The language of a work of art. Artistic speech in literature. (stylistics)

Chapter I. Theoretical background of the study.

§1. The subject and tasks of linguistic stylistics.

§2. The word and its meaning.

§3. Stylistic characteristics of the word.

Chapter P. Functional-stylistic and structural-semantic characteristics of the vocabulary of works of art

K. Erendzhenova.

§1. Common vocabulary (neutral words).

1.1. Noun (subject vocabulary).

1.1.1. Vocabulary of nature (climatic, landscape, geographical, animalistic, floristic vocabulary).

1.1.2. Vocabulary of economic activities and material culture.

1.1.3. Vocabulary social life and spiritual culture (religious, family-related, hunting, administrative, military, socio-political vocabulary).

1.1.4. Onymic lexicon (oikonyms, hydronyms, oronyms, anthroponyms, cosmonyms, ecclesionyms).

1.2. Verb (procedural vocabulary).

1.3. Adjective name (indicative vocabulary).

§ 2. Stylistically differentiated vocabulary in the works of K. Erendzhenov.

2.1. Book vocabulary.

2.2. Colloquial vocabulary (onomatopoeic and figurative words, interjections, colloquial forms of pronouns and adverbs).

2.3. Spacious vocabulary.

2.4. Dialect vocabulary.

Chapter III. Stylistic possibilities of vocabulary and phraseology in the works of K. Erendzhenov.

§ 1. Synonyms.

§ 2. Antonyms.

§ 3. Homonyms.

§ 4. Phraseology.

§ 5. Outdated vocabulary (historicisms and archaisms).

Chapter IV. Figurative and expressive means in the language of art works by K. Erendzhenov.

§ 1. Metaphor.

§ 2. Comparison.

§ 3. Epithet.

Chapter V. The stylistic potential of the vocabulary of small genres of Kalmyk folklore, recorded in the prose of K. Erendzhenov.

§ 1. Vocabulary of paremiological texts (proverbs, sayings and signs).

§ 2. Vocabulary of ritual (wedding) folklore.

§ 3. Vocabulary of dance and song folklore.

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Lexico-stylistic features of the language of works of art by K. Erendzhenov"

Relevance of the topic. The dissertation is devoted to a comprehensive study of the prose works of the famous Kalmyk writer of the 20th century. K. Erendzhenov (1912 - 1991) in terms of describing the lexical and stylistic features of his idiolect, reflecting the literary language of this period.

In connection with the increased interest in the study of the functioning of linguistic means in various areas of speech activity, lexical units are increasingly being studied from the point of view of their stylistic value. And this is quite natural, since, as you know, the object of linguistic stylistic analysis is the language in the process of its use. Thus, the relevance of the study lies in the need for a detailed development of one of the promising areas of modern linguistics - linguistic stylistics and, in particular, lexical stylistics.

The work of writers and poets - masters of the artistic word - plays a significant role in the development of any national literary language. Understanding the role of major writers in the history of the literary language is one of the critical tasks studies of the language of fiction [Tsydendambaev 1982]. The writer's idiolect is created on the basis of the national language of a certain era.

The talent of the writer lies in the ability to find the optimal ratio of the general and the individual: “The writer is the bearer and creator of the national culture of speech. Using the common language of his time, he selects and, in accordance with his creative intention, combines various means of the vocabulary and grammatical structure of his native language” [Vinogradov 1959, 183]. The individual-authorial stands out against the background of the general to the extent that the writer's linguistic mastery rises above the level of the general literary language of his era [Larin 1974].

The dissertation is carried out in line with the functional style of a literary text, the consideration of the author's idiostyle is carried out based on various lexical microstructures of the text in their specific aesthetic and stylistic conditionality.

Functional principle of selection language styles was formulated by L. V. Shcherba as follows: “Each stylistic variety of a language is brought to life by functional expediency. The differences between these varieties of the literary language are determined by their multi-functional orientation. [Shcherba 1957, 117-119].

It is precisely because of this relationship between the artistic style and the literary language that the analysis of literary texts not only makes it possible to understand all the peculiarities of the language of an individual work or the work of the writer as a whole, but also favors the most complete and consistent study of the general literary language.

Kalmyk fiction is, in our opinion, the quintessence of original creativity in the modern Kalmyk literary language. In this regard, it seems relevant to appeal to the idiolect of the famous Kalmyk prose writer K.E. Erendzhenov, one of the most interesting masters of the word, whose original work rightfully occupies a leading place in Kalmyk literature and the literary process of the twentieth century. However, it did not receive an adequate literary and linguistic analysis, and the onomastic space of his works remains unexplored.

Prose language is a separate object in the linguistic study of a literary text. Of particular interest in the semantic structure of the prose text are proper names, which serve as a kind of "key" in revealing the writer's artistic intention. Without exaggeration, we can say that the work of K. Erendzhenov is a vivid confirmation of this.

It should be noted that the language and style of Kalmyk writers has not been the object of a special monographic study so far. Konstantin Erendzhenov is one of those writers whose work has not been subjected to comprehensive linguistic analysis.

K.-Erenjenov is known as a connoisseur of the Kalmyk language, who used in his works the bright expressive means that exist in the national language. The author possessed a peculiar creative manner, writing culture, original language and style. It seems natural to study the vocabulary, semantic and stylistic layers and the emotional and expressive beauty of the language of the writer's works. All this predetermines the relevance of this study.

The degree of study of the topic. The interest of domestic literary critics and linguists in the linguistic analysis of a literary text arose at the beginning of the 20th century. The attention of linguists to various aspects of vocabulary is not accidental, since it is the lexical composition, unlike other levels of the language, that is characterized by the greatest variability and inconstancy. Behind the emergence of linguistic stylistics as one of the branches of linguistics is a number of fundamental works of the largest linguists: A. M. Peshkovsky (1930), A. A. Shakhmatov (1941), V. V. Vinogradov (1959, 1963, 1971, 1976) A.A. Potebni (1976, 1993), L. V. Shcherby (1974), G. O. Vinokura (1980, 1990, 1991) and others. The works of Academician V. V. Vinogradov became the theoretical basis for the systematic study of the literary text in Russian linguistics.

The distinction between the literary language and the language of fiction was theoretically substantiated as early as the middle of the last century, when a research methodology was developed for each of these areas. In these and other studies and generalizing scientific works, vast experience has been accumulated, which is necessary for the subsequent successful development of this section of linguistics. The experience of such studies has shown that "verbal images and the ways of their formation are different depending on the foundations of the poetics of one or another direction, one or another art school, as well as on the internal qualities of an individual style" [Vinogradov 1971, 55].

As you know, the specificity of the language artwork predetermined mainly by aesthetic function speech means. Therefore, in order to study this specificity, it is necessary to take into account the normative and aesthetic approaches to the language of fiction. The language of fiction and poetic language, being a means of artistic communication intended for a wide readership, is associated with the literary language and the language of the people [Filin 1978, 315].

After the 50s of the XX century. much has changed, but the lines of communication in the approach to the study of the language of a work of art by linguists and literary critics have not yet been sufficiently determined (V. M. Zhirmunsky, O. S. Akhmanova, V. A. Zvegintsev, V. P. Grigoriev, etc.).

In the works of the last decades of the XX century. questions of the theory and practice of linguistic analysis of a literary text are covered [Stepanov 1980, 1988; Kolshansky 1980, 1983; Losev 1994; Shansky 1972, 1985, 1990; Studneva 1983, Novikov 1988 and others].

The well-known Mongolian scholar L. D. Shagdarov points to the dissatisfaction of literary critics with a narrowly linguistic study of the style of a work of art and sets as the main task a systematic study of the individual styles of Buryat prose writers, poets and playwrights, emphasizing that the individual style of the writer should be studied by both linguists and literary critics [ Shagdarov 1974, 71]. The researcher of the language of fiction, V. P. Grigoriev, emphasized that the study of the language of artistic speech is an area of ​​theoretical, methodological and methodological controversies that have not yet been overcome [Grigoriev 1976, 48].

Back in the 60s of the last century, T. A. Bertagaev noted that, in contrast to phonetics and morphology, the lexicology of the Mongolian languages ​​was less studied [Bertagaev 1961, 3]. After several decades, research in the field of lexicology of the Mongolian languages ​​has undoubtedly moved forward. A significant contribution to the study of the vocabulary of the Mongolian languages ​​was made by such scholars of Mongolian studies as T. A. Bertagaev (1969, 1974), L. D. Shagdarov (1970, 1974), D. A. Pavlov (1964, 1968), I. K. Ilishkin (1960, 1967), G. Ts. Pyurbeev (1972, 1984, 1993, 1996), Ts. B. Budaev (1970), V. I. Rassadin (1970, 1983, 1989, 2000, 2007), E. Ch. Bardaev (1976, 1985), A.L. Kalyaev (1979, 1986), M.U. Monraev (1977, 1998) V. E. Ochir-Goryaev (1975, 1990, 1995) and others.

The works of the national Kalmyk writer K. Erendzhenov in more analyzed in terms of literary criticism, rather than in terms of language. Nevertheless, the bright, colorful language of the writer could not remain out of sight of linguists.

For the first time, the analysis of some features of the writer's language was given by the famous Kalmyk scientist A.Sh. Kichikov [Kichikov 1963] in the article "The Language of Kalmyk Art Books".

K. Erendzhenov was not only a prose writer, but also a poet. Ts.K. Korsunkiev [Korsunkiev 1965], highlighting the poem "Old Poplar" as a poem written in a strong expressive language. The power of the artistic word is not to describe beautifully, but to see its beauty in the most ordinary things, objects, phenomena, to be able to revive it by finding the appropriate colors.

Articles by R.P. Doraeva “On the language of the poems “Teg” and “Teegt” by D. Kugultinov” (1973), M.U. Monraev “On some linguistic features of the novel by A. Balakaev “Altn Bumb” (Golden 8

Bumba)" (1977) and others. Thus, the linguistic and stylistic features of the works of K. Erendzhenov have not yet been the object of a special linguistic research.

The works of D.D. Sanzhina (1991, 2001), T.M. Dugarzhapova (1993), G.A. Dyrkheeva (2007), O.B. Dorzhieva (2006),. Literary onomastics is actively studied by Buryat scientists, D.D. Sanzhina (1990, 2001), C.B. Shoibonova (1999), V.M. Tsybikova (1981) and others, as well as the Mongolian researcher H. Ya. Baatar (1998).

On the threshold of the 21st century, Kalmyk linguistics has moved to a new stage of its development: science articles, monographs of scientists devoted to topical issues in the field of lexical stylistics.

In 2004-2007 Candidate's dissertations by S.S. Badmaeva "Language and style of Mongolian fairy tales", T.V. Buraeva "Language of Kalmyk folk tales (based on the Kalmyk tales of G.I. Ramstedt)", V.V. Salykova "Lexico-stylistic features of the language of the Xinjiang-Oirat and Kalmyk versions of the epic "Dzhangar", revealing the actual problems of modern studies of vocabulary and the language of folklore in general.

Vocabulary should be considered in relation to the structure of a given artistic text from the point of view of the contemporary lexical system of the national language: “The language of a literary and artistic work, merging into the general stream of development of the language as a whole, can be considered as a monument and source of the history of this language” [Vinogradov 1959].

The study of the idiostyle of a particular author is interesting not only in terms of monitoring the development of the national language, but also to determine the personal contribution of the writer to the process of language development. The fate of any work of art depends on the author's ability to accurately formulate his thought, the degree of mastery of the word, knowledge of the laws of its functioning, virtuosity in the use of visual and expressive means of the language. The lexical and phraseological fund of the Kalmyk language, creatively used by K. Erendzhenov in his works, testifies to the original handwriting of a great master of the word.

The object of the study was the lexical structure of the literary works of K. Erendzhenov (the stories "Duuch shar heech", "Atsyuchin kevun", the novel "Lalan HadIl" in two books).

The subject of the study is the lexical and stylistic features of the language of these works, in particular the use by the author of common and special, appellative and onymic vocabulary, obsolete words, lexical figurative, figurative and expressive means.

The purpose of the study is to comprehensively study the lexical and stylistic features of the language of K. Erendzhenov's prose, to describe the features of the functioning of figurative and expressive means as idiostyle features.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were planned:

Consider theoretical basis studying the language of works of art and linguistic stylistics;

Reveal the subject, attributive and procedural vocabulary in the lexical structure of the analyzed works by K. Erendzhenov and give a lexical-semantic classification of the selected classes of words;

Analyze phraseological and obsolete vocabulary in terms of its thematic distribution, part-of-speech affiliation, stylistic functions;

Give a typology of onyms recorded in the studied works;

To single out the main lexical figurative and figurative-expressive means of the language used by the author for the explication of the ideological and artistic content of the work;

To characterize the stylistic potential of the vocabulary of small genres of Kalmyk folklore, recorded in the writer's prose.

The following provisions are put forward for defense:

1. The language of prose is a separate object in the linguistic study of a literary text. The identification of idiostyle features is carried out on the basis of a comprehensive linguo-stylistic analysis of the vocabulary and phraseology of Erendzhen's prose. The lexical and phraseological fund of the Kalmyk language, creatively used by the writer in his works, testifies to the original handwriting of a great master of the word.

2. Vocabulary in the aggregate of its semantic connections is an important component of K. Erendzhenov's idiolect. To comprehend its originality, both the entire "inventory" of words is important, as well as their meanings, stylistic functions, text-forming potential, etc. The main lexico-semantic groups of subject substantive vocabulary are natural vocabulary, vocabulary of economic activities and material culture, vocabulary of social life and spiritual culture. Significant adjective and procedural verbal vocabulary occupy an important place in Erendzhen's prose.

3. A special place in the lexical space of Erendzhen's prose is occupied by onymic vocabulary. The core of the literary onomasticon of K. Erendzhenov is anthroponyms and toponyms; zoonyms, mythonyms, theonyms belong to the perinuclear space, and onyms of other categories - ideonyms, cosmonyms, pragmonims, etc. - to the periphery. The specificity of poetic onyms, in contrast to ordinary ones, lies in their stylistic load (characteristics of the character). Proper names serve as a kind of "key" in revealing the artistic intent of the writer.

4. The main means of lexical figurativeness of K. Erendzhenov's prose is tropes. The writer's idiostyle is characterized by an abundance of figurative and expressive means (metaphor, comparison, epithets), the specifics of the use of tropes.

The material of the study was the literary works of K. Erendzhenov, the story “Duuch shar heech” (Song of the shepherd), “Atsyuchin kevun” (Son of the hunter) and the novel “Lalan hadl” (Take care of the fire) in two books. The story "Duuch shar heech" was written in 1932, in the 60s the writer returns to the previously created pre-war story, significantly deepens and supplements it. As a result of a lot of work, the story develops into the novel "Lalan HadIl" in two books (I - 1963, II - 1965), written in a simple and lively language, which was facilitated by the author's excellent knowledge of the nomadic way of life, national life and language. In the story "Atsyuchin Kevun" (1976), through the image of Mergen, the fate of the hunter's son, who absorbed the smell of native steppe, ancient traditions and customs of their ancestors, brought up in the spirit of patriotism and love for their people.

The methodological basis of the study was scientific and theoretical developments in the field of language and style of works of art by such domestic linguists as O.S. Akhmanova, L.G. Babenko, N.S. Bolotnova, V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, I.R. Galperin, A.I. Efimov, Yu.V. Kazarin, Yu.N. Karaulov,

B.D. Levin, V.A. Lukin, L.A. Novikov, A.A. Potebnya, G.Ya. Solganik, N.M. Shansky, L.V. Shcherba and others, as well as the works of well-known experts in the field of Kalmyk, Buryat and Mongolian lexicology, linguistic stylistics and text linguistics: T.A. Bertagaeva, G.Ts. Pyurbeeva, V.I. Rassadin, L.D. Shagdarova, D.D. Sanzhina, G.A. Dyrkheeva, I.K. Ilishkina, B.D. Munieva, E.Ch. Bardaeva, A.L. Kalyaeva, M.U. Monraeva, R.P. Kharchevnikova, D.A. Suseeva, H.H. Ubushaeva,

C.M. Trofimova, V.E. Ochir-Goryaeva, P.A. Darvaeva, G.S. Bitkeyeva, E.U. Omakaeva and others.

Research methods and techniques. In the process of research, complex methods of linguistic analysis are mainly used, which are widely used in modern linguistics: descriptive-analytical, semantic-stylistic and continuous sampling. The task of the semantic study of the vocabulary of the writer's literary works required the use of various particular methods - component, contextual, as well as elements of the statistical method of analyzing lexical units. The most important advantage of the semantic method of studying vocabulary is that it allowed supplementing the traditional static isolated description of vocabulary with a dynamic one in terms of text functioning. The dynamic lexical model makes it possible to reveal the systemic connections of words, their text-forming potential.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the semantic and stylistic features of the vocabulary of works of art by K. Erendzhenov became the subject of a special study for the first time in Kalmyk linguistics. The author's preferences in the choice of lexical figurative means are revealed, which allow revealing the system of artistic techniques characteristic of K. Erendzhenov. For the first time, new linguistic material from Erendzhen's prose is introduced into scientific circulation.

The theoretical significance of this dissertation research lies in obtaining new knowledge that contributes to the expansion and enrichment of the scientific and theoretical base for further research on the language and style of the works of Kalmyk writers and, more broadly, the history of the Kalmyk literary language of the 20th century, and the development of adequate methods for studying a literary text.

Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in university special courses, special seminars on lexical analysis and style of a literary text, as well as in the compilation of dialectological, phraseological, explanatory dictionaries of the Kalmyk language.

Testing and implementation of research results. The main results of the study are reflected in 13 scientific publications, including 3 of them in journals included by the Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the list of leading scientific journals.

The dissertation was discussed at a meeting of the Linguistics Department of the Kalmyk Institute for Humanitarian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Its main provisions were reported at all-Russian and international conferences: International scientific-practical conference "Russia and Central Asia: historical and cultural heritage and development prospects", dedicated to the 65th anniversary of KIGI RAS (Elista, 2006); All-Russian scientific and practical conference "Dance folklore of the peoples of Russia" (Elista, 2008); International scientific conference "United Kalmykia in United Russia: through the centuries into the future", dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the voluntary entry of the Kalmyk people into the Russian state (Elista, 2009); International scientific conference "Problems of Mongolian and Altaic studies", dedicated to the 70th anniversary of prof. IN AND. Rassadin (Elista, 2009), as well as at interregional and republican conferences: the 5th interregional scientific conference "Youth in Science: Problems, Searches, Prospects" (Elista, 2004); P-th republican scientific-practical conference of young scientists and specialists "Youth and science: the third millennium" (Elista, 2005); 1st Bertagaev readings dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of T.A. Bertagaeva (Elista, 2005); Interregional scientific conference "Ethnopedagogical connotation of the content of continuing education", dedicated to the 40th anniversary of KSU and the 70th anniversary of the Higher Education of Kalmykia (Elista, 2010).

Dissertation structure. The dissertation research consists of an introduction, five chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography, a list of sources and accepted abbreviations.

Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Languages ​​of the peoples of foreign countries of Asia, Africa, natives of America and Australia", Ochirova, Nyudlya Chetyrovna

Conclusion

The study of the lexical structure of the text of literary works by K. Erendzhenov is carried out in line with the anthropocentric direction of modern linguistics, which pays special attention to the linguistic personality, the writer's lexicon and the ways of its implementation in the text.

An important aspect of the study of the lexical structure of K. Erendzhenov's prose is related to the problem of text perception by a modern reader: may appear twice in the "same" stream of "human experience"" [Gasparov 1994, 275].

The stories "Duuch shar heech" (Song of the shepherd), "Ats'uchin kevun" (Son of the hunter), the novel "Lalan had!t" (Take care of the fire) are texts facing the past, containing many words related to the passive vocabulary of the modern Kalmyk linguistic personality .

The originality of the considered works of K. Erendzhenov, whose artistic super-task is to show the development, spiritual growth, character formation of heroes - typical representatives of the generation of that time and the influence of folk traditions, customs, national culture as a whole on this process, allows us to talk about the special role of material and spiritual vocabulary culture of the Kalmyks, words of concrete-subject and abstract semantics, obsolete vocabulary, dialectisms in the lexical organization of the text.

Vocabulary in the totality of its semantic connections is an important component of K. Erendzhenov's idiolect. To comprehend its originality, both the entire "inventory" of words is important, as well as their meaning, visual possibilities, etc.

The individuality of the language of K. Erendzhenov, first of all, was reflected in his ability to use various lexical layers of the Kalmyk language. Skillfully selecting and organizing lexical material, the writer skillfully reveals in the speech of the acting characters their inner world. The basis of the lexicon is the commonly used vocabulary, in which we have identified thematic and lexico-semantic groups.

The analysis of the organizing role of LSG of subject, indicative and procedural words in the text became a peculiar semantic center of the study. LSG was one of the main units of the lexical structure of the studied text.

The writer uses the rich semantic and stylistic possibilities of commonly used words. The language of K. Erendzhenov's works of art is stylistically quite diverse.

The study of onymic vocabulary, in particular, toponyms used in the texts, showed that they, like poetic anthroponyms, are directly involved in the formation of the lexical and stylistic structure of the writer's prose. The core of the literary onomasticon of K. Erendzhenov is, in our opinion, anthroponyms and toponyms; zoonyms, mythonyms, theonyms belong to the perinuclear space, and onyms of other categories - ideonyms, cosmonyms, pragmonims, etc. - to the periphery.

Along with the commonly used vocabulary, stylistically differentiated (limited in their use) words associated with the professional and labor activity of a person stand out in his works.

In the works of K. Erendzhenov, hunting and cattle breeding, religious and military terminology are widely represented. And this is no coincidence. The works of the writer, aimed at educating the younger generation, the formation of spiritual and moral values, are as close to life as possible. common man(hunter, cattle breeder), his inner world.

We can note mainly the unambiguity of terms, i.e. one word - one meaning, which means that the term does not have polysemantic relations, which is one of the signs of terminology. If in the general vocabulary such phenomena as polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy are widely represented, then in the special vocabulary, as shown by our study, they have their own characteristics and limitations. Special vocabulary in works of art plays the role of an important expressive means that conveys both the features of the situation and the characteristics of the characters.

Historicisms and archaisms are used by the writer to the extent necessary to recreate the era of the post-revolutionary Soviet period. Borrowed words from Russian, Turkic and other languages ​​used by K. Erendzhenov mainly refer to socio-political and religious terminology, which is part of the special vocabulary.

The main sphere of use of book vocabulary is strictly standardized literary speech, for example: kharkh “1. see, look, look 2. inspect, survey 3. look after, observe ”; esrts "future, coming time".

The writer actively uses the vocabulary of oral speech, including colloquial everyday (for example, onomatopoeic and figurative words, interjections, etc.) and colloquial vocabulary, which gives the speech of his characters a bright emotionally expressive coloring with a touch of national color. Colloquial vocabulary is used to characterize people, objects, or any actions: manaks instead of manakhs "ours"; tenundn instead of terundn "there", etc.

Colloquial speeches with their ease, familiarity, and sometimes rudeness of expressions are distinguished by a reduced stylistic characteristic, for example: Hey, ezen zalg! "go to hell"; Yosn tsagar karsn shulms, socialist? "Oh, you devils."

The vocabulary of K. Erendzhenov's works is also a system of lexical figurative means used to express artistic intent, emotional mood and evaluation: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms. Synonymy and antonymy serve as the main forms of expressing the author's attitude to the depicted, creating expressiveness.

In the works of K. Erendzhenov, verbal phraseological units are very common, in which the main semantic load is usually carried by the verb expressing the action. The remaining components, taken together, contain a figurative comparison or comparison of certain well-known phenomena with reality, thereby giving the whole expression an emotionally expressive coloring. The semantic content of the verb, thus, acquires new, additional shades, while the phraseological unit itself is qualitatively transformed, reaching a high degree of amplification or concretization.

Phraseological expressions formed by full or partial tracing from the Russian language are also widely used in the texts we are considering: karinn taen hurkn met medh - “know like the back of your hand”; amndan us balksmn kevte - “as if he took water in his mouth”; dotr kiilg mahmudt vvrhn - "own shirt is closer to the body"; nud chichm hartsku - “it’s dark even if you gouge out your eye”; chonig kedu bordv chign keeregshen urkml tal kheledgen uurdmn bish - “no matter how much you feed the wolf, everyone looks into the forest”; shovud kedu kuuschml NarIsin namrlsch meddmn - “they count chickens in the fall”, etc.

Phraseologisms are used by the writer, if necessary, to evaluate this or that event, phenomenon, object. They contribute to the deepening of the characteristics of the described events, serve as one of the means of revealing the appearance of the hero.

Of great importance in the work of K. Erendzhenov is the active use by the writer of the paremiological fund of the Kalmyk language. Proverbs, sayings, good wishes, etc. participate in the creation of speech portraits of characters and stylization of presentation. The use of this or that proverb and saying in a speech context gives it a specific, targeted meaning.

The writer's idiostyle is characterized by an abundance of figurative and expressive means, the specifics of the use of tropes.

Comparisons are one of the main artistic and visual means of K. Erendzhenov's language. The text contains a huge number of comparisons and comparative constructions. Most of the comparisons are related to the environment, environment and era that is depicted in his works. The analysis showed that comparative constructions are mainly formed with the help of function words met, edl, kevte (like, as if, as if), as well as dutsge, chitsge (size s., size s.), which are used much less often, the stylistic use of which is determined by the context .

Thus, the lexical originality of the language of K. Erendzhenov's works of art reflects the main stylistic layers of the vocabulary of the Kalmyk language. The author's speech is based mainly on neutral words that have been in the language for a long time. These are well-known names of objects, phenomena, qualities, circumstances, actions and states. The national vocabulary dominates, understandable to speakers of all dialects. The basis of the lexical-stylistic system of the language is stylistically differentiated words: borrowings and tracing papers, dialectisms, historicisms, archaisms.

Thus, a comprehensive lexical and stylistic analysis of the material allows us to conclude that the main feature of K. Erendzhenov's idiostyle, revealed by us, is that, using wide range vocabulary, its semantic potential, the writer revives the past, creates a clear picture and a vivid description of the past in its various details. The study of the lexical structure of Erendzhen's prose allowed a deeper understanding of the meaning of the text, the main intention of the author.

In the text of the dissertation, as necessary, we give a linguocultural commentary on the words of a certain semantics, which is necessary for a deeper perception and comprehension of the meaning of the work, in which every detail is important. The analysis was carried out in conditions of a minimal context - a statement, a text fragment and the entire text. Sometimes even a minimal context was enough to present the peculiarities of the writer's idiostyle.

The choice of a word reveals the lexicon of the author himself, the specific properties of his memory: most often his works mention words denoting objects of traditional life. This reveals the specificity of the lexicon of K. Erendzhenov himself, which combines elements of the thesaurus of an excellent connoisseur of native culture and an artist who implements the unique properties of memory in his work.

The study of the language and style of one of the national writers opens up prospects for further, more detailed development of issues related to the linguo-stylistic system of a literary text.

List of references for dissertation research candidate of philological sciences Ochirova, Nyudlya Chetyrovna, 2011

1. Apresyan Yu.D. Lexical semantics: Synonymous means of language. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1974. 364 p.

2. Arnold I. V. Lexicology of the modern English language. M.: Lit. to foreign yaz., 1959. 351 p.

3. Arnold I.V. Lexico-semantic field in the language and the thematic grid of the text // Text as an object of complex analysis in the university. L .: Publishing house of the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute im. A.I. Herzen, 1984, p. 311.

4. Akhmanova O.S. Essays on general and Russian lexicology. Ed. second, stereotypical. Moscow: Editorial URSS, 2004. 296 p.

5. Baatar N.Ya. Some theoretical problems of literary onomastics. Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Ulan Bator, 1998. 19 p.

6. Badmaev B.B. Grammar of the Kalmyk language. Morphology. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1966. 112 p.

7. Badmaeva S.S. Language and style of fairy tales of the Mongolian peoples. Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Elista, 2004. 21 p.

8. Badmaeva T.B. Shavashi is a small genre of Kalmyk folklore // Kalmyk folk poetry. Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar" 1984. S. 141-156.

9. Bakaeva E.P. Buddhism in Kalmykia: Historical and ethnographic essays. Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 1994. 127 p.

10. Yu. Bakaeva E.P. Pre-Buddhist Beliefs of the Kalmyks. Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 2003. 358 p.

11. Bakastova G.V. Proper name in a literary text // Russian onomastics. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1984. S. 129-146.

12. Bally Sh. French style. 2nd ed.: M.: Editorial URSS, 2001. 392 p.

13. Bardaev E.Ch. Nomadic vocabulary of the Mongolian peoples (Names of pets by sex, age and color). Abstract diss. . cand. philol. Sciences. M., 1976. 25 p.

14. M. Bardaev E.Ch. Modern Kalmyk language. Lexicology. / Ed. G.Ts.Pyurbeeva. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1985. 153 p.

15. Bardaev E.Ch. Dialect vocabulary in dialects of the Kalmyk language // Mongolian studies. Ulan-Ude: BNTs SB RAS, 1987, pp. 37-49.

16. Bart R. Selected Works: Semiotics. Poetics. M.: Ed. group "Progress", "Univers", 1994. 616 p.

17. Basaev D.E. Seven Stars. Kalmyk legends and traditions. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 2004. 415 p.

18. Basilov V.N. Traces of the cult of a dying and resurrecting deity in Christian and Muslim philology // Folklore and historical ethnography. M.: Publishing house "Nauka", 1983. S. 118-15.

19. Bakhtin M. M. Language in fiction. Sobr. cit.: in 7 vols. M: Publishing House "Russian Dictionaries", 1997. Vol.

20. Bachaeva S.E. Socio-political vocabulary of the Mongolian languages. Abstract dis. . cand. Phil. Sciences. Elista, 2004. 21. p.

21. Bashankaev V.A., Papuev V.B. Tselinny district (Jubilee edition). Elista: Publishing house ZAOr NPP "Dzhangar", 2008. 248 p.

22. Belinsky V.G. Collected works. T. III. M., 1896. 907 p.

23. Bertagaev T.A. To the study of the vocabulary of the Mongolian languages. Experience of comparative-statistical research of Buryat dialects. Ulan-Ude: BNTs SO RAN, 1961. 160 p.

24. Bertagaev T. A. To the comparative-historical study of the vocabulary of the Mongolian languages. M .: Publishing house "Vostochn. lit-ra”, 1960. 247 p.

25. Bertagaev T. A. Vocabulary of modern Mongolian literary languages ​​(based on the Mongolian and Buryat languages). M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1974. 383 p.

26. Bobrovnikov A. Grammar of the Mongolian-Kalmyk language. Kazan: University Printing House, 1849. 403 p.

27. Bogin G.I. The model of linguistic personality in its relation to the varieties of texts. Abstract dis. . Dr. Philol. Sciences. L., 1984. 36 p.

28. Bolotnova N.S. Literary text in the communicative aspect and a comprehensive analysis of units of the lexical level. Tomsk: Publishing House of Tomsk University, 1992. 309 p.

29. Bondaletov V. D. Russian onomastics. M: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1983. 224 p.

30. Bonov L. Myths and legends about constellations. Minsk: Higher School Publishing House, 1984. 255 p.

31. Bordzhanova T. G. Ritual poetry of the Kalmyks (system of genres, poetics). Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 2007. 592 p.

32. Borisenko I.V. Toponymy Ergeney // Onomastics of Kalmykia. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. Trade, 1983. S. 35-51.

33. Budagov P.A. Essays on linguistics. M .: Publishing house "Uchpedgiz", 1953.434 p.

34. Budaev Ts.B. Phraseology of the Buryat language. Ulan-Ude: Publishing house BION BF SO AN USSR, 1970. 88 p.

35. Bulakhovsky L. A. The course of the Russian literary language. M.: "Radyanskaya school", 1952. 305 p.

36. Valgina N. S. Text theory: textbook. allowance. Moscow: Logos Publishing House, 2003. 279 p.

37. Vasilyeva N.V. Literary onomastics and text linguistics: an integrative approach to proper names in a literary text // Izvestiya VGNU. Ser. Philol. Sciences". 2003. No. 4. S. 4956.

38. Vasilyeva N.V. Own name in the text world. M.: Publishing house “Acad. fogs, issled.", 2005. 224 p.

39. Introduction to linguistics. 2nd ed., revised. and additional M: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1987. 288 p.

40. Veselovsky A.N. Historical poetics. M.-L.: "Goslitizdat.", 1940. 648 p.

41. Vinogradov VV Russian language (grammatical doctrine of the word). M.-L.: Publishing House "Uchpedgiz", 1947. 784 p.

42. Vinogradov V.V. Word formation in its relation to grammar and lexicology // Questions of theory and history of language. M.: Publishing House of the Institute of Languages ​​of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. S. 99-152.

43. Vinogradov V.V. About the language of fiction. M.: Publishing house "Goslitizdat.", 1959. 653 p.

44. Vinogradov V.V. Stylistics. Theory of poetic speech. Poetics. M.: Publishing House "Prosveshchenie", 1963. 255 p.

45. Vinogradov V.V. On the theory of artistic speech. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1971. 267 p.

46. ​​Vinogradov V.V. Selected works. Lexicology and lexicography. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1976. 312 p.

47. Vinokur G.O. Philological Studies: Linguistics and Poetics. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1990. 243 p.

48. Vinokur G.O. About the language of fiction. M.: Publishing house “Vyssh. school”, 1991. 447 p.

49. Vinokur T.G. Patterns of stylistic use of language units. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1980. 273 p.

50. Vladimirtsov B.Ya. Comparative grammar of Mongolian written language and the Khalkha dialect. Introduction and phonetics. L .: Publishing house Leningrad. Eastern ins-ta, 1929. 436 p.

51. Questions of linguistics. No. 3. M., 1952. S. 3-22.

52. Voronova I.B. Text-forming function of literary proper names: Abstract of the thesis. dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Volgograd, 2000. 24 p.

53. Galkina-Fyodor to E.M. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1962. 344 p.

54. Galperin I. R. Essays on the style of the English language. M.: Lit. to foreign yaz., 1958. 183 s;

55. Galperin I. R. Text as an object of linguistic research. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1981. 139 p.

56. Gasparov B.M. Literary leitmotifs: Essays on the history of Russian literature of the XX century. M .: Publishing house "Vostochn. literature”, 1994. 304 p.

57. Gvozdev A. N. Essays on the style of the Russian language. M.: Publishing House "Prosveshchenie", 1965. 408 p.

58. Germanovich A.I. Interjection as a part of speech // Russian language at school. No. 2. M., 1941. S. 28-31.

59. Grammar of the Kalmyk language. Phonetics and morphology. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1983. 335 p.

60. Grigoriev V.I. The poetics of the word. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1976. 240 p.

61. Darvaev P.A. The Kalmyk language in the light of the theory of the culture of language and speech. Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 2003. 208 p.

62. Darbeeva A.A. The influence of bilingualism on the development of an isolated dialect (based on the Mongolian languages). M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1978. 158 p.

63. Doraeva R.P. On the language of the poems "Teg" and "Teegt" by D. Kugultinov // Proceedings of Young Scientists of Kalmykia. Issue. III. History and Philology Series. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. trade, 1973. S. 171179.

64. Dorzhieva O.B. Linguistic and stylistic analysis of the language of the dramatic works of Tsyren Shagzhin. Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Elista, 2006.19 p.

65. Dorovskikh L.V. Semantic mastering of foreign vocabulary in a borrowing language. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 2002. 176 p.

66. Dugarzhapova T.M. The language of D. Dashinimaev's poetic works. Ulan-Ude: BNTs SB RAS, 1993. 123 p.

67. Dugarov N.B. Lexical synonyms in modern Buryat literary language. Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Nauk Novosibirsk, 1973. 21 p.

68. Dyrkheeva G.A. Buryat Literary Text: Linguistic and Statistical Description (Based on X. Namsaraev's Prose). Ulan-Ude: BNTs SB RAS, 2007. 204 p.

69. Evgenyeva A.P. On some features of the lexical synonymy of the Russian language // Lexical synonymy. M .: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1964. S. 29-47.

70. Ermolovich D.I. Proper names at the intersection of languages ​​and cultures. M.: Publishing house “R. Valent", 2001. 200 p.

71. Yesenova T.S. Onomastics and national-territorial coloring of the newspaper text // Problems of regional onomastics. Materials of the 3rd interuniversity. scientific conf. Maykop, 2002. S. 81-93.

72. Efimov A.I. On the language of works of art. Ed. 2nd rev. and additional M.: Publishing house "Uchpedgiz", 1954. 288 p.

73. Efimov A.I. Stylistics of artistic speech. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1961.518 p.

74. Zhapova D.N-D. Functional Evolution of Proprietary Vocabulary (Based on the Anthroponymy of the Mongolian Languages). Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Ulan-Ude, 2004. 23 p.

75. Zhirmunsky V.M. Theory of Literature. Poetics. Stylistics. L.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1977. 405 p.

76. Zhitetsky I. A. Essays on the life of the Astrakhan Kalmyks. Ethnographic observations 1884-4886 M., 1893.

77. Ilishkin I.K. On borrowed words and terms in the Kalmyk language. Scientific notes of KNIiyali. Issue. 1. A series of philology. KNIIALI. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. Trade, 1960. S. 153-161.

78. Ilishkin I.K. On the development of the Kalmyk literary language // Uchenye zapiski. Issue. 5. Series of philology. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. Trade, 1967. S. 5-21.

79. Kalinkin V.M. Poetics of the onym. Donetsk: Publishing house of the Donetsk state. un-ta, 1999. 375 p.

80. Kalyaev A.L. Adjective. Modern Kalmyk language. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1979. 101 p.

81. Kalyan A.L. Kel neerullsh. Shinzhdpt sick methodically Zaavrmud. Stylistics. / Rev. ed. Pyurbeev G.Ts. Elista: Kalm.kn. publishing house, 1986. 141 p.

82. Kalyaev A.L. Morphological structure of adjectives in the Kalmyk language // Uchenye zapiski KNIiyali. Issue. 3. A series of philology. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. Trade, 1969. S. 63-78.

83. Kalyaev A.L. , Kalyaeva L. Stylistics of parts of speech of the Kalmyk language // Teegin gerl. 1997, No. 8. S. 116-128.

84. Karpenko Yu.A. Specificity of onomastics // Russian onomastics. Collection of scientific papers. Odessa: Publishing House Odessa. state university pp. 3-16.

85. Kichikov A.Sh. Gerltsn ugin tele. Elst: Halmg degtr haphan, 1963. 80 p.

87. Kichikova H.A. Dialect vocabulary in M. Narmaev's story "The Black-Headed Crane" // Ethnocultural conceptology: coll. scientific tr. Elista: Kalm Publishing House. state un-ta, 2006. Issue. 1. S. 212-214.

88. Kichikova H.A. Oikonyms of Russian origin on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia // Russian speech in a foreign environment: coll. scientific tr. Elista: Kalm Publishing House. state un-ta, 2007. Issue. 4. S. 120-126.

89. Kichikova H.A. Russian toponyms on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia (on the example of oikonyms) // Lexical atlas of Russian folk dialects (Materials and research) / Institute of Linguistics, Research. St. Petersburg: Nauka Publishing House, 2007. S. 244-252.

90. Kichikova H.A. Structural and derivational analysis of oikonyms of the Republic of Kalmykia // Russian language in a multi-ethnic environment: problems and prospects: materials of the Intern. practical conf. Elista: Kalm Publishing House. state un-ta, 2007. S. 79-80.

91. Kozhevnikova L.Yu. Onimy of a literary text in the modern Mongolian language: dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Ulan-Ude, 2003. 153 p.

92. Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: Publishing House "Prosveshchenie", 1993. 223 p.

93. Kolshansky G.V. contextual semantics. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1980. 149 p.

94. Korsunkiev Ts.K. Flaming tulips // Zh. Friendship of peoples, 1965. No. 2. pp. 18-32.

95. Korsunkiev Ts.K. Toponymy of Yashkulsky // Onomastics of Kalmykia. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. Trade, 1983. S. 57-72.

96. Kostomarov VG Interjection in English // Principles of scientific analysis of language. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1959. S. 74-99.

97. Kotvich V.L. Experience of grammar of the Kalmyk colloquial language. 2nd ed. Prague, 1929. 418 p.

98. Kukharenko V.A. Text interpretation. L .: Publishing house "Enlightenment", 1979. 327p.

99. Larin B.A. Aesthetics of the word and the language of the writer. L .: Publishing house "Khudozh. literature”, 1974. 317 p.

100. LidzhievA. B. Materials for the study of obsolete military vocabulary of the Kalmyk language // Bulletin of KIGI RAS. No. 1. Elista: KIGIRAN, 2011. P. 113-116.

101. Lidzhiev A. B. On the obsolete vocabulary of the Kalmyk language // Scientific Thought of the Caucasus. No. 1 (65). Part 2. Rostov-on-Don: Publishing House of the SKNTs VSH, 2011. P. 52-57.

102. Losev A.F. The problem of artistic style. Kyiv: Collegium Publishing House, Kiev Academy of Eurobusiness, 1994. 286 p.

103. Lotman Yu.M. The structure of the artistic text. M.: Izd-vo "Art", 1970. 384 p.

104. Luvsanvandan Sh. Mongol khelniy zuil surakh bichig. And viana ba uguiin zui. Ulaanbaatar, 1956. 110 p.

105. Lukin V. A. Artistic text. M.: Os-89, 2005. 555 p.

106. Matveev A.K. Apology of the name // Issues of onomastics No. 1. Yekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural State. un-ta, 2004. S. 7-13.

107. Matveev A.K. Onomastics and Onomatology: Terminological Etude // Problems of Onomastics No. 2. Yekaterinburg: Publishing House of the Ural State. un-ta, 2005. S. 5-10.

108. Mezenin S.M. Imagery as a linguistic category // VYa 1983. No. 6. P. 48-57.

109. Molotkov AI Fundamentals of phraseology of the Russian language. L .: Publishing house "Nauka", 1977. 283 p.

110. Monraev M.U. Kalmyk personal names (semantics). Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1998. 224 p.

111. Mulaeva N.M., Bachaeva S.E. Archaisms, historicisms and religious vocabulary in the Kalmyk language (on the material of A. Badmaev's novel "Arnzlyn guudl") // Mongolian Studies. Issue. 5. Elista: KIGI RAN, 2011, pp. 222-229.

112. Nelyubin JlL. Military translation textbook. Specialist. course / Ed. L.L. Nelyubina, A.A. Dormidontova, A.A. Vasilchenko and others. M.: Military Publishing House, 1984. 379 p.

113. Nikonov V.A. name and society. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1974. 255 p.

114. Novikov L.A. Artistic text and its analysis. M Publishing house "Russian language", 1988. 300 p.

115. Nominkhanov Ts.-D. On the terminology of the Kalmyk literary language // IV conference of the language construction of Kalmykia. Elista: Kalm. state publishing house, 1935. S. 110-124.

116. Nominkhanov Ts.-D. The development of the Kalmyk literary language and writing in the Soviet era. Scientific notes of KNIiyali. Issue. 7. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. Trade, 1969. S. 31-33.

117. Olyadykova L.B. Non-equivalent vocabulary and phraseology in the poetic picture of the world of David Kugultinov (based on works in Russian translation). Elista: Publishing house ZAOr NPP "Dzhangar", 2007. 384 p.

118. Omakaeva E.U. The Kalmyk cult of the celestial bodies // International Conference of Mongolists. New Delhi, 1995. Pp. 51-52.

119. Omakaeva E.U. The cult of heavenly bodies among the Kalmyks // I International Conference "Traditional Cultures and Habitat". M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1993. S. 150-153.

120. Omakaeva E.U. The cult of constellations and planets among the Mongols // Ethnocultural vocabulary of the Mongolian languages. Ulan-Ude: BNTs SB RAS, 1994. P. 4F-49.

121. Omakaeva E.U., Badgaev N.B. Turkic and Mongolian cosmonymy // Languages, spiritual culture and history of the Turks: traditions and modernity. Kazan: Tatar, book. publishing house, 1997. T.Z. pp. 120-121.

122. Ossovetsky I.A. Dialect vocabulary in the works of Soviet fiction in the 50-60s. // Questions of the language of modern Russian literature. M.: Publishing house "Nauka", 1971. S. 301-385.

123. Ochir-Goryaev V.E. Interjections of the Kalmyk language // Studies in the vocabulary of the Kalmyk language. Elista: Rt Gos. committee of the KASSR for publishing., polygraph, and book. trade, 1981. S. 89-101.

124. Ochir-Goryaev V.E. Geographical Environment and Geographical Terminology (Problems of Interconnection) // Studies in the Historical Geography of the Kalmyk ASSR. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. trade, 1981. S. 141-147.

125. Ochir-Goryaev V.E. Figurative words in the Kalmyk language // Issues of theoretical grammar of the Kalmyk language. Elista: Kalm Publishing House. state un-ta, 2002. S. 148-159.

126. Ochirov N.O. Report on a trip to the Astrakhan Kalmyks in the summer of 1909 // Proceedings of the Russian Committee for the Study of Central and East Asia. St. Petersburg, 1910. No. 10. S. 61-75.

127. Ochirov U.U. Grammar of the Kalmyk language. Syntax. Elista: Kalm. state publishing house, 1964. 243 p.

128. Pavlov D.A. Grammatical arrangement of borrowed words in the Kalmyk language // Uchenye zapiski Kalm. NIiyali. Philology Series. Issue. I. Elista: RT State. Calm Committee. ASSR for publishing, printing and books. Trade, 1973. S. 177-187.

129. Pavlov D.A. Modern Kalmyk language (phonetics and spelling). / "Ed. L.V. Bondarko. Elista: Kalm. State Publishing House, 1968. 239 p.

130. Pavlov D.A. Ural dialect and some issues of the development of the phonetic system of the Kalmyk language // Uchenye zapiski

131. Kalm. NIiyali. Issue. 3. A series of philology. Elista: Kalm. state publishing house, 1964. S. 40-68.

132. Peshkovsky A.M. Principles and techniques of stylistic analysis and evaluation of artistic prose. Questions of methodology. M.: State. publishing house, 1930. 176 p.

133. Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. / Rev. ed. A.B. Superanskaya. 2nd ed. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1988. 192 p.

134. Poppe H.H. Grammar of the written Mongolian language. M.-L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1938. 196 p.

135. Potebnya A.A. Aesthetics and poetics. M .: Publishing house "Art", 1976.614 p.

136. Potebnya A.A. Thought and language. Kyiv: Publishing House Kyiv. state ped. inta foreign yaz., 1993. 243 p.

137. Prokhorova V.I. Dialectisms in the language of fiction. M.: Publishing house "Uchpedgiz.", 1957. 80 p.

138. Pyurbeev G.Ts. Verbal phraseology of the Mongolian languages. M.: Publishing house "Nauka", 1972. 208 p.

139. Pyurbeev G.Ts. Kalmyk language // Languages ​​of the world. Mongolian languages. Tungus-Manchu. M .: Publishing house "Indrik", 1996. S. 673-687.

140. Pyurbeev G.Ts. Modern Mongolian terminology. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1984. 119 p.

141. Pyurbeev G.Ts. Military terminology in the Mongol-Oirat laws "Ikh tsaaz" and "Halakha Jirum" // Proceedings of the international scientific conference“United Kalmykia in United Russia. Through the centuries into the future. Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 2009. Part II. pp. 283-285.

142. Ramstedt G.I. Introduction to Altai linguistics. Morphology. M.: Izd-vo inostr. literature, 1957. 254 p.

143. Rassadin V.I. On the role of borrowings in the formation of layers of specific vocabulary in the Mongolian languages ​​// Proceedings of the All-Union Scientific Conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Acad. B.Ya. Vladimirtsov. M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1984. S. 113-117.

144. Rassadin V.I. Turkic lexical elements in the Kalmyk language // Ethnic and historical and cultural relations of the Mongolian peoples. Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the BF SO AN USSR, 1983. S. 70-89.

145. Rassadin V.I. The system of hydronyms of the Oka river basin // Studies in onomastics of Buryatia. Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the BF SO AN USSR, 1987, pp. 41-48.

146. Reformed A.A. Introduction to linguistics. M.: Publishing House "Prosveshchenie", 1959. 353 p.

147. Rudnev AD Lectures on the grammar of the Mongolian written language. SPb., 1908. 95 p.

148. Sanzheev G.D. Linguistic introduction to the study of the history of writing of the Mongolian peoples. Ulan-Ude: Buryat, book. publishing house, 1977. 159 p.

149. Sanzhina D.D. Characteristics of the personal names of the characters of the Buryat historical novels // Studies in the onomastics of Buryatia. Ulan-Ude: Publishing House of the BF SO AN USSR, 1987. P.72-82.

150. Sanzhina D.D. The language of Buryat historical novels. Ulan-Ude: BNTs BION SB AN USSR, 1991. 131 p.

151. Sanzhina D.D. Linguistic and stylistic study of the language of Buryat fiction (on the basis of vocabulary). Abstract diss. .doc. philol. Sciences. Ulan-Ude, 2001. 47 p.

152. Sanzhina D.D. The study of the Buryat literary text: method, manual. Ulan-Ude: Buryat Publishing House, state. un-ta, 2002. 30 p.

153. Sanzhina D.D. Buryat linguistic stylistics. Stylistic means of vocabulary. Ulan-Ude: Publishing House "Belig", 2007. 112 p.

154. Sapir E. Selected works on linguistics and cultural studies. Per. from English. M.: Progress Publishing House, Univers, 1993. 655 p.

155. Synonyms of the Russian language and their features. Sat. Art. / Ed. Evgenieva JT.P. D.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1986. 246 p.

156. Sklyarovskaya G.N. Metaphor in the system of language. St. Petersburg: Nauka Publishing House, 1993. 151 p.

157. Solganik G.Ya. From word to text. M.: Publishing house "Nauka", 1993. 202 p.

158. Sternin I.A. The lexical meaning of a word in speech. Voronezh: Publishing house Voronezh, state. un-ta, 1985. 172 p.

159. Stepanova M. D., Chernysheva I. I. Lexicology of modern German language. M .: Publishing House "Higher School", 1962.310 p.

160. Studneva A. I. Linguistic analysis of a literary text: textbook. allowance. Volgograd: VGPI Publishing House, 1983. 88 p.

161. Superanskaya A.V., Podolskaya N.V., Vasilyeva N.V. General terminology: Questions of theory. M.: Izd-vo LKI, 2007. 248 p.

162. Superanskaya A.B. Onomastics of the beginning of the XXI century / Ed. ed. N.V. Vasiliev. M.: Izd. Ya RAN, 2008. 80 p.

163. Suprun V.I. Onomastic field of the Russian language and its artistic and aesthetic potential. Volgograd: Publishing House "Change", 2000. 172 p.

164. Suseev A.I. To the study of the visual means of "Dzhangar" // Zapiski KNIiyali. Issue 3. Philological series. Elista: Kalm. state publishing house, 1964. S. 3-24.

165. Suseev AI On the poetic imagery of the dzhangariada. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1989. 54 p.

166. Suseeva D.A. Word-building paradigmatics of nouns in the Kalmyk language) // Issues of theoretical grammar of the Kalmyk language. Issue. 2. M. - Elista: Kalm Publishing House. state un-ta, 2006. S. 9-24.

167. Suseeva D.A. Principles of description of adjectives and adverbs in the Kalmyk language (formal-semantic and functional aspect) // Problems of theoretical grammar of the Kalmyk language. Issue. 2. M. - Elista: Kalm Publishing House. state un-ta, 2006. S. 66-75.

168. Tenishev E.R. About the language of the Kalmyks of Issyk-Kul // Questions of linguistics. No. 1. Moscow: Izd-vo I Ya AN SSSR, 1976. S. 8287.

169. Todaeva B.Kh. “Izhl 1yulyn boln Shinzhene eyerdin ulgurmud, teelvte tuuls”, (“Proverbs and riddles of the Oirats of the Volga region and Xinjiang”). Elista: Publishing House of AOR NPP "Dzhangar", 2005. 667 p.

170. Tomashevsky B.V. Stylistics. Leningrad: Izd-vo LSU, 1983. 288 p.

171. Trofimova S.M. Grammatical categories of nominal words in the Mongolian languages ​​(semantic-functional aspect). Elista: Kalm Publishing House. state un-ta, 2009. 282 p.

172. Ubushaev H.H. Phonetics of the Torgut dialect of the Kalmyk language. Elista: Kalm Publishing House. book. publishing house, 1979. 195 p.

173. Ubushaev H.H. The dialect system of the Kalmyk language / Ed. ed. E.U. Omakaeva. Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 2006. 258 p.

174. Filin F.P. The origins and fate of the Russian literary language. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1978. 320 p.

175. Khabunova E.E. Kalmyk wedding ritual poetry. Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 1998. 156 p.

176. Kharkov S.S. On some Turkic lexical borrowings in the Kalmyk language // Sat. Mongolian studies. Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 1983. S. 90-97.

177. Kharchevnikova R.P. The verb system in the modern literary Kalmyk language. Abstract diss. .doc. philol. Sciences. M., 1996. 73 p.

178. Khoninov V.H. Kalmyk toponyms in the Astrakhan region (semantics and structure). Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. M., 2005. 17 p.

179. Tsybikova V.M. Proper name as an artistic means in the stories of X. Namsaraev // Actual problems of the Buryat language, literature, history. Irkutsk: Publishing house Irkut. state un-ta, 2000. S. 40-41.

180. Tsydendambaev Ts.B. On the stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary of the Buryat language // Questions of the literary Buryat language. Ulan-Ude: BNTs SB RAS, 1963, pp. 3-14.

181. Tsydendambaev Ts.B. Literary language and the language of fiction // Language of fiction of Buryatia. Ulan-Ude: BNTs SB RAS, 1982, pp. 3-19.

182. Cherkasova T.E. Experience of linguistic interpretation of tropes (metaphor) // Questions of linguistics. M.: Izd-vo IYA AN SSSR, 1968. No. 2. pp. 25-37.

183. Chernukhina I.Ya. Elements of the organization of artistic prose text. Voronezh: Publishing house Voronezh, state. un-ta, 1981. 115s.

184. Choyzhilyn Menkhtsetseg. Features of the speech functions of Mongolian interjections in comparison with Russian ones. Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Ulaanbaatar, 2002. 23 p.

185. Shagdarov L.D. Figurative words in the modern Buryat language. Ulan-Ude: Buryat, book. publishing house, 1962. 149 p.

186. Shagdarov L.D. Functional-stylistic differentiation of the Buryat literary language. Ulan-Ude: Buryat Publishing House, book. publishing house, 1974. 346 p.

187. Shalkhakov D.D. Family and marriage among the Kalmyks (XIX - early XX centuries). Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1982. 84 p.

188. Shansky H.M. Lexicology of the modern Russian language. M.: Publishing House "Prosveshchenie", 1972. 328 p.

189. Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language. M.: Publishing House "Higher School", 1985. 160 p.

190. Shansky N.M. Linguistic analysis of a literary text. L .: Publishing house "Prosveshchenie", 1990. 415 p.

191. Chess A.A. The syntax of the Russian language. L/. Publishing house "Uchpedgiz.", 1941. p. 434.

192. Shirokova A. G. Comparative study of syntagmatic parts of speech // Scientific reports of the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University. Issue. 3. M: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1998. S. 71-91.

193. Shoibonova C.B. Proper names in fiction (based on the prose works of Buryat writers). Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Ulan-Ude, 1999. 15 p.

194. Shoibonova C.V., Shulunova L.V. Onomasticon of a work of art. Ulan-Ude: Polygraph Publishing House, VSGAKI complex, 2004. 191 p.

195. Shcherba L.V. Language system and speech activity. L .: Publishing house "Nauka", 1974. 428 p.

196. Erdniev U.E. Kalmyks. Historical and ethnographic essays. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1970. 224 p.

197. Erkhembayar G. Stylistic functions of character names in artistic speech (based on materials of modern Mongolian literature). Abstract dis. . cand. philol. Sciences. Ulan Bator, 1996. 23 p.

198. Etkind E.G. Poetry and translation. M.-L.: Publishing House “Sov. writer”, 1963.430 p.

199. Yakhontova N.S. The language of the epic "Dzhangar" and the Oirat literary language // "Dzhangar" and the problems of epic creativity. (Abstracts of reports and reports of the International Scientific Conf.). Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 1990. From 187190.

200. Yakhontova N.S. Oirat language // Languages ​​of the world. Mongolian languages. Tungus-Manchu languages. M .: Publishing house "Indrik", 1996. S. 132-144.

201. Yakhontova N.S. Mongolian languages ​​// Languages ​​of the world. Mongolian languages. Tunguso-Manchu languages. Publishing house "Indrik", 1996. S. 10-18.1. List of sources

202. Aleksandrova Z.E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Ed. 2nd. / Under. ed. J1.A. Cheshko. M.: Publishing house “Sov. Encyclopedia", 1969. 600 p.

203. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M.: Publishing house “Sov. Encyclopedia", 1966. 607 p.

204. Basangov B.B. Russian-Kalmyk dictionary. / Rev. ed. J1.C. Sangaev. M.: State. foreign publishing house and national dictionaries, 1940. 328 p.

205. Big academic Mongolian-Russian dictionary, (in 4 volumes) / Ed. ed. G.Ts. Pyurbeev. M.: Publishing house "Academia", 2001-2004. (v. 1: 488 f.; v. 2: 512 f.; v. 3: 440 f.; v. 4: 508 p.)

206. Large dictionary of foreign words. Publishing house "Unves". M., 1994. 784 p.

207. Buddhism: Dictionary. M.: Publishing house "Respublika", 1992. 287 p.

208. Golstunsky K.F. Mongolian-Russian dictionary. (in 3 volumes). St. Petersburg: Publishing house of lithographs, 1893-1901. (v. 1: 268 e.; v. 2: 462 e.; v. 3: 491 p.)

209. Korsunkiev Ts.K. Kalmyk-Russian and Russian-Kalmyk terminological dictionary. Medicine. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1992. 182 p.

210. Pyurbeev G.Ts. Brief Kalmyk Russian dictionary of verbal phraseological units. M. - Elista: Izd-vo NIiyali, 1971. 60 p.

211. KRS: Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary. / Under. ed. B.D. Muniev. M.: Publishing house "Russian language", 1977. 768 p.

212. LES: Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. V.N. Yartsev. M.: Publishing house “Sov. Encyclopedia”, 1990. 685 p.

213. Mandzhikova B.B. Khalmg-ors terminological only urIlmudyn boln mal-adusna neredln) Kalmyk-Russian terminological dictionary (flora and fauna). Elista: Publishing House of KIGI RAN, 2007. 98 p.

214. Mongolian-Russian dictionary. Mongol oros only. Ulsyn gadaad, dotoodyn olon khelniy tol bichgiin hevlel. / Ed. A. Luvsandendev. M.: State. foreign publishing house and national dictionaries, 1957. 716 p.

215. Monrnev M.U. Dictionary of synonyms of the Kalmyk language. Elista: APP Dzhangar, 2002. 208 p.

216. Podolskaya NV Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. / Rev. ed. A.B. Superanskaya. 2nd ed. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1988. 192 p.

217. Purben G.Ts. Halmgudyn zatsshalta beetsin teelvr only. Dictionary traditional life of the Kalmyks. Elst: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 1996. 176 p.

218. CO: Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. 23. / Ed. N.Yu. Shvedova. M.: Publishing house "Russian language", 1990. 917 p.

219. Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. Ed. 3rd. M.: Publishing house “Sov. Encyclopedia", 1985. 396 p.

220. Modern Mongolian-Russian thematic dictionary. Orchin uein Mongol-oros sedevchilsen only. Compiled by: Ulgiisaikhan D., Skorodumova L.G. M .: Publishing house "Vostochn. literature”, 2008. 362 p.

221. School: Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. M: Publishing House "Nauka", 1992. 960 p.

222. Suseeva D.A. Word-building dictionary of the Kalmyk language. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 1985. 244 p.

223. Tikhonov A.N. Word-building dictionary of the Russian language. (in 2 volumes). M .: Publishing house "Russian language", 1985. (vol. 1: 624 e.; v. 2: 838 e.).

224. Todaeva B.Kh. Dictionary of the Oirats of Xinjiang. Elista: Publishing House of APP "Dzhangar", 2001. 493 p.

225. Todaeva B.Kh. Proverbs, sayings and riddles of the Kalmyks of Russia and the Oirats of China / Na Kalm. and Russian lang. Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 2007. 746 p.

226. Halmg-motsl ops only. Elst: Halmg deutr Barbach, 1986. 120 p.

227. HOT: Halmg-ors only / Pod. ed. B.D. Muniev. M.: Publishing house "Russian language". M.: 1977. 764 p.

228. I am learning Kalmyk. Kalmyk-Russian dictionary / comp. E.Ch. Bardaev and others. On Kalm. and Russian lang. Elista: Kalm. book. publishing house, 2004. 998 p.

229. Ernzh;ene K. Duuch shar heech. Elst: Khalmg Tatschin degtr Barbach, 1934. 85 p.

230. ZZ.Ernzh;ene K. Atsyuchin kewun. Elst: Khalmg degtr Bartach, 1976. 139 x. 34. Ernzh;ene K. Lalan had1sh. 1 hour deg. Elst: Halmg degtr IarIach, 1963.225.

231. Ernzh;ene K. Lalan hadl. 2-hch degtr. Elst: Khalmg degtr Barbach, 1965. 245 h.

232. Ernzhene K. Shulgud, kelvrmud boln tuuks. Elst: Halmg degtr

233. YarIach, 1964. 356 p. 36. Etymological dictionary of Turkic languages. General Turkic and inter-Turkic lexical bases. M.: Publishing House "Nauka", 1974. 349 p.1. Accepted abbreviations 1. A.k.Ats’uchin Kevunbuzav.Buzavsky dialectBuryat.Buryat languageletter.literal meaning

234 L.x. 1. Lalan hadYb 1-h degtr

235 L.x. 2. Lalan had1t 2-h Degtr Greek. Greek Derb. Derbet dialect1. I.proper namesKalm.Kalmyk language

236. LSG. lexico-semantic groups

237. LST.lexical structure of the text

238. LSP.lexical-semantic fieldsMongolian.Mongolianmusic.musical.religiousSanskrit.Sanskrit.Tib.Tibetan.trade.Torghut dialectTurk.Turkic language, Turkic formobsolete meaning1. HT.art text

239. SHKT.Shulgud, kelvrmood boln tuuks

Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

Stylistics is a developed area of ​​the science of literature, which has a rich and fairly strict terminology. The palm in the construction of the theory of artistic speech belongs to the formal school (V.B. Shklovsky, P.O. Yakobson, B.M. Eikhenbaum, G.O. Vinokur, V.M. Zhirmunsky), the discoveries of which had a serious impact on subsequent literary criticism. Particularly important in this area are the works of V.V. Vinogradov, who studied artistic speech in its correlation not only with the language that meets the literary norm, but also with the language of the people.

The concept and terms of stylistics have become the subject of a number of textbooks, among which it is natural to put the books of B.V. Tomashevsky, which retain their relevance to this day, in the first place. Therefore, in our work, this section of theoretical poetics is given concisely and in summary, without describing the corresponding terms, which are very numerous (comparison, metaphor, metonymy, epithet, ellipsis, assonance, etc.).

§ 1. Artistic speech in its connections with other forms of speech activity in literature

The speech of verbal and artistic works, like a sponge, intensively absorbs the most different forms speech activity, both oral and written. For centuries, writers and poets have been actively influenced by oratory and principles of rhetoric. Aristotle defined rhetoric as the ability to "find possible ways of persuading about any given subject." Originally (in Ancient Greece) rhetoric is a theory of eloquence, a set of rules addressed to speakers. Later (in the Middle Ages) the rules of rhetoric were extended to the composition of sermons and letters, as well as to fiction. The task of this field of knowledge is to "teach the art of creating texts of certain genres" - to encourage speakers to speech that impresses and convinces; the subject of this science is "conditions and forms of effective communication".

Rhetoric has given rich nourishment to literature. For a number of centuries, artistic speech formation (especially in the sphere of high genres, such as epic, tragedy, ode) was guided by the experience of public, oratorical speech, subject to the recommendations and rules of rhetoric. And it is no coincidence that the “pre-romantic” eras (from antiquity to classicism inclusive) are characterized as a stage of rhetorical culture, the features of which are “the cognitive primacy of the general over the particular” and “the rational reduction of a concrete fact to universals”.

At the time of romanticism (and later), rhetoric in its significance for literature began to cause doubt and mistrust. So, V.G. Belinsky in the articles of the second half of the 1840s persistently opposed the rhetorical principle in the works of writers (as obsolete) naturalness, good for modernity. By rhetoric, he meant "a voluntary or involuntary distortion of reality, a false idealization of life." Literature by that time had noticeably weakened (although not completely eliminated) its long-standing ties with oratory oratory.

European culture, noted Yu.M. Lotman, during the XVII-XIX centuries. evolved from an attitude towards compliance with rules and norms - from rhetorical complexity (classicism) to stylistic simplicity. And at the forefront of verbal art, speech was more and more insistently put forward, casually colloquial, not dictated by the settings of rhetoric. Creativity A.S. Pushkin in this regard is, as it were, at the turn, at the “junction” of two traditions of speech culture. His works are often a fusion of rhetorical and colloquial speech. Also noteworthy is the barely perceptible parody of the oratorical introduction to the story "The Stationmaster", the tone of which differs sharply from the further unsophisticated narrative; and stylistic heterogeneity of The Bronze Horseman (odic

an introduction and a sad, unadorned story about the fate of Eugene); and the difference in the speech manner of the heroes of Mozart and Salieri, colloquially light in the first and rhetorically elevated, solemn in the second.

Colloquial speech(linguists call it “uncodified”) is associated with communication (conversations) of people, primarily in their privacy. It is free from regulation and tends to change its forms depending on the situation. Conversation(conversation) as the most important form of human culture was established and made itself known already in antiquity. Socrates in Plato's dialogues Protagoras and Phaedo says: "Mutual communication in conversation is one thing, but public speaking is quite another." And he notes that he himself "is not at all involved in the art of speech," for the orator is often forced to say goodbye to the truth in order to achieve his goal. In his treatise “On Duties” (Book 1, § 37), Cicero characterized conversation as a very important “link” in human life: “oratorical speech has great importance in the matter of gaining fame, "however," affectionateness and accessibility of conversation "attract the hearts of people to themselves." Conversation skills have formed a powerful cultural tradition that has passed through the centuries, which is now undergoing a crisis.

Conversation as the most important kind of communication between people and the colloquial speech that carries it out are widely reflected in Russian classical literature. Let us recall “Woe from Wit”, “Eugene Onegin”, poems by N.A. Nekrasov, novels and stories by N.S. Leskov, plays by A.N. Ostrovsky and AP. Chekhov. Writers of the 19th century, one might say, reoriented themselves from declamatory-oratorical, rhetorical-poetic formulas to everyday, unconstrained, "conversational" speech. So, in Pushkin's poems, according to L.Ya. Ginzburg, a kind of "miracle of the transformation of an ordinary word into a poetic word" took place,

It is significant that in the XIX-XX centuries. Literature as a whole is perceived by writers and scientists as a peculiar form of interview (conversation) between the author and the reader. According to the English novelist R. Stevenson, "literature in all its forms is nothing but the shadow of a good conversation." A.A. Ukhtomsky considered the fundamental principle of all literary creativity to be an insatiable and insatiable thirst to find an interlocutor to his heart. Writing, according to the scientist, arises “out of grief” - “behind an unsatisfied need to have an interlocutor and friend in front of you.”

Such judgments of Barthes are based on the concept of "archewriting" put forward by the modern French philosopher J. Derrida. Its essence is as follows: in the history of world culture, writing is primary in relation to oral speech, it is based on the game of consciousness, looking for a "sign expression". This game is called archewriting. Derrida suggests that Socrates did not exist at all, that his image is an invention of Plato, his hoax for the sake of his own glory.

In writing, according to Barthes and Derrida, the word loses its personal and communicative character, which, we note, corresponds to much in the artistic practice of recent decades (for example, the French “new novel”). The orientation of literature - if we bear in mind its centuries-old experience - on written forms of speech, however, is still secondary in relation to its connections with oral speaking.

“Absorbing” various forms of non-fiction speech, literature easily and willingly allows deviations from the linguistic norm and implements innovations in the field of speech activity. Writers and poets are able to act as linguists, a vivid evidence of this is the poetry of V. Khlebnikov. Artistic speech not only concentrates wealth national languages, but also strengthens and completes them. And it is in the sphere of verbal art that the literary language is formed. An indisputable confirmation of this is the work of A. S. Pushkin.

§ 2. The composition of artistic speech in literature

Artistic and speech means are heterogeneous and multifaceted. They constitute a system, which was noted in the works written with the participation of P.O. Yakobson and J. Mukarzhovsky "Theses of the Prague Linguistic Circle" (1929), which summed up the work done by the formal school in the field of the study of poetic language. Here are the main layers of artistic speech.

This is, firstly, lexical and phraseological means, i.e., the selection of words and phrases that have different origins and emotional "sound": both commonly used and non-common, including neoplasms; both primordially domestic and foreign languages; both those that meet the norm of the literary language, and those that deviate from it, sometimes quite radically, such as vulgarisms and “obscene” vocabulary. Lexico-phraseological units adjoin morphological(proper grammatical) language phenomena. Such, for example, are diminutive suffixes rooted in Russian folklore. One of the works of P.O. is devoted to the grammatical side of artistic speech. Yakobson, where an attempt was made to analyze the system of pronouns (first and third person) in Pushkin's poems "I loved you ..." and "What is in my name to you." “Contrasts, similarities and contiguities of different tenses and numbers,” the scientist claims, “verbal forms and pledges really acquire a leading role in the composition of individual poems.” And he notices that in this kind of poetry (ugly, that is, devoid of allegories), “grammatical figures” seem to suppress images-allegories.

This, secondly, speech semantics in the narrow sense of the word: figurative meanings of words, allegories, tropes, first of all - metaphors and metonyms, in which A.A. Potebnya saw the main, even the only source of poetry and imagery. In this aspect, literary literature transforms and further creates those verbal associations with which the speech activity of the people and society is rich.

In many cases (especially characteristic of 20th-century poetry), the boundary between direct and figurative meanings is erased, and words, one might say, begin to wander freely around objects without directly designating them. In most of the poems, St. Mallarmé, A.A. Blok, M.I. Tsvetaeva, O.E. Mandelstam, B.L. Pasternak is dominated not by orderly reflections or descriptions, but by outwardly confused self-expression - a speech "excited", extremely saturated with unexpected associations. These poets liberated verbal art from the norms of logically organized speech. The experience began to be embodied in words freely and uninhibitedly.

The bow sang. And a stuffy cloud

He stood over us. And nightingales

We dreamed. And become obedient

Slipped into my arms...

Not a nightingale - the violin sang,

When the string broke

Sobbed and rang all around,

Like silence in a spring grove ...;

Like there, in the sobbing sounds

The May storm is coming...

Fearful hands approached,

And burned adjacent eyes ...

The imagery of this Blok poem is multifaceted. Here is the image of nature - forest silence, the singing of a nightingale, a May thunderstorm; and an agitated story-recollection of an outburst of love passion; and a description of the impressions of the sobbing sounds of the violin. And for the reader (at the will of the poet) it remains unclear what is reality and what is a product of the fantasy of the lyrical hero; where is the boundary between the designated and the mood of the speaker. We are immersed in the world of such experiences, which can only be described in this way - in the language of hints and associations. “Is the thing the master of the word? - wrote O.E. Mandelstam, meaning contemporary poetry. - The word is Psyche. The living word does not designate an object, but freely chooses, as if for habitation, this or that objective significance, materiality, a lovely body. And around the thing the word wanders freely, like the soul around an abandoned but unforgettable body.

Further (thirdly, fourthly, fifthly ...) artistic speech includes layers addressed to the reader's inner ear. These are the beginnings of intonational-syntactic, phonetic, rhythmic, to which we will turn.

§ 3. Literature and auditory perception of speech

Verbal and artistic works are addressed to the auditory imagination of readers. “All poetry, at its very origin, is created for perception by ear,” noted Schelling. Artistically significant (especially in poetic speech) phonetic side of works, which at the beginning of our century was focused on the German "auditory philology", and after it - the representatives of the Russian formal school. The sound of artistic speech is interpreted by scientists in different ways. In some cases, it is argued that the speech sounds themselves (phonemes) are carriers of a certain emotional meaning (for example, L. Sabaneev believed that “A” is a joyful and open sound, and “U” expresses anxiety and horror, etc.). In other cases, on the contrary, it is said that speech sounds themselves are emotionally and semantically neutral, and the artistic and semantic effect is created by combining a given sound composition with the subject-logical meaning of the statement. B.L. Pasternak argued: "The music of the word is not an acoustic phenomenon at all and does not consist in the harmony of vowels and consonants taken separately, but in the ratio of the meaning of speech and its sound." The origins of this view on the phonetics of artistic speech are in the philosophy of language, developed by religious thinkers of the early 20th century: imyaslavtsy, as well as S.N. Bulgakov, who argued that "without a sound body there is no word" and that the secret of speech is in the "fusion" of the meaning of words with their form. The connection in the artistic word of sound and meaning (name and object), denoted by the terms onomatopoeia And sound sense, was considered in detail by V.V. Weidle. The scientist argued that the sound meaning is born from the organic combination of the sounds of words with intonation, rhythm, as well as the direct meaning of the statement - its "banal meaning".

In the light of such an interpretation of artistic phonetics (as it is often called - euphonies, or sound writing), the concept of paronymy widely used in modern philology. Paronyms are words that are different in meaning (single-root or heterogeneous), but close or even identical in sound (betray - sell, campaign - company). In poetry (especially of our century: Khlebnikov, Tsvetaeva, Mayakovsky), they act (along with allegories and comparisons) as a productive and economical way of emotionally-semantic saturation of speech.

A classic example of filling an artistic expression with sound repetitions is the description of a storm in the chapter "Maritime Mutiny" of B.L. Pasternak "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year":

Antediluvian expanse

Furious with foam and hoarse.

quick surf

sataneet

From a breakthrough of work.

Everything falls apart

And howls and dies in its own way,

And, swine from mud,

It hits the piles in its own way.

Phonetic repetitions are present in the verbal art of all countries and eras. A.N. Veselovsky convincingly showed that folk poetry has long been closely attentive to the consonance of words, that sound parallelism, often in the form of rhyme, is widely represented in songs.

Along with the acoustic-phonetic one, another one, closely related to it, is also important. intonation-voice aspect of artistic speech. “That artist of prose or verse is bad, who does not hear the intonation of the voice that puts together a phrase for him,” A. Bely noted. The same is true of the reader of works of art. Intonation is a set of expressive-significant changes in the sound of the human voice. The physical (acoustic) "carriers" of intonation are the timbre and tempo of the sound of speech, the strength and pitch of the sound. A written text (if it is subjectively colored and expressive) bears a trace of intonation, which is felt primarily in syntax statements. The writer’s favorite type of phrase, the alternation of sentences of various kinds, deviations from the syntactic “stereotype” of emotionally neutral speech (inversions, repetitions, rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals) - all this creates the effect of the presence of a living voice in a literary and artistic text. B.M. Eikhenbaum "Melody of Russian lyrical verse". The intonation-voice expressiveness of speech gives it a special quality - the color of unintentionality and improvisation: there is a feeling of a momentary occurrence of the statement, the illusion of its creation, as it were, in our presence. At the same time, the intonation-voice beginnings of artistic speech (as well as phonetic ones) give it an aesthetic character in the original and strict sense: the reader perceives the work not only with the power of imagination (fantasy), but also with inner hearing.

§ 4. The specifics of artistic speech in literature

The question of the properties of artistic speech was intensively discussed in the 1920s. It was noted that the aesthetic function of speech dominates in verbal art (P.O. Jacobson), that artistic speech differs from everyday artistic speech by setting on the expression "(B.V. Tomashevsky). In the work that summed up the work done by the formal school in the field of studying poetic language, we read : "Poetic creativity seeks to rely on the autonomous value of the linguistic sign<…>Means of expression<…>striving to automate in the activity of communication, in poetic language they strive, on the contrary, to actualize<…>The organizing means of poetry is precisely the focus on verbal expression. It is also said that in art (and only in art) attention (of both the poet and the reader) is directed "not to the signified, but to the sign itself". Rightly emphasizing the great importance of speech forms in literary works, the representatives of the formal school at the same time contrasted "poetic language" with "language of communication" with exorbitant harshness.

Later judgments about artistic speech are free from such an extreme. Yes, Tsv. Todorov in the 1970s largely supplemented and deepened the concept of poetic language, developed half a century earlier. The scientist relies on the concept discourse. This is a kind of linguistic community given after the language, but before the utterance. Discourses are distinguished scientific, everyday-practical (within its framework - epistolary), official-business, literary-artistic (within the latter - genre discourses). Todorov argues, firstly, that each of the discourses has its own norms, rules, trends in speech production, its own principles for organizing statements, and, secondly, that discourses are not separated by rigid (impassable) boundaries and invariably interact. And he concludes: there are no rules for all literary phenomena without exception and only for them alone, the features of “literaryness” are also found outside of literature, and in literature itself - far from always in full. According to the scientist, there is no homogeneous literary discourse. In Todorov's concept, the traditional "opposition between literature and non-literature" that goes back to the formal school gives way to a typology of discourses that are similar to each other in many ways. The most important thing is that the scientist sees the specifics of literary discourse not only in the speech fabric of the work, but also in its substantive composition, which is deeply significant. The essence of literature, Todorov writes, referring to fiction, is that it "uses sentences that are neither true nor false from a logical point of view." And he notes that verbal art is inherent in "the tendency to order and actualize all the symbolic possibilities inherent in the sign" .

So, the speech of verbal and artistic works is much more than other types of utterances, and, most importantly, it necessarily gravitates towards expressiveness and strict organization. In its best examples, it is maximally saturated with meaning, and therefore does not tolerate any re-registration, restructuring. In this regard, artistic speech requires from the perceiver close attention not only to the subject of the message, but also to its own forms, to its integral fabric, to its shades and nuances. “In poetry,” wrote P.O. Jacobson, - any speech element turns into a figure of poetic speech.

In many literary works (especially poetic ones), the verbal fabric differs sharply from a different kind of statements (the verses of Mandelstam, the early Pasternak, extremely saturated with allegories); in others, on the contrary, it is outwardly indistinguishable from “everyday”, colloquial and everyday speech (a number of artistic and prose texts of the 19th–20th centuries). But in the works of verbal art there is invariably (albeit implicitly) expressiveness and orderliness of speech; here its aesthetic function comes to the fore.

§ 5. Poetry and prose

Artistic speech realizes itself in two forms: poetic ( poetry) and non-lying ( prose).

Initially, the poetic form decisively prevailed both in ritual and sacred, and in artistic texts. Rhythmically ordered statements, notes M.L. Gasparov, were felt and thought of as highly significant and “more than others contributing to the cohesion of society”: “Because of their increased significance, they are subject to frequent and precise repetition. This forces us to give them a form that is easy to remember. It is more convenient to remember what can be retold not with all sorts of words and phrases, but only in a special way selected. The ability of poetic (poetic) speech to live in our memory (much greater) than that of prose) is one of its most important and undeniably valuable properties, which determined its historical primacy in the composition of artistic culture.

In the era of antiquity, verbal art made its way from mythological and divinely inspired poetry (whether epics or tragedies) to prose, which, however, was still not really artistic, but oratorical and businesslike (Demosthenes), philosophical (Plato and Aristotle), historical (Plutarch , Tacitus). Artistic prose, on the other hand, existed more as part of folklore (parables, fables, fairy tales) and was not promoted to the forefront of verbal art. She won the rights very slowly. Only in modern times did poetry and prose in the art of the word begin to coexist "on an equal footing", with the latter sometimes coming to the fore (such, in particular, was Russian literature of the 19th century, starting from the 30s).

Bearing in mind the prevailing trend of the centuries-old existence of verbal art, the theorists of the 19th century. (Hegel, Potebnya) opposed each other poetry and non-artistic prose. Scholars have focused on considering the differences between poetry and fiction only in our century. Nowadays, not only the external (formal, actually speech) differences between poetry and prose (the consistently implemented rhythm of poetic speech; the need for a rhythmic pause between the verses that make up the main unit of rhythm - and the absence, at least the optionality and episodic nature of all this in artistic -prose text), but also functional dissimilarity. So, Yu.N. Tynyanov, introducing the concept of "the unity and tightness of the verse series", showed that the verse is<…>like a “super-word” with a transformed, updated and enriched meaning: “Words are inside the lines of verse<…>in stronger and closer relationships and connections”, which significantly activates the semantic (emotional-semantic) beginning of speech.

The forms of poetic speech are very diverse. They have been carefully studied. Poetry is one of the well-developed literary disciplines. There are serious study guides with references to scientific research in the field. Therefore, poetic concepts and terms (systems of versification, meters and sizes, stanza, rhymes and their types) are not described in our book.

Verse forms (primarily meters and sizes) are unique in their emotional sound and semantic content. M.L. Gasparov, one of the most authoritative modern poets, argues that poetic meters are not semantically identical, that a certain “semantic halo” is inherent in a number of metrical forms: “The rarer the size, the more expressively it reminds of the precedents of its use: the semantic richness of the Russian hexameter or imitations great epic verse<…>iambic tetrameter (the most common in Russian poetry. - W.H.) is negligible. In a wide range between these two extremes are located almost all sizes with their varieties. Let us add to this that the “tonality” and emotional atmosphere of the three-syllable (greater stability and rigor of the flow of speech) and two-syllable (due to the abundance of pyrrhias - great dynamism of rhythm and unconstrained variability in the nature of speech) are to some extent different; poems with a large number of stops (solemnity of sound, as, for example, in Pushkin's "Monument") and small (color of playful lightness: "Play, Adele, / Do not know sorrow"). Further, the coloring of iambic and chorea is different (the foot of the latter, where its beginning is a rhythmically strong place, is akin to a musical beat; it is no coincidence that the melodious and dancing part is always choreic), syllabo-tonic verses (given "evenness" of the speech tempo) and actually tonic, accent (necessary, preordained alternation of speech slowdowns and pauses - and a kind of "patter"). And so on…

A special flavor of the Russian syllabic-tonic verse of the 19th–20th centuries. gives the absence of rhyme. Thus, white iambic pentameter, firmly fixed in poetic dramaturgy after the translation by V.A. Zhukovsky's "Maid of Orleans" by F. Schiller (mainly thanks to Pushkin: "Boris Godunov", "little tragedies", as well as the poems "He lived between us ..." and "I visited again ..."), later became in lyric poetry (especially - "Silver Age") by a stable expression of a certain (albeit difficult to define) emotional and semantic beginning. Cycles A.A. Blok (“Free Thoughts”) and A.A. Akhmatova (“Epic Motifs”, “Northern Elegies”), a number of poems by I.A. Bunin ("In the Steppe", "Vesnyanka", "Fragment", "In Moscow", "Aeschylus", "Sunday") and Vl. F. Khodasevich ("Monkey", "Meeting", "November 2nd", "Music"), "Alpine Horn" Vyach. I. Ivanova, “I will not see the famous Phaedra…” O.E. Mandelstam, "Ezbekiye" by N.S. Gumilyov, written in this size, for all the seriousness of their differences, are similar in deep tonality, sublime, leisurely calm, but internally tense. Combining the strictness inherent in verse and the “prosaic” freedom of speech, they convey the kindred attention of lyrical heroes to their close, “ordinary” reality, and at the same time they are epically weighty, large-scale, imperiously capture the spheres of fateful, historical, general existence.

The verse form “squeezes” the maximum of expressive possibilities out of words, with particular force attracts attention to the verbal fabric as such and the sound of the statement, giving it, as it were, the ultimate emotional and semantic richness.

But fiction also has its own unique and undeniably valuable properties, which poetic literature possesses to a much lesser extent. When referring to prose, as shown by M.M. Bakhtin, the author reveals the wide possibilities of linguistic diversity, the combination in the same text of different ways of thinking and speaking: in prose artistry (which is most fully manifested in the novel), according to Bakhtin, “dialogical orientation of a word among other people’s words” is important, while as poetry, as a rule, it is not prone to heteroglossia and is more monologue: “The idea of ​​plurality language worlds, equally meaningful and expressive, is organically inaccessible to poetic style. Note that the scientist, speaking about the poetic style, states not a rigid pattern (in a number of poetic works, such as "Eugene Onegin", "Woe from Wit", "Twelve", heteroglossia is presented very widely), but an essential tendency of the poetic form (affecting the main way in the lyrics).

Poetry, therefore, is characterized by an emphasis on verbal expression; a creative, speech-creative principle is clearly expressed here. In prose, on the other hand, the verbal fabric can turn out to be neutral, as it were: prose writers often gravitate towards the ascertaining, denoting word, non-emotional and “non-styled”. In prose, the visual and cognitive possibilities of speech are most fully and widely used, while in poetry its expressive and aesthetic principles are accentuated. This functional difference between poetry and prose is already fixed by the original meanings of these words - their etymology ( others - gr 26 ..

Metaphor and metonymy, their varieties

Metonymy - (Greek metonymia - renaming), type of trail; transferring the name from one object to another on the basis of their objective proximity, logical connection. Varieties of metonymy are based on the type of connection: 1) the connection between an object and the material from which it is made - “I ate on gold ...” (“Woe from Wit” by A. S. Griboedov); 2) the connection of an object (or person) and its essential feature - “A lie mocking at simplicity ...” (sonnet No. 66 by W. Shakespeare, translated by S. Ya. Marshak); 3) the connection of an internal state or property of a human character with their outward manifestation- “He stands and sighs heavily” (“Airship” by M. Yu. Lermontov); 4) the connection of the content with the containing - "I ate three plates ..." ("Demyanova's ear" by I. A. Krylov), in particular - a limited space with people within it - "The street got up, full of gray" ("We rose from the darkness cellars…” by A. A. Blok); 5) communication acting person and his tools of action - “Where a peppy sickle walked and an ear fell” (“There is in the original autumn ...” F. I. Tyutchev). Synecdoche is a type of metonymy.

Metaphor is the transfer of a name by similarity. The similarity might be different: in shape - a needle (sewing) and a needle (coniferous) in location - branches of the river - sleeves of the jacket. by function - a janitor (a person) and a janitor (cleans the device). Metaphors-names (fused metaphors, or “dead”) - the clock is running. All these are the simplest types of metaphors, existing as in any thin. pron-nii, and in speech. More complex metaphors will follow, characteristic in the main. for artwork only. General poetic (figurative metaphors) - their figurative xp is easy to understand. Metaphors of the author (individual-stylistic) are not fixed either in dictionaries or in the language. Comic metaphors are a means of humor and satire. An expanded metaphor (a chain of metaphors, a binary metaphor) - on the basis of one metaphor, another is born. In the answer, you can also talk about the poetry of the 19th century (Zhukovsky, Karamzin and other romantic poets actively used the metaphor).

Forms of narration: narrator, narrator, narrator self.

Image of the author, 3 concepts: 1) VV Vinogradov. The author uses a speech "mask". It reproduces speech features. 2) M.M. Bakhtin. The concept of "other". The author, as it were, dies, as a person, accepts the hero's mental outlook, dialogue. 3) R. Bart. "Death of an Author" The author, as a copyist, collects quotations from different works and constructs a new work.

Literary discipline, the subject of which is artistic speech, is called stylistics. The palm in the construction of the theory of artistic speech belongs to the formal school (Shklovsky, Yakobson, Eikhenbaum, Vinokur, Zhirmunsky).



Artistic and speech means are heterogeneous and multifaceted. This is, firstly, lexical and phraseological means, i.e. selection of words and phrases that have different origins and emotional "sound" (dialectisms, colloquial words, jargon, professionalism, etc.). Morphological phenomena of the language adjoin lexico-phraseological means. These are, for example. Diminutive suffixes rooted in Russian folklore.

This, secondly, is speech semantics in the narrow sense of the word: figurative meanings of words, allegory, tropes, etc.

ellipsis - some members of the sentence are missing (we are villages - ashes, cities - to dust).

Asindeton - non-union (came, saw, conquered). Default. Gradation ("it is impossible to describe: velvet! Silver! Fire!"). hot snow). Antithesis (prince and beggar).

Styles: Formal business; Scientific; Publicistic.

13. The main systems of versification (principle of organization, rhythmic units, metrics).

The versification system consists of the phonetic features of a given language (stress, syllables, intonation, sounds).

Under antique refers to the system of versification in ancient Greece, where it arose as early as the 8th century. BC.

Antique versification is also called metrical.

The basis of this system of versification is the alternation of short and long syllables, which were combined into feet. The repetition of such feet formed a verse - a poetic line and determined its internal rhythm.

The metric system knew about 30 different types of feet. Among them were the feet, which subsequently played a large role in the development of versification among various peoples, including Russian (trochee, iambic, dactyl, amphibrach and anapaest).

There was no rhyme in ancient versification.

Artistic speech (XP). Its differences from everyday speech (OR)

1) XP is studied by both the literary sciences and linguistics. In literature, XP is studied as an external form of a work, connected with other levels. In linguistics, XP is studied in a number of other forms of language (scientific, official and business).

2) Ordinary and XP differ in dominant functions. F-I OR - the transfer of information, informative and communicative. F-I XP - aesthetic. The word serves to create an artistic image. Speech is figurative both in XP and in OR, because the word is figurative. OR does not create aesthetic content. The word as the language of literature is fundamentally different from other types of art. The word before pr-I, before its creation has a certain meaning. The artist uses ready-made images, the image is contained in the word from the very beginning. Use of dialectisms, barbarisms, archaisms. Ordinary words in an unusual order, with the help of which an image is born.

Main thesis : in everyday speech - the automation of the word, in fiction - the actualization of the word. Word automation- each word is figurative in its etymology, this figurativeness is erased, not noticed, automated. This is an obliteration, a loss of its original imagery. In fiction, this word again shows an erased imagery. The word looks bright, fresh, we stumble about it again. The same subject is viewed from different angles, points of view. Before us are riddle words (the word is one, but the concepts are different). At the linguistic level the phenomenon of actualization of the word is associated with another phenomenon - estrangement and metaphorization: A barrel rolls, no bottom, no knot (egg). The word already has its own meaning (polysemy). In other arts the material from which masterpieces are created does not mean anything in itself (gypsum, marble, trait, paint, etc.), they have no initial meanings. . the art of the word is the art of overcoming words, the art of wrong words, illogical words. The word is distorted, grammatical and other laws of the Russian language are distorted (metonymy, oxymoron, absurdity, alogism, etc.).

Literary language- a normalized, common denominator for native speakers, despite dialect differences. Thanks to him, we understand each other. Language of fiction- dialects, barbarisms (Gallicisms, Turkisms, Germanisms, Greekisms, Latinisms, Polonisms), archaisms, professionalisms, forbidden vocabulary. The artist can use all this.

XP specific. The word in the work is always associated with rhythm, it makes up a certain rhythmic pattern in prose and poetry. Poet willingly or unwittingly keywords puts in strong positions, rhymes words, refers to the word again. PR: “All happy families look alike” - you can’t “all happy families look alike” (“Anna Karenina”), “Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers ...” - you can’t “Heavenly clouds are eternal wanderers”. The order of the author is violated, the meaning is destroyed.


Phenomenon of exact inaccuracy. The art of the word does not take into account the laws of grammar, XP violates the laws of grammar. This is done by a writer or poet often unconsciously, in order to emphasize a poetic thought, and therefore is not perceived by the reader as a mistake. Grammar, but not artistic errors. With the help of these failures, alogisms, artistic persuasiveness is achieved, an image is created. This reveals the essence of pr-I. For example, the cases do not match, there is no predicate. From the flame and light ... (flame), In the afternoon it blows with cherry breaths (breath), And the spring is good, good, embraced the whole soul with lilacs (lilacs). All metaphors, oxymrons, metonyms, synecdoches are semantic absurdities. PR: Poetry, do not compromise wider, / Keep living accuracy: the accuracy of secrets, / Do not deal with dots in the dotted line / And do not count grains in the world of bread (Pasternak.) - the truth of art is created outside the laws of grammar, it is wider and deeper. The art of the word is the art of overcoming the word. PR in its metaphysical embodiment, in its accuracy of secrets.

The specifics of artistic speech:

1 Completeness of artistic expression;

2 High degree of organization of speech at all its levels;

4 Personality of artistic style. The style is created, polished by the writer throughout his work. Idiostyle is the individual style of the writer.

The language of fiction occupies a special place in the system of functioning of speech. One can hardly agree with those who consider him one of the functional styles literary language. After all, all linguistic means are used in artistic speech: both functional varieties of literary speech, and various layers of vocabulary, including vernacular, dialectisms, slang, professionalism and jargon. The selection and use of these means is carried out in accordance with the aesthetic tasks that the writer solves in a work of art. That is why the language of fiction has its own specifics.

Imagery, i.e. verbal depiction of people, events, phenomena in the form of visible, objective pictures that evoke certain feelings in the reader.

Subjectivity, since the image is not only a verbal representation of the world, but also a special form of expressing the author's attitude to the depicted.

The versatility of the structure of a work of art, which combines different functional styles and functional-semantic types of speech.

Possessing a wide variety of possibilities and linguistic means, fiction contributes to the aesthetic education of readers, the development of their taste, linguistic intuition, general and speech culture.

Stylistic norms

The literary language is a set of norms that cover all aspects of its system. Accentological norms regulate the placement of stress in a word, orthoepic norms do not allow distortion of its sound image. Lexical norms regulate word usage, phraseological norms - the use of stable turns of speech. Spelling is a set of spelling norms, divided into spelling and punctuation. Word-building norms determine the principles of combining morphemes. Morphological - do not allow the use of those word forms that are outside the boundaries of the literary language, syntactic norms regulate the rules for the arrangement of words in the structure of a phrase, sentence, text. However, in speech use, language units - words, word forms, sentences - are assigned additional functional and stylistic meanings that determine the situation in which they are used.

Let's compare two statements: 1. Due to the endless rains this summer we have a crop failure. 2. Due to prolonged rains and a large amount of precipitation in the summer, the current year turned out to be a poor harvest.

Each of these sentences reports the same fact.

However, it is obvious that the first example points to the everyday situation of communication. The sentence has an elliptical construction (the predicate is omitted), has the meaning of the actual time - this summer, contains an emotional attitude to the statement - chagrin, concern, implies the presence of the listener (addressee of the speech) - with us (not with them). Before us is a characteristic form of colloquial speech.

The second sentence is emphatically impersonal (subjectless) in nature, it is without emotional. It uses a speech cliche - due to prolonged rains, speech standards - the current year, summer period, etc. - characteristic forms of scientific speech. Thus, both examples, in addition to the same information, also contain additional information about their style.

Practical stylistics studies the differences in parallel ways of expressing the same information. And stylistic norms determine the norms for organizing speech, depending on the scope of its application and the purpose of the statement. A stylistic norm is a set of rules that determine the expediency, correctness and appropriateness of using linguistic means, depending on their functioning in speech, i.e. taking into account the scope, purpose and condition of the statement.

Stylistic norms correlate certain linguistic means with a certain sphere of speech activity and thus fix the functional and stylistic variation of individual elements of the literary language. They are defined:

the practice of skillful speech;

the requirements of genre-speech and social-speech differentiation;

Linguistic intuition, which allows the appropriate use of linguistic means.

At the same time, stylistic norms are based on all structural and linguistic norms of the literary language and require their strict observance.

The possibility of choosing the desired language means from a number of others is provided by synonymy. The phenomenon of synonymy extends to all stylistic resources of speech - vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology and syntax. Only mastering the stylistic resources of speech can provide expressiveness, richness and accuracy of speech.

Vocabulary represents a particularly wide choice of the necessary stylistic means. The so-called stylistic synonyms differ, first of all, in their stylistic coloring, i.e. scope, although it happens that they contain different semantic shades: eyes (neutral), eyes (book), peepers (conversational); huge (neutral), gigantic (book); in vain (neutr.), in vain (book), in vain, for nothing (colloquial). Phraseological units are also stylistically fixed. The use of one of a number of possible ones is also determined by the situation and the context of the statement: the light spectrum (scientific), do not leave the pages (publ.), at hand (colloquial). Word-building elements of speech can also have a stylistic reference, they are used in stylistically differentiated words: anti-folk, illogical (book); daring, sweet (colloquial); type, capitalism, meaningfulness (book) and children, talker, bro (colloquial). Parallel morphological forms speech. So, variants of case forms of nouns breed them according to different styles of speech: “We don’t say “storms”, but “storms” ... “Winds” - not “winds” - drive us crazy” (V. Vysotsky). When comparing pairs using adjectives - full and short - the stylistic specialization of the short as a book is obvious: It is beautiful - it is beautiful. In parallel syntactic constructions, stylistic reference is especially pronounced - participles and participial phrases are book forms of speech: The student learned the lessons and went to a friend (neutr.). Having learned the lessons, the student went for a walk. The student who learned the lessons went for a walk (book).

It is the possession of stylistic resources of speech that is the key to stylistic literacy. And in general - the speech culture of a native speaker.

Bearing in mind the stylistic norms, one must remember not only the stylistic shades of language means, but also the expressive-emotional ones. Among such means, it can be noted as words with emotional and evaluative meanings: diminutive - rug, hut; affectionate - sister, kind; scornful - lazy, drunkard, etc. So are the syntactic constructions expressing attitudes towards the statement. Thus, admiration is emphasized by the exclamation: “What a charm these fairy tales are!” (A.S. Pushkin), inversion: “The Dnieper is wonderful in calm weather ...” (N.V. Gogol), exclamation, question: “Oh, troika, bird-troika! Who invented you? (N.V. Gogol)

It is quite obvious that language means with stylistic coloring prevail in the area where they do not carry an emotional load - official business, scientific speech. Where the personality of the speaker is manifested, where the purpose of the statement is not only a message, but also an impact, and even more so - communication, emotional means of speech are widely used. And their choice is carried out taking into account the greater or lesser attachment to functional styles.

However, speaking of stylistic norms, one must keep in mind not only differentiation, but also the integration of linguistic means within functional styles. In Timiryazev's statement - "A plant cell is a trap, it is a trap ... Indeed, what bodies does a cell find in the environment?" - words uncharacteristic for the scientific style with evaluative (cell), figurative (trap, trap) meaning, repetitions, interrogative intonation are used.

Newspaper headlines (“Izvestia”) deliberately use colloquial turns of speech: “A purely concrete redistribution”, “The Bank of Russia overate the currency”, “Western spies brought rustle”. There is no violation of the stylistic norm in these statements, because the inclusion of "alien" elements of speech is appropriate and expedient. The scientist through their use convinces us of the unique properties of living matter. Journalist - creates a tone of confidential, "own" communication with the reader. Conscious and motivated violation of stylistic unity can be a feature of the individual style of the author.

At the same time, it should be remembered that the use of means of speech uncharacteristic for this style requires a well-developed linguistic and stylistic sense, knowledge of the norms of functional styles. In their absence, such “blotches” should be considered as a violation of the stylistic norm and lead to stylistic mistakes(they are often called stylistic flaws). They include only that which destroys the unity of style, makes the statement inappropriate or inexpressive, i.e. such a selection of language means that does not correspond to a certain situation of communication.

There are the following types of stylistic errors:

The use of words of a different style (words of a different functional and stylistic coloring), for example: In spring it is good everywhere: in an open field, and in a birch grove, as well as in pine and mixed forests. (For this phrase, which is stylistically neutral, the highlighted words gravitating towards the scientific style are different styles). This is especially often manifested in the choice of means of interphrase communication that are “foreign” for a given context. For example, in a descriptive (relatively speaking, artistic) context, logical means of communication are used that are characteristic of official business and scientific styles: When Ostap was led to execution, he walked with a pen and with pride. His eyes looked into the distance. Despite the fact that his hands were in chains, he clenched them into a fist. This means that Ostap was unshakable;

The mixture of styles (difference in style) is manifested in an unmotivated combination of means of speech characteristic of different functional styles: Lopakhin is a man of action, a tough one. Boris is dead, Katerina was simply unlucky with him. Root crops include potatoes, carrots and beets. (Conversational means of speech are included in the book style). Stone fruits have bloomed in our garden. Give me the atmosphere (A.P. Chekhov). (Terms used in colloquial style.);

Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and structures. In the sentence We owe everything to our grandfathers and grandmothers, who protected us from fascism, the highlighted words are stylistically inappropriate, since they should be used only in such speech situations that reflect the family nature of communication;

The use of speech stamps, clericalism, which are words and expressions, they impoverish speech, fill it with stereotyped turns, interfere with a lively presentation. Clericalisms are standard formulas for official business speech, the use of which in business papers is appropriate and convenient. In other speech styles, often and monotonously repeated without regard to context, clericalism plays a negative role, as they make speech inexpressive and poor, clogging it with verbal patterns: Consider from an angle, cover all children with cultural and mass work, put at the forefront, rise to the task level.

The reason for such errors is the lack of knowledge of the resources of the Russian language, an undeveloped linguistic flair.

Thus, one of the conditions for improving the culture of speech is attention to the issues of communicative expediency in the selection of language means, as well as to the stylistic culture in general.



If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.