Formal and informal institutions in the theory of institutional change D. North. Formal and informal social institutions Formal institution

Formal social institutions include:

1) economic institutions - banks, industrial establishments;

2) political institutions - parliament, police, government;

3) educational and cultural institutions - family, institute, etc. educational establishments, school, art institutions.

Informal institute is based on a personal choice of connections and associations among themselves, assuming personal informal service relations. There are no hard and fast standards. Formal institutions are based on a rigid structure of relations, while in informal institutions such a structure is situational. Informal organizations create more opportunities for creative productive activity, development and implementation of innovations.

Examples of informal institutions- nationalism, interest organizations - rockers, hazing in the army, informal leaders in groups, religious communities whose activities are contrary to the laws of society, a circle of neighbors.

All economic agents - the state, private companies, citizens doing business, etc. - act according to certain rules. They show what can and cannot be done, how to build relationships with other economic agents. These rules are called institutions.

Institutes- these are the rules by which economic entities interact with each other and carry out economic activity. (For example, this is the right of private property, or the procedure for opening and registering a new company, or the procedure for obtaining a state license to develop an oil field)

The concept of ownership. Subjects and objects of property. Types and forms of ownership. Modern theories of property. Reforming property. Transformation of property relations in the Republic of Belarus.

Own is a relationship between people that expresses a certain form of appropriation wealth, and in particular the form of appropriation of the means of production.

Under the ownership understand specific people (groups) who enter into property relations with each other. The subjects of ownership can be a separate individual, a group of people, society as a whole.

property name those elements of the conditions of production and the results of people's activities that are assigned by this subject.

Forms of ownership and their evolution:

Communal - the production of products in excess of needs and securing it by inheritance, property inequality, the decomposition of the community;

Slaveholding - the appropriation of the labor of slaves, the means of production; slaves are the property of slave owners;

Feudal - the production of a product within the subsistence economy of the feudal estate; exploitation of serfs;

Capitalist - hiring economically free work force, equality of subjects of ownership;

Corporate - joint-stock companies and firms;

State.

Property reform can carried out in the form of nationalization, denationalization and privatization.

Nationalization is the transformation of an object, economic resource or enterprise from private property into the property of the state or the whole country.

Denationalization is a set of measures to transform state property, aimed at eliminating the excessive role of the state in the economy. As a result, most functions are removed from the state economic management, the corresponding powers are transferred to the level of enterprises.

Privatization is one of the areas of denationalization of property, which consists in transferring it to the private ownership of individual citizens and legal entities.

In economic theory, two types of property relations are distinguished: private and public.. Private characterizes this type of appropriation (social form of production), in which the interests of an individual, social or other group dominate the interests of the whole society, as a unity of various parts. Public property characterizes this type of appropriation, in which interests are realized through their coordination.

In modern economic theory, a whole area of ​​economic analysis, called neo-institutionalism, has been developed. One of the most famous theories in this area is the economic theory of property rights.

Denationalization and privatization are processes of transfer of ownership from one form of ownership to another.

The Law of the Republic of Belarus "On the denationalization and privatization of state property in the Republic of Belarus" emphasizes that privatization is the acquisition by physical and legal property rights to objects owned by the state.

Under institutions refers to the rules that are established for the subjects of the economy. They may be formal in the form of laws and regulations or informal in the form of traditions and customs.

Advantages formal institutions:

- formalization of rules allows expanding their normative function, enables individuals to save on information costs, makes clearer sanctions for violation of these rules, eliminates the contradictions contained in them;

- formal rules are mechanisms for solving the free rider problem. If the relationship is not constantly recurring, then its participants cannot be forced informally to comply with the rule, since reputation mechanisms do not work. For such a relationship to be effective, the intervention of a third party is required. The third party is the formal rules;

- formal rules can counteract discrimination. As experience shows, informal institutions of network trade and finance contribute to economic development only up to a certain level, and then only formal institutions can provide returns on scale, because only they are able to create an atmosphere of trust and enable newcomers to freely enter the market.

Advantages and disadvantages informal institutions:

The advantages of informal institutions include, firstly, the ability to adapt to changing external conditions, preferences within the community, and other exogenous or endogenous changes. Secondly, the possibility of applying different sanctions in each specific case (after all, someone needs a strict warning, but someone has to be excluded from the group). The disadvantages of informal institutions are an extension of their strengths. Informal institutions are often characterized by ambiguous interpretation of the rules, a decrease in the effectiveness of sanctions, and the emergence of discriminatory rules.

The importance of institutions lies in the fact that they are the framework within which human relationships take place. If there is a goal of developing certain areas, then the state must first create rules for future interaction.

Main economic institutions Keywords: property, money, banks, trade, production.

Functions of economic institutions:

- integrating contributes to the realization of individuals as subjects of social production and significantly

facilitating the establishment of economic ties, providing savings on transaction costs.

- informational consists in the accumulation, selection and transmission of information in space and time. Performing an information function, economic institutions ensure the continuity of social reproduction.

- regulatory directs the activities of economic entities in the direction that is most useful to the economy as a whole and

tries to suspend the activities of subjects that bring negative consequences.

- negentropic the function is manifested in ensuring stability, increasing the level of organization of the national economy, and the ability to extinguish emerging fluctuations to a certain extent.

Question number 12. The concept of ownership. Subjects and objects of property. Types and forms of ownership. Modern theories of property. Property reform. Transformation of property relations in the Republic of Belarus.

From an economic point of view, PROPERTY is the relationship between people regarding the appropriation of the means of production and the wealth created with their help. The nature of the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods depends on who owns the means of production.

object property is always things. In system economic relations the object of ownership is the means of production.

Subject ownership can be: the state, citizens, collectives.

From this one can distinguish three property type:

- private property means that the rights to the object of ownership for the subject guarantees not only the freedom of its use, but also protection from interference by other subjects or states;

- communal property(general or corporate) differs from private sharing of ownership;

- state assumes that all accounting of property rights belongs simultaneously to all citizens of the country.

Within the framework of these types of ownership, their forms may exist: state, family, joint-stock, joint ventures, farming, etc. The procedure for the functioning of a particular form of ownership in the state is determined by the relevant legal laws.

in the western economics received widespread property rights theory, whose founders were R. Coase and A. Alchian.

The peculiarity of this theory is that, firstly, it does not use the concept of "property", but "property right". It is not a good in itself that is property, but a bundle or a share of the rights to use it - that is what constitutes property.

Reforming state property is to produce on a significant scale the denationalization of property - the transformation state form appropriation in various other forms of economy. However, the reform of state property should not lead to its complete elimination, since common indivisible property is everywhere used in the national interest. That's why we are talking O correct definition the boundaries of denationalization and the establishment of normal relations between the state and non-state sectors of the country's economy.

In all countries, the reform of state property is called privatization, which means the denationalization of property.

One of the main tools for reforming property in the Republic of Belarus is denationalization and privatization.

Denationalization and privatization in Belarus is carried out in two directions - “ small" (privatization of trade and services, small enterprises in industry and construction) and " big» (privatization large enterprises). Privatization is a reform of property relations aimed at transforming state and municipal enterprises to private. It should be noted that large Belarusian enterprises are not privatized, because they are the basis of our economy, the leaders technical progress in industries.

In all societies, people impose limits on themselves that allow them to structure their relationships with other people. With insufficient information and cognitive abilities, these limitations reduce the costs of interaction between people. It is easier to describe the formal rules created by a developed society and follow them than it is to describe the informal rules developed by people and follow those rules.

Formal institutions are institutions in which the scope of functions, means and methods of functioning are regulated by the prescriptions of laws or other regulatory legal acts, formally approved orders, regulations, rules, charters, etc. Formal social institutions include the state, the court, the army, family, school, etc. They carry out their management and control functions on the basis of strictly established formal regulations, negative and positive sanctions. Formal institutions play important role in stabilization and consolidation modern society. “If social institutions are mighty ropes of a system of social ties, then formal social institutions are a fairly strong and flexible metal frame that determines the strength of society.”

Formal social institutions include:

economic institutions - banks, industrial establishments;

political institutions - parliament, police, government;

educational and cultural institutions - family, institute and other educational institutions, school, art institutions.

Formal institutions are those that are fixed in written law (constitutions, decrees, laws, etc.).

Even in the most advanced societies, formal economic rules constitute a small part of the constraints that guide economic choice. The same formal rules in different societies have different manifestations. Revolutions, wars and occupations can completely change the system of formal rules (Japan, Russia).

Classification of formal rules:

• (1) positional - a set of status positions and the number of people who can occupy them,
• (2) restrictive - how people get into and out of positions,
• (3) sphere of influence rules - what can be influenced by a person's action, what are the benefits and costs of certain actions,
• (4) management rules - a set of actions that an individual can perform in a certain position,
• (5) aggregation rules - how the actions of a person in a certain position are transformed into the activities of a firm or society,
• (6) information rules - how officials communicate and exchange information.

Formal rules can complement informal restrictions and increase their effectiveness. They can reduce the costs of obtaining information, surveillance and enforcement, that is, regulate more complex exchanges. Finally, formal rules may be introduced to redefine informal restrictions.

Formal rules include political (legal) rules, economic rules, and direct contracts. Political and legal rules determine the structure of society and decision-making in it, as well as ways to control compliance with these rules. Economic rules define property rights (including the use of property, earning residual income, and restricting unauthorized access to property). Contracts establish the specific fact of the exchange of property rights and its conditions.

The function of the rules is to facilitate political or economic exchange in the interests of some of its participants (who seek to establish these rules). Sometimes players find it beneficial to spend resources on transforming existing formal institutions in order to change the rights they have.

Formal rules usually provide a mechanism for their protection, allowing to establish the fact of a violation, measure the extent of the violation and its consequences for the parties, and also punish the violator. But if the costs of evaluating the properties of the goods exchanged and the behavior of individuals exceed the gain, then there is no point in observing the rules and clarifying property rights. One of the reasons for enforcing and maintaining norms is the intervention of the law. Norms often precede laws but are then supported, governed, and extended by laws. The law supports the rule in several ways. The most obvious of them is that the law, by the power of the state, supports the mechanisms of private enforcement of norms. Under the influence of the law, the problem of enforcement of the norm as a collective good disappears, since special individuals (judges, policemen, inspectors) receive selective opportunities to find and punish violations.

Relationship between formal and informal social institutions

All human activity is institutionalized. Institutionalization can be formal or informal. Therefore, formal and informal institutions are distinguished.

In any society, all social institutions are interconnected and interconnected, they represent a complex integrated system. Such integration is based on the fact that any person, in order to satisfy his needs, needs to participate in various types social institutions, both formal and informal.

Remark 1

The system of interconnected institutions regulates the behavior of its members, provides them with the satisfaction of various needs, ensures the development of the group as a whole. This system in the social aggregate has a complex structure, and the development of needs leads to the formation of new institutions. Internal coherence in the activities of formal and informal institutions is a necessary condition for the functioning of the whole society.

Formal social institutions

Definition 1

A formal institution is a social institution in which the amount of means and methods of action, functions are regulated legal acts, prescriptions of laws, formally approved regulations, orders, regulations, rules, charters, job descriptions etc.

Formal institutions include:

• state,
• army,
• family,
• educational institutions,
• banks,
• production system, etc.

Formal institutions implement their managerial and control functions on the basis of strictly established formal sanctions (both positive and negative, associated with rewards or punishments).

Formal institutions play an important role in strengthening society, as they are both powerful ropes of the system of social ties and a flexible, strong framework that determines the strength of society.

Informal social institutions

Definition 2

An informal institution is a social institution in which there are no means and methods of activity established by formal rules, they are not defined and not enshrined in regulatory documents and legislative acts. There is no guarantee of organizational stability.

Informal institutions, broadly social sense, carry out management and control functions, as they are the result of the will and social creativity of citizens:

• political movement,
• interest groups,
• amateur creative amateur associations,
• cultural and social funds, etc.

In informal institutions, social control occurs on the basis of norms fixed in public opinion, customs and traditions, i.e. informal sanctions. Very often, informal sanctions are more effective means control over people's behavior than formal sanctions and rules of law. Sometimes it is more preferable for people to be punished by the official leadership or authorities than to accept the unspoken condemnation of a colleague of friends.

Remark 2

An example of an informal institution is the institution of friendship. Friendship is a stable phenomenon of human society in modern world characterized by a clear, fairly complete regulation. The institution of friendship has no institutions, no professional consolidation of rights and obligations, the status of partners. The forms of social control are positive (trust, duration of acquaintance, smile, sympathy) and negative (quarrel, resentment, gossip, termination of friendships) sanctions that are not formalized in the form of administrative regulations, regulations, etc.

Informal institutions play a significant role in the field of interpersonal communication in small groups.

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QUESTIONS. 1. What is the difference between formal and informal social institutions? Examples. 2. Associative and dissociative social processes. Conflict. Examples. 3. Thematic analysis of local television programs. 1. Social practice shows that it is vital for human society to consolidate certain types of social relations, to make them mandatory for members of a particular society or a particular social group. This primarily applies to those social relations, entering into which, members social group provide satisfaction of the most important needs necessary for the successful functioning of the group as an integral social unit. Thus, the need for the reproduction of material goods forces people to consolidate and maintain production relations; the need to socialize the younger generation and educate young people on the samples of the culture of the group makes it necessary to consolidate and support family relationships, relationship training young people. Systems social roles, statuses and sanctions are created in the form of social institutions, which are the most complex and important types of social ties for society. A social institution is an organized system of connections and social norms that integrates significant societal values ​​and procedures that meet the basic needs of society. These are fairly stable forms of organization and regulation. joint activities of people. Social institutions perform functions in society social management and social control as one of the elements of management. Social institutions guide the behavior of members of society through a system of sanctions and rewards. In social management and control, institutions play a very important role. Their task is not only to coercion. Every society has institutions that guarantee freedom in certain types activities - freedom of creativity or innovation, freedom of speech, the right to receive a certain form and amount of income, housing and free medical care. It is social institutions that support joint cooperative activities in organizations, determine sustainable patterns of behavior, ideas and incentives. Social institutions are classified on the basis of the content and functions they perform - economic, political, educational, cultural, religious. Social institutions can be divided into formal and informal. The criterion for division is the degree of formalization of the connections, interactions, and relations existing in them. Formal institutions are a way of organized construction based on the social formalization of connections, statuses and norms. Formal institutions ensure the flow of business information necessary for functional interaction. Regulate everyday personal contacts. Formal social institutions are regulated by laws and regulations. Formal social institutions include: . economic institutions - banks, industrial establishments; . political institutions - parliament, police, government; . educational and cultural institutions - family, institute and other educational institutions, school, art institutions. When the functions, methods of a social institution are not reflected in formal rules, laws, an informal institution is created. Informal institutions are a spontaneously formed system of social connections, interactions and norms of interpersonal and intergroup communication. Informal institutions arise where the malfunction of a formal institution causes a violation of functions important for the life and activity of the entire social organism. The mechanism of such compensation is based on a certain commonality of interests of the organizations of its members. An informal institution is based on a personal choice of connections and associations among themselves, assuming personal informal service relations. There are no hard and fast standards. Formal institutions are based on a rigid structure of relations, while in informal institutions such a structure is situational. Informal organizations create more opportunities for creative productive activity, development and implementation of innovations. Examples of informal institutions are nationalism, interest organizations - rockers, hazing in the army, informal leaders in groups, religious communities whose activities are contrary to the laws of society, a circle of neighbors. From the 2nd floor. 20th century In many countries, many informal organizations and movements (including the Greens) have emerged that deal with environmental activities and environmental issues, an informal organization of television drama lovers. So, an institution is a peculiar form of human activity based on a clearly developed ideology, a system of rules and norms, as well as developed social control over their implementation. Institutional activities are carried out by people organized into groups or associations, where the division into statuses and roles is carried out in accordance with the needs of a given social group or society as a whole. Institutions thus support social structures and order in society. 2. Social changes in society proceed as a result of the purposeful activity of people, which consists of individual social actions and interactions. As a rule, disparate actions can rarely lead to significant social and cultural changes. Even if one person has made a great discovery, many people must use it, introduce it into their practice. Thus, significant social changes occur in the process of joint actions of people who are not isolated, but, on the contrary, are unidirectional, mutually conjugated. Moreover, this pairing can often be unconscious due to the presence of motives and orientations in people. Social process - a set of unidirectional and repetitive actions that can be distinguished from many other cumulative actions. This is a consistent change in the phenomena of social life, social changes in dynamics. Social processes are classified into: associative - adaptation (submission, compromise, tolerance), assimilation, amalgamation. dissociative - competition, conflict, opposition. Adaptation is the adoption by an individual or group of cultural norms, values ​​and standards of action in a new environment, when the norms and values ​​learned in the old environment do not lead to satisfaction of needs, do not create acceptable behavior. A prerequisite process of adaptation is submission, since any resistance greatly complicates the entry of the individual into a new structure, and the conflict makes this entry or adaptation impossible. Compromise is a form of accommodation that means that an individual or group agrees to changing conditions and culture by partially or completely accepting new goals and ways to achieve them. Necessary condition for the successful course of the adjustment process is tolerance towards the new situation, new cultural patterns and new values. Assimilation is a process of mutual cultural penetration, through which individuals and groups come to a common culture shared by all participants in the process. Amalgamation is the biological mixing of two or more ethnic groups or peoples, after which they become one group or people. Competition is an attempt to achieve rewards by eliminating or outperforming rivals seeking identical goals. CONFLICT. Social conflict is a conscious clash, a confrontation between at least two people, groups, their mutually opposite, incompatible, mutually exclusive needs, interests, goals, attitudes and values ​​that are essential for individuals or groups. Social conflict is one of the forms of manifestation of social contradiction, moreover, at a certain stage of its development, this is the limiting case of aggravation of contradictions, when the opposites in it manifested themselves as completely independent forces. Arising on the basis of objective contradictions, social conflict at the same time cannot be reduced to contradictions. It is realized at the level of "subjectivity" of an individual, a certain group, party, etc. It differs from contradiction in that it is always subjectively conscious, expressed in a certain conscious position of each of the conflicting parties. Representatives of these parties know what position they take and what they want. Awareness of this leads to the formulation by the subjects of the conflict of certain goals and ideas, programs of action and struggle, to their contradiction in real life. practical actions to achieve the set goals and objectives. Few people approve of conflict processes, but almost everyone participates in them. If in competitive processes the rivals simply try to get ahead of each other, to be better, then in a conflict, attempts are made to impose their will on the enemy, change his behavior, or even eliminate him altogether. In this regard, conflict is understood as an attempt to achieve a reward by subjugating, imposing one's will, removing or even destroying an adversary seeking to achieve the same reward. In many cases of extreme manifestations of social conflicts, their result is the complete destruction of the enemy. In conflicts with a less violent form, the main goal of the warring parties is to remove opponents from effective competition by limiting their resources, freedom of maneuver, and reducing their status or prestige. For example, a conflict between a leader and executives in the event of the latter's victory can lead to the demotion of the leader, the restriction of his rights in relation to subordinates, a decrease in prestige, and, finally, to his departure from the team. Conflicts between individuals (interpersonal conflicts) are most often based on emotions and personal hostility, while intergroup conflict is usually faceless, although outbreaks of personal hostility are also possible. Each social conflict is unique, which means that the relations of people in the process of its development are also unique, but you can find some specific signs that are characteristic of conflict relations as such. With all the diversity, the behavior of people in them differs from the usual increased share of emotionality. In a conflict situation, people are guided to a greater extent by emotional considerations. The emerging conflict process is difficult to stop. This is explained by the fact that the conflict has a cumulative nature, i.e. every aggressive action leads to a response or retribution, and more powerful than the original. The main types of social conflicts include: interpersonal conflicts, conflicts between small, medium and large social groups, international conflicts between individual states and their coalitions. However, there are social conflicts such as "fights" when the opponents are divided by irreconcilable contradictions and one can count on the resolution of the conflict only in case of victory; there are conflicts of the “debate” type, where disputes and maneuvers are possible, but in principle both sides can count on a compromise; there are conflicts of the "game" type, where both parties operate within the same rules, so they never end and cannot end with the destruction of the entire structure of the relationship. This conclusion is of fundamental importance, since it removes the halo of hopelessness and doom around each of the conflicts. Interpersonal conflicts in the course of joint activities. The factor that protects (or, conversely, pushes) a person to conflict with others is his self-esteem (or assessment of his activities, status, prestige, social significance). "The world collapses completely for a person when it collapses inner world when a person begins to have a bad attitude towards the inner "I", when he is in captivity of a steadily low self-esteem. "If the relationship with colleagues and the perception of one's share of participation in the common work have a high degree significance, then the internal positive attitude towards constructive activity within the framework of this collective, group, society will remain. labor conflicts. In personal and intergroup relations, there is social tension, which is the opposite of interests and is understood as a level of conflict that changes over time. Social tension is the result of three interrelated factors: dissatisfaction, ways of its manifestation and mass character. Examples of labor conflicts are an increase in the working day, work outside working hours, a conflict between employees and a manager due to incompetence, bias of the second. Social conflicts in different public structures can manifest themselves as interethnic, social, labor and political conflicts and are most often caused by the consequences of economic and political reforms. Examples of the conflict are the war in Yugoslavia, where one of the reasons was the granting of national independence, the war in the Caucasus. Socio-political conflicts. . The main conflicts in the sphere of power in modern conditions act as: - conflicts between the branches of power (legislative, executive, judicial); - conflicts between political parties and movements; -conflicts between the links of the administrative apparatus, etc. Socio-economic conflicts. Along with demands for higher wages, higher living standards, and the elimination of debts, the demands of collectives are steadily growing, connected with defending their right to the property of enterprises. Serious prerequisites for conflicts contain socio-economic relations between medium and small entrepreneurs and power structures. Reasons: corruption; the uncertainty of the functions of many civil servants; ambiguous interpretation of laws. A factor contributing to the aggravation of the situation is the multiple difference in income between the richest and the poorest. Interethnic, interethnic conflicts. Caused by reasons related to socio-economic development, standard of living, political situation in them. These conflicts, in their structure, in the nature and severity of the confrontation, in the complexity of their regulation and resolution, are the most difficult among social conflicts. To social contradictions, linguistic and cultural problems, historical memory is added, which deepens the conflict. The origins of conflict relations: . physical needs (material well-being, food); . security needs; . social needs (communication, contacts, interaction); . the need to achieve prestige, knowledge, respect; . higher needs for self-expression, self-affirmation. The conflict takes place in three main stages: . pre-conflict situation; . direct conflict; . stage of conflict resolution. All conflicts have 4 main parameters: . the reasons for the conflict; . the severity of the conflict; . duration of the conflict; . consequences of the conflict. Social conflict has both a positive and a negative meaning: it makes social relations more mobile. The course of social life in conditions of consent unfolds evenly, slowly. Time seems to lose its grip on the events of life, but as soon as a conflict breaks out, everything starts to move. Habitual norms of behavior and activity, which have satisfied people for years, break off with amazing determination and without any regret. Under the blows of conflicts, the whole society, enterprise, organization can be transformed, but they can also collapse. The conflict can threaten the integration of people, cause a split in fragile groups, etc. It is the destructive manifestation of social conflict that is a problem that requires control and elimination. The task of managing social conflict is precisely to prevent its growth, to reduce its negative consequences. All social processes are closely interconnected and almost always occur simultaneously, thus creating opportunities for the development of groups and constant changes in society. 3. For thematic analysis, the program guide of the channel "1 + 1" was considered. For the first time in the history of Ukrainian television in 1995. A Ukrainian-language television company was formed, which today is able to compete not only with Ukrainian, but also with Russian and foreign television companies. Studio "1 + 1" is a modern family channel that takes into account the interests of all sectors of society. This is an authoritative, popular and competitive TV channel, which is distinguished from other TV companies by a single visual and conceptual integrity. Studio "1 + 1" broadcasts on the second national channel of Ukrainian television for 12 hours: from 7.00 to 10.00 and from 16.00 to 24.00. Self-produced programs are very popular, in particular historical and cultural programs: "Telemania" - each release is, in fact, a separate documentary film around a specific topic. sometimes this is a historical event, sometimes a person (not necessarily historical), sometimes a special report (not necessarily foreign), a look at Khreshchatyk over the last 100 years of its history; "Versions of Olga Gerasimyuk" - the author's program of Olga Gerasimyuk. These are versions of events that turn the life of a person or of all mankind, these are versions of life that change ideas about the world. Stories from life is scary, confusing, detective, but only truthful; "XXI -21" - - leading journalists offer their own special look at the main events of the week in Ukraine and in the world, as well as a talk show with the participation of politicians, cultural and art figures like "Taboo" - is based on a discussion basis. Taboo invites to participate in the program one "chief representative" from each side, who provide more informed professional judgment and answer questions from their opponents; entertainment and humorous programs "How to become a star" - created in the karaoke genre. Pop stars and show business take part in the program. But the real characters are spectators who perform a hit to the soundtrack; "SV-show" - a fun "talk on the road." Andrey Danilko in the image of Verka Serduchka accompanies the stars in their "television journeys". Ironic interview with coffee. Improvisation, surprises. The authors and presenters of these programs have become stars of Ukrainian television. The number of news on the channels has increased, which means the beginning of the next TV season. Studio "1 + 1" presents daily releases of the information program "TSN" - coverage of events that are of real interest to people. Studio "1 + 1" can be considered a leader: TSN are released on weekdays 8 times a day. Especially busy schedule in the morning from 7.00 to 10.00, when short and dynamic stories are on the air. The main program - at 21.45 - lasts about half an hour. Following this channel, Inter and STB TV channels provide more information about events in the country and the world than others. Now the morning episodes on the 1 + 1 channel conditionally consist of 3 parts: yesterday's events in Ukraine, news in the world and an announcement for the day. Daily releases, as a rule, also have their own theme, embedded in short stories. Results of the day, analysis of events and what they mean, forecasts in the evening news. Studio 1+1 stated that it is striving to become more of a journalistic channel, ie. to cover the most important things on a professional level, to use the “direct connection from the scene” technique. The disadvantage is insufficient familiarization with events outside of Kyiv. Also popular is the morning infotainment program “Snidanok z “1 + 1”, which has a high rating among viewers. Many TV programs try to entertain the viewer in the morning, but only the 1 + 1 channel offers to “have breakfast” together. The authors of "Snidanka" have a varied "TV menu" - numerous headings, quizzes and contests, hot news, music videos, astrological forecasts and weather forecast, medical advice and sports, arts and culture news. An important part of the program is a conversation in live with a guest - a famous and interesting person. Series and feature films occupy a significant place on the air. The programs of the 1+1 studio are very popular among the Ukrainian audience. This popularity has a predictable upward trend, which is confirmed by the comments of journalists in the press. LITERATURE. 1.Frolov S.S. "Sociology" M.1996 2.ed. Gorodyanenko V.G. "Sociology" Kyiv 1999 3. Manager's economic dictionary.