English psychological terminology as an object of linguistic research of English psychological terminology. Comparison of terminological systems of English and Russian languages ​​in the field of psychology Terms of psychology in English

TOPIC: "Comparison of terminological systems of English and Russian languages ​​in the field of psychology"

INTRODUCTION

.Terms classifications

.Classification of terms by content (semantic) structure

.Classification of terms by belonging to parts of speech

.Classification of terms depending on the source language

.Classification of terms according to the methods of term formation

.Other term classifications

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION

Targetof this work: to compare and analyze the terminological systems of English and Russian languages ​​in the field of psychology.

In accordance with the goal to solve the following tasks:

)define the concepts of "term" and "terminological system";

)consider various classifications of terms, highlight the main types and types of terms;

)to study the ways of term formation in English and Russian languages;

)to analyze the term systems in the field of psychology in English and Russian from the point of view of the origin, structure and semantics of terms.

Relevanceof this study lies in the fact that the terminological systems of the English and Russian languages ​​do not have absolute identity. A more detailed examination reveals differences not only in the form of terms, but also in their content. The terms may differ semantically. Not always the term and its correspondence have semantic equality. Due to some isolation of psychological schools, different views on similar issues are possible. Therefore, one and the same concept can have a wide variability of nominations in different languages.

As practical materialwas used the English-Russian Dictionary-Minimum of Psychological Terms, edited by V.V. Luchkov and V.R. Rokityansky.

The study used the following methods linguistic analysisKey words: component analysis method, dictionary definitions analysis, continuous sampling method.

CHAPTER I. TERM AND TERMINO SYSTEM

.The concept of "term" and "terminological system"

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia gives the following interpretation of the term: Term(Late Latin terminus - term, from Latin terminus - limit, border) a word or phrase designed to accurately designate a concept and its relationship with other concepts within a special sphere. The terms serve as specializing, restrictive designations of objects, phenomena, their properties and relations characteristic of this sphere. They exist only within a certain terminology. Unlike common language words, terms are not related to context. Within this system of concepts, the term should ideally be unambiguous, systematic, stylistically neutral. Terms and non-terms (words of the common language) can pass into each other. The terms are subject to the word-formation, grammatical and phonetic rules of a given language, are created by terminology of the words of the national language, borrowing or tracing foreign terminological elements. In modern science, there is a desire for the semantic unification of the systems of terms of the same science in different languages ​​(an unambiguous correspondence between the terms of different languages) and for the use of internationalisms in terminology. (TSB 1975: 28)

Termis a unit of any particular natural or artificial language (a word, a phrase, an abbreviation, a symbol, a combination of a word and letters-symbols, a combination of a word and digits-symbols), which, as a result of a spontaneously formed or special conscious collective agreement, has a special terminological meaning that can be expressed either in verbal form or in one or another formalized form and quite accurately and fully reflects the main features of the corresponding concept that are essential at a given level of development of science and technology. A term is a word that is necessarily correlated with a certain unit of the corresponding logical-conceptual system in terms of content. (BTS 2000: 1318)

As for the definition of a terminological system, it is important to note that in the literature this concept occurs in different versions. For example, "terminological system", "system of terms" and, finally, "terminological system". But all options carry the same meaning. So, term systemis an organized set of terms of a certain field of knowledge. (BTS 2000: 1318)

.Terms classifications

First of all, the most general concepts of matter and its attributes are distinguished, which bear the names of categories (matter, space, time, quantity, quality, measure, and others). Accordingly, the terms that denote categories are a type of category terms.

Further, at each stage of the development of human knowledge, in each era, a certain number of general scientific and general technical concepts appear that are used in any science (branch of technology) (system, structure, method, law in science, reliability in technology). They are joined by general concepts of methodological sciences - philosophy, general systems theory, cybernetics, computer science and others; some of the concepts of these sciences can be used, like general scientific concepts, in various fields of knowledge (for example, information, element). At the same time, it should be borne in mind that general scientific (general technical) and interdisciplinary concepts are such not because they are used in a number of branches of knowledge, but because they have a common content, which allows them to be used in different industries, in most cases adding specific features to the general content.

Finally, in each field of knowledge and activity there are specific concepts of varying degrees of generalization: from the largest - classes (genera) to the smallest - species, as well as concepts that reflect aspects of the consideration of these classes. These two types of concepts are called species and aspect.

It is known that typology is the basis of classification. In this sense, the typology of terms described here - the division of terms according to their most important features - is actually a terminological classification of terms. The basis of all subsequent classifications are various individual features of terms - meaningful, formal, functional, intra- and extralinguistic. All these classifications can be associated with the sciences and fields of knowledge in which they are used.

First classification of terms by contentused primarily in philosophy is the division into terms of observation and theoretical terms. Behind the terms of observation are classes of real objects, and behind theoretical terms are abstract concepts that usually depend on a certain theory, concept. Such a division is sufficient to solve the terminological problems of philosophy (philosophy of science), but to solve the philosophical problems of terminology, it is necessary to build a more detailed classification, since the degree of abstraction of concepts denoted by theoretical terms is different: from philosophical categories to general scientific and special scientific concepts.

Second classification of terms by content - by the object of the name- is their distribution by areas of knowledge or activity, or, in other words, by special areas. The list of these areas can be summarized as follows: science, technology, production; economic basis; superstructure. Based on this sociological scheme, it is possible to formulate a list of headings included in the classification of terms according to the field of knowledge.

In the field of science, a group of scientific terms is revealed. It breaks up, speaking in general, into as many classes as there are sciences at a certain stage of scientific and technological progress; and in each class of physical, chemical and other terms, there are as many groupings (terminal systems) as there are different independent theories for describing physical, chemical and other objects and regularities. As for the differences between the so-called scientific-technical and socio-political terminology, then, first of all, political sciences (the theory of state and law, international relations, and others), according to the unanimous opinion of experts, are among the social sciences, and therefore political terms are included in many social terms. Further, all these terms designate scientific concepts to the same extent as the so-called scientific and technical terms; the only difference is that the former denote the concepts of the social sciences, while the latter denote the concepts of the natural and technical sciences. Therefore, if we strive for accuracy, then it is advisable to talk about the terms of the social, natural and technical sciences and about technical terms and terminologies, and not about scientific, technical and socio-political terminology. However, the terms of the social sciences have a number of specific features that oppose them to the terms of the natural and technical sciences. These are: 1) a direct, clearly expressed dependence of the terms of the social sciences on a certain theory, a certain system of views. On closer examination, the terms of the natural and technical sciences also depend on the theory, which, in turn, is determined by the worldview (for example, parallelism in geometry, mass in physics), but this dependence can be obscured. In terms of the social sciences, it enters into their content structure; 2) a kind of realization of the sign of consistency. Along with harmonious term systems that reflect complete theories (political economy, Hegel's philosophical system), there are areas of knowledge for which systems of concepts and term systems have not been built (for example, a description of dance, fashion, and others); 3) the presence of terms with blurred boundaries of the concepts they denote, for example, terms denoting general concepts of a social nature (personality, ideal); 4) a wider development of synonymy and ambiguity than in the term systems of natural and technical sciences (language is a polysemantic term); 5) the inclusion of the evaluation factor in the semantics of terms.

Linguistic classificationsterms are based on the features of terms as words or phrases of a certain language.

Classification by content (semantic) structureallows you to select single-valued terms and polysemantic terms, that is, those that have two or more meanings within the same terminological system. From the point of view of semantics, terms are distinguished - free phrases and stable (including phraseological) phrases.

Classification of terms according to formal structureis very fractional. First of all, terms-words are distinguished. They, in turn, are subdivided into root, derivative, complex, complex abbreviations, as well as words of an unusual structure - telescopic, with the reverse order of sounds, chain formations.

Next, the terms-phrases are highlighted. The most common structures here are combinations of a noun with an adjective, a noun with a noun in the oblique case, a noun with another noun as an attachment. There are also multi-word terms, sometimes consisting of more than 5 words.

Characteristic phenomena in the formal structure of terms are the truncation of single-word terms and the reduction (abbreviation) of multi-word terms. There are many types of abbreviations: alphabetic, sound, syllabic, word-like, completely coinciding with the word; in addition, combinations of abbreviations with words.

Terms of a specific formal structure constantly appear using elements of artificial languages; symbols-words, models-words.

Classification by motivation / unmotivationshows that there are terms whose meaning may or may not be explained by their structure. Here, terms are distinguished, fully motivated, partially motivated, completely unmotivated, and also falsely motivated.

Depending on the source languagethe terms primordial, borrowed, hybrid are distinguished.

From point of view belonging of terms to parts of speechdistinguish between nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs. For example, among linguistic terms there are nouns (voice, aspect), adjectives (unmotivated, parasynthetic, composing). Adverbs appear among the terms of musicology. Calculations show that there are much more terms - names of objects in percentage terms than terms - names of features. And the designations of signs in terms often appear in a concrete form.

By area of ​​useuniversal (for many related areas), unique (for one area) and conceptual author's terms are singled out; for example, linguistic terms can denote phenomena that are characteristic of all languages ​​(phonetics), for one or several languages ​​(ergativity), or only for one approach (glossematics - L. Hjelmslev's term).

The important role of terms in the process of scientific knowledge of objective reality makes it possible to construct them scientific classifications. Thus, the terms that serve to fix knowledge, the terms used as a tool of knowledge, and the terms of learning are distinguished.

Teaching terms are used in elementary school due to their simplicity and clarity (spelling), then they are replaced by scientific terms - means of fixing knowledge (spelling).

For each epoch is created historical-lexicological classification terms, in which terms-archaisms, terms-neologisms appear. This classification is closely related to the above classification of terms according to the object of naming. There are more neologisms in the emerging terminological systems. Archaisms are characteristic of the concepts of those terminological systems that are becoming a thing of the past due to the growth of scientific knowledge and the clarification of the obsolescence of some scientific views. However, since the terms remain in the language as its lexical units (although determinologized), they can be reborn as part of new term systems or in a new meaning with the development of the term system.

Due to the fact that the terms perform an applied function as tools of cognition and as a means of fixing scientific or technical knowledge, they are unified and fixed in one form or another as recommended or standardized. On this basis is built classification of terms according to normativity - non-normative, which includes terms that are in the process of standardization (standardized), subjected to standardization (standardized), rejected in the standardization process (invalid); being in the process of ordering (recommended), undergoing ordering (recommended), parallel acceptable, rejected in the process of ordering. To this it should be added that in the field of science and technology there are terms, the normative nature of which is mandatory: for example, the terms of radio frequencies are normalized on an international scale, since this is necessary to ensure the safety of sailors, aviators and others. As a rule, these terms are international; at least, their semantics is subject to normalization by the decisions of international organizations.

Finally, as a result of the analysis of the frequency of use of terms in texts, classification distinguishing high-frequency and low-frequency terms. Information about the frequency of terms can be gleaned from numerous frequency terminological dictionaries published in our country.

The above list of classifications of terms allows us to conclude that such a multifaceted phenomenon as a term is included in a variety of classifications - according to logical, linguistic, scientific and other principles. These classifications in their totality characterize the role and place of terms in the scientific, economic, political, managerial and other spheres of the functioning of modern society. (Budileva 2001: 59)

.Ways of term formation in English and Russian languages

There are different opinions regarding the number of ways of word formation in English. These discrepancies (from 5 or more methods are distinguished) are explained by the fact that different methods change their activity and for a long time can be more or less productive or even freeze. One way or another, it is generally recognized that 6 methods of word formation are currently the most productive: affixation (the "stem + affix" model), compounding (the "stem + stem" model), conversion (V > N or N > V model), reversion (the "stem - quasi-affix" model), word merging (here the model can only be spoken of conditionally, as a combination of fragments of stems) and reduction.

If we talk about the ways of term formation in English, then the number of models is significantly reduced. The most productive model of term formation is affixation. Less productive models of term formation include conversion, word formation, reduction, differentiation of compound words and phrases. Borrowings also play an important role in term formation.

The most productive models of term formation in the Russian language include prefixed, suffixal and prefixed-suffixal methods (affixation). Less productive are addition, fusion and abbreviation.

Linear models of term formation

Different methods of term formation can be divided into two general models based on what manipulations are performed on the basis of the zero degree of derivation. So, affixation and compounding represent the deployment of the original unit, the addition of an affixal morpheme or other stem to the generating stem; on the contrary, the conversion and reduction are essentially the folding of the original unit. Models of the first type (expansion of the initial unit) are called linear, the second (convolution of the initial unit) are called non-linear.

Affixation

Affixation is one of the most common term formation methods, which is the attachment of an affix to a stem. At the same time, affixes, prefixes and suffixes can differ not only in place in the word, but also in the degree of independence. Suffixes that form a word as a certain part of speech are more closely related to the stem, while prefixes mainly change the semantics of the word and are more independent lexically. At the same time, both of them can introduce a new lexical connotation into the derived word, and in fact the difference lies only in the degree of productivity of one or another affix. Some suffixes historically go back to the root morpheme, which has lost its independence over time and is now found only in derivative words, uniting them with a common additional meaning.

The general term-formation model of affixation, therefore, can be represented by the formula "1 base + affix" and refers to linear models. The result of the word-formation process during affixation is a derivative word. (Eliseeva 2003: 46)

Classification of affixes

With the establishment of the inventory of affixation and the semantic properties of affixes, their further systematization becomes possible, which is carried out in the form of classifications that take into account certain characteristics of affixal morphemes. The most common division of affixes is their classification according to their location in the word into prepositive (prefixes) and postpositive (suffixes).

An important classification parameter is the part-of-speech attribution of words to which affixes are attached. According to this ability of a prefix or suffix to join with units of certain lexical and grammatical classes in the system of affixation of modern English, the following are distinguished:

· substantive (prefixes anti-, non-, pre-, post-, sub-, dis-, arch-, hemi-, etc.; suffixes -ful, -ish, -y, -like, -less, -let, -an/-ian, -ship, -ess, -ese, -al, -ous, -esque, -en, etc.),

· verbal (prefixes dis-, re-, under-, over-, de-, fore-, mis-, co-, etc.; suffixes -ion, -er, -ment, -ing, -able, -ive, -al, -ance / -ence, -ory, -ant, -age, etc.),

· adjective (prefixes a-, un-, anti-, be-, en-, re-, in-, pre-, non-, etc.; suffixes -ish, -y, -ness, -ity, -en, -hood, -ism, -most, etc.) and others.

According to which lexico-grammatical class the derivatives formed with the help of affixes belong, the affixes themselves (primarily suffixes, since their role in determining the part-speech characteristics of derivatives is more obvious than that of prefixes) are divided into:

· substantive (suffixes -er, -ist, -ness, -acu, -age, -al, -an / -ian, -ment, -ing, -ship, -hood, -arian, -ance / -ence, -ancy, -ism, -ee, -ion, -dom, -ard, -cy, -ist, -iana, -ster, etc.),

· verbal (suffixes -ize, -ate, -ify, -en),

· adjective (suffixes -y, -ish, -ful, -less, -ed, ic, -ous, -able, -ive, -esque, -ory, -some, etc.),

· adverbial (suffixes -1y, -ward, -wise, -fold, -most).

There is also a classification of affixes based on their productivity and activity. The most productive affixes include the following prefixes and suffixes:

anti-, counter-, de-, ex-, extra-, inter-, mis-, non-, out-, post-, pre-, re-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, un-, under-, -ee, -eer/-ier, -er, -ess, -ful, -ics, -ie/-y, -ing, -ism, -ist, -ness, -able, -an, -ed, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -ly , -ate, -ify, -ize .

From the list of affixal models given above, it becomes obvious that in different lexico-grammatical classes suffixation and prefixation are presented differently. So, adjectives and nouns are mainly the scope of suffixation, while the verb is characterized by prefixation.

Another significant parameter in the classification of affixes can be their semantic load, due to which they are combined into semantic groups of the type:

· affixes with the meaning of similarity (-al, -ial, -ed, -esque, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -like, -ly, -ous, -some, -y, crypto-, neo-, etc.),

· affixes with the meaning of negation (a-, dis-, in-, non-, un-, -less),

· diminutive (diminutive) affixes (-ette, -ie/-y, -ikin, -let, -ling),

· affixes with a face value (-an, -ian, -arian, -ant, -ard, -by, -ee -een, -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -ician, -ie, -ing, -ist, -ister, -kin, -ing, -ster, -ton),

· affixes with the meaning of number - (bi-, demi-, di-, mono-, multi-, poly-, semi-, tri-, twi-, uni-).

Units created with the help of new affixes and semi-affixes have the highest degree of novelty. There are few of them: -on, -ase, -sd, -nik, -mansship, eco-,mini-, maxi-, mega-, cine-, -oholic, -gate-, -natcher, flexi-, apses-. (Nikitin 1996: 105)

The affixal model of term formation in Russian is more detailed than in English. The following methods of affixation are distinguished:

.Prefix (prefix) method (prefixation) - a way of forming a word by attaching a prefix to a whole word.

.The suffix method (suffixation) is a way of forming a word by adding a suffix to the base of the word.

A special kind of suffix method is zero suffixation (the formation of a derivative by means of a zero suffix). Some linguists believe that such derivatives are formed in an inflectional way, that is, inflection in the structure of these words performs a syncretic function.

.Postfix method (postfixation) - a way of forming a word by attaching a postfix to a whole word.

.Attachment-suffix (prefix-suffix) method (prefixation in combination with suffixation) is a way of forming a word by simultaneously attaching a prefix (prefix) and a suffix to the base of the word.

.Attachment-postfix (prefix-postfix) method (prefixation in combination with postfixation) is a way of forming a word by simultaneously attaching a prefix (prefix) and a postfix to the whole word.

.The suffix-postfix method (suffixation in combination with postfixation) is a way of forming a word by simultaneously adding a suffix and a postfix to the base of the word.

.Attachment-suffix-postfix (prefix-suffix-postfix) method (prefixation in combination with suffixation and postfixation) is a way of forming a word by simultaneously attaching a prefix (prefix), suffix and postfix to the base of the word. (Zemskaya 2003: 94)

Composition

This way of forming terms can be conveyed by the formula "base + base", as a result of which a compound word is formed. Simple bases, as well as a simple base and a derivative base, can undergo addition. The method of connecting the bases can be neutral, when both bases are connected "end-to-end", and with the help of a connecting element. A compound word is usually integrally formed and its grammatical characteristic depends on the second component.

In Russian, addition and fusion (fusion) have similar features.

Addition (pure addition) is a way of forming words on the basis of a coordinating or subordinating combination, in which the last component is a whole word, and the first component (components) is the basis.

Fusion (fusion) - a method of term formation, in which the derived word in all its forms is completely identical in morphemic composition to a synonymous phrase; the syntactic connection of this combination (control or adjunction) remains alive in the structure of the derived word.

Differentiation of complex words and phrases

Combinations consisting of a full-valued stem and an ambiguous second component are very productive in modern English. Since such a combination, as a rule, has a general stress and is often spelled together or with a hyphen, it has a whole structure and can be interpreted as a word, and not as a phrase. However, the question of the second component remains unclear, the ambiguity of which puts it in a position between the stem and the affix. For example, in the word "after-image" the first component is closer to affixes, since its semantics is clearly weakened compared to the first, and in the word get-together, both components are semantically equal. In this case, despite the structural uniformity of both examples, we can say that such formations refer either to derivatives or to compound words, depending on the semantic content of the second forming component.

Nonlinear term formation models

Conversion

This method of term formation is very characteristic of the English language due to the analytical nature of its structure. The essence of conversion as a term-formation process is that there is a functional shift of a word from one part-of-speech category to another, the formation of one part of speech from the basis of another without changing the form. The originality of converse term formation was also reflected in the fact that for quite a long time a permanent term was not assigned to this phenomenon. Over time, such terms as “non-affixed formation”, “root formation”, etc. have disappeared due to their incorrectness, although in fairness it should be noted that the term currently used is not ideal, since it has homonyms in other terminological systems, including linguistic ones.

With converse term formation, not only grammatical, but also semantic restructuring takes place. The derived word borrows the semantics of the generating stem, adding to it its own, due to the new part-speech status.

There is reason to believe that the conversion takes place in stages, and one of the stages is substantiation, i.e., the acquisition of the grammatical status of a noun (substantive) by another part of speech, most often an adjective or an adverb, as a result of the breakdown of a phrase. Later, the word acquires the entire paradigm of the new part of speech and the conversion process is completed. Conversion is possible not only with the disintegration of the combination Adj + N (or Adv + N), but also with the use of various parts of speech in a function that is not characteristic of them. Some lexicologists refer the disintegration of a word-combination to another group of word-formation models - abbreviations, describing a process called ellipsis. This is done on the grounds that, as a result of the truncation of the phrase, substantivation does not always take place. It should be taken into account, however, that as examples of ellipsis, for the most part, occasionalisms are given - words that are not included in the vocabulary system.

The initial, producing and derived stems during conversion are connected by certain semantic relationships. The most typical cases are the transition of a noun into a verb, when both stems are connected by agentive or instrumental relations. The scheme N > V can also reflect the relationship of incorporation / alienation of the named object.

As for the semantic relations with the model V > N, here the meaning of the one-time action or the transfer by a derivative noun of the result of the action transmitted by the producing basis is most often noted. It is often difficult, if not impossible, to determine the direction of a conversion. The usual criteria used to determine the direction of the conversion process are as follows:

· the semantics of the original stem is wider than the semantics of the derived word;

· the original member of the pair has a more extensive derivational nest.

However, it should be taken into account that these criteria are not absolute and may be violated.

Reduction

The essence of this method of term formation is to cut off a part of the stem, which either coincides with the word, or is a phrase united by a common meaning. Abbreviations are usually divided into lexical and graphic. Lexical words include truncated words and acronyms. Any fragments of a word can be abbreviated, regardless of morphemic boundaries. The semantic side of the resulting word remains unchanged, although the stylistic affiliation changes downward. There are also some spelling changes. The process of word formation may not end with truncation, but be complicated, for example, by substantiation, if the abbreviated word was included in the phrase.

Acronyms are formed from the initial letters of the words included in the phrase, united by a common meaning. The reduction of each of the words occurs, as is clear from the definition, in only one way - by final truncation. Orthographically, acronyms are also uniform, representing combinations of capital letters.

Graphic abbreviations are also numerous and are used to denote measures, units or quantities. The conditionality of this type of abbreviations is manifested in the fact that in oral speech they are reproduced in full (hence the name of the type).

In Russian, this type of term formation partially corresponds to an abbreviation.

· Abbreviation (complex abbreviated way) is a way of forming derived words (nouns) by adding truncated segments or truncated segments and whole words of the original phrase (less often - words). (Eliseeva 2003: 49)

.Borrowings in the terminology of English and Russian languages

Borrowing- this is the reproduction by phonetic and morphological means of one language of morphemes, words or phrases of another language. Vocabulary more often than other levels of the language lends itself to borrowing. The reasons for the appearance of lexical borrowings in the languages ​​of the world are associated with the borrowing of new things or concepts, with the duplication of words already existing in the language for the use of international terminology, with the desire to highlight one or another shade of meaning, with the influence of fashion. In oral speech, borrowings are easier to master, but at the same time they are often distorted and influenced by folk etymology. Book borrowings are closer to the original both in meaning and in sound appearance, but it is more difficult to master the language, retaining some features that are alien to its phonetics and grammar. The development of borrowing goes in three directions: phonetic - adaptation of the sound image of a borrowed word to the phonetic norms of the language; grammatical - the inclusion of a word in the grammatical system of the language; lexical - the inclusion of a word in the system of lexical units of the language.

A language that finds itself in the face of a foreign word denoting some necessary concept that is missing in it (this can be either a new “object” or a new “idea”) has several possibilities: 1) to borrow this word itself: in this way, borrowings in the narrow sense appear in the language, 2) to create a new word from its morphemes on the model of a foreign one: thus word-forming tracing papers appear in the language; 3) to use an already existing word to express the desired meaning, giving it a new meaning following the model of a foreign word that has the same polysemy or the same internal form (this is called semantic tracing). Words and meanings created according to the second and third models are called borrowings in a broad sense.

In scientific terminology, tending to unambiguity, the first and second mechanisms are more often used. The second and third mechanisms constitute the most important sources of enrichment of the literary language. Thus, the vocabulary of a generally significant nature includes borrowings of all three types. The main stream of borrowings in the narrow sense (i.e., foreign words) comes through the colloquial speech of professional spheres and jargons of various social groups.

Tracing can be done using transcription and transliteration.

Transcription- a set of special characters with the help of which the pronunciation is transmitted. When borrowing in this way, the sound form of the borrowed word is transmitted by means of the native language.

Transliteration- the transfer of letters of one script through the letters of another script.

The leading method of borrowing is transcription with elements of transliteration. (Karashchuk 1997: 79)

In many languages ​​of the world, including Russian, there are words that include common terminological elements, taken mainly from ancient Greek and Latin. These words refer mainly to the field of science, technology and social and political life. The following are the most common international elements:

Avi (a) -, avt (o) -, agr (o) -, aqua -, arche (o) -, archi -, audi -, aer (o) -, baro -, biblio -, bio -, ge (o) -, -gram -, -graph -, humane -, dem -, -drom, -crat, cosmic -, laboratory -, -log -, -meter, micro-, mono-, -navt, -onym, peri-, poly-, pre-, proto-, pseudo-, san-, -scope, -teka, tele-, term-, type-, fil-, -background-, phot-, -chron-, circus-, epi-, ep(o)-.

English also has similar elements:

Borrowings from the Latin language include words with the following affixes: noun: suffixes -ion and -tion; verb: suffixes -ate and -ute, prefix dis-; adjective: suffixes -able, -ate, -ar, -ent, -or, -al, -ant.

French borrowings include words with the following affixes: noun: suffixes --ance, -ence, -ment, -ess, -age; verb: prefix -en; adjective: suffix -ous.

The suffixes -ist, -ism, -isk show that the word is of Greek origin.

Many Greek and Latin words have become international prefixes. For example, anti-, counter-, inter-, sub-, ultra- . (Nikitin 1996: 57)

CHAPTER II. COMPARISON OF THE TERMINOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES IN THE FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY

The material for the study was the "English-Russian Dictionary-Minimum of Psychological Terms" edited by V.V. Luchkov and V.R. Rokityansky. For practical research, 150 English-language terms of psychology and their Russian-language correspondences were analyzed.

The terms were grouped and analyzed according to the following classifications: classification by content, by the object of the name, by the logical category of the concept, by content (semantic) structure, by formal structure, by belonging to parts of speech, by sphere of use and other classifications.

.Classification of terms by content

This classification is used mainly in philosophy, because. divides all terms into 2 groups: terms of observation and theoretical terms. Theoretical terms include abstract concepts, the terms of observation - classes of real objects.

In our material, the overwhelming majority are theoretical terms. Their number is approximately equal to 98% of all terms. And only 2% are terms of observation. These include the following concepts: “ability test - a test (for assessing) abilities”, “analyst - (psycho) analyst”, “checklist - 1. checklist 2. questionnaire” and “individual - an individual; individual (about animals). Many concepts from psychology do not have a material nature, they can be observed only indirectly, through the reactions of the organism. Most of the terms of psychological science are aimed at describing states of the psyche.

The following concepts can serve as examples of theoretical terms: “associative thinking - associative thinking”, “awareness - consciousness; perception, feeling", "daydreaming - dreams", "group mind - group consciousness", "personality - personality", "self-actualization - self-actualization" and others.

Such a ratio of observation terms to theoretical terms is typical not only for English, but also for the Russian language.

.Classification of terms by name object

The main criterion for the selection of this classification is the distribution of terms by areas of knowledge or activity, i.e. in special areas. First of all, our material belongs to the group of scientific terms, to the class of terms in psychology. Psychology, as part of the socio-political sciences, allows us to attribute these terms to the group of socio-political terms. Also, our practical material can be attributed to the terms of the social sciences.

Taking into account the object of naming, we can distinguish several types of objects presented in the material under study:

These are, first of all, objects (terms) of mental states, processes and properties. The following terms can serve as examples of such objects: "adaptability - adaptability, adaptability", "agitation - arousal, an excited state", "attention - attention", "decision making - decision making", "emotional maturity - emotional maturity", "empathy - empathy (empathy)", "inner speech - inner speech", "tactual sense - touch", "withdrawal - withdrawal into oneself, closing in oneself" and others.

Mental disorders (mental disorders and diseases) can also serve as an object of naming: "abnormal personality - psychopathy, personality disorder", "affective disorder - affective disorder", "autism - autism (closure in one's inner world)", "bipolar affective disorder - bipolar affective disorder", "hysteria - hysteria".

As an object of naming, you can use the branches of psychology: "adolescent psychology - the psychology of adolescence, the psychology of adolescence", "analytical psychology - analytical psychology", "animal psychology - zoopsychology, animal psychology", "consumer psychology - consumer psychology", "educational psychology - pedagogical psychology", "general psychology - general psychology".

Taking the branches of psychology as a basis, we can distinguish into a separate group the names of scientists who deal with the problems of these branches: “analyst - (psycho) analyst”, “behavior psychologist - a psychologist who studies behavior; neobehavioral psychologist.

The objects of naming can be the tools with which psychological diagnostics are carried out: “ability test - a test (for assessing) abilities”, “behavior therapy - behavior therapy, behavioral therapy”, “brainstorming - brainstorming”, “checklist - 1. checklist 2. questionnaire”, “content analysis - content analysis; content analysis", "hypnosis - hypnosis", "training - training, training, training".

The concepts associated with the concepts of "personality" and "interpersonal relations" are also objects of naming. First of all, these are terms that name behavioral, age-related characteristics and personality traits, as well as characterize the specifics of interpersonal relationships: "achievement need - the need for success", "ageism - inter-age competition (in children)", "bad-me - "I'm bad" (personification of qualities condemned by parents in the child's self-perception)", "basic need - primary need; fundamental need", "basic skills - basic (or basic) skills and abilities", "behavior space - space of behavior", "body concept - image of the body", "compulsive behavior - compulsive behavior (i.e. performed against the will, under the influence of an irresistible attraction)", "concept formation - the formation of concepts", "group mind - group consciousness", "latent period - a period of hidden sexuality, a latent period" and others.

The most numerous in terms of the number of terms (objects of naming) are the terms of mental states, processes and properties, as well as concepts associated with the concepts of "personality" and "interpersonal relations". Their share of the total number of terms exceeds 60%. The following are terms that are called mental disorders. Their number is approximately 20%. Terms-tools, with the help of which psychological diagnostics is carried out, do not exceed 10% of the total number of terms. Terms naming the branches of psychology occupy 5% of all types of terms. Terms-names of scientists are presented in the least amount compared to the previous naming objects.

.Classification of terms according to the logical category of the concept

Based on the logical category of the concept that is denoted by the term, it can be argued that the overwhelming majority in the considered material are the terms of processes and properties: “intention - intention; intention", "withdrawal - withdrawing into oneself, closing in oneself", "verbal coding - verbal (or verbal) coding, verbal memory", "volition - will; volitional act”, “memorizing” and others. Their number is 98% of all terms. No more than 2% are the terms of the subjects: “ability test - a test (for assessing) abilities”, “checklist - 1. checklist 2. questionnaire” (by analogy with the terms of observation). Terms of features, quantities and their units were not found.

.Classification of terms by content (semantic) structure

In the study area, most of the terms are multi-valued terms. Moreover, it is also interesting that the English term does not always have semantic equality in relation to the Russian correspondence. Most often, the English term is broader in its semantics than its Russian counterpart. Some terms are still internationalisms, i.e. have semantic equality.

It is worth noting that a fairly large number of psychological terms in the Russian language are borrowed from the English language. As a rule, a new concept is borrowed in its narrow meaning, characteristic only for a certain area, for psychology in our case. Therefore, the first group of terms will be made up of terms in which the meaning of the English term is much wider than the meaning of the Russian correspondence. Such terms are the vast majority in the material under study. Dictionary entries for English terms are taken from the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, for Russian correspondences - from the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by S.A. Kuznetsova.

When considering the terms "affectation - affectation" it may seem that the pair of terms has semantic equality. But the English term has many more meanings: "aff fec ta tion - 1 . an effort to appear to have a quality not really or fully possessed; the pretense of actual possession: an affectation of interest in art; affectation of great wealth. 2 . conspicuous artificiality of manner or appearance; effort to attract notice by pretense, assumption, or any assumed peculiarity. 3 . a trait, action, or expression characterized by such artificiality: a man of a thousand affects. 4 . a. strenuous pursuit, desire, or aspiration. b. affection; fondness: his affectation of literature". And the meaning of the Russian correspondence: " Affectation- and, pl. no, w. An exaggerated and emphasized expression of some feeling, mood, manifested in unnatural gestures, excessive elation of speech, etc. ” The English term is wider in its semantics than the Russian equivalent.

An absolutely identical situation is observed in a bunch of terms "attraction - attraction": attraction- 1 . the act, power, or property of attracting. 2 . attractive quality; magnetic charm; fascination; allurement; enticement: the subtle attraction of her strange personality. 3 . a person or thing that draws, attracts, allures, or entices: The main attraction was the after-dinner speaker. 4 . a characteristic or quality that provides pleasure; attractive feature: The chief attractions of the evening were the good drinks and witty conversation. 5 . Physics. the electric or magnetic force that acts between oppositely charged bodies, tending to draw them together. 6 . an entertainment offered to the public". " attraction(from English attraction - attraction, gravitation) - installation on another person. Makes people interested in each other. In accordance with it, the individual is involved in joint activities. The meaning of the English term is wider than the meaning of the Russian term. The Russian correspondence is borrowed in the narrow sense " 3 . a person or thing that draws, attracts, allures, or entices:".

The English term "alienation" is also broader in its semantics of its Russian counterpart "alienation": " al ien a tion - 1 . the act of alienating. 2 . the state of being alienated. 3 . law. a transfer of the title to property by one person to another; conveyance. 4 . the state of being withdrawn or isolated from the objective world, as through indifference or disaffection. 5 . statistics. the lack of correlation in the variation of two measurable variations over a population”. " Alienation, alienation, pl. no, cf. Cessation of intimacy between someone, distance. Mutual Alienation.

A similar situation is observed in the terms "delusion - nonsense": " de lusion - 1 . an act or instance of deluding. 2 . the state of being deluded. 3 . a false belief or opinion: delusions of grandeur. 4 . Psychiatry. a fixed false belief that is resistant to reason or confrontation with actual fact: a paranoid delusion". " Rave- a symptom of a mental disorder, manifested in false judgments, conclusions that have only a subjective justification and cannot be corrected.

The terms "personality - personality" are also semantically not identical: " per son al i ty - 1 . the visible aspect of one "s character as it impresses others: He has a pleasing personality. 2 . a person as an embodiment of a collection of qualities: He is a curious personality. 3 . psychology. a. the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of an individual. b. the organized pattern of behavioral characteristics of the individual. 4 . the quality of being a person; existence as a self-conscious human being; personal identity. 5 . the essential character of a person. 6 . something apprehended as reflective of or analogous to a distinctive human personality, as the atmosphere of a place or thing: This house has a warm personality. 7 . a famous, notable, or prominent person; celebrity. 8 . application or reference to a particular person or particular persons, often in disparagement or hostility. 9 . a disparaging or offensive statement referring to a particular person: The political debate has declined into personalities”. " Personality- a person as a subject of relations and conscious activity. 2) A stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of society or a community. As can be seen from the above dictionary entries, the semantics of the English term is much broader than the semantics of the Russian correspondence.

The terms “depression - depression” are characterized by a similar phenomenon: “ de-pressure- 1 . the act of depression. 2 . the state of being depressed. 3 . a depressed or sunken place or part; an area lower than the surrounding surface. 4 . sadness; glow; detection. 5 . Psychiatry. a condition of general emotional dejection and withdrawal; sadness greater and greater than that warranted by any objective reason. 6 . dullness or inactivity, as of trade. 7 . economics. a period during which business, employment, and stock-market values ​​declined severely or remain at a very low level of activity. 8 . the depression. Great Depression. 9 . pathology. a low state of vital powers or functional activity. 10 . Astronomy. the angular distance of a celestial body below the horizon; negative altitude. 11 . Surveying. the angle between the line from an observer or instrument to an object below either of them and a horizontal line. 12 . physical geography. an area completely or mostly surrounded by higher land, ordinarily having interior drainage and not conforming to the valley of a single stream. 13 . meteorology. an area of ​​low atmospheric pressure." And the Russian correspondence " Depression- 1) Oppressed, depressed mental state. 2) Decline, stagnation in the economy, replacing the crisis of overproduction. Definitely the English term in its semantics is wider than the Russian-language correspondence.

The terminological units "judgment - judgment" are different in their semantics: " judg ment - 1 . an act or instance of judging. 2 . the ability to judge, make a decision, or form an opinion objectively, authoritatively, and wisely, esp. in matters affecting action; good sense; discretion: a man of sound judgment. 3 . the demonstration or exercise of such ability or capacity: The major was decorated for the judgment he showed under fire. 4 . the forming of an opinion, estimate, notion, or conclusion, as from circumstances presented to the mind: Our judgment as to the cause of his failure must rest on the evidence. 5 . the opinion formed: He regretted his hasty judgment. 6 . law. a. a judicial decision given by a judge or court. b. the obligation, esp. a debt arising from a judicial decision. c. the certificate embodying such a decision and issued against the obligor, esp. a debtor. 7 . a misfortune regarded as inflicted by divine sentence, as for sin. 8 . (usually initial capital letter) Also called Last Judgment, Final Judgment. the final trial of all people, both the living and dead, at the end of the world". " Judgment - 1 ) a form of thinking, which is a combination of concepts, from which the bottom (subject) is determined and revealed through the other (predicate). 2 ) opinion, conclusion.

Some terms are internationalisms - they have similar semantics both in Russian and in English, i.e. these terms are semantically equal to each other.

For example, a couple of terms "criterion - criterion": " cri te ri on- a standard of judgment or criticism; a rule or principle for evaluating or testing something.” " Criterion- (from the Greek. kriterion - a means for judgment) - a sign on the basis of which an assessment, definition or classification of something is made; measure of evaluation."

Lexical units "hypnosis - hypnosis" - internationalisms: " hyp no sis - 1 . an artificially induced trance state resembling sleep, characterized by heightened susceptibility to suggestion. 2 . hypnotism. " Hypnosis- a, pl. No m. 1 . A state similar to sleep or drowsiness, caused by suggestion and accompanied by the subordination of the will of the sleeping person to the will of the sleeper. In a state of hypnosis. 2. The very suggestion. Treat with hypnosis. The semantics of units is identical.

The terms "altered state of consciousness - an altered state of consciousness" have the same semantics: " altered state of consciousness- any modification of the normal state of consciousness or awareness, including drowsiness or sleep and also states created by the use of alcohol, drugs, hypnosis, or techniques of meditation.” " Altered state of consciousness (ASC)- an infinite number of states of human consciousness that differ from the normal state of wakefulness.

The terms "self-control - self-control" have similar semantics: " self control trol- control or restraint of oneself or one "s actions, feelings, etc.". " self control- control over their actions, deeds.

The lexical units "self-actualization - self-actualization" are similar in semantic terms: " self-ac tu al i za tion- the achievement of one "s full potential through creativity, independence, spontaneity, and a grasp of the real world". " Self-actualization(lat. actualis - real, real) - a person's desire for the fullest possible identification and development of his personal capabilities.

And, finally, the smallest group is made up of terms in which the semantics of the Russian term is wider than the semantics of the English term.

For example, the terms "conditional reflex - conditioned reflex": " conditional reflex- an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus”. " Conditioned reflex- the concept introduced by I.P. Pavlov - to denote a dynamic connection between a conditioned stimulus and an individual's response, originally based on an unconditioned stimulus. In the course of experimental studies, the rules for the development of conditioned reflexes were determined: the joint presentation of an initially indifferent and unconditioned stimulus with some delay in the second; in the absence of reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditioned temporal connection is gradually inhibited. As can be seen from the dictionary entries, the Russian term is much broader than the English term in its semantics.

So, the most numerous group of terms is the group in which the meaning of the English term is much wider than the meaning of the Russian term. This group makes up more than 75% of all terms. The group of terms-internationalisms occupies less than 25% of the total number of terminological units. And, finally, less than 1% is the group of terms in which the English-language term already has a Russian-language equivalent.

Classification of terms according to formal structure

term formation English Russian borrowing

In the practical material, there were both single-component terms (terms-words) and multi-component terms (phrases). If we consider the ratio of the number of single-component terms to multi-component terms in English and Russian, then this can be schematically depicted in the form of the following diagrams:

As can be seen from the diagrams, the number of single-component terms exceeds the number of multi-component ones. This trend is typical for both English and Russian.

Multicomponent terms in English corresponded more to the schemes "Noun + Noun" and "Adjective + Noun", i.e. the vast majority of English multicomponent terms are noun-noun and adjective-noun phrases. There were also terms like "Noun + preposition + Noun".

Examples of the “Noun + Noun” scheme for the English language are: “achievement need”, “behavior psychologist”, “body concept”, “content analysis”, “ego defense”.

The lexical units "cognitive style", "common trait", "mental deficiency", "secondary need", "verbal response" correspond to the scheme "Adjective + Noun".

And finally, the terms "will to meaning", "clouding of consciousness", "flight into illness" refer to the scheme "Noun + preposition + Noun".

For the Russian-language psychological terminological system, the most common types of multicomponent terms were phrases of the form: “adjective + noun” and “noun + noun in the indirect case”.

Accordingly, the leading types of grammatical connection in phrases were agreement and control.

In rare cases, Russian-language multicomponent terms were formed with the help of the grammatical connection adjunction: "dominance need - the need to dominate."

Examples of grammatical connection agreement for Russian terms: “color blindness”, “control group”, “group consciousness”, “living space” and “adaptive behavior”.

Examples of grammatical connection management for Russian terms: “psychology of adolescence, psychology of adolescence”, “stage of development”, “narrowing of behavior”, “perception constancy”, “satisfier is a source of satisfaction”.

There were also pairs of terms, where the Russian version was presented in the form of two variants with different grammatical connections (coordination and control): “everyday psychology, psychology of common sense”, “one’s own group, group of one’s own”, “behavior therapy, behavioral therapy”.

For the English language, the leading type of grammatical connection was adjunction:

Examples of grammatical connection adjunction for English: "adaptive behavior", "common trait", "maternal instinct", "verbal coding", "wishful thinking", "animal psychology", "body concept", "emergency reaction", "life space", "object perception".

Examples of grammatical connection management for English: "clouding of consciousness", "flight into illness", "will to meaning".

The English multicomponent term did not always have the Russian multicomponent correspondence. An English-language multicomponent term could be transmitted by a single-component Russian-language term and vice versa.

For example, the one-component term "ageism" in English is replaced by the multi-component term "inter-age competition" in Russian. And the multicomponent term "tactual sense" in English is replaced by the one-component term "touch" in Russian.

But the multi-component term "abnormal personality" has two correspondences: in the form of a single-component term "psychopathy" and in the form of a multi-component term "personality disorder".

The situation is similar with the pair of lexical units “affect - affect; feeling, emotion; state of affect”, the only difference is the multivariance of single-component terms. The terms “agitation - excitation, excited state” also have a Russian-language term in the form of a single-component and multi-component terms, while the English-language term is only a single-component term.

There was also a complete structural correspondence between the terms. Most often, the scheme "Adjective + Noun" in English corresponded to the scheme "adjective + noun" in Russian. For example, the lexical units "affective disorder - affective disorder", both terms are multicomponent, moreover, they correspond to a single structure "adjective + noun". Similar examples: "adaptive behavior - adaptive behavior", "analytical psychology - analytical psychology", "associative thinking - associative thinking", "basic need - primary need, fundamental need" and "concrete attitude - specific setting". But there were also examples where the scheme "Adjective + Noun" corresponded to the scheme "noun + noun in the indirect case": "adolescent psychology - the psychology of adolescence, the psychology of adolescence", "abnormal personality - psychopathy, personality disorder".

In most cases, single-component terms of the English language were replaced by single-component terms in Russian: “personality - personality”, “neurotic - 1. neurotic 2. neurotic”, “perception - perception, perception”. Due to the lack of equivalents to the structure "Noun + Noun" in Russian, the terms corresponding to this scheme were most often replaced in Russian by phrases like "noun + noun in the oblique case", less often "adjective + noun". For example, "behavior space - the space of behavior", "body concept - body image", "character formation - 1. character formation 2. character warehouse", "death instinct - death instinct", "color blindness - color blindness", "emergency reaction - critical reaction".

Classification of terms by belonging to parts of speech

More than 95% of single-component terms are nouns: "affectation - affectation, melody", "alienation - alienation", "judgment - judgment", "training - training, training, training", "delusion - delirium" As can be seen from the above examples, several Russian noun terms are given for one English noun term. This trend can be seen very clearly throughout the material. It can be concluded that there are more noun terms in Russian psychological terminology. The best proof of this assumption is a bunch of terms: “alertness - 1. alertness; vigilance, attentiveness 2. liveliness, agility, quickness, 3. sharpness, understanding, receptivity. For one English noun term, 9 Russian noun terms are given.

Less than 2% of the terms are adjective terms: "behavioral - behavioral, behavioral", "neurotic - 1.neurotic 2.neurotic". Terms-verbs, adverbs were not found.

Classification of terms depending on the source language

Most English words are borrowed from Latin, French, Greek. According to some data, borrowings make up 80% of the entire lexical base of the language.

First of all, we can distinguish borrowings from the Latin language, which were formed in an affixal way through the suffixes "-ion", "-tion". Examples include the terms: "affectation", "agitation", "alienation", "anticipation", "depression", "habituation", "perception" and others.

The studied material contains borrowings from the Greek language, formed in an affixal way with the help of the suffix "-ism": "ageism", "autism", "behaviorism".

Terms created in an affixal way thanks to the suffixes "-ance", "-ence" and "-ment" are loanwords from French. For example: "conscience", "detachment", "judgmet", "maladjustment", "obedience".

Borrowings include terms that do not participate in affixal word formation, namely: "anima", "animus", "archetype", "libido", "persona". These terms are a group of borrowings from Latin and Greek.

Most borrowings in the psychological terminology of the English language are borrowings from Latin. Moreover, these borrowings are largely created by affixal word formation.

Attention should be paid to the fact that these borrowings were carried out quite a long time ago, therefore, for the English language, these words can be considered native English.

As for the psychological terminology of the Russian language, it also contains a fairly large number of borrowings from Latin and Greek. This hypothesis is confirmed by the presence of international word-building elements of Greek and Latin origin in the language. For example, in the term "archetype" there is an element "arche" of Greek origin (Greek archaios - ancient). The term "zoopsychology" has the element "zoo" (from the Greek zoon - animal, living being), "psychologist-neobehaviorist" - the element "neo" (ancient Greek - new). And the term "humanistic psychology" has an international derivational element of Latin origin "human" (from Latin humanos - humane).

A significant number of terminological units were borrowed from the English language. The following borrowing methods were used:

As can be seen from the diagram, the leading way of borrowing is derivational tracing paper, followed by transliteration.

The following pairs of terms can serve as examples of word-formation tracing: “brainwashing”, “brainstorming”, “counter-conditioning”, “long-term memory”, “self-actualization”, “self-control”, “will to meaning” and others.

The following terms are also formed by the method of word-building tracing: "analytical psychology - analytical psychology", "associative thinking - associative thinking", "autistic thinking - autistic thinking", "bipolar affective disorder - bipolar affective disorder", "cognitive style - cognitive style", "collective unconscious - collective unconscious". The difference from the previous group of terms lies in the phonetic consonance of English and Russian terms.

The following lexical units can be attributed to borrowings formed by transcription: "behaviorism - behaviorism", "training - training", "hysteria - hysteria".

Transliterated borrowings are: "autism - autism", "affect - affect", "anima - anima (personification of female tendencies in the unconscious)", "imago - 1. imago (unconscious highly significant image) 2. prototype", "libido - libido (sexual desire; energy of sexual desire)", "persona - person (image-mask in which a person reveals himself in life)".

Among the psychological terms of the English language, several individual, author's terminological units were found. First of all, these are the terms invented by Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychologist, the founder of analytical psychology: "anima - 1. soul 2. anima (personification of female tendencies in the unconscious)" and "animus - 1. intention 2. hostility Z. animus (personification of male tendencies in the unconscious)". Both meanings "anima" and "animus" were introduced by Carl Gustav Jung. These terms are author's, but also very frequent today. It is important to note that in the first values ​​in both units, one can trace the relationship with the last value,. For example, "soul" can be compared to something tender, i.e. with the feminine, and "intention, hostility" with the masculine, i.e. with something strong, offensive. Most likely, this is what allowed K.G. Jung to use such brightly colored terms.

And also “archetype - archetype (about the primary mental structures contained in the collective unconscious and underlying mythology), “imago - 1. imago (unconscious highly significant image) 2. prototype”, “persona - persona (image-mask in which a person reveals himself in life)”, “collective - collective unconscious”.

The term "bad-me -" I'm bad "(personification of qualities condemned by parents in the child's self-perception)" was proposed by the American psychologist and psychiatrist, a follower of neo-Freudianism, Harry Stack Sullivan.

As for Russian psychological terminology, the term "conditional reflex" can be cited as an example of the author's term. This lexical unit was introduced by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, a physiologist, psychologist, one of the most respected scientists in Russia, winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1904 "For his work on the physiology of digestion."

9. Classification of terms according to the methods of term formation

If we consider the models of term formation, then the English language is most characterized by affixation. Examples of affix term formation were found in the vast majority.

The diagram of the main models of term formation in English in the field of psychology will look like this:

The following pairs of terms can be cited as examples of affix term formation:

The term "absent-mindedness" is formed using the substantive suffix "-ness". The suffix forms the original word "absent-minded" as a certain part of speech, namely as a noun. The Russian-language version "absent-mindedness" is formed according to a similar word-formation model - affixation, a prefix-suffixal way of word formation.

Regarding the pair of terms "adaptability - adaptability, adaptability", the term "adaptability" is formed using the suffix "-ty". The word "adaptability" is formed in a suffixal way, and "adaptability" - in a prefixed-suffixal way.

Considering the terms "affectation - affectation, tune", it can be noted that the element "affectation" is formed in a suffixal way, the suffix of Latin origin "-tion" is used. The same can be noted about the term "affection" - also a suffixal way.

A couple of terms “awareness - consciousness; perception, sensation; knowledge, awareness” is assigned to this group due to the fact that the English lexical unit “awareness” appeared in the language using the affixal method of word formation - the substantive suffix “-ness” is attached to the stem of the adjective “aware”, thus forming a noun. Russian correspondences are formed by suffix and prefix-suffix method.

The lexical unit "censorship" is formed using the substantive suffix "-ship" from the stem "censor".

In a pair of terminological units “constancy - constancy; constancy (of perception)” the English term is formed with the help of the substantive suffix “-cy”.

The term "denial" is formed by means of the substantive suffix "-al", the word-formation model is suffixation. The term is translated into Russian as “rejection (ideas, impressions - a means of protection).

The lexical element "detachment" is formed with the help of the substantive suffix "-ment", suffixation. It is translated into Russian by a number of one-component terms “indifference, indifference; indifference; detachment”, formed by prefixed-suffixal and suffixal methods.

In the bundle of terms “feeling - 1. feeling, feeling 2. feeling, emotion”, the English term is formed using the substantive suffix “-ing”, suffixation. Russian equivalents are formed in a suffixal way and are a translation of the original concept.

The lexical unit “transfer” is formed with the help of an affix with the meaning of the person “-er”, it is translated into Russian by the one-component term “transfer (the influence of a previously formed skill on mastering a new one)”.

The term unit "withdrawal" is formed in an affixal way with the help of a substantive suffix with the meaning of similarity "-al".

The following two examples illustrate converse term formation:

The term "drive" is formed in a converse way from the verb of movement "to drive". It is translated into Russian as "attraction".

The conversion is also reflected in the pair of terms "neurotic - 1.neurotic 2.neurotic". The term "neouritic" was created in a converse way of word formation, because the grammatical category of the adjective is used as the grammatical category of the noun. There is a transition from one part of speech to another.

Typical examples of word formation are: “checklist - 1. checklist 2. questionnaire”, “daydreaming - dreams”, “self-actualization - self-actualization (= self-realization)” and “self-control - self-control, self-control”.

The lexical pair of terminological units "checklist - 1. checklist 2. questionnaire" is a representative of this model of term formation. In the case of the English term "checklist", the stem of the verb "to check" was combined with the stem of the noun "a list". The method of connecting the bases is neutral, because. both bases are connected "butt" without a connecting element.

The terminological elements "daydreaming - dreams" belong to this group due to the English term "daydreaming", the word-formation model of which can be represented as a formula: "daydreaming = day + dream + ing", where "day" and "dream" are bases combined neutrally, i.e. without connecting element. Also in the example under consideration, affixation using the substantive suffix "-ing" is observed.

The next group of terms "self-actualization - self-actualization (= self-realization)" and "self-control - self-control, self-control" is formed by word formation. The "self" stem is added to the "actualization" and "control" stems, using a connector (hyphen).

The type of term formation "Delimitation of compound words and phrases" includes combinations consisting of a full-valued stem and an ambiguous second component. Formations of this type are very productive in modern English.

The pair of terms "after-image - after-image (a visual sensation that persists after the cessation of the stimulus)" refers to this type. The semantics of the "after-" part of the term "after-image" is clearly weakened compared to the second part of "image". independent meaning is gradually lost. The term itself is formed using the French suffix "-age". The Russian equivalent is formed according to the word-formation model addition (pure addition) - a way of forming words on the basis of a coordinating or subordinating phrase.

The next pair of lexical units "all-or-none response - reaction according to the "all or nothing" principle" should be attributed to the group of multicomponent terms according to the "Adverb + Noun" scheme. Indeed, they really belong to this group. But the interest of this pair lies in the fact that the first part of the term “all-or-none response” - “all-or-none - ...” is a bright representative of this category. This part is a complex derivative word that appeared in the language as a result of the isolation of a syntactic phrase. The syntactic shift led to the compression of the meaning, resulting in a complex (complex derivative) word.

The term “face-to-face communication” has undergone a semantic weakening of the “to” element. The second part of the term is formed in an affixal way - the suffix of Latin origin "-ion" is used.

The terminological elements "in-group - one's own group, a group of one's own, ingroup" ended up in this category due to the term "in-group", which has a semantic weakening of the "in-" part. This part in its semantics approaches the affix.

A similar situation is observed in the terms "insight - insight, insight, insight". The only difference from the previous example is that the semantically weakened "in-" element is spliced ​​to the stem "sight" without a connecting hyphen.

And one example of the term formation model is abbreviation. The essence of this method of word formation is to cut off a part of the stem, which either coincides with the word, or represents a phrase united by a common meaning.

In the lexical units "analyst - (psycho) analyst" this phenomenon is clearly traced. It is obvious that the English term "analyst" has undergone this way of word formation, since he lost the prefix "psycho". As for the Russian correspondence, this was taken into account, in parentheses, as an explanation, the translation of this prefix is ​​given.

For Russian psychological terminology, the leading models of term formation are prefixed-suffixal and suffixal methods.

Examples of suffix term formation in Russian: “adaptability”, “affection”, “attention”, “1. feeling, sensation 2. feeling, emotion”, “judgment”, “personality”, “questionnaire”, “touch”.

Examples of prefix-suffix term formation in Russian: "absent-mindedness", "adaptability", "excitation", "alienation", "foresight", "attractiveness", "behavioral", "thinking, deliberation", "cognition", "indifference", "distraction".

Examples of the term-forming model of addition in the Russian language include: “afterimage”, “sleep creation”.

Examples of fusion are: "zoopsychology", "neobehaviorist psychologist", "content analysis", "halo effect".

Having studied all the methods of term formation characteristic of this practical material, we can conclude that both for English and Russian psychological terminology, the leading method of term formation is affixation.

10. Other classifications of terms

Based classification of terms by area of ​​use, the considered terms are unique, i.e. inherent in one area, psychology in this case. It can also be argued that in this glossary there are also conceptual and author's terms, i.e. belonging to a specific person.

In accordance with scientific classificationit can be argued that the studied lexical units are terms for fixing knowledge, used as a tool for cognition.

Based on historical-lexicographic classification, all terms of psychology are neologism terms.

Based classification of terms according to normativity - non-normativitythe area under study is a system of terms that are in the process of standardization (standardized terms), as well as those that have undergone a standardization process (standardized terms).

CONCLUSION

In the course of practical research, all the tasks of this work were achieved, namely: definitions of the concepts "Term" and "Terminological" system" were given; various classifications of terms are considered; studied the main ways of term formation in English and Russian; term systems in the field of psychology in English and Russian are analyzed in terms of origin, structure of terms and their semantics.

During the practical study, the following conclusions were drawn:

.Most of the terms (98%) are theoretical terms. 2% of the total number of terms are terms of observation;

.Most of the analyzed terms are terms that name or characterize mental states, processes and properties, as well as terms associated with the concepts of "personality" and "interpersonal relationships";

.The terms are not semantically equal to each other. In most cases, the English term is much broader than the Russian equivalent;

.The number of single-component terms in English and Russian exceeds the number of multi-component terms.

.More than 95% of single-component terms are noun terms. Moreover, there are more of them in Russian than in English;

.Single-component and multi-component terms in English are not always conveyed by structurally homogeneous terms in Russian;

.The most common types of phrases for English and Russian psychological terminology are phrases like "Adjective + Noun" and "Noun + Noun";

.Coordination and control - the leading types of grammatical connection for Russian-language psychological terminology, adjunction and control - for English;

.In the English and Russian psychological terminological system there are borrowings from Latin and Greek. There are many more borrowings from Latin;

.Word-building tracing paper is the main way of borrowing for the Russian psychological system of terms;

.Affixation is the most common way of term formation for the English and Russian terminological system in the field of psychology.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Budileva T.V. Lexicology of the English language - M.: Enlightenment. 2001

.Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language - M.: Logos, 2002. - 528 p.

.Eliseeva V.V. Lexicology of the English language - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University. 2003 - 58 p.

.Zabotkina V. I. New vocabulary of modern English. - M.: VS. 1989 - 126 p.

.Zemskaya E.A. Modern Russian language. Word formation. M., 2003

.Ivanov O.A. Non-equivalent vocabulary. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg. University, 2006. - 192 p.

.Karashchuk P. M. Word-formation of the English language. - M.: Higher school. 1997 - 314 p.

.Krysin L.P. Foreign words in modern Russian. - M., Publishing house "Science", 1998.-208 p.

9.Meshkov O.D. Vocabulary in Modern English. Proc. manual for institutes and faculty in. languages. - M.: Higher School, 1985. - 187 p.

.Mikhailova V.I. The structure of multicomponent terms and their translation from English into Russian. - L .: Publishing house of the Russian State Pedagogical University im. A. I. Herzen, 1991. - 55 p.

.Nelyubin L.L. Linguistics of modern English. M., MOPI, 1990.-110 p.

12.Nikitin. M.V. Some questions of the theory of word formation and the definition of conversion. "Uch. Zap. Vladimir State Ped. Institute, 1996

13.Popova E.A. On the issue of borrowings in English. Scientific notes of the 1st MGPII, volume V, from the Kharkov State University named after. A.M. Gorky, Kharkiv

.Superanskaya A.V., Podolskaya N.V., Vasilyeva N.V. General terminology: Questions of theory. - M.: LKI Publishing House, 2007. - 248 p.

.Terekhova G.V. Theory and practice of translation. - Orenburg: GOU OGU, 2004. - 103 p.

.Filin F.P., Kostomarov V.G., Skvortsov L.I. Russian language in the modern world. - M.: "Nauka", 1974.-304 p.

17.Kharitonchik Z.A. Lexicology of the English language. - Minsk: Higher School, 1992. - 197 p.

.Khidekel S.S. English lexicology in excerpts and extracts. A manual for students of institutes (in English). Ed. 2nd. - L., "Enlightenment", 1975.-238 p.

.Tsarev P.V. Productive nominal word formation in modern English. - M.: MGU, 1984. - 224 p.

20.Shmelev D.N. Problems of semantic analysis of vocabulary. M., 2003

List of reference literature

.Great Soviet Encyclopedia, ed. Prokhorov A.M.; Baibakov N.K.; Blagonravov, A.A. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia; Edition 3

.Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S.A. Kuznetsova - St. Petersburg: Norint. 2000.

.Zalevsky G.V., Zalevskaya E.I., Zalevsky V.G. Brief Russian-English-German Dictionary of Psychology - M.: Academia. 2004

.Luchkov V.V., Rokityansky V.R. English-Russian Dictionary-Minimum of Psychological Terms - M.: 1999

5.Cambridge International Dictionary of English - Cambridge University Press. 2003

.Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture - Pearson Longman Limited. 2006

.Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners - L.: A&CB. 2007

APPLICATION

No. English term Russian correspondence 1 ability test test (for evaluating) abilities 2 abnormal personality psychopathy, personality disorder 3 achievement need need for success 4 adaptability adaptability 5 adolescent psychology psychology of adolescence, psychology of adolescence 6 affect affect; feeling, emotion; affective state 7affectationaffection, play 8affective disorderaffective disorder 9after-image afterimage (a visual sensation that persists after the stimulus has ceased)10ageisminter-age competition (in children)11agitationexcitation, excited state 12alertness alertness; vigilance, attentiveness 2. liveliness, agility, quickness 13 alienation alienation 14 all-or-none response all-or-nothing reaction 15 altered state of consciousness cognitive) 20animal psychologyzoopsychology, animal psychology 21animus1.intention 2.hostility Z. (Jung) animus (personification of male tendencies in the unconscious)22anticipationforesight, anticipation23archetype archetype (about the primary mental structures contained in the collective unconscious and underlying mythology)24associative thinkingassociative thinking25attentionattention2 6 attraction, attraction 27 attribution attribution (causal explanation of behavior) 28 autism autism (closing in one's inner world) 29 autistic thinking autistic thinking 30 awareness; perception, sensation; knowledge, awareness31bad-me "I'm bad" (personification of qualities condemned by parents in the child's self-perception) fundamental need 33 basic skills 34 behaviorism 35 behavior psychologist neobehavioral psychologist 36behavior spacebehavior space37behavior therapybehavior therapy38bipolar affective disorder39blame avoidanceneed to avoid judgment40body conceptbody image41brainst 43case history data from clinical observation; medical history 44 censorship censorship, censorship (regulation of the penetration of the repressed material into consciousness) 45 character formation 1 . character formation 2. character warehouse 3. personality structure 46 checklist 1 . stupefaction49coar(c)tationcoartation, narrowing (of behavior)50coen(a)esthesia body55color blindnesscolour blindness56common-sense psychologycommon-sense psychology57common traitcompulsive behaviorcompulsive behavior59concept formation60concrete attitude61conditional reflexconditional reflex62conscieconstancy (perception)64constructive memory (restoration by details, by filling in gaps)65consumer psychologyconsumer psychology66content analysiscontent analysis; content analysis 67 control group 68 convergent thinking 69 counter-conditioning depression78detachment indifference, indifference; indifference; detachment79developmental stagedevelopmental stage80disposition1.tendency, inclination 2.disposition, mood H.disposition 4. makings81distraction distraction; distracting impression; distracting stimulus82dominance needneed to dominate83dream workdream wopsychologyeducational psychology86ego defenseprotection Self, means of self defense87Electra complexElectra complex (girl's attraction to father)88emergency reactioncritical reaction, response to an emergency situation89emotional maturityemotional maturity90empathyempathy (empathy)91face-to -face communication92feeling1.feeling, sensation 2.feeling, emotion93flight into illnessflight intoroup mindgroup consciousness98growth needneed for groeffecthalo effect, halo effect (in the influence of the general impression on the assessment of a particular characteristic of an individual) 101 hypnosis hypnosis 102 hysteria hysteria 103 identity crisis crisis of self-determination 104 identification 1. identification 2. recognition, recognition 3. (psychoan., social psychol.) identification (with a significant other person)105illusion106imago1. imago (unconscious highly significant image) 2. (Jung); individual (about animals)108in-group own group, group of own, ingroup109inner speechinner speech110insight1 .insight, insight, insight111intention intention; intenperiod114learned ability115libido116life space117long-terment; disability 119 maternal instinct 120 obedience125object perceptionobject perception126oceanic feelingoceanic feeling (sense of unity with the universe)127perceptionperception, perception 132 regression, backward movement, reverse development 2. (psychoan.) regression (return to less mature forms of behavior) 3. progressive amnesia, "memory reverse" 138 socialization socialization (the transformation of an individual into a member of society - the assimilation of social norms, values, roles and skills) 139 social skills communication skills 140 status need the need for status 141 tactual sense touch 142 training training 143 transfer transfer (the influence of a previously formed skill on mastering a new one) 144 traumatic memory ) coding, verbal memory 146 verbal response verbal reaction 147 volition will; act of will, volition; volitional sphere 148 will to meaning "will to meaning", the will to a meaningful existence

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Department of Linguistics and Translation

Specialty translation and translation studies

COURSEJOB

StructuralAndlexico-sematiccharacteristicEnglishpsychologicalterminology(onexampleonlinemagazine" psychology" )

Performed:

3rd year student of group 351

full-time education

Kovaleva M.V.

Scientific adviser:

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INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. English psychological terminology as an object of linguistic research

1.1. The concepts of "term", "terminology" and "terminological system". Ways of term formation in English

1.2. Psychological terminology in the system of modern English

1.3. Classification of English psychological terms

1.4. Characteristics of borrowed psychological terms in English

Conclusions on Chapter I.

CHAPTER II. Structural and lexical-sematic characteristics of English psychological terminology (on the example of the online journal "Psychologies")

2.1 Classification of psychological terms based on articles in the online journal "Psychologies" by content

2.2 Classification by object of naming

2.3 Classification of terms according to parts of speech

2.4 Classification of terms by source language

Chapter II Conclusions

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Target of this study: to analyze and characterize the English psychological terminology.

In accordance with the goal, the following tasks:

Define the concepts “term”, “terminology” and “terminological system”;

Consider various classifications of terms;

To study the ways of term formation in English;

Analyze and classify term systems in the field of psychology in English.

This work is relevant, since it affects 2 aspects at once - the classification of term systems of the English language in general and the systematization of vocabulary in the field of psychology.

Terms in the language arise as a result of the language's desire for the most concise and accurate transmission of information, excluding the possibility of arbitrary and subjective interpretation. However, a careful analysis of special terminology shows its extreme heterogeneity, which leads to difficulties in the adequate use, understanding and translation of terms.

Interest in the field of psychology has been growing rapidly in recent years. Nevertheless, despite the amount of research on psychological vocabulary, some problems of its objective use, understanding and translation, especially terminology, still remain unresolved.

Practical part of the work was carried out on the basis of 12 articles of the online journal “Psychologies”, in which 139 terms were identified.

The study used the following methodslinguisticanalysis Keywords: method of component analysis, analysis of dictionary definitions, method of spontaneous sampling.

CHAPTERI. EnglishpsychologicalterminologyHowan objectlinguisticresearch

1.1 Concepts"term","terminology"Andterminology.Waysterm formationVEnglishlanguage

There are a lot of different, but essentially identical definitions of the term. The online dictionary of linguistic terms gives the following definition:

Term - this (Latin terminus - limit, boundary, boundary sign) is a word or phrase that accurately denotes any concept used in science, technology, art. In contrast to commonly used words, which are often ambiguous, terms are usually unambiguous, and expression is also not characteristic of them. A term can be part of only one terminology (prefix, indirect object, inconsistent definition, nominative sentence, amphibrach, laryngoscopy, positron, infinitesimals, differential calculus), but can also be part of different terminologies (operation - in medicine, finance, military affairs; assimilation - in biology, ethnography, linguistics). Some of the terms have lost their purely special character and have become widely used in different styles of speech. Such are the art and literary terms genre, portrait, style, duet, prologue, image, plot, plot; scientific and production-technical terms accumulator, depreciation, proteins, conveyor, mass, x-ray, thermometer; philosophical terms dialectics, thinking, category, concept, consciousness, etc. Other terms retain their highly specialized character (affricate, proclitic, phoneme, acrostic, dactyl, synecdoche, solfeggio, fugue, binomial, vector, agnosticism, syllogism, ferroalloys, nucleic acid, non-metals, etc.).

This definition gives an extensive and capacious interpretation of the term “term”, and also provides publicly available examples. It can be concluded that term

1) applied to science, technology and art

2) is in most cases unambiguous

3) may refer to one or more terminologies.

TerminolOgia (from the term and ... logic) , area of ​​vocabulary, a set of terms of a certain branch of science, technology, production, art, social activity, associated with the corresponding system of concepts. The formation of t. is due to social and scientific and technical development, since any new concept in a special field must be denoted by a term. The terminological system must correspond to the level of modern development of a given branch of science and technology, a field of human activity; it is historically changeable, has different sources during its formation.

T. L. Kandelaki, IN. P. Unrecognized

[Yandex.Dictionaries › TSB, 1969-1978]

From this definition it is clear that terminology

1) this is the area of ​​vocabulary

2) it is a set of terms of a certain industry in various fields of activity

3) must correspond to the level of development of the industry

4) historically changeable

5) has different sources of formation

As for the definition of a terminological system, it is important to note that in the literature this concept occurs in different versions. For example, "terminological system", "system of terms" and, finally, "terminological system". But all options carry the same meaning. So, term system is an organized set of terms of a certain field of knowledge. [BTS 2000: 1318]

V.M. Leichik contrasts terminology and terminology, saying that sets of terms can be formed both spontaneously and consciously. In the first case, the set of terms should be called terminology, and in the second - terminological system. Although, it should be noted that this point of view is not shared by all linguists. So, V.M. Leichik defines terminology as “a language formation of a paradigmatic type, which is a spontaneously formed set of lexical units with semantic commonality and similarity of formal structure, which function together in one of the languages ​​for special purposes, denoting the general concepts of the field of knowledge served by this language” . [Leichik, 2007: 38] At the same time, the terminological system, unlike terminology, is a system of concepts and represents a logical and linguistic model of a special field of knowledge. The author identifies a number of conditions necessary for the formation of a term system, as well as a number of features characteristic of a term system as one of the types of abstract systems: integrity, stability, structuredness, coherence, etc. In most terminological systems (primarily sectoral ones), V.M. Leichik distinguishes seven groups of units: basic, derivative, complex, basic, attracted, general scientific terms, as well as the so-called. terms of broad semantics. Thus, “a terminological system is a sign model of a certain theory of a special field of knowledge or activity; The elements of a terminological system are lexical units (words and phrases) of a certain language for the special purposes of any natural language, and the structure as a whole is adequate to the structure of the system of concepts of this theory. [Leichik, 2007: 60]

Hence, term system

1) is a sign model of a certain theory of a special field of knowledge or activity

2) organized

3) holistic

4) structured

There are different opinions about the number of ways of word formation in English. One way or another, it is generally recognized that 6 methods of word formation are currently the most productive: affixation (the "stem + affix" model), compounding (the "stem + stem" model), conversion (V > N or N > V model), reversion (the "stem - quasi-affix" model), word merging (here the model can only be spoken of conditionally, as a combination of fragments of stems) and reduction.

As for the methods of term formation in English, the number of models is significantly reduced. The most productive model of term formation is affixation. Less productive models of term formation include conversion, word formation, reduction, differentiation of compound words and phrases. Borrowings are also important in term formation.

All methods of term formation can be divided into two general models, depending on what actions are carried out with the basis of the word. So, affixation and compounding represent the deployment of the original unit, the addition of an affixal morpheme or other stem to the generating stem; on the contrary, the conversion and reduction are essentially the folding of the original unit. Models of the first type (expansion of the initial unit) are called linear, the second (convolution of the initial unit) are called non-linear.

1.2 PsychologicalterminologyVsystemcontemporaryEnglishlanguage

The rapid development of science and technology, modern information technologies, significant changes in the life of Russian society, namely the openness of borders, the intensification of intercultural communication processes dictate the need for a comprehensive description, study and analysis of new layers of terminological vocabulary. Today, in the world, terminology plays a leading role in people's communication, being a source of information, a tool for mastering a specialty and a kind of driving force for scientific and technological progress.

Despite the systematic and purposeful work in the field of the study of terminological systems, certain terminologies are still insufficiently studied by lexicologists. In particular, this applies to psychological and psychiatric terminology, which are among the most extensive and complex terminological systems and are voluminous macroterminal systems consisting of many separate branch microterminal systems.

The popularity of psychology, its replenishment with new directions and areas form a stable opinion about the flourishing, successful development of the entire complex of psychological sciences. The leadership of the United States in psychology is determined by the fact that many psychological neoplasms of the English language arise mainly in the British and American national versions. These variants are the main suppliers of lexical innovations in the psychological terminological system of the modern English language.

Science is enriched with a multitude of terms introduced into circulation, which must be logically correctly and timely introduced into the terminological system.

The study of the psychological terminological system seems to be the most interesting from the point of view of the communicative-pragmatic approach. This is due to the urgent need to introduce terminological vocabulary into the specialist's active dictionary.

Only recently, studies have begun to appear that present a communicative-pragmatic approach to "language for special purposes", which raises the question of the formation of a special communicative competence, understood as the correct use of language units of different levels in infinitely diverse life situations. For example, V.P. Danilenko considers the "defining feature" of the terms "their conscious introduction into scientific and practical circulation", which implies not only the enrichment of the lexicon and thesaurus of a linguistic personality, but also the formation of its communicative competence.

There are a lot of manuals, dictionaries, monographs, but, unfortunately, most of them have no communicative value, and the actualization of the psychological layer of vocabulary and its functioning in discourse is not achieved. The creation of terminological dictionaries in psychology in English is one of the goals of special research in this area.

1.3 ClassificationEnglishpsychologicalterms

As you know, any classification is based on typology. To begin with, let's consider the terminological classification according to the most important and basic of all features inherent in terms.

First of all, the most general concepts of matter and its attributes are distinguished, which bear the names of categories (matter, space, time, quantity, quality, measure, and others). Accordingly, the terms that denote categories are a type of category terms.

Further, at each stage of the development of human knowledge, in each era, a certain number of general scientific and general technical concepts appear that are used in any science (branch of technology) (system, structure, method, law in science, reliability in technology). They are joined by general concepts of methodological sciences - philosophy, general systems theory, cybernetics, computer science and others; some of the concepts of these sciences can be used, like general scientific concepts, in various fields of knowledge (for example, information, element). At the same time, it should be borne in mind that general scientific (general technical) and interdisciplinary concepts are such not because they are used in a number of branches of knowledge, but because they have a common content, which allows them to be used in different industries, in most cases adding specific features to the general content.

Psychological terms, like all terms in general, are also classified according to content (this classification is used mainly in philosophy and separates the terms of observation and theoretical terms); by the object of the name (for example, in the field of psychological vocabulary, this will be the division of terms according to their designation of a mental state, mental illness, by branches of psychology, etc.); according to the logical category of the concept that is denoted by the term (there are terms of processes, properties, quantities, units, signs); linguistic classifications (based on the features of terms as words or phrases), classifications by semantic (single-valued and multi-valued) and formal structure (single-component and multi-component), by belonging to parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs), by source language, authorship and methods of term formation.

1.4 Characteristicborrowedpsychologicalto theirtermsVEnglishlanguage

Borrowing is the reproduction by morphological and phonetic means of one language of phrases, words and morphemes of another language. Vocabulary is the most subject to borrowing of all levels of the language. This happens for various reasons, most often due to the fact that new things and concepts are borrowed, or words from other languages ​​are duplicated in the language to comply with international terminology standards. In oral speech, borrowed words are assimilated most quickly and easily, but not accurately enough. In the book version, borrowings are closer to the original, however, it is harder to master the language. The development of a new word by a language occurs in three directions: phonetic, grammatical and lexical. In addition to direct borrowing of the word itself, tracing can also be used in the language, i.e. transmission of a foreign word with the help of its morphemes. When tracing, transcription and transliteration can be used.

Transliteration (from trans ... and lat. littera - a letter), the translation of one graphic system of the alphabet into another (that is, the transfer of letters of one script by letters of another).

[Yandex.TSB Dictionaries, 1969-1978]

Transcription (lat. Transcriptio, gram.) - a written representation of the sounds and forms of a known language, which has or does not have its own writing system, using a writing system that is usually not characteristic of this language and belongs to some other language or is completely artificial.

[Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907]

In most languages ​​of the world there are words, the components of which are common terminological elements, removed mainly from the ancient Greek and Latin languages. Most often these are terms from the sphere of science, technology, as well as socio-political life.

The following are the most common international elements:

Avi (a) -, avt (o) -, agr (o) -, aqua -, arche (o) -, archi -, audi -, aer (o) -, baro -, biblio -, bio -, ge (o) -, -gram -, -graph -, humane -, dem -, -drom, -crat, cosmic -, laboratory -, -log -, -meter, micro-, mono-, -navt, -onym, peri-, poly-, pre-, proto-, pseudo-, san-, -scope, -teka, tele-, term-, type-, fil-, -background-, phot-, -chron-, circus-, epi-, ep(o)-.

English also has similar elements:

Borrowings from the Latin language include words with the following affixes: noun: suffixes -ion and -tion; verb: suffixes -ate and -ute, prefix dis-; adjective: suffixes -able, -ate, -ar, -ent, -or, -al, -ant.

French borrowings include words with the following affixes: noun: suffixes --ance, -ence, -ment, -ess, -age; verb: prefix -en; adjective: suffix -ous.

The suffixes -ist, -ism, -isk show that the word is of Greek origin.

Many Greek and Latin words have become international prefixes. For example, anti-, counter-, inter-, sub-, ultra- . [Nikitin 1996: 57]

Most of the English vocabulary is borrowed from Latin, French, Greek. According to the results of numerous studies, borrowings make up from 60 to 80% of the entire lexical base of the language.

As for the psychological terminology of the English language, these are borrowings from the Latin language, mostly created by affixal word formation. However, since these borrowings occurred quite a long time ago, these words are considered to be native English.

For example, the terms "perception", "affectation", "alienation", "agitation", "anticipation", "habituation", "depression" originated with the help of the suffixes "-ion", "-tion" (lat.); "autism", "ageism", "behaviorism" through the suffix "-ism" (Greek); "maladjustment", "conscience", "judgment", "detachment" - "-ment", "-ence" (French), etc.

conclusionsByCHAPTERI.

In this chapter, the concepts of "term", "terminology" and "terminal system" were considered and analyzed. It turned out that the term is a word or phrase denoting any concept used in science, technology or art; most often unambiguous; may refer to one terminology or several different terminologies. The very concept of "terminology" is sometimes opposed to the concept of "terminology". The term system, unlike terminology, has a clear structure and organization, formality; it came about consciously. Terminology, on the other hand, is an area of ​​vocabulary, a set of terms of a particular area, most often arises spontaneously, spontaneously, it can change historically, because. must correspond to the level of development of the field of science, technology or art to which it belongs.

The main methods of term formation were also considered, it turned out that affixation is the most typical for the English language. Less productive term formation models include conversion, compounding, and abbreviation. All these types can be divided into linear (affixation and compounding) and non-linear (conversion and reduction).

Further, it was noted that psychological and psychiatric terminology are among those certain terminological systems that are still insufficiently studied, although they represent one of the most extensive layers of modern English terminology.

The main types of classification of psychological terms were considered, and it turned out that, like most terms, they are primarily divided into category terms, general scientific and general technical terms, interdisciplinary terms, special terms, and the terms are also classified according to their main, most important features - structure, semantics, origin.

While considering the issue of the role of borrowings in the formation of the lexical system of the English language, it was noted that the English vocabulary consists of 60-80% of words borrowed mainly from Latin, French and Greek. It became known that when borrowing a word, not only can it be copied in its original version, but tracing paper can also be used, i.e. transliteration and transcription. Among borrowings in English, tracing is the most common way. As for the psychological terminology of the English language, its most significant part is formed by affixal word formation. At the same time, we must not forget that in most languages ​​of the world there are words, the components of which are common terminological elements, withdrawn mainly from the ancient Greek and Latin languages. Most often these are terms from the sphere of science, technology, as well as socio-political life.

CHAPTERII. StructuralAndlexico-sematiccharacteristicEnglishpsychologicalterminology(onexampleonlinemagazine"Psychologies")

As a material for the practical part of this research work, the vocabulary of 12 articles of the online journal "Psychologies" was used, relating to 6 different thematic groups ("Love", "Self", "Family", "Work", "Body", "Culture"), selected by spontaneous sampling. In this vocabulary, 139 terms were identified, which became the basis of this study.

The terms were grouped and analyzed according to the following classifications: classification by content, by the object of the name, by belonging to parts of speech, by original language.

2.1 ClassificationtermsBycontent

This classification is predominantly philosophical, because. in accordance with it, all terms are divided into 2 groups: terms of observation and theoretical terms. Theoretical terms include abstract concepts, the terms of observation - classes of real objects.

In the material used, predominantly theoretical terms predominate. Their number is approximately equal to 93%. The remaining 7% are terms of observation. These include the following concepts: “suspect” (in the field of psychology, this noun has a special meaning - not “a suspicious person”, but “a person with a suspected disease”), “research” (“scientific research”, “research work”), “guru” (“mentor”, “leading specialist”), “therapy session” (“psychotherapy session”), “panellist” (“discussion participant”), “psychologist” (“psychologist”), etc. This is due to the fact that most of the concepts in psychology are aimed at describing the state of the psyche, the body's reaction to any action, and not at describing objects of material nature.

The following are examples of theoretical terms: “internal dialogue” (“internal dialogue”), “depression” (“depression”), “analyse” (“analyze”), “practical” (“practical”, “empirical”), “improvisation” (“improvisation”), “emotional health” (“healthy state of the nervous system”), etc.

2.2 ClassificationtermsByobjecttitles

The basis for the allocation of this classification is the distribution of terms in various special areas. Firstly, this material belongs to the group of scientific terms, to the class of terms in psychology. Psychology, as part of the socio-political sciences, allows us to attribute these terms to the group of socio-political terms. The practical material used in this work can also be attributed to the terms of the social sciences.

According to the object of naming, several types of objects presented in the material under study can be distinguished:

These are, first of all, objects (terms) of mental states, processes and properties. The following terms can serve as examples of such objects: "emotion" ("emotion"), "relief" ("relief, consolation"), "flexibility" ("adaptability, suppleness"), "disappointed" ("disappointed, upset") and others.

Mental disorders can also be used as an object of naming: “Imposter Syndrome” (“Imposter Syndrome”), “depression” (“depression”), “weakness” (“disease”), etc.

This classification is dominated by the terms of mental states, processes and properties. Their share of the total number of terms exceeds 70%. The remaining 30% share the terms of mental illness, the scientists who deal with it, and the tools they use.

2.3 ClassificationtermsByaccessoriesTopartsspeeches

When dividing the available terms into parts of speech, the following data were revealed:

Nouns: 76\139 terms

Adjective: 35\139 terms

Verb: 17\139 terms

Adverbs: 7\139 terms

Participles: 4\139

Accordingly, in the psychological terminology of this material, there are the most noun terms, the least (as in everyday speech) adverbs and participles, however, they are also present. There are fewer verb terms than adjectives, although the verb is the most important part of the English language. From the above data it follows that psychology is a mostly theoretical science, respectively, and the terms in it are mostly associated not with specific actions, but with the description of abstract concepts.

As examples of noun terms, “aspect” (“aspect, side”), “balance” (“balance, harmony”), “diagnose” (“diagnosis”), “stress” (“stress”); adjectives "critical" ("critical"), "clinical" ("clinical"), "turbulent" ("stormy"), "positive" ("positive, positive"); the verbs "practice" ("practice"), "regret" ("regret"), "believe" ("believe"), "communicate" ("communicate"); adverbs "constantly" ("constantly, continuously"), "honestly" ("honestly, truthfully"); participles "conducted" ("carried out"), "devastating" ("devastating, destructive").

2.4 Classification of terms by original language

During the study, it turned out that 76\139 terms are borrowed, i.e. almost 60%. Of these, almost half (30 words) came from Latin, about 30% (19 words) from French and slightly less (16 words) from Greek. Some etymological data are controversial, the etymology of words such as "physical" ("physical"), "psychologist" ("psychologist"), fluctuates between Greek and Latin, as one or another word has passed from language to language for many centuries.

Borrowings from Latin include, for example, “status quo” (“status quo”), “erratic” (“eccentric, unpredictable”), “intimacy” (“close connection, closeness”), borrowings from Greek - “therapy” (“therapy”), “phenomenal” (“phenomenal”), and examples of words borrowed from French can be considered “emotional” (“emotional”), “unique” (“special, unique”) , "reassurance" ("encouraging, newfound confidence"). In addition, in the studied material, one term was found that refers not only to the field of psychology, borrowed from the Hindi language - this is “guru” (“mentor, leading specialist”).

However, it should be noted that almost all of these borrowings occurred many centuries ago, respectively, these words can rightfully be considered English. There are not so many modern borrowings in terminology, since most of the leading specialists and scientists in the field of psychology are English-speaking, advanced textbooks and books are in English. Thus, rather, other languages ​​borrow psychological terms from modern English.

conclusionsByCHAPTERII.

In the course of practical work, a material consisting of 139 terms was considered. The terms were classified according to four type classifications.

It turned out that

1) The material used is dominated by theoretical terms. Their number is approximately equal to 93%. The remaining 7% are terms of observation. This is due to the fact that most of the concepts in psychology are aimed at describing the state of the psyche, the body's reaction to any action, and not at describing objects of material nature.

Conclusion

In the course of practical research, all the tasks of this work were achieved, namely: definitions of the concepts "Term", "Terminology" and "Terminological" system" were given; various classifications of terms are considered; the main ways of term formation in English are studied.

During the practical study, the following conclusions were drawn:

1) In psychological terminology, predominantly theoretical terms predominate. Their number is approximately equal to 93%. The remaining 7% are terms of observation.

2) In the classification according to the object of naming, the terms of mental states, processes and properties prevail. Their share of the total number of terms exceeds 70%. The remaining 30% share the terms of mental illness, the scientists who deal with it, and the tools they use.

3) In the psychological terminology of this material, there are most noun terms, the least (as in everyday speech) adverbs and participles, however, they are also present. There are fewer verb terms than adjectives, although the verb is the most important part of the English language.

4) During the study, it turned out that 76\139 terms are borrowed, i.e. almost 60%. Of these, almost half (30 words) came from Latin, about 30% (19 words) from French and slightly less (16 words) from Greek. However, almost all of these borrowings occurred many centuries ago, respectively, these words can rightfully be considered English.

Thus, this study meets all its requirements.

English psychological terminology sematic

Listusedsources

1. .Budileva T.V. Lexicology of the English language - M.: Education, 2001.

2. Danilenko V.P. History of Russian linguistics. Lecture course. Ed. 2 - Irkutsk, 2003.

3. Karashchuk P. M. Word formation of the English language. - M.: Higher School, 1997.

4. Lazutkina E.M. Culture of speech among other linguistic disciplines - M., 1996.

5. Leichik V.M. Terminology: subject, methods, structure Ed.3 - LCI, 2007

6. Nikitin. M.V. Some questions of the theory of word formation and the definition of conversion. "Uch. Zap. Vladimir State Ped. In-ta", 1996.

7. Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - St. Petersburg: Brockhaus-Efron, 1890-1907

I. http://www.textologia.ru/slovari/lingvisticheskie-terminy/termin/?q=486&n=1894

II. Yandex.Dictionaries › TSB, 1969-1978

III. http://www.pglu.ru/lib/publications/University_Reading/2008/III/uch_2008_III_00002.pdf

IV. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=obstacle

V. http://www.psychologies.co.uk/

Application

Practical research material.

6 relationship

8 confirmation

11 adolescence

16 an insecurity

17 reassurance

22 a self-esteem

23 an abandonment fear

24 a supportive environment

27 building happiness

28 a personality

32 a conflict resolution

35 a self-management

41 imagery techniques

45

50 a preconception

Chapter 51

61 flexibility

70 therapy session

74 an internal dialogue

76 a coping mechanism

79 a distinction

84 a psychologist

86 overthinking

88 clear-sighted

92 to communicate

93

98 independence

99 reassurance

101 to meta-communicate

103 evaluating

107 perspective

108 Imposter Syndrome

109 experience

112 a temptation

118 disappointed

119 to practice

123

124 emotional health

129 a nervous system

130 physical effect

132 mood-lifting

133 a relaxation

139 an improvisation

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A. A. Lobanova, L. M. Lemaykina

In the modern era, the ability to speak foreign scientific speech is of great importance for the professional implementation of a research scientist. For successful communication between researchers of different nationalities, scientific texts are the most suitable, since they combine the necessary qualities, representing a kind of communicative act between them and at the same time being an indicator of the cultural and scientific level of a particular country.

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Translation of scientific texts on psychology belongs to the informative (special) type of translation. The main stylistic feature of a scientific text is an accurate and clear presentation of the material, the ultimate saturation with special terminology, characteristic of this branch of knowledge.

The psychological text is full of terms that carry the main load. For such terms, the main requirement is the utmost accuracy of the expression of thought, which does not allow for the possibility of various interpretations. Therefore, the main requirement for the term is unambiguity, i.e., the presence of one established value.

In the article translated by us “The Intuitive Process: The Case of Psychotherapy”, Hans Welling (“The process of intuition: a psychotherapy session” by Hans Welling), psychological terms were identified, ways and methods of their translation were considered.

Let us give examples of the translation of terms, defining them according to the morphological structure on the material indicated above.

Examples of simple terms: intuition - intuition; solution - solution; sensation - sensation; perception - perception.

Examples of complex terms: psychotherapy - psychotherapy; counterpart - analogue; guideline - an indication.

Terms-phrases can have two, three or more components: incubation phenomenon - a hidden phenomenon; incubation stage - hidden stage.

When translating terms, as well as commonly used words, there are the following techniques and methods:

Equivalents: discovery - discovery; result - result; image - image; concept - concept.

Analogues: subject - subject; interest - interest.

Adequate replacement: principle - source; entity - image; case - session; oddness - strangeness.

Transliteration: intuition - intuition; function - function; role - role; cognitive - cognitive.

Translation of terms - phrases.

Tracing: common phenomenon - a common phenomenon; sense of importance - a sense of importance; feeling of contradiction - a feeling of contradiction; physical sensation - physical sensation; extreme case - an emergency case.

Translation using the Russian genitive case: intuitive phenomena - the phenomenon of intuition; pattern recognition - recognition of patterns; detection phase – detection phase; somatic marker hypothesis – figurative decision phase.

Translation using contextual correspondence: logic or rational process - the process of logical or rational thinking; a long-sought-for solution - a long-awaited solution; feeling confused - a feeling of confusion.

From the above examples, it can be seen that a psychological term can be "one-word and consist of a keyword, or represent a terminological group, which includes a keyword or the core of a group, one or more left definitions, and one or more right or prepositional definitions that clarify or modify the meaning of the term" . Since a characteristic feature of the term is the clarity of semantic boundaries, it has a much greater independence in relation to the context than ordinary words. The dependence of the meaning of a term on the context arises only if there is polysemy in it, that is, if more than one meaning is assigned to the term in a given field of knowledge.

1. Vinogradov, B.C. Introduction to translation studies (general and lexical issues) / V. S. Vinogradov. M.: Publishing House of the Institute of General Secondary Education of the Russian Academy of Education, 2001. 224 p.

minimum dictionary

PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS

with index of Russian equivalents

ENGLISH RUSSIAN BASIC DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL

supplemented with index of Russian equivalents

MOSCOW 1993

Compiled by: V.V. Luchkov, V.R. Rokityansky

The authors are grateful for

technical and financial assistance in work

over the Russian-American dictionary

Exchange Center.

© Publishing house "Way"

© Design, computer layout of the company "Logic Fantasy"

REQUIRED EXPLANATIONS

This English-Russian minimum dictionary of psychological terms is being published in order to satisfy to some extent an obvious, long-standing need. Its main purpose is to serve as an aid in reading and translating English-language psychological literature, the interest in which is now great - and not only among professional psychologists.

When compiling the dictionary, in addition to a large vocabulary data bank, on which the compilers worked for many years, glossaries from several English-language psychology textbooks were used. We also checked our vocabulary against the Russian Concise Psychological Dictionary and J. Drever's English Dictionary (see the list of references below). This allows us to consider that the selected terms are among the most important and widely used.

In the existing psychological dictionaries, a large share (in Drever's about 2/3) is the vocabulary of areas adjacent to psychology (physiology, general biology, mathematical statistics, logic, etc.). We decided to deviate from this custom and completely exclude such terms - for quite practical reasons: in the minimum dictionary they could be presented only very sparingly, the most famous and cited in general language dictionaries. At the same time, this allowed us to present with great completeness the terms of all sections and most areas of psychology in a dictionary of such a small volume (1190 terms).

In a number of cases, we found it useful to give not only the Russian equivalents of the term, but also additional information: a) a label indicating that the term belongs to a certain area of ​​functioning (a narrower subject area, direction, work of one researcher) and b) an explanation designed to help the reader or translator in cases where the Russian translation may be incomprehensible or misleading. These explanations do not pretend to be strict definitions. Notes and explanations are printed in italics.

All terms are listed alphabetically. Within compound terms, direct word order is used throughout. Russian equivalents are given separated by commas; through a semicolon - meanings differing in shades (in cases where the corresponding concept has not yet been established and the term has not lost the ambiguity of a common language word); under the numbers - essentially different meanings (different concepts).

Finally, the dictionary contains an alphabetical index of used Russian terms with numbers of their English equivalents. This index can, with some restrictions, be used as a Russian-English dictionary. The user is recommended to: 1) remember that the translation of the English term is not always common in Russian psychological terminology, and 2) when using the "Russian-English dictionary", get acquainted with the explanations in the English-Russian part of the dictionary.

Deciphering the litters

Adler Vygotsky James Klein

Sullivan

A. Adler, 1870-1937, Austria L.S. Vygotsky, 1896-1934, USSR WJames, 1842-1910, USA

K.Lewin, 1890-1947, Germany, USA A.Maslow, 1908-1970, USA H.A.Murray, 1893-1988, USA G.W.Allport, 1897-1967, USA J.Piaget, 1896-1980, Switzerland H.S.Sullivan, 1892-1949, USA E.C.Tol man, 1886-1959, USA V. Frankl, p. 1905, Austria E.Fromm, 1900-1980, Germany, USA C.L.Hull, 1884-1952, USA C.G.Jung, 1875-1962, Switzerland

Labels indicating whether a term belongs to a subject area or direction

bihev. ter. behavioral therapy

gest. Gestalt psychology

ist. history of psychology

psicoan. psychoanalysis

psychometer. psychometry

ticuxomep. psychotherapy

psychophys. psychophysics

stomped. topological psychology

fact. He. factor analysis

existential. existentialism

egpol. ethology

behavioral therapy

Gestalt psychology

history of psychology

topological psychology

References

When working on our database of vocabulary information, on the whole, an extensive and diverse dictionary-reference and monographic literature on psychology and related fields of knowledge and practice was used, the complete list of which is hundreds of titles. Of course, all existing English-language psychological dictionaries and encyclopedias (English & English, Wolman, Eysenck, Chaplin, etc.) and the few dictionaries and reference books on psychology that were published in Russian take their place of honor in this list. All this literature, one might say, in an indirect way - due to the use of previously collected information by us - is also involved in the compilation of this minimum dictionary. Listed below are a few books that were used directly in the process of working on this dictionary, mainly as a guide to the selection of a minimum of the most important and most commonly used terminology.

Brief psychological dictionary. /Comp. L.A. Karpenko. General ed. A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky. - M.: Politizdat, 1985.

Drever J. A Dictionary of Psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967.

Hassett J. Psychology in Perspective. - New York: Harper and Row, 1984.

Houston J.P. a.o. Essentials of Psychology." - Orlando etc.: Academic Press, Inc., 1985. - 2nd ed.

Price R.H. a.o. Principles of Psychology. - New York etc.: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1988.

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY

abasement need 1

abient behavior = avoidance 2

ability 3

ability test test (for evaluation) of abilities 4

abnormal behavior 5

abnormal personality psychopathy, personality disorder 6

abnormal psychology

abreaction (psychoan.) reaction, abreak- 8

tion (removal of emotional stress by a certain way organized re-experiencing the situation that caused the stress)

absent-mindedness 9

absolute threshold (psychophysical) absolute threshold 10

absorption ^absorption (of something) 11