Language means examples. What are the means of expression in the Russian language: examples. The use of speech means of expression

The Russian language is one of the richest, most beautiful and complex. Last but not least, the presence of a large number means of verbal expression.

In this article, we will analyze what a language tool is and what types it comes in. Consider examples of use from fiction and everyday speech.

Language means in Russian - what is it?

The description of the most ordinary object can be made beautiful and unusual by using language

Words and expressions that give expressiveness to the text are conditionally divided into three groups: phonetic, lexical (they are also tropes) and stylistic figures.

To answer the question of what a language tool is, let's get to know them better.

Lexical means of expression

Tropes are linguistic means in the Russian language, which are used by the author in a figurative, allegorical sense. Widely used in works of art.

Paths serve to create visual, auditory, olfactory images. They help to create a certain atmosphere, to produce the desired effect on the reader.

Lexical means of expression are based on implicit or explicit comparison. It may be based on external resemblance, personal associations of the author, or the desire to describe the object in a certain way.

Basic language tools: trails

We are confronted with trails from the school bench. Let's take a look at the most common ones:

1. The epithet is the most famous and common trope. Often found in poetry. An epithet is a colorful, expressive definition that is based on a hidden comparison. Emphasizes the features of the described object, its most expressive features. Examples: "ruddy dawn", "light character", "golden hands", "silver voice".
2. Comparison is a word or expression based on the comparison of one object with another. Most often it is drawn up in the form of a comparative turnover. You can find out by using the unions characteristic of this technique: as if, as if, as if, as, exactly, what. Consider examples: “transparent as dew”, “white as snow”, “straight as a reed”.
3. Metaphor is a means of expression based on hidden comparison. But, unlike it, it is not formalized by unions. A metaphor is built relying on the similarity of two objects of speech. For example: "onions of churches", "whisper of grass", "tears of heaven".
4. Synonyms are words that are close in meaning but differ in spelling. In addition to classical synonyms, there are contextual ones. They take on a specific meaning within a particular text. Let's get acquainted with examples: "jump - jump", "look - see".
5. Antonyms are words that have exactly the opposite meaning to each other. Like synonyms, they are contextual. Example: “white - black”, “shout - whisper”, “calm - excitement”.
6. Impersonation is the transfer of attributes to an inanimate object. characteristic features animated. For example: “the willow shook its branches”, “the sun smiled brightly”, “the rain pounded on the roofs”, “the radio chirped in the kitchen”.

Are there other paths?

There are a lot of means of lexical expressiveness in the Russian language. In addition to the group familiar to everyone, there are those that are unknown to many, but also widely used:

1. Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another that has a similar or the same meaning. Let's get acquainted with examples: "hey, blue jacket (appeal to a person in a blue jacket)", "the whole class opposed (meaning all the students in the class)".
2. Synecdoche is the transfer of comparison from part to whole, and vice versa. Example: “it was heard how the Frenchman rejoiced (the author speaks of the French army)”, “the insect flew in”, “there were a hundred heads in the herd”.
3. Allegory is an expressive comparison of ideas or concepts using artistic image. Most often found in fairy tales, fables and parables. For example, the fox symbolizes cunning, the hare - cowardice, the wolf - anger.
4. Hyperbole is deliberate exaggeration. Serves to give the text more expressiveness. Emphasizes a certain quality of an object, person or phenomenon. Let's get acquainted with examples: "words destroy hope", "his deed is the highest evil", "he became more beautiful forty times."
5. Litota is a special understatement real facts. For example: “it was thinner than a reed”, “it was no higher than a thimble”.
6. Paraphrase is the replacement of a word or expression with a synonymous combination. Used to avoid lexical repetitions in one or adjacent sentences. Example: "the fox is a cunning cheat", "the text is the brainchild of the author."

Stylistic figures

Stylistic figures are linguistic means in the Russian language that give speech a certain imagery and expressiveness. Change the emotional coloring of its meanings.

Widely used in poetry and prose since the time of ancient poets. However, modern and obsolete interpretations of the term differ.

IN ancient greece It was believed that stylistic figures are linguistic means of language, which in their form differ significantly from everyday speech. Now it is believed that figures of speech are an integral part of the spoken language.

What are stylistic figures?

Stylistics offers a lot of its own means:

1. Lexical repetitions (anaphora, epiphora, compositional junction) are expressive language means that include the repetition of any part of a sentence at the beginning, end, or at the junction with the next. For example: “That was a great sound. It was the best voice I've heard in years."
2. Antithesis - one or more sentences built on the basis of opposition. For example, consider the phrase: "I drag myself in the dust - and soar in the sky."
3. Gradation is the use of synonyms in a sentence, arranged according to the degree of increase or decrease of a feature. Example: "The sparkles on the Christmas tree shone, burned, shone."
4. Oxymoron - the inclusion in the phrase of words that contradict each other in meaning, cannot be used in one composition. the brightest and famous example this stylistic figure - " Dead Souls».
5. Inversion is a change in the classical order of words in a sentence. For example, not "he ran", but "he ran".
6. Parceling is the division of a single sentence into several parts. For example: “Nicholas is opposite. Looks without blinking.
7. Polyunion - the use of unions to connect homogeneous members of the proposal. It is used for greater speech expressiveness. Example: "It was a strange and wonderful and beautiful and mysterious day."
8. Unionlessness - the connection of homogeneous members in the proposal is carried out without unions. For example: "He rushed about, shouted, cried, moaned."

Phonetic means of expression

Phonetic expressive means are the smallest group. They include the repetition of certain sounds in order to create picturesque artistic images.

Most often this technique is used in poetry. The authors use the repetition of sounds when they want to convey the sound of thunder, the rustle of leaves or other natural phenomena.

Also, phonetic means help to give poetry a certain character. By using some combinations of sounds, the text can be made more rigid, or vice versa - softer.

What are the phonetic means?

1. Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonants in the text, creating the image necessary for the author. For example: "I dreamed of catching the departing shadows, the departing shadows of the fading day."
2. Assonance is the repetition of certain vowel sounds in order to create a vivid artistic image. For example: "Do I wander along the noisy streets, do I enter a crowded temple."
3. Onomatopoeia is the use of phonetic combinations that convey a certain clatter of hooves, the sound of waves, the rustle of leaves.

The use of speech means of expression

Linguistic means in the Russian language were widely used and continue to be used in literary works, whether it be prose or poetry.

Excellent mastery of stylistic figures is demonstrated by the writers of the golden age. Due to the masterful use of expressive means, their works are colorful, figurative, and pleasing to the ear. No wonder they are considered a national treasure of Russia.

We encounter linguistic means not only in fiction, but also in Everyday life. Almost every person uses comparisons, metaphors, epithets in his speech. Without realizing it, we make our language beautiful and rich.

Our language is an integral and logically correct system. Its smallest unit is the sound, the smallest meaningful unit is the morpheme. Words are made up of morphemes, which are considered the main language unit. They can be considered in terms of their sound, pronunciation, as well as in terms of structure, as parts of speech or as members of a sentence.

Each of these linguistic units corresponds to a certain linguistic layer, tier. A sound is a unit of phonetics, a morpheme is a unit of morphemics, a word is a unit of vocabulary, parts of speech are units of morphology, and sentences are units of syntax. Morphology and syntax together make up grammar.

At the level of vocabulary, tropes are distinguished - special turns of speech, giving it special expressiveness. Similar means at the level of syntax are figures of speech. As you can see, everything in the language system is interconnected and interdependent.

Lexical means

Let us dwell on the most striking language means. Let's start with the lexical level of the language, which - we recall - is based on words and their lexical meanings.

Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in their lexical meanings. For example, beautiful - lovely.

Some words or combinations of words acquire a close meaning only in a certain context, in a certain language environment. This contextual synonyms.

Consider the sentence: Day was august, sultry, painfully boring" . Words august , sultry, painfully boring are not synonyms. However, in this context, when characterizing summer day, they acquire a similar meaning, acting as contextual synonyms.

Antonyms

Antonyms are words of one part of speech with the opposite lexical meaning: high - low, high - low, giant - dwarf.

Like synonyms, antonyms can be contextual, that is, to acquire the opposite meaning in a certain context. Words wolf And sheep, for example, out of context are not antonyms. However, in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky "Wolves and Sheep" two types of people are depicted - people-"predators" ("wolves") and their victims ("sheep"). It turns out that in the title of the work the words wolves And sheep, acquiring the opposite meaning, become contextual antonyms.

Dialectisms

Dialectisms are words that are used only in certain localities. For example, in southern regions Russia beet has a different name beetroot. In some areas, the wolf is called a biryuk. Veksha(squirrel), hut(house), towel(towel) - all these are dialectisms. In literary works, dialectisms are used most often to create local color.

Neologisms

Neologisms are new words that have recently come into the language: smartphone, browser, multimedia and so on.

obsolete words

In linguistics, words that have gone out of active use are considered obsolete. Obsolete words are divided into two groups - archaisms and historicisms.

Archaisms- These are obsolete names of objects that exist to this day. Other names, for example, used to have eyes and a mouth. They were named accordingly. eyes And mouth.

historicisms- words that have fallen into disuse due to the disappearance of the concepts and phenomena they designate. Oprichnina, corvee, boyar, chain mail- objects and phenomena called by such words, in modern life No, which means that these are historic words.

Phraseologisms

Phraseologisms adjoin lexical language means - stable combinations words reproduced in the same way by all native speakers. Like snow fell on your head, play spillikins, neither fish nor meat, work carelessly, turn up your nose, turn your head ... What kind of phraseological units are not in the Russian language and what aspects of life they do not characterize!

trails

Tropes are turns of speech based on a game with the meaning of a word and giving speech a special expressiveness. Consider the most popular trails.

Metaphor

Metaphor - the transfer of properties from one object to another on the basis of any similarity, the use of a word in a figurative sense. Metaphor is sometimes called a hidden comparison - and for good reason. Consider examples.

Cheeks are burning. The word is used figuratively are burning. Cheeks seem to burn - that's what a hidden comparison is like.

Sunset bonfire. The word is used figuratively bonfire. The sunset is compared to a fire, but it is compared hiddenly. This is a metaphor.

Expanded metaphor

With the help of a metaphor, a detailed image is often created - in this case, not one word, but several, acts in a figurative sense. Such a metaphor is called expanded.

Here is an example, the lines of Vladimir Soloukhin:

“The Earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe.”

The first metaphor Earth is a cosmic body- gives birth to the second - we, people are astronauts.

As a result, a whole detailed image is created - astronauts make a long flight around the sun on the ship-Earth.

Epithet

Epithet– colorful artistic definition. Of course, epithets are most often adjectives. Moreover, adjectives are colorful, emotionally evaluative. For example, in the phrase golden ring word golden is not an epithet, this is a common definition that characterizes the material from which the ring is made. But in the phrase golden hair, golden soul - golden, golden- epithets.

However, other cases are also possible. Sometimes a noun acts as an epithet. For example, frost-voivode. Governor in this case, the application is, that is, a kind of definition, which means that it may well be an epithet.

Often epithets are emotional, colorful adverbs, for example, funny in the phrase merrily walks.

Permanent epithets

Permanent epithets are found in folklore, oral folk art. Remember: in folk songs, fairy tales, epics, the good fellow is always kind, the girl is red, the wolf is gray, and the earth is damp. All these are constant epithets.

Comparison

Assimilation of one object or phenomenon to another. Most often it is expressed by comparative turns with unions as, as, exactly, as if or comparative clauses. But there are other forms of comparison. For example, comparative adjective and adverb or the so-called creative comparison. Consider examples.

Time flies, like a bird(comparative turnover).

Brother is older than me(comparative turnover).

I younger brother(comparative degree of the adjective young).

meanders snake. (creative comparisons).

personification

endowment inanimate objects or phenomena by the properties and qualities of the living: the sun is laughing, spring has come.

Metonymy

Metonymy is the replacement of one concept by another on the basis of contiguity. What does it mean? Surely in geometry lessons you studied adjacent angles - angles that have one common side. Concepts can also be related, for example, school and students.

Consider examples:

School went out on Saturday.

Kiss plate ate.

The essence of metonymy in the first example is that instead of the word students the word is used shko la. In the second example, we use the word plate instead of the name of what is on the plate ( soup, porridge or something similar), that is, we use metonymy.

Synecdoche

Synecdoche is similar to metonymy and is considered a variation of it. This trope also consists in replacement - but in a replacement necessarily quantitative. More often plural is replaced by a single one and vice versa.

Consider examples of synecdoche.

"From here we will threaten to the Swede… "- thinks Tsar Peter in the poem by A.S. Pushkin" Bronze Horseman". Of course, I didn't mean just one. Swede, A Swedes- that is singular used instead of plural.

And here is a line from Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin": “We all look at the Napoleons”. It is known that the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was alone. The poet uses synecdoche - he uses the plural instead of the singular.

Hyperbola

Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration. "In a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned", - writes V. Mayakovsky. And Gogol's Taras Bulba had bloomers "as wide as the Black Sea."

Litotes

Litota is a trope, the opposite of hyperbole, an overstatement: a boy with a finger, a man with a fingernail.

Irony

Irony is called hidden mockery. At the same time, we put into our words a meaning that is directly opposite to the true one. "From off, smart, you wander your head", - such a question in Krylov's fable is addressed to the Donkey, which is considered the embodiment of stupidity.

paraphrase

We have already considered paths based on the replacement of concepts. At metonymy one word is replaced by another according to the adjacency of concepts, with synecdoche the singular is replaced by the plural or vice versa.

Paraphrase is also a substitution - a word is replaced by several words, a whole descriptive phrase. For example, instead of the word "animals" we say or write "our smaller brothers." Instead of the word "lion" - the king of beasts.

Syntactic means

Syntactic means are such linguistic means that are associated with a sentence or phrase. Syntactic means are sometimes called grammatical, since syntax, along with morphology, is part of grammar. Let's dwell on some syntactic means.

Homogeneous members of a sentence

These are sentence members that answer the same question, refer to one word, are one member of the sentence, and, in addition, are pronounced with a special enumeration intonation.

grew in the garden roses, chamomile,bells . - This sentence is complicated by homogeneous subjects.

Introductory words

These are words that more often express an attitude to what is being reported, indicate the source of the message or the way the thought is framed. Let's analyze the examples.

Fortunately, snow.

Unfortunately, snow.

Maybe, snow.

According to a friend, snow.

So, snow.

The above sentences convey the same information. (snow), but it is expressed with different feelings (fortunately, unfortunately) with uncertainty (maybe), indicating the source of the message (according to a friend) and way of thinking (So).

Dialogue

A conversation between two or more people. Let us recall, as an example, a dialogue from a poem by Korney Chukovsky:

- Who's talking?
- Elephant.
- Where?
- From a camel...

Question-answer form of presentation

This is the construction of the text in the form of questions and answers to them. "What's wrong with piercing gaze? - the author asks at the same time. And he answers himself: “And everything is bad!”

Separate members of the sentence

Secondary members of a sentence, which are distinguished by commas (or dashes) in writing, and by pauses in speech.

The pilot talks about his adventures, smiling at the audience (a sentence with a separate circumstance, expressed by a participial turnover).

The children went out into the field illuminated by the sun (a sentence with a separate circumstance, expressed by participial turnover).

Without a brother his first listener and admirer, he would hardly have achieved such results.(offer with a separate common application).

Nobody, except for her sister didn't know about it(offer with a separate addition).

I will come early at six o'clock in the morning (a sentence with a separate clarifying circumstance of time).

Figures of speech

At the level of syntax, special constructions are distinguished that give expressiveness to speech. They are called figures of speech, as well as stylistic figures. These are antithesis, gradation, inversion, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, rhetorical appeal, etc. Consider some of the stylistic figures.

Antithesis

In Russian, antithesis is called opposition. As an example, we can cite the proverb: "Learning is light, and ignorance is darkness."

Inversion

Inversion is reverse word order. As you know, each of the members of the proposal has its "legitimate" place, its position. Thus, the subject must come before the predicate, and the definition must come before the word being defined. Certain positions are assigned to the circumstance and addition. When the order of words in a sentence is violated, we can talk about inversion.

Using inversion, writers and poets achieve the desired sound of the phrase. Remember M.Yu. Lermontov's poem "Sail". Without the inversion, his first lines would sound like this: "A lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea". The poet used inversion and the lines sounded amazing:

White sail lonely

In the mist of the blue sea...

gradation

Gradation - the arrangement of words (as a rule, which are homogeneous members, in ascending or descending order of their meanings). Consider examples: "This optical illusion, hallucination, mirage« (a hallucination is more than an optical illusion, and a mirage is more than an optical illusion). Gradation is both ascending and descending.

Parceling

Sometimes, to enhance expressiveness, the boundaries of the sentence are deliberately violated, that is, parceling is used. It consists in fragmenting the phrase, in which incomplete sentences(that is, such constructions, the meaning of which is unclear out of context). An example of parceling is headline: “The process has begun. Back" ("The process went back" - this is how the phrase looked before crushing).

It is known that not a single European lexicon can be compared with juiciness: this opinion is expressed by many literary critics who have studied its expressiveness. It has Spanish expansion, Italian emotionality, French tenderness. Language tools used by Russian writers resemble the strokes of an artist.

When experts talk about the expressiveness of a language, they mean not only the figurative means that they study at school, but also an inexhaustible arsenal of literary devices. There is no single classification of figurative and expressive means, however, language means are conditionally divided into groups.

In contact with

Lexical means

Expressive means, working at the lexical language level, are an integral part of a literary work: poetic or written in prose. These are words or phrases used by the author in a figurative or allegorical sense. The most extensive group of lexical means of creating imagery in the Russian language is literary tropes.

Varieties of trails

There are more than two dozen tropes used in the works. Table with examples combined the most used:

The article contains main trails, known in the literature, which are illustrated by a table with examples.

Sometimes archaisms, dialectisms, professionalisms are referred to as paths, but this is not true. These are means of expression, the scope of which is limited to the depicted era or area of ​​application. They are used to create the color of the era, the place described or the working atmosphere.

Specialized expressive means

- words that were once called objects familiar to us (eyes - eyes). Historicisms mean objects or phenomena (actions) that have gone out of use (caftan, ball).

Both archaisms and historicisms - means of expression, which are readily used by writers and screenwriters who create works on historical topics (examples are "Peter the Great" and "Prince Silver" by A. Tolstoy). Poets often use archaisms to create a sublime style (bosom, right hand, finger).

Neologisms are figurative means of language that have entered our lives relatively recently (gadget). They are often used in a literary text to create an atmosphere of a youth environment and an image of advanced users.

Dialectisms - words or grammatical forms used in colloquial speech residents of the same locality (kochet - rooster).

Professionalisms are words and expressions that are typical for representatives of a particular profession. For example, a pen for a printer is, first of all, a spare material that was not included in the room, and only then the place where the animals stay. Naturally, a writer who tells about the life of a printing hero will not bypass the term.

Jargon is the vocabulary of informal communication used in the colloquial speech of people belonging to a certain circle of communication. For example, language features text about the life of students will allow the word "tails" to be used in the sense of "exam debt", and not parts of the body of animals. This word often appears in works about students.

Phraseological turns

Phraseological expressions are lexical language means, whose expressiveness is determined by:

1. Figurative meaning, sometimes with mythological background (Achilles' heel).
2. Everyone belongs to the category of high set expressions (sink into oblivion), or colloquial turns (hang ears). These can be linguistic means that have a positive emotional coloring (golden hands - a load of approving meaning), or with a negative expressive assessment (small fry - a shade of disdain for a person).

Phraseologisms use, to:

• to emphasize the clarity and figurativeness of the text;
• build the necessary stylistic tone (colloquial or elevated), having previously assessed the linguistic features of the text;
• express the author's attitude to the reported information.

The figurative expressiveness of phraseological turns is enhanced due to their transformation from well-known to individual author's ones: to shine throughout Ivanovskaya.

A special group is aphorisms ( idioms ). For example, happy hours are not observed.

Aphorisms include works folk art: proverbs, sayings.

These artistic means are used in literature quite often.

Attention! Phraseologisms as figurative and expressive literary means cannot be used in formal business style.

Syntactic tricks

Syntactic figures of speech are turns used by the author in order to better convey the necessary information or the general meaning of the text, sometimes to give the passage an emotional coloring. Here are some syntactic means expressiveness:

1. Antithesis is a syntactic means of expressiveness based on opposition. "Crime and Punishment". Allows you to emphasize the meaning of one word with the help of another, opposite in meaning.
2. Gradations are expressive means that use synonymous words arranged according to the principle of the rise and fall of a feature or quality in the Russian language. For example, the stars shone, burned, shone. Such a lexical chain highlights the main conceptual meaning of each word - “shine”.
3. oxymoron - right opposite words nearby. For example, the expression "fiery ice" figuratively and vividly creates the contradictory character of the hero.
4. Inversions are syntactic expressive means based on the unusual construction of a sentence. For example, instead of "he sang" it says "he sang". At the beginning of the sentence, the word that the author wants to emphasize is taken out.
5. Parceling is the intentional division of one sentence into several parts. For example, Ivan is nearby. Worth watching. In the second sentence, an action, quality or sign is usually taken out, which takes on the author's emphasis.

Important! These figurative means Representatives of a number of scientific schools refer to stylistic. The reason for the replacement of the term lies in the influence exerted expressive means this group specifically on the style of the text, although through syntactic constructions.

Phonetic means

Sound devices in Russian are the smallest group of literary figures of speech. This is a special use of words with the repetition of certain sounds or phonetic groups in order to depict artistic images.

Usually such figurative means of language used by poets in poetry, or writers in lyrical digressions, when describing landscapes. The authors use repetitive sounds to convey thunder or the rustling of leaves.

Alliteration is the repetition of a series of consonants that create sound effects that enhance the imagery of the described phenomenon. For example: "In the silky rustle of snow noise." The pumping of sounds С, Ш and Ш creates the effect of imitation of the whistle of the wind.

Assonance - the repetition of vowel sounds in order to create an expressive artistic image: "March, march - we wave the flag / / We march to the parade." The vowel “a” is repeated to create an emotional fullness of feelings, a unique feeling of universal joy and openness.

Onomatopoeia - the selection of words that combine a certain set of sounds that creates a phonetic effect: the howl of the wind, the rustle of grass and other characteristic natural sounds.

Expressive means in Russian, tropes

Use of words of speech expressiveness

Conclusion

It is the abundance of figurative means expressiveness in Russian makes it truly beautiful, juicy and unique. Therefore, foreign literary critics prefer to study the works of Russian poets and writers in the original.

Figurative means of expressiveness of the language are artistic and speech phenomena that create the verbal imagery of the narrative: tropes, various forms instrumentation and rhythmic-intonational organization of the text, figure.

In the center are examples of the use of figurative means of the Russian language.

Vocabulary

trails- a turn of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. The paths are based on an internal convergence, a comparison of two phenomena, one of which explains the other.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on the similarity of features.

(p) “A horse is galloping, there is a lot of space,

It snows and lays a shawl"

Comparison- comparison of one object with another according to the principle of their similarity.

(p) “Anchar, like a formidable sentry,

It stands alone in the whole universe"

personification- a kind of metaphor, the transfer of human qualities to inanimate objects, phenomena, animals, endowing them with thoughts with speech.

(p) “Sleepy birches smiled,

Disheveled silk braids "

Hyperbola- an exaggeration.

(p) "Tears a yawning mouth wider than the Gulf of Mexico"

Metonymy- replacement of the direct name of an object or phenomenon with another one that has a causal relationship with the first.

(p) "Farewell, unwashed Russia,

The country of slaves, the country of masters ... "

paraphrase- similar to metonymy, often used as a characteristic.

(p) "Kisa, we will see the sky in diamonds" (get rich)

Irony- one of the ways of expressing the author's position, the skeptical, mocking attitude of the author to the depicted.

Allegory- the embodiment of an abstract concept, phenomenon or idea in a specific image.

(p) In Krylov's fable "Dragonfly" - an allegory of frivolity.

Litotes- an understatement.

(p) "... in big mittens, and himself with a fingernail!"

Sarcasm- a kind of comic, a way of displaying the author's position in a work, a caustic mockery.

(p) “I thank you for everything:

For the secret torment of passions... the poison of kisses...

For everything that I was deceived"

Grotesque- a combination of contrasting, fantastic with the real. Widely used for satirical purposes.

(p) In Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, the author used the grotesque, where the funny is inseparable from the terrible, in a performance staged by Woland in a variety show.

Epithet- a figurative definition that emotionally characterizes an object or phenomenon.

(p) “The Rhine lay before us all silver…”

Oxymoron- a stylistic figure, a combination of opposite in meaning, contrasting words that create an unexpected image.

(p) "heat of cold numbers", "sweet poison", "Living corpse", "Dead souls".

Stylistic figures

Rhetorical exclamation- the construction of speech, in which one or another concept is affirmed in the form of an exclamation, in a heightened emotional form.

(p) “Yes, this is just witchcraft!”

A rhetorical question- a question that does not require an answer.

(p) "What summer, what summer?"

Rhetorical address- an appeal that is conditional in nature, informing poetic speech of the desired intonation.

stanza ring- sound repetition located at the beginning and at the end of a given verbal unit - lines, stanzas, etc.

(p) "Affectionately closed the darkness"; " Thunder skies and guns thunder"

polyunion- such a construction of a sentence when all or almost all homogeneous members are interconnected by the same union

Asyndeton- omission of unions between homogeneous members, giving the worst. speech compactness, dynamism.

Ellipsis- an omission in the speech of some easily implied word, a member of a sentence.

Parallelism- concomitance of parallel phenomena, actions, parallelism.

Epiphora- repetition of a word or combination of words. Identical endings of adjacent poetic lines.

(p) “Baby, we are all a bit of a horse!

Each of us is a horse in his own way ... "

Anaphora- monotony, repetition of the same consonances, words, phrases at the beginning of several poetic lines or in a prose phrase.

(p) “If you love, then without reason,

If you threaten, it’s not a joke ... "

Inversion- a deliberate change in the order of words in a sentence, which gives the phrase a special expressiveness.

(p) “Not the wind, blowing from a height,

Sheets touched on a moonlit night ... "

gradation- the use of means of artistic expression, consistently reinforcing or weakening the image.

(p) “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”

Antithesis- opposition.

(p) “They came together: water and stone,

Poetry and prose, ice and fire…”

Synecdoche- transfer of meaning based on the convergence of the part and the whole, the use of singular instead of pl.

(p) “And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced ...”

Assonance- repetition in verse of homogeneous vowel sounds,

(p) "A son grew up without a smile at night"

Alliteration- repetition or consonance of vowels

(p) "Where the grove whinnying guns whinnying"

Refrain- exactly repeated verses of the text (as a rule, its last lines)

Reminiscence - in a work of art (mainly poetic), individual features inspired by involuntary or deliberate borrowing of images or rhythmic-syntactic moves from another work (someone else's, sometimes one's own).

(p) "I have experienced many, many"

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When we talk about art, literary creativity, we are focused on the impressions that are created when reading. They are largely determined by the imagery of the work. In fiction and poetry, there are special techniques for enhancing expressiveness. smart presentation, public speaking They also need ways to build expressive speech.

For the first time, the concept of rhetorical figures, figures of speech, appeared among the speakers of ancient Greece. In particular, Aristotle and his followers were engaged in their research and classification. Going into details, scientists identified up to 200 varieties that enrich the language.

The means of expressiveness of speech are divided by language level into:

• phonetic;
• lexical;
• syntactic.

The use of phonetics is traditional for poetry. The poem is often dominated by musical sounds that give poetic speech a special melodiousness. In the drawing of a verse, stress, rhythm and rhyme, and combinations of sounds are used for amplification.

Anaphora- repetition of sounds, words or phrases at the beginning of sentences, poetic lines or stanzas. “The golden stars dozed off ...” - a repetition of the initial sounds, Yesenin used a phonetic anaphora.

And here is an example of a lexical anaphora in Pushkin's poems:

Alone you rush through the clear azure,
You alone cast a sad shadow,
You alone grieve the jubilant day.

Epiphora- a similar technique, but much less common, with words or phrases repeated at the end of lines or sentences.

The use of lexical devices associated with the word, lexeme, as well as phrases and sentences, syntax, is considered as a tradition of literary creativity, although it is also widely found in poetry.

Conventionally, all means of expressiveness of the Russian language can be divided into tropes and stylistic figures.

trails

Tropes are the use of words and phrases in a figurative sense. Tropes make speech more figurative, enliven and enrich it. Some tropes and examples of them in literary work are listed below.

Epithet- artistic definition. Using it, the author gives the word an additional emotional coloring, its own assessment. To understand how an epithet differs from an ordinary definition, you need to catch when reading, does the definition give a new connotation to the word? Here is an easy test. Compare: late fall – Golden autumn, early spring- a young spring, a quiet breeze - a gentle breeze.

personification- transferring the signs of living beings to inanimate objects, nature: "The gloomy rocks looked sternly ...".

Comparison- direct comparison of one object, phenomenon with another. “The night is gloomy, like a beast ...” (Tyutchev).

Metaphor- transferring the meaning of one word, object, phenomenon to another. Similarity detection, implicit comparison.

“A fire of red mountain ash is burning in the garden ...” (Yesenin). The rowan brushes remind the poet of the flames of a fire.

Metonymy- renaming. Transfer of property, value from one object to another according to the principle of adjacency. “Which is in felt, let's bet” (Vysotsky). In felts (material) - in a felt hat.

Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy. Transferring the meaning of one word to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship: singular - plural, part - whole. “We all look at the Napoleons” (Pushkin).

Irony- the use of a word or expression in an inverted sense, mocking. For example, an appeal to the Donkey in Krylov’s fable: “From where, smart, are you wandering, head?”

Hyperbola- a figurative expression containing exorbitant exaggeration. It can relate to size, value, strength, other qualities. Litota, on the contrary, is an exorbitant understatement. Hyperbole is often used by writers, journalists, and litotes are much less common. Examples. Hyperbole: “In a hundred and forty suns the sunset burned” (V.V. Mayakovsky). Litota: "a man with a fingernail."

Allegory- a specific image, scene, image, object that visually represents an abstract idea. The role of the allegory is to point to the subtext, to force you to look for hidden meaning when reading. Widely used in fable.

Alogism- deliberate violation of logical connections for the purposes of irony. “That landowner was stupid, he read the Vesti newspaper and his body was soft, white and crumbly.” (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The author deliberately mixes logically heterogeneous concepts in the enumeration.

Grotesque- a special technique, a combination of hyperbole and metaphor, a fantastic surrealistic description. An outstanding master of the Russian grotesque was N. Gogol. On the use of this technique, his story "The Nose" is built. The combination of the absurd with the ordinary makes a special impression when reading this work.

Figures of speech

Stylistic figures are also used in literature. Their main types are displayed in the table:

Test "Means of artistic expression"

To test yourself on the assimilation of the material, take a short test.

Read the following passage:

“There, the war smelled of gasoline and soot, burnt iron and gunpowder, it gnashed its caterpillars, scribbled from machine guns and fell into the snow, and rose again under fire ...”

What means of artistic expression are used in an excerpt from the novel by K. Simonov?

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle,

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides.

A. Pushkin

The answer to the test is given at the end of the article.

Expressive language is, first of all, an internal image that arises when reading a book, listening to an oral presentation, presentation. Image management requires pictorial techniques. There are enough of them in the great and mighty Russian. Use them, and the listener or reader will find their image in your speech pattern.

Study expressive language, its laws. Determine for yourself what is missing in your performances, in your drawing. Think, write, experiment, and your language will become an obedient tool and your weapon.

Answer to the test

K. Simonov. The personification of war in a passage. Metonymy: howling soldiers, equipment, battlefield - the author ideologically combines them into a generalized image of war. The used methods of expressive language are polyunion, syntactic repetition, parallelism. Through this combination of stylistic devices, when reading, a revived, rich image of the war is created.

A. Pushkin. There are no conjunctions in the first lines of the poem. In this way, the tension, the saturation of the battle is conveyed. In the phonetic pattern of the scene, the sound “r” plays a special role in different combinations. When reading, a roaring, growling background appears, ideologically conveying the noise of battle.

If answering the test, you could not give the correct answers, do not worry. Just re-read the article.