation appears. Unstressed vowels are subjected to enhanced reduction, especially in stressed syllables. For example: new pronounced like [new]. Stressed vowels are also pronounced indistinctly. So, for example, percussion A after soft consonants it can sound like [e]. As a result, said you can be heard as you[e]. Combinations of vowels are subject to strong reduction. For example: at all pronounced like V[A] anyway, have lunch How P[A] be in trouble.

High-frequency vocabulary is most strongly affected by changes in the flow of fast casual speech: speaks- [gr’it], [gyt]; Maybe- [naen]; Today- [sedn'i], [senya]; allow- [rumble].

Cases of reduction of vowels, deformation of consonants, loss of sounds and their combinations seem implausible, inexplicable in abstraction from the phrasal context. If you return these words to phrases, you can see that such a pronunciation is quite natural. In conditions of real speech communication, the listener usually does not experience great difficulties in perceiving truncated phonetic variants of words and does not even notice how far the spoken segment is from the ideal sound composition of the word. Knowledge of the context and situation enables the interlocutors to adequately perceive what they hear. We conjecture the really missed sounds not in spite of, but thanks to special conditions easy communication - the frequency of vocabulary, multi-channel perception, the use of non-verbal means of transmitting information.

The intonation of colloquial speech, in comparison with the book, is distinguished by the richness and variety of rhythm and melodic options: from calm, colorless, barely audible speech to the most expressive, loud. Such a variety of types of intonation is due to the diversity of the environment in which colloquial speech is used. But with all the contrasts, colloquial speech is always emotional, unlike bookish oral speech, which is either unemotional or reserved. The chamber (non-public) atmosphere of communication, direct contact with the interlocutors at the time of speech and close acquaintanceships are conducive to increased emotionality. All this allows for the possibility of a surge of emotions. Therefore, the even, calm intonation of the book style in colloquial and everyday speech will seem inappropriate, artificial, and therefore expressive: it may indicate an extremely tense emotional state a person trying to hide it behind a mask of calm.

The richness of intonation makes up for the lack of verbal expression in colloquial speech. Even one word like Yes, can be pronounced in different ways, investing in intonation and agreement, and doubt, and prohibition, and surprise.

Therefore, intonation in colloquial speech, in contrast to oral book speech, is often not additional, but main means of expressiveness and organization of speech. The organizing role is played by intonation in unionless proposals and in sentences with free connection of parts. For example: We were walking / it was raining. Intonation divides sentences into separate parts, reinforcing the meaning of each: When you're going? Tomorrow? Early in the morning?

Lexico-phraseological features of colloquial style. The main fund of colloquial style is made up of commonly used words and expressions. In colloquial speech, such texts are also possible in which “colloquialism” itself is not lexically manifested. For example: We were even glad that the weather was non-flying. We left our things in the storage room and went to see the city.

Speech devoid of lexical signs of style is considered by some researchers as belonging to a neutral style.

One of the most characteristic features is the use of lexical units with reduced stylistic marks. In dictionaries they are labeled colloquial, simple, prof. However, such words do not form the main core of colloquial speech. Not their presence in the text, but the very possibility of their use is a sign of conversational style. Words like understand, dumbass, yell, useless, can only be colloquial and as its reflection in artistic and journalistic speech. They are not included in the lexical fund of either scientific or official business style.

Increased emotionality and expressiveness is associated with the use of colloquial and colloquial words and expressions. Compared with neutral synonyms, lexical units of reduced stylistic layers have an “expression of sensual concreteness”, that is, in addition to general meaning, such words convey vivid figurative representations: to go - to drag, to linger - to get stuck, to speak - to sharpen folly, to intervene - to meddle, to poke your nose, to get rich - to fill your pocket, to work - to stab, hunch back, plow, bend your back. It is this figurativeness of colloquial words that creates special character metaphorization inherent in the colloquial style. But unlike artistic speech in colloquial speech, mainly standardized impersonal metaphors are used, which are characteristic of all speakers of Russian. Since these metaphors are not created, but reproduced in speech, they are usually not felt by either the speaker or the listener. So, for example, metaphors associated with the transfer of the names of animals, birds, insects and their actions on a person: crow(rotozeum), bug(cunning, cunning) fox(flatterer, cunning) laugh(too loud laugh) croak(to speak, foreshadowing something unkind).

A feature of colloquial speech is figurativeness based on hyperbole and litotes. For example: didn’t eat a crumb, go crazy. Such expressions are used to indicate the ultimate degree of quality, action. Combinations perform the same function: terribly funny, terribly funny.

Another group of emotionally expressive means of colloquial style is colloquial and slang vocabulary used in the speech of native speakers of the literary language. The desire for novelty, liveliness of speech is especially characteristic of young people, and in the speech of representatives of this social group there are much more colloquial and slang elements than in the speech of the older generation.

Colloquial speech is exceptionally rich in variant, synonymous means. However, the nature of these means and their function in colloquial speech have their own specifics. In spontaneous colloquial speech, speakers do not have the opportunity to pay due attention to the finishing of their statements - to diversify speech, eliminate repetition and monotony. However, there is a desire for this. For example, many speakers avoid repeating the words that were said by the interlocutor in the previous remark: So you still took an apartment in a mortgage? Yes, we got into it.

Synonyms in colloquial speech can perform the function of enhancing the impact on the interlocutor when the speaker lists at close range a large number of substitutions known to him: She became thin, skinny, only eyes remained on her face. Dima - such a mug - as he was, as he is, alive and well.

The composition of colloquial and colloquial words contains a greater semantic capacity than their neutral and bookish synonyms, they are able to convey the subtlest shades of meaning. For example, let's compare the meaning of the neutral word to talk to its colloquial synonyms: chatting - fluently speak any language within the limits of ordinary everyday relations; murmur - speak incomprehensibly to the listener go; babble - shallow, superficial knowledge of any language; chatter - speak quickly, incessantly; crack - speak in a loud voice, quickly and without pauses; rumble - speak quickly, without stopping, with a dismissive, playful, ironic assessment; part - speak very fast; chirp - speak quickly, often cheerfully and excitedly (usually about women's or children's speech).

In colloquial speech, there are also semantically empty words, that is, they do not have their own meaning and are used instead of almost any word. For example: business, thing, thing, music, history, pies(usually combined: like these ones...) - in the meaning of the subject; bang, peel, scratch, fry - in the meaning of action; such that straight in the meaning of the attribute; so that's right...- in terms of circumstances. Compare: We had such conversations, it is simply indescribable. I so want to leave! I'm in no hurry. I just freaked out.

The data of frequency dictionaries speak about the relative poverty of the lexicon of colloquial speech, in comparison with the book one. So, in the dictionary of book speech for 400,000 different word usages - 24,224 words, and in the colloquial speech dictionary, the same number of word usages gave only 14,300 different words.

One of characteristic features colloquial style is its saturation with phraseological units and speech stereotypes. Almost all everyday colloquial phraseological units are figurative in nature and bring into speech a shade of ease and simplicity and, moreover, even some liberty: freeze the worm; put a pig not for a pinch of snuff; dance from the stove; like herring in a barrel; long time no see…

In any text, the vocabulary and phraseology of the colloquial style can be replaced by neutral units. However, this will deprive the text of the peculiar appeal that the laid-back, spontaneous nature of speech creates. Wed, for example: At work, Galina Andreevna had days of nothing, tolerable days; but it happened - it went one to one: the visitors were nervous, and there was a lot of writing, and such a mess formed that the head was spinning(A. Chuprov) - and conversion to neutral units: Galina Andreevna. there were quite good days at work, tolerable, but it happened - a whole series of troubles followed one after another: nervous visitors, and a large number of business papers, and such a mess formed that a state of confusion ensued from the abundance of affairs and worries.

A sign that many words belong to the colloquial style vocabulary is also special suffixes, prefixes (or a combination of them).

So, the following suffixes are common among nouns: -un, -ynj (a) - talker (talker), talker (chatterbox), brawler (brawler), igrun (playful), screamer (screamer), silent (silent), troublemaker (busy), etc .; -w(a) - ticket attendant, cashier, elevator attendant, hairdresser, secretary (colloquial), inspector, courier, accountant, doctor (colloquial); -ag (a), -yag (a), -south (a) - poor man, handsome man, hard worker, hard worker, mongrel, cunning (colloquial), goner, hundred, prisoner, etc. (colloquial); -k(a), -lk(a), -ik in the composition of words (mostly colloquial), which were formed on the basis of combinations of several words as a result of their contraction, most often on the basis of the phrase adjective + noun, - valerian, buckwheat, semolina (from "buckwheat, semolina"), a high-rise building, a sailor, a ride, a stainless steel, a carbon paper, a commission, "Evening", a sleeping bag (from a "sleeping bag"), a five-ton car (from a "car with a carrying capacity of five tons"), a hundred meters, etc.; -n (i), -rel (i) (nouns mean an action or state) - running around, chattering, fussing, squabbling, dirtying, fussing, pushing, crackling tnya (colloquial); squabbling, chattering (colloquial); -yatin (a) (nouns characterize someone or something from the point of view of a negatively assessed attribute) - sour meat, rotten meat, gag (colloquial), dead meat, frozen meat, vulgarity (colloquial) (cf. also the individual formations of the Siberian L. Likhodeev - about the low quality of literary works about Siberia, absurdity M. Kozakov).

The vocabulary of the colloquial style is characterized by nouns, adjectives and adverbs with diminutive, pejorative or augmentative suffixes. Such are the beard (beard, beard), eyes (eyes, eyes), leg (leg, legs), apartment (apartment), little idea, little story, thief, talker, rivulet (river); sour, small (tiny), cunning (cunning), scary, huge; pretty, quietly (quietly), lightly (lightly), etc.

Suffixes -icha (t) or -nicha (t) are not uncommon for verbs of a colloquial style: to be sarcastic, to be kind, to put on airs, to be frank, to be clown, to be greedy, to be sneaky, to be gentle, to be stingy, to be capricious, to beg, etc. Many verbs with the prefix behind- and the suffix -sya are colloquial and colloquial (meaning "doing something, reach excess, excess in this"): run, play, chat (in the meaning of "talk"), talk, read, sit up, lie, lie down (about a person), swim, etc. Conversational verbs with the prefix in - and the suffix -yva- (-iva-): talk, play, shout, ache, look, think, walk around, touch, pee, read, etc .; verbs with the prefix raz- and the suffix -sya (verbs of this type denote an action that, gradually growing, developing, reaches a high degree or excess): to indulge, get sick, talk, play out, daydream, jump, flare up, rage, unwind, etc.

A characteristic sign of the vernacular words proper is that they contain “extra”, or not “what you need”, prefixes or suffixes, or, conversely, they do not have prefixes (suffixes) in comparison with the same-root synonymous words of the literary language. Such are inside (cf. inside), always (cf. always), for now (cf. for now), in vain (cf. in vain), in vain (cf. in vain), theirs (cf. them), play (cf. play); by force (cf. by force), at once (cf. immediately), soon (cf. soon), see (cf. seen), seem (cf. it seems), die (cf. die), sew (cf. sew), fit (cf. come in handy), see each other (cf. see each other), traitor (cf. traitor), dodgy (cf. quirky), mischievous (cf. mischievous), from afar (cf. from afar), without fail (cf. without fail); wait (cf. wait), after (cf. after), etc.

The nature of its figurative use can also serve as a sign of the stylistic attachment of words. So, in most cases, the colloquial style includes those words in a figurative sense that name a person (parts of the body), his properties, actions, dwellings, etc., and in the direct designation of an animal, bird, insect (their actions, properties, body parts, place of dwelling, etc.). For example, a hare (about a stowaway), an elephant (about a clumsy, clumsy person), a goiter (about a throat), also cattle, an animal, a wild boar, a monkey, a parrot, a crow, a leech, a seal, a rooster, a goose, a bug, a dragonfly, a snake, an echidna; neigh, cackle, mumble, croak, lap; muzzle, snout, paw. (foot), hole, kennel, etc.

As a rule, words that call a person (his action, state) "by the name" of an inanimate object or its property belong to the vocabulary of the colloquial style, and most often by the name of an object of an everyday, everyday nature. Compare: oak (oak), stump, club, deck, block, pole, shaft, tower, jelly, cap, hat, mattress, bag, pawn, bump, skirt ("run after every skirt"), scarecrow, morel, toadstool, boiling water, whirlpool, crumb, button, doll (doll), saw (to cut), bubble, bowler hat (about the head), hang around , crumble ("crumble in compliments"), crack, creak, boil, explode, rattle, call, stick, pester, dry, evaporate, wash off, disappear, etc. and so on. And the image contained in the figuratively used words predetermines not only the stylistic belonging of the words, but also the evaluation and nature of the evaluation (see the section "Polysemy of the word").

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.