Participle and participle in a sentence. Reception "True and False Statements". c) When there are no interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles in direct speech - an interrogative sentence

“Communion” and “Green participle” are the topics that cause the greatest difficulty in preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, therefore their analysis deserves special attention, especially since the tasks related to these topics in parts A and B are enough:

A4 (attachment of adverbial turnover),

A6 (replacement of the attributive clause by participial turnover),

A11, B2 (morphology),

A13 (Н and НН in various parts of speech),

A16 (vowels in personal verb endings and participle suffixes),

A18 (NOT with different parts of speech),

A21 (punctuation marks in isolation),

B5 (find a sentence with separate members),

B1 (methods of word formation).

At the exam, graduates usually forget that participles can be not only real, but also passive, and passive ones can be not only full, but also short.

Full participles in a sentence are definitions, which is why they are confused with adjectives. And short passive participles are confused with short adjectives, with adverbs and verbs.

Many graduates do not understand what a gerund is. According to statistics, in "2011, 29% of the examinees for some reason decided that "established" is a gerund." A derivative preposition despite the union althoughusually very often put children in a dead end.

In order to systematically repeat spelling and punctuation on the topics “Communion” and “Gernal participle”, with the help of an enlarged block of rules, reference tables, algorithms, exercises and tests, I have developed this manual for consolidation.

According to analytical reports, most examinees make mistakes in tasks A11, which requires determining what part of speech is given word, and B2, where it is necessary to write out from the text the words belonging to a certain part of speech. For example, in 2011, only 40.6% of them were able to answer the question correctly. Moreover, such low results are repeated from year to year. As a consolation, we can say that even the luminaries of philological science cannot agree on which part of speech this or that word in different occasions. True, this consolation is weak, since the compilers of the tests disclose information about which opinion is correct in fragments. However, most mistakes can be avoided. Therefore, we recall with the help of what suffixes participles and participles are formed:

The participle answers the questionHow? What do you do? Having done what? and has

suffixes -in, -lice, -shi, -a (-ya), less often - teach (being), - yuchi (regretfully,

effortlessly)

1. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the selected word.
Now, received the support of the authorities, the inventor will be engaged in the manufacture of a new car.

1) full participle 2) short participle 3) gerund 4) adverb
2. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the highlighted word.
The literary language is the same folk language, only processed masters.
3) gerund 4) passive participle
3. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the highlighted word.
Current from the top, streams watered the roots with life-giving moisture.
1) full adjective 2) real participle
3) short adjective 4) passive participle
4. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the highlighted word.
Children, being schoolchildren do not realize the full responsibility.
1) verb 2) gerund
3) adjective 4) participle

The next block "Spelling of vowels in suffixes of participles and participles" (A16):

1. Do real participles the past tense before the suffixes -vsh- and -sh- the same vowel is written as the verb in the indefinite form before -t (glue - glued)

2. In passive past participles, the spelling of the vowel depends on what the verb ends with: if the verb ends in -it or -et, then the participle has the suffix -ENN-, and if the verb ends in -at or -yat, then participles are written -А-НН.

Note. Communion movable is an exception, because. has a suffix -im-, characteristic of passive participles formed from verbs of the II conjugation, in fact, this participle did not come from the verb move, but from an obsolete move.

Pinning test:

1. In which row is the letter I written in both words?

1. warming ... my, seeing ... having 2) salted ... ny, thrown out ... ny

3) purchased ... ny, glue ... ny 4) movable ... my, glued ...

2. In which row in both words is the letter E written at the place of the gap?

1. probed ... ny, overfed ... ny

2) scrolled ... remembered ... remembered

3) thrown ... ny, independent ... my

4) tray ... former, unfinished ...

3. In which row in both words is the letter A (I) written at the place of the gap?

1. invented ... ny, unpredictable ... ny

2) viewing ... my, trusting ...

3) hidden ... independent, independent ... May 4) seeded ..., checked ...

4. In which row in both words is the letter I written at the place of the gap?

1. drank ... ny, affected ... my 2) escaped ... ny, attached ... who

3) strict ... waving, glued ... 4) inflexible ... my, biting ... ny

5. In which row in both words is the letter A (I) written at the place of the gap?

1. pumping ... no (wheel), screened ... 2) penetration ... ny, oiled ... ny

3) applied ..., wary ... 4) spent ... who was, frustrated ...

We turn to the topic "Н and НН in the suffixes of participles and verbal adjectives"(A13):

NN is written in full passive past participles:

1. If the participles have a prefix other than NOT (the prefix Not does not affect the change of appearance): glued picture, painted fence.
2. If the participles carry a dependent word: a recently mowed meadow.

3. If participles are formed from non-prefixed verbs of the perfect form: abandoned (throw), given (give).

4. In verbal adjectives in -ovanny, -vanny (exception: forged, chewed, pecked): asphalted

N is written:

1. In short passive participles: the letter was not sent

1. In verbal adjectives, except for those that end in - ovanny, - ovanny: boiled
2. The spelling of verbal adjectives in compound words does not change, for example: one-colored, hot-rolled, washed - overwashed.

Exercises to consolidate knowledge:

Insert, where necessary, the letters missing in the suffixes of participles and verbal words

vowels and H or HH.

1. Knitted jacket, knitted jacket by sister, knitted jacket, knitted jacket..on.

2. Loaded .. wagon, loaded .. wagon with grain, unloaded .. wagon, unloaded wagon .. n.

3. Baked .. potatoes, baked .. potatoes in the ashes, baked .. bread, baked ..n bread.

4. Boiled milk.

5. Written beauty, unwritten law, written sheets, oil-painted portrait, oil-painted portrait.

6. Painted floors, unpainted floors, freshly painted floors, freshly painted floors, painted floors, painted floors with oil paint, painted floors.

7. Drank .. sugar, drank .. forest at the sawmill, sawed .. log, sawed log .. no.

8. Paved road, weak road, paved road, paved road, cobbled road, cobbled road.

9. Boiled .. potatoes, boiled .. potatoes, boiled .. potatoes in broth, boiled potatoes ..n, boiled .. nickname.

10. Torn .. pants, torn .. pants, torn .. pants in several places, torn pants ..s.

The next block is “Not with participles and participles” (A18):

Here we remind you that the participle, despite the fact, should be distinguished from homonymous Nes motya (on) - prepositions and Nes looking at the fact that - the union.

Strengthening exercise:

1. We wander across a field where the grass is (not) cut.

2. A far (un)justified act has been committed.

3. Documents (not) collected by the deadline were (not) needed anymore

4. Across the river stood an (un)completed house.

5. The (not) plowed field in autumn turned green.

6. He lived, (not) seeing everything around.

7. (Not) thinking about the future, Vera hurried away from this place.

8. An (un)finished manuscript was submitted for review.

9. (Not) burdened with worries, the children ran happily around the table.

10. At eight o'clock in the evening we finally got to the (un)silent sea.

11. An (un)diluted pause hung in the air.

12. The sound, (not) muffled by anything, freely poured through the village.

13. Many (dis)loved Belikov for his quarrelsome character.

14. All the sailors, (not) busy with the watch, went to the upper deck.

15. (Not) seeing anything under our feet, we slowly moved forward in the dusk of the night.

Algorithm

specific person

Yes No

Definitely personal.

vaguely personal,

Impersonal sentences

(with verbs you can, you need, you need, etc.)

Test:

1. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Talking about the richness of the language,

1) a discussion began in the audience

2) I became interested in this problem.

3) specific examples are required.

4) we meant his vocabulary

2. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Discovering organic matter in comets

1) a new hypothesis about the origin of life was put forward.

2) this gives grounds for important conclusions.

3) scientists have suggested that life could be introduced from space.

4) scientists have an assumption about the existence of life outside the Earth.

3. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Performing this song

1. there was a feeling of joy.

2) I tried to convey my mood.

1. the author's intent must be taken into account.

4) the audience listened well to the pianist.

4. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence:

Returning from a trip

1. an interesting incident happened.

2) we shared vivid impressions with friends.

3) I couldn't sleep.

4) interesting incidents on the way were remembered for a long time.

5. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Reading a new book

1. I was fascinated by her storyline.

2) preparations for the reader's conference began.

3) I am interested in history.

4) it helps to better understand the world around.

6. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Not counting on help

1) I started to lose strength.

2) The students completed the task on their own.

3) independence is very important.

4) the textbook helps to cope with difficult material.

7. Choose the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Carefully preparing for the performance,

1) the speaker's speech should nevertheless resemble improvisation.

2) the speaker's speech should contain good examples, images, humor.

3) a good speaker has figurative, emotional and at the same time logical speech.

4) The speaker delivered a persuasive speech.

8. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

studying history,

1) took a long time.

2) contemporaries learn the lessons of the past.

3) there is an opportunity to be proud of her past.

4) it helps to better understand the present.

9. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Playing chess

1) I have a headache. 2) we develop logical thinking.

3) the evening flew by unnoticed. 4) the will and observation are brought up.

10. Choose the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Creating an environmental forecast,

1) the state of the environment of our city is taken into account.

2) arrange it in the form of a map with special symbols.

3) special knowledge is required.

4) scientists have processed a large statistical material.

The next block is “Sentences with participial turnover” (A6)

Strengthening exercise:

1. In which sentence the subordinate clause of a complex sentence cannot be replaced separate definition, expressed by participial turnover?

1. French words and expressions that penetrate the Russian language are called gallicisms.

2) Environment in which living organisms exist is constantly changing.

3) In order to promote the development of literature and the literary language in the 18th century, a Russian Academy, which has become the main scientific center for the study of the Russian language and literature.

4) In the second half of the 18th century, French influence on the speech of Russian nobles, which played important role in the process of Europeanization of the Russian literary language, becomes predominant.

2. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by participial turnover?

1. This document is about creating economic union which provides for the elimination of customs barriers.

2) I remembered the woman from whom circumstances separated me twelve years ago.

3) In the morning I usually do the work that requires the most attention and stress.

4) It was at the age of 12 that an event occurred in Beethoven's life that predetermined his entire subsequent life and career.

3. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by participial turnover?

1. The hostility that should have existed among the peasants for the cornflower as a weed has never been.

2) The painting "Ship Grove" embodies the deepest knowledge of Russian nature, which was accumulated by the master over almost half a century of creative life.

3) Emerald grass and grayish milkweed greens descend to a shallow stream that slowly flows through the valley.

4) The snow that fell at dawn and had time to melt made the slope even more slippery.

In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a participial phrase?

1. V.A. Serov is the greatest portrait painter who made an invaluable contribution to the development of the Russian landscape.

2) The charm of a person can turn out to be an elastic mask, which either stretches in a smile, or gathers into a fist.

3) Chopin is one of the few Polish composers who composed only for the piano.

4) The courtyard in which I grew up was familiar to me to the smallest detail.

5. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by participial turnover?

1. In this chapter, Herzen writes about the ascetics of the Renaissance, who opened up new horizons for the human mind.

2) The paintings of Leonardo da Vinci show the mobility of the human face, which reflects the mobility of the human soul.

3) During the war years, V.Yu. Sviridov began to write military songs, of which the "Song of the Brave" became the most famous.

4) The artistic style of Vrubel, which after the death of the artist became the object of close study, was not accepted by the artist's contemporaries.

6. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by participle turnover?

1. A. Blok, who responded to Vrubel's work with beautiful poems, called Vrubel's "Demon" and Lermontov's "Demon" symbols of the time.

2) Numerous sketches of the artist, on which he worked especially enthusiastically at the time of his creative flowering, testify to his sensitivity to the trends in the development of Russian art.

3) One of the most striking was the impression of Constantinople, which combined in its appearance the features of Eastern and Western cultures.

4) The name of Aivazovsky was well known in the circles of the Turkish aristocracy, which at that time was actively involved in European culture.

7. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participial turnover?

1. About a hundred years ago, on Moskovskaya Street in Kursk, there was a two-story building, on the facade of which there was a sign “Confectionery N.P. Levashkevich".

2) Boris Shergin is a "writer of the soul, heart", who revealed the ideas of brotherhood, beauty, and mutual assistance.

3) Interesting is the original arrangement of the tower's light openwork balconies, which create an "air passage" from one part of the house to another.

4) The grandson of the famous confectioner O.V. participated in the opening of the exhibition. Levitsky, who became an architect.

8. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by participial turnover?

1. Among the masters of the older generation I.I. Shishkin represented with his art an exceptional phenomenon, which was not known in the field of landscape lyrics of previous eras.

2) Crisis phenomena in contemporary art, which are noted by many researchers, have actualized the issue of changes in artistic culture.

3) In this portrait, Repin did not hide the traces of a serious illness, which left a seal on the entire appearance of Mussorgsky.

4) The main condition for the operatic plot of P.I. Tchaikovsky considered the veracity of life situations that are reflected in it.

9. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by participial turnover?

1. This trip could give me such impressions that I could not get sitting at home.

2) Music theme, which is associated with Tatyana, with huge force conveys a premonition of a fatal meeting with Onegin.

3) A life that is equipped with the latest computer technology and modern technology becomes more rational.

4) the main task landscape painter - to create an image that smells not of paints, but of flowers.

Answers: 1. - 2); 2. - 2); 3. - 1); 4. - 4); 5. - 3); 6. - 2); 7. - 1); 8. - 1); 9.-1)

We dwell in detail on the topic “Punctuation marks in participial turnover” (A21, B5)

The participial turnover is isolated if:

1. It stands after the word being defined, for example: The wind, which scattered dust throughout the district, was not going to give up.

1. Two or more agreed single definitions are separated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition, for example: Favorite faces, dead and alive, come to mind. (Turgenev)

1. If the definition is torn off in the text from the noun being defined, for example: The eyes closed and, half-closed, also smiled (Turgenev). And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on a bare slope. (Sholokhov)
2. Agreed widespread or single definitions that stand immediately before the noun being defined are isolated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, temporary), for example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house (Pushkin).

1. Agreed definitions related to the personal pronoun are separated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition, for example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly (Chekhov).

The participle turnover is not isolated:

1. If it stands before a defined noun (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning), for example: The detachment that left early in the morning has already passed four miles (L. Tolstoy).

1. With inversion, for example: He could hear things rather unpleasant for himself if Grushnitsky had guessed the truth unequally (Lermontov).

1. With a single communion, for example: Windswept clouds spread across the sky.
2. With homogeneous participial revolutions connected coordinating conjunctions and, or, yes (meaning AND), for example: thundercloud, at times sparkling with lightning and making a displeased rumble, hurried to the northeast.

"Punctuation marks in participial turnover"(A21, B5)

The participle and participle turnover are separated:

1. Participial turnover, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate, for example: Joy, entering one house, introduced inescapable grief into another (Sholokhov).

2. Two single gerunds are separated, acting as homogeneous circumstances, for example: Grumbling and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room (Chekhov).

The participle and participle turnover are not separated if:

1. The participle is at the end of the sentence and takes on an adverbial meaning, for example: They sat by the river in silence.

1. The participle is closely connected in meaning with the predicate, for example: The boy walked limping on his left leg.

1. The turnover is an idiomatic expression (phraseologism), for example: And day and night in the snowy desert I hasten to you headlong (Griboyedov).

1. The gerund has an allied word as a dependent word which as part of a relative attributive clause (such a participle is not separated from the subordinate clause by a comma), for example: Dozens of everyday problems always arise before reformers, without solving which it is impossible to move forward.

1. Two participial turns are connected by a non-repeating union And, for example: Once, walking along a noisy, cheerful avenue and feeling cheerful with the crowd, he experienced the happy pleasure that the annoying bitterness of the act had passed (Fedin).

Test:

Write down the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

1. Colorful thickets (1) formed by single (2) and colonial coral polyps(3) clearly visible through clear waters warm tropical seas (4) on a quiet sunny day.

1. Ambergris (1) long in sea ​​water(2) or specially purified (3) has a subtle (4) scent of jasmine.
2. In the Crimea, Vasiliev admired the mountains (1) directed towards the sun (2) and (3) trees shrouded in a pink haze (4) for a long time.
3. The glorious biography of the "Arkhangelsk peasant" Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1) who left the village with a convoy to Moscow (2) and (3) who eventually became the greatest scientist (4) is known today to every schoolchild.
4. Elegant hive butterflies (1) fluttering easily (2) or basking in the sun (3) can be seen in nature (4) already in early spring.
5. First grade student ran down the corridor (1) headlong (2) as if he was being chased
6. Mixing with salty sea winds (1) the smell of citrus fruits (2) creates (3) a healing (4) atmosphere for people.
7. In the evening (1), completely upset (2), she nevertheless set about cleaning the apartment.
8. Tired of their mother's cleanliness (1), the guys learned to be cunning
9. The garden (1) became more and more thin and turning into a real meadow (2) descended to (3) a river overgrown with green reeds and willows (4).

Another block topic is “Basic ways of word formation of participles and gerunds” (B1)

Since participle and participle are considered as special forms of the verb, in some textbooks the suffixes of these parts of speech are considered not word-forming, but formative, while in others the participle and participle are considered independent parts of speech, therefore the way of word formation of these words is indicated as suffixal.

Participles are formed using the suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -shi, -lice, -uchi, -yuchi.

Participles - with the help of suffixes: -ash, -yash, -ush, yusch, -sh, -vsh, -im, -em,

Nn, -enn, -t.

1. Continue work to improve spelling and punctuation literacy, including on these topics.
2. Use in preparing students for the exam the following forms working

You: block repetition, training, etc.

1. Teach graduates to carefully read assignments.
2. Monitor the success of mastering topics.

Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

A) the error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members in sentence 9 is that homogeneous predicates, according to the rule, should require the same case form from the dependent word, but this is not observed: “considered” requires the question what ?, and “admired” requires what?

Here is the correct spelling: Visitors looked at the canvases of the Wanderers for a long time and admired the paintings.

Rule 7.6.1 paragraph

7.6. MISTAKE IN CONSTRUCTING A SENTENCE WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

INTRODUCTION

Homogeneous are members of a sentence that perform the same syntactic function, are united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence, and are interconnected by a coordinating link. Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members: subjects, predicates, additions, definitions, circumstances. For example, the definitions of "new, super-powerful computer" in relation to the word "computer" will be homogeneous; circumstances "depicted colorfully, but indistinctly" in relation to "depicted".

TYPES OF ERRORS MADE WHEN USING HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

7.6.1 Homogeneous predicates have the same dependent object.

Rule: With a normal, correct sentence structure, from each of the two homogeneous predicates (first and second), ONE GENERAL question is posed to the general addition, For example:

Guys addicted to (what?) and doing (what?) sports; Heroes of the story remember (about what?) and share their impressions (about what?) about the years of youth.

An error occurs if each of the predicates asks a DIFFERENT question to the GENERAL addition.

Example 1: I love (who? what?) and admire (who? what) my father.

The predicates “I love” and “I admire” have one dependent word “father”, which is in the instrumental case. It turned out that the addition of “father” correctly obeyed only the second predicate, since the verb “love” requires an accusative from the addition (I love whom? What? Father), therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. To correctly express a thought, you need to change the sentence so that each predicate has a separate, case-appropriate addition, for example, like this: I love my father and admire him.

Example 2: The hero of the story believed (in what? what?) and strove (for what?) to his dream. Each of the verbs requires its own form of complement, it is impossible to pick up a common word, so we change the sentence again so that each predicate has a separate complement that matches the case, for example, like this: The hero of the story believed in his dream and strove for it.

Note for teachers: given type errors refers to control errors. In written work, such a mistake is usually made by students due to inattention: the first predicate is simply overlooked, and the mistake (when pointing to it) is easily corrected. Much more serious problem arises where the student does not realize that this or that case question cannot be raised from a given verb in principle.

7.6.2 Homogeneous members are connected by double unions not only ..., but also ...; if not ... then ... and others

Rule 1 In such proposals, attention should be paid to that parts of a double union must connect homogeneous members of the same series, For example: We were inspired not so much colorful places of this quiet city, How many the spirit of its inhabitants. Let's make a proposal: not so much ABOUT , How many ABOUT . The first part of the double union: not so much, is before the first EP, subject to “places” (we do not take into account the word “colorful”), the second part How many stands before the second subject "soulfulness".

Now let's break the sentence. Us not so much inspired by the colorful places of this quiet city, How many the spirit of its inhabitants. The first part of the union now refers to the predicate, and the second to the subject. This is where this type of error lies.

Let's look at some more examples:

Example 1: It can be argued that the mood was the main Not only for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. That's right: each part comes before the OC, in this example, before the additions. Compare with an incorrectly constructed sentence: It can be argued that the mood was Not only the main thing for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. The parts of the union are connected not by homogeneous members, but by the predicate and the addition.

Rule 2 It must also be remembered that the parts of a double union are permanent, they cannot be replaced by other words. Yes, the suggestion would be wrong. Merchants Stroganovs Not only boiled salt, and , since the union not only.. but also No. The union "not only" has the second part "but" and not "also". The correct version of this sentence would be: Merchants Stroganovs Not only boiled salt, but also mined iron and copper in their lands

This is how you can: (variants of the second part are given in brackets).

1) not only ... but also (and and; but even; and yet; and besides); not only not ... but (but rather, rather; on the contrary, on the contrary); not only; 2) not that ... but (a; simply; even, not even); even ... not that; not even ... not that; not even ... especially not;

3) moreover ... also; not only that ... also; little of; moreover, Furthermore; worse than that; and even.

7.6.3 In sentences with homogeneous members there is a generalizing word.

It must be taken into account that all homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word.

The grammatically correct sentence would be: I forgot about everything: about worries and sorrows, sleepless nights about sadness and longing. . The word [about] "everything" is generalizing, it is in the prepositional case. All OCs are in the same case.

Failure to comply with this rule is a gross violation. syntactic norm: gifts:crossbows, sables and ornaments.

In this sentence, the generalizing word “gifts” is in the form of the genitive case, and all homogeneous members (“crossbows, sable and decorations”) are in the form of the nominative case. Therefore, this sentence is incorrect. Correct option: Soon the nobleman began to inspect the brought gifts: crossbows, sables and ornaments.

7.6.5 Using different syntactic elements of a sentence as homogeneous members

There is a strict grammatical rule that prescribes which elements can and cannot be combined into homogeneous members.

We list the cases in which this rule is violated.

If the proposal is combined into homogeneous

- form of the noun and the infinitive form of the verb: I love chess and swimming, I like to embroider and needlework, I'm afraid of the dark and being alone and similar;

- different forms of the nominal part of the predicate: sister was upset and worried, she was younger and kinder and similar;

- participial phrase and subordinate clause: The main characters of the story are people who are not afraid of difficulties and who are always true to their word.; I do not like people who change their attitude and who do not hide it. and similar;

Participle and participle turnover: Loving their work and striving to do it well, the builders have achieved excellent results. and similar;

that is - grammar mistake. Note that such violations are very common in written work, therefore, like the entire task 7, this part is of great practical importance.

The following types of errors occurred in assignments prior to 2015.

7.6.4 Different prepositions may be used for homogeneous terms.

In one row of OC, when listing, it is possible to use prepositions, for example: V theatre, and on exhibition VDNKh, and onRed Square. As you can see, this sentence uses prepositions V And on, and that's right. It would be a mistake to use the same preposition for all the words in this series: During my three stays in Moscow, I visited and V theater, and exhibition VDNH, and Red Square. You can't be "in VDNKh" and "in Red Square." So the rule is: you cannot use a common preposition for all members of the series if, in terms of meaning, this preposition does not fit at least one of the SPs.

Example with an error: Crowds of people were everywhere: on the streets, squares, squares. Before the word "squares" it is necessary to add the preposition "in," since this word is not used with the preposition "on". Correct option: Crowds of people were everywhere: in the streets, squares, squares.

7.6.6 Connection in one row of specific and generic concepts

For example, in a sentence: The package contained oranges, juice, bananas, fruits a logical error has been made. "Oranges" and "bananas" are specific concepts in relation to the word "fruits" (that is, common), therefore, they cannot stand on a par with it homogeneous members. Correct option: The package contained juice and fruits: bananas, oranges.

Another error example: For a meeting with famous artist adults, children and schoolchildren came. The words "children" and "schoolchildren" cannot be made homogeneous.

7.6.7 The use of logically incompatible concepts in one series of homogeneous terms

For example, in a sentence The mourners walked with bags and sad faces a mistake is felt: “faces” and “bags” cannot be homogeneous.

Such intentional violation can act as a stylistic device: Only Masha, heating and winter did not sleep(K. G. Paustovsky). When the frost and mother allowed him to stick his nose out of the house, Nikita went to wander around the yard alone.(A.N. Tolstoy). Only if for artwork the level of Tolstoy or Chekhov is acceptable (they are not on the exam, they can joke, play with words!), then such humor will not be appreciated either in written work or in task 7.

B) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 6 is that, with the subject CTO, the predicate must be put in the singular

Here is the correct spelling: Everyone who studied in the math class passed the test with excellent marks.

Rule 7.3.1 paragraph

7.3. Agreement of the predicate with the subject

INTRODUCTION

Subject - the main member of the sentence, which is consistent with its predicate according to the laws of grammar.

The subject and predicate usually have the same grammatical forms of number, gender, person, for example: Clouds are rushing, clouds are winding; Invisible moon Illuminates the flying snow; The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.

In such cases, we can talk about the agreement of the predicate with the subject. However, the correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members of the sentence is not necessary, there may be an incomplete correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members: My whole life has been a guarantee of a faithful date with you.- correspondence of number forms, but different forms of gender; Your destiny is endless chores- inconsistency of number forms.

The grammatical connection of the main members of the sentence is considered as coordination. This grammatical connection is wider and freer than agreement. It can be entered different words, their morphological properties do not have to match each other.

When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the gender / number of the subject is difficult to determine. This section of the "Reference" is devoted to consideration of these issues.

7.3.1. In a complex sentence, pronouns act as subjects

If in a sentence (and not necessarily in NGN!) a pronoun is used as a subject, then you need to know a number of rules that prescribe how to correctly coordinate the predicate with it.

A) If the subject is expressed by the pronouns WHO, WHAT, NOBODY, NOTHING, SOMEONE, SOMEONE, WHOEVER, then the predicate is put in the singular form: For example: [Those ( who neglect the opinions of others) risk being left alone].

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes), [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes, [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [No one knew (that the lesson was postponed).]

B) If the subject is expressed by a pronoun in plural TE, ALL, the predicate is put in the plural form. If the subject is expressed by the singular pronouns TOT, TA, TO, the predicate is put in the singular form. For example: [ THOSE (who graduated with honors) are more likely to enter a university free of charge].

This proposal is built on the following model:

[Those (who + the predicate), ... the predicate ...]. And this is the most common model in which it is proposed to find an error. Let's analyze the structure of a complex sentence: in the main sentence, the pronoun “those” is the subject, pl. h; "have" -predicate, pl. This is in line with rule B.

Now attention to the subordinate clause: “who” is the subject, “finished” is the predicate in the singular. This is in accordance with rule A.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

EXAMPLE 3. [Those (who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) MUST check in for the flight on their own].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

In examples 1 and 2, the error is easy to see: it is enough to throw out the subordinate clause. In the following example, the error often goes unnoticed.

EXAMPLE 3. [Those ( who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].

C) If the subject is expressed by the phrase ONE OF .., EACH OF ..., NONE OF .. then the predicate is put in the singular form. If the subject is expressed by the phrase MANY FROM ..., SOME FROM ..., ALL FROM .. then the predicate is put in the plural form. For example: [None of those (who won a prize) wanted to go to the republican competition].

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old estate trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each of the parties (which presented its project) defended its advantages over other projects].

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who have been to Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the old manor trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each side, (who presented her project), defended its advantages over other projects].

D) If the sentence contains a turnover of WHO, HOW NOT .., the predicate is put in the singular masculine form. For example: Who, if not parents, SHOULD teach children the ability to communicate?

This turnover can be considered as clarifying, see other examples in clause 7.3.3, part B.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not we, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of their cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you a model of endurance and love of life?

7.3.2 Predicate coordination with subject, expressed word or combination of words with the meaning of quantity

When coordinating the main members of the sentence, the problem arises of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate, when the subject points to many objects, but appears in the singular.

A) The role of the subject is the collective name of nouns and words close to them in meaning.

Collective nouns denote the totality homogeneous objects or living beings as an indivisible whole: FOLIAGE, DUBNYAK, ASPEN, CHILDREN, STUDENTS, TEACHER, PROFESSOR, PEASANT. They have the form of only the singular, do not combine with quantitative numbers and with words denoting units of measure, but can be combined with words many / little or how much: LITTLE RELATED, LITTLE FOLIAGE, LOTS OF MOSHKAR.

The words PEOPLE, PACK, ARMY, GROUP, CROWD can also be attributed to them in terms of the meaning of collectiveness; THOUSAND, MILLION, HUNDRED; TROIKA, PAIR; DARKNESS, DEEP, LOTS AND OTHERS

The subject, expressed by a collective noun, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form:

For example: The children frolicked in the courtyard of the house; young people often take the initiative.

The subject expressed by a noun like GROUP, CROWD also requires setting the predicate only in the singular form:

For example: A group of festival participants shared their impressions; a trio of horses rushed under the windows

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1. Within three recent years the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

Here are the corrected versions: 

EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the leadership of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

B) The subject is a collective noun with a quantitative meaning

The nouns MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, despite the grammatical form of the singular, denote not one object, but many, and therefore the predicate can take not only the form of the singular, but also the plural. For example: On this pond ... an innumerable number of ducks were hatched and kept; Many hands are knocking on all the windows from the street, and someone is breaking on the door. Which form would you prefer?

The subject, which has in its composition the collective nouns MOST, MINORITY, Plenty, ROW, PART, requires the predicate to be set only in the singular form, if:

A) from collective noun no dependent words

Part went on vacation, and part remained; many scatteredAxis, a minority remainedAxis

b) the collective noun has a singular dependent word

With a subject that has in its composition the words MOST, MINORITY, PLENTY, SERIES, PART, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the plural, if the noun has a dependent word in the plural:

Most students passed the test; a number of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge.

Some of the books were purchased for the library; a number of objects delivered ahead of schedule

The plural of the predicate in such constructions usually indicates the activity of the actors.

Consider the cases in which the use of the plural of the predicate is allowed and permissible.

Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that the singular form of the predicate is more in line with the tradition of book writing styles and the use of the plural form of the predicate must be clearly justified. An error in the tasks of the exam will be the unreasonable setting of the predicate in the plural.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not done correctly enough.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel.

EXAMPLE 6 A lot of poems by this author were published in the series "Children's Library"

Here are the corrected versions: 

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly. The predicate in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, Orel. Events cannot act on their own, so the predicate must be used in the singular.

EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the Children's Library series.. The predicate in the form of a passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.

C) The combination of a numeral with a noun acts as a subject

With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination, the same problem arises: in what number is it better to use the predicate. In Chekhov we find: Some three soldiers stood side by side at the very descent and were silent; He had two sons. L. Tolstoy preferred the following forms: Three peasants and a woman sat in the sleigh; Two feelings fought in his soul - good and evil.

Note: In the USE assignments, such cases do not occur, since there is a high possibility of incorrect classification of the type of error - such cases can be attributed to an error in the use of a numeral. Therefore, we confine ourselves to remarks general and note the most serious mistakes made in written works.

With a subject that has in its composition a numeral or a word with the meaning of quantity, you can put the predicate both in the plural form and in the singular:

Five years have passed; ten graduates have chosen our institute

Use different forms depends on the meaning that the predicate brings to the sentence, activity and generality of action is emphasized by the plural. number.

The predicate is usually put in the singular if

In the subject, a numeral ending in "one":

Twenty-one students of our institute are included in the city's volleyball team, But Twenty-two (three, four, five...) students of our institute are members of the city's volleyball team

If the message fixes this or that fact, the result, or when the message is given an impersonal character:

Twenty-two suits sold; Three or four students will be transferred to another class.

The predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space:

Three kingdoms stood before her. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north

Wrong: Three kingdoms stood. There were two windows with wide window sills in the room. Three windows of the room faced north.

A single number, which creates an idea of ​​a single whole, is used to designate a measure of weight, space, time:

Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof. Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock struck. Five months have elapsed since

Wrong: Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof; Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, already, it seems, eleven o'clock has struck. Five months have elapsed since then.

With a subject expressed by a complex noun, the first part of which is the numeral sex-, the predicate is usually put in the singular, and in the past tense - in the middle gender, For example: half an hour will pass, half a year has flown by, half the city participated in the demonstration.

Wrong: half the class participated in the competition, half an hour will pass

7.3.3 Coordination between subject and verb separated from each other

Between the subject and the predicate, there may be secondary isolated members of the sentence, clarifying members, subordinate clauses. In these cases, it is necessary to strictly observe the general rule: the predicate and the subject must agree.

Let's consider special cases.

A) Coordination of the subject and the compound nominal predicate in a sentence built according to the “noun. is a noun.”

Note for the teacher: this type of error in the SPP is noted in his manual "How to get 100 USE points" (2015) by I.P. Tsybulko, while in the "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" by D. Rosenthal, such an error is called a construction shift in a complex sentence.

The nominal part of the predicate in a sentence built according to the noun + noun model must be in the nominative case.

For example: [First, (what you should learn) is highlighting the basis of the sentence].

The grammatical basis of the main clause consists of the subject first and predicate selection. Both words are in the nominative case.

And this is what it looks like proposal with an error: [The first (what should be learned) is the selection of the basis of the sentence]. Under the influence of the subordinate clause, the predicate received Genitive, which is an error.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 1 [The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (to stop) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]

Here are the corrected versions:

EXAMPLE 1 The main thing (what you need to pay attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last (what should be stopped) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important (what is worth striving for) is the fulfillment of a dream]

B). Coordination of the predicate with the subject, in which there are clarifying members.

In order to clarify the subject, sometimes they use clarifying (explaining turns), connecting members offers, isolated additions. Yes, in the proposal Competition Jury, including representatives of a cosmetic company selected from the audience, could not determine the winner the highlighted turnover is a connecting one(in other manuals it is called clarifying).

The presence in the sentence of any member that specifies the meaning of the subject does not affect the number of the predicate. Such turns are attached with the words: EVEN, ESPECIALLY, INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE; EXCEPT, INCLUDING, INCLUDING and the like. For example: Editorial Board, including the editors of the Internet portal, is in favor of reorganization.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error:

EXAMPLE 4. The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5. The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.

EXAMPLE 6. The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an extended parent meeting.

Here are the corrected versions:

The mistake is easy to see if you throw out the subordinate clause.

EXAMPLE 4 The whole team, including dancers and jugglers, spoke out in favor of participating in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5 The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather. 

EXAMPLE 6 The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an expanded parent meeting.

7.3.4 Coordination of the predicate with the subject, the gender or number of which is difficult to determine.

For the correct connection of the subject with the predicate, it is very important to know the gender of the noun.

A) Certain categories or groups of nouns have difficulty in determining the gender or number.

gender and number indeclinable nouns, abbreviations, words-conventional names and a number of other words are determined by special rules. For the correct coordination of such words with the predicate, you need to know their morphological features.

Ignorance of these rules cause errors: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; cocoa is cold; shampoo is over; the university announced the enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported

Need to: Sochi has become the capital of the Olympics; cocoa has cooled down; shampoo is over, the university announced a set of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported

Nouns, the gender/number of which is difficult to determine, are discussed in the section. After studying the above material, you will be able to successfully complete not only task 6, but also 7.

Consider sentences with errors

EXAMPLE 1. The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week.

In the sentence, the word "package" is the subject, female. The predicate "was sent" is in the masculine. This is mistake. We fix: The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week

EXAMPLE 2. The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.

In the sentence, the word "tulle" is the subject, masculine. The predicate "approached" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We fix: The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.

EXAMPLE 3. The UN has met for another meeting.

In the sentence, the word "UN" is the subject, feminine (organization). The predicate "gathered" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The UN met for a regular meeting.

EXAMPLE 4. Foreign Ministry announced participation in the meeting

In the sentence, the word "MIA" is the subject, it does not change. When decrypted, we get "Ministry

Foreign Affairs". Keep in mind that this word refers to the masculine gender. The predicate "reported" is on average. This is mistake. We fix: The Foreign Ministry announced its participation in the meeting.

EXAMPLE 5. Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating best universities countries.

In the sentence, the phrase "Moskovsky Komsomolets" is the subject, this is a conditional Russian name, a masculine word, like the word "Komsomolets". The predicate "printed" is in the feminine. This is mistake. We correct: Moskovsky Komsomolets published a rating of the best universities in the country.

EXAMPLE 6. Tbilisi attracts tourists .

In the sentence, the word "Tbilisi" is the subject, it is an invariable code name. It is a masculine word, like the word "city". The predicate "attract" is plural. This is mistake. We fix: Tbilisi attracts tourists. 

B) Coordination of the predicate with the subject with the meaning of the profession

With a masculine noun denoting a profession, position, rank, etc., the predicate is put in the masculine gender, regardless of the gender of the person in question. For example: the teacher made a report, the director called an employee

WITH proposals will be wrong, in which the teacher made a report, the director called an employee .

Note: if there is a person's own name, especially a surname, in which the indicated words act as applications, the predicate is consistent with the proper name: Teacher Sergeeva gave a lecture. More on this point below, 7.3.5

7.3.5 Subject is appendix

An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case: city ​​(what?) Sochi, bird (what?) hummingbird, website (what?) "ReshuEGE"

By general rule the predicate agrees with the subject, and the presence of an application in the form of a different gender or number in the latter does not affect agreement

For example: The plant, this grand colossus, seemed to be a ship of unheard-of dimensions too. The suggestion would be wrong. The plant, this grandiose colossus, it seemed, was also a ship of unheard of dimensions. .

If the subject has an application, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out which of the words is the subject and which is the application, and then put the predicate in one way or another.

Table 1. Application and subjects are written separately. When combining a generic name and a specific or specific and individual subject, the word denoting a broader concept is considered, and the predicate is consistent with it. Here are some examples:

Application is a common noun:

the rose flower smelled marvelously; the oak tree has grown; kharcho soup is cooked

Application - proper noun

the Dnieper river has flooded; newspaper "Moscow's comsomolets" came out; Barbos dog barked

Exception: last names of people. In pairs, engineer Svetlova reported, Doctor of Science Zvantseva came out, head teacher Marina Sergeevna noted proper nouns are subject.

Table 2. The subject is compound noun, forms terms, in which one part resembles an application in function. In these cases, the leading (defined) word is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object.

The predicate agrees with the first word, both words change

an armchair-bed stood in the corner; the factory-laboratory fulfilled the order; invoice issued in a timely manner; theater-studio brought up a lot of actors; attention was attracted by a table-poster; romance song became very popular

The predicate agrees with the second word, the first word does not change:

cafeteria is open(dining room is a broader concept); vending machine open(in this combination, the part of the diner acts as the bearer of a specific meaning); raincoat tent lay(tent in the form of a raincoat, not a raincoat in the form of a tent); "Roman-newspaper" was published in large circulation(newspaper is a broader name).

EXAMPLE 1 ice cream cake cut into equal pieces .

The compound noun "ice cream cake" after the main, more general word "cake" is masculine, therefore: Ice cream cake cut into equal parts

EXAMPLE 2 The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko. .

The conditional name is an application, so you need to coordinate the predicate with the word "story": The story "Children of the Underground" was written by V.G. Korolenko.

EXAMPLE 3 A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly. .

The subject is the word "dog", it is feminine, therefore: A tiny dog, quite a puppy, suddenly barked loudly.

EXAMPLE 4 Yesterday the young teacher Petrov gave his first lecture. .

The subject is the surname "Petrova", it is feminine, therefore: Yesterday, the young teacher Petrova gave her first lecture.

A) The sentence has homogeneous subjects and one predicate

If the predicate refers to several subjects, not connected by unions or connected by a connecting union, then the following forms of coordination apply:

The predicate after homogeneous subjects is usually plural:

Industry and Agriculture in Russia are steadily developing.

The predicate that precedes homogeneous subjects usually agrees with the nearest of them:

In the village there was a clatter and screams

If there are divisive or opposing unions between the subjects, then the predicate is put in the singular.

Experienced fear or instant fright in a minute seems both funny, and strange, and incomprehensible. Not you, but fate is to blame.

Consider sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job. .

Two subjects, the predicate comes after a series of homogeneous members, so it must be in the plural: Passion for sports and a tough daily routine did their job.

EXAMPLE 2 Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me. .

Two subjects, with the union a, the predicate must therefore be in the singular: Not reason, but fear suddenly took possession of me.

EXAMPLE 3 In the distance, the familiar noise and loud voices could be heard. .

Two subjects, the predicate is in front of a number of homogeneous members, therefore it should be in the singular: In the distance there was a familiar noise and loud voices.

B) The combination in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”

Setting the predicate in the plural or singular depends on what meaning is given to the phrase: joint action or separate.

When combined in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”, the predicate is put:

in plural, if both named objects (persons) act as equal action producers(both are subject);

Pasha and Petya had been waiting for their mother's return for a long time and were very worried.

in the singular, if the second object (person) accompanies the main producer of the action ( is an addition):

The mother and child went to the clinic. Nikolai and his younger sister came later than everyone else.

Only in the singular in the presence of the words TOGETHER, TOGETHER:

My father left the city with his mother.

Only in the singular with the subject expressed by the pronoun I, YOU

I will come with a friend; you had a fight with your mom

Consider sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 My brother and his friends went to the beach. .

With the word "together" the predicate cannot be plural: My brother and his friends went to the beach.

EXAMPLE 2 Ruslan and I will come to class today. .

With the subject I (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: Ruslan and I will come to class today. Or: Ruslan and I will come to class today.

EXAMPLE 3 You and your sister will live in this room. .

With the subject you (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be plural: You and your sister will live in this room.Or: You and your sister will live in this room..

C) the incorrect construction of a sentence with indirect speech in sentence 7 is that when trying to convey indirect speech, the pronouns and related verbs remained unchanged.

Here is the correct spelling: Tonya solemnly promised that she would not betray me to anyone.

Rule 7.9.2 paragraph

7.9 INCORRECT SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION WITH ANOTHER SPEECH

In this task, students' ability to correctly build sentences with quotations and indirect speech is checked: out of 9 sentences on the right, you need to find one that contains an error.

The rules below will deal with quoting and indirect speech, these are very close, but not the same units.

In everyday life, especially often in oral speech, we often use the transfer of someone's words on our own behalf, the so-called indirect speech.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions what, as if to, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, what, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether.

For example: I was told that it was my brother. She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. We talked about how the birds I caught live.

Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.

Let's try to restore sentences: from indirect speech we will translate into sentences with direct speech:

I was told that it was my brother. - They told me: "It was your brother."

She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. - She said: "Look into my eyes!" And then she demanded: “Do you remember minnows, our meetings, our quarrels, picnics? Do you remember?

A friend asked: “How do the birds you caught live?”

As can be seen from the examples, the sentences coincide only in meaning, but the verbs, pronouns, and conjunctions change. Let us consider in detail the rules for translating direct speech into indirect speech: this is very important both for writing an essay and for completing task 7.

7.9.1 Basic rule:

when replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, as well as related verbs, since in indirect speech we convey other people's words on our own behalf.

7.9.2 There are a number of additional rules

a) If direct speech is a declarative sentence,

What. Example: The secretary replied: "I complied with the request." – The secretary replied that he complied with the request. Pronoun changed!

b) If direct speech is an interrogative sentence,

then when replacing it with a subordinate clause, the role of subordinating conjunctions is performed interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles who stood in direct question. A question mark is not used after an indirect question. Example: "What did you manage to accomplish?" the teacher asked the students. The teacher asked the students what they managed to do. Pronoun changed!

c) When in direct speech - interrogative sentence there are no interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles,

when replacing it with an indirect one, a particle is used for communication whether. Example: "Are you correcting the text?" the secretary asked impatiently. The secretary asked impatiently if we were correcting the text. Pronoun changed!

d) If direct speech is an exclamatory sentence with a call to action,

e) Particles and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

(addresses, interjections, introductory words, complex sentences) and contained in direct speech, are omitted when replacing it with indirect speech. Example: “Ivan Petrovich, make an estimate for the next quarter,” the director asked the chief accountant. The director asked the chief accountant to draw up an estimate for the next quarter.

7.9.3. Special citation rules.

When writing essays, it often becomes necessary to quote either the desired fragment of the source text, or to quote the statement from memory, organically including the quote in the sentence. There are three ways to introduce a quote into your speech:

1) using direct speech, in compliance with all punctuation marks, for example: Pushkin said: “All ages are submissive to love” or “All ages are submissive to love,” Pushkin said.. This is the easiest way, but it is not always convenient. Such proposals will meet as true!

2) using subordinate clause, that is, using unions, for example: Pushkin said that "all ages are submissive to love". Pay attention to the changed punctuation marks. This way no different from the transmission of indirect speech.

3) a quote can be included in your text using introductory words, For example: As Pushkin said, "all ages are submissive to love".

Note that in Quote can't be changed.: what is enclosed in quotation marks is transmitted absolutely exactly, without any distortion. If it is necessary to include only part of the quote in your text, special characters (ellipsis, various types of brackets) are used, but this has nothing to do with this assignment, since there are no punctuation errors in task 7.

Let's consider some features of quoting.

a) How to avoid an error if there is a quote with a pronoun?

On the one hand, quotes cannot be changed, on the other hand, a pronoun cannot be left. If you just insert a quote, there will be errors: Napoleon once remarked that " I I can lose this battle, but I can't lose a minute". Or like this: In his memoirs, Korolenko wrote that he always " I I saw undoubted intelligence in the face of Chekhov.

Both proposals require:

firstly, replace the pronoun I with OH, exclude the pronoun from the quote:

secondly, to change the verbs, connecting them with new pronouns and also to exclude from the quote, so we know that nothing can be changed.

With such changes, quotes will certainly “suffer”, and if we can keep the second sentence in this form: Korolenko wrote that He always "saw in the face of Chekhov undoubted intelligence", then Napoleon's statement cannot be saved. Therefore, we boldly remove the quotes and replace the quote with indirect speech: Napoleon once remarked that he can lose this battle, but not Maybe lose a minute.

b) Of particular note are cases of erroneous combination of two ways of introducing a quote into a sentence,

which causes a grammatical error. As we already know, a quotation can be entered either as a subordinate clause or with the help of introductory words. Here's what happens when two methods are combined:

Wrong: According to Maupassant, What"Love is as strong as death, but as fragile as glass".

Right: According to Maupassant, "love is as strong as death, but as fragile as glass."

Wrong: As P. I. Tchaikovsky stated, What"Inspiration is born only from work and during work".

Right: As P. I. Tchaikovsky stated, “inspiration is born only from labor and during labor.”

Thus, we formulate the rule: when using introductory words, the union is not used.

c) In the works of students there are also cases when a quote is introduced using introductory words,

Wrong: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupery: “Only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important thing with your eyes.”

Right: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupery, “only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important thing with your eyes.”

Wrong: According to L. N. Tolstoy: "Art is the highest manifestation of power in man".

Right: According to Leo Tolstoy, "art is the highest manifestation of power in man."

D) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover in sentence 3 is caused by the fact that the participle "convinced" does not agree with its main word. Yes, and the whole sentence needs to be restructured to be more understandable.

Here is the correct spelling: Bryusov, (what?) Convinced that the future belongs to art, expressing the experiences of a bright and independent personality, is fond of decadence.

Rule paragraph 7.1.1-7.1.2

7.1. USE OF PARTICIPIAL TERMS

INTRODUCTION

Participle turnover is a participle with dependent words. For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants

word Graduates- main word

surrendered - communion,

those who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam are participle dependent words.

Thus, the participial turnover in this sentence is - successfully passed the exam. If you change the word order and write the same sentence differently by placing a turnover before main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only the punctuation will change, and the turnover remains unchanged.

Very important: before starting work with task 7 for finding errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly constructed participial and adverbial phrases.

The purpose of the task is to find one such sentence in which grammatical norms are violated when using participle turnover. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the sacrament you are looking for must certainly be in full form: the short form never forms a participle, but is a predicate.

To successfully complete this task, you need to know:

• rules for coordinating the participle and the main (or defined) word;
• the rules for the location of the participial turnover in relation to the main word;
• tense and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
• participle pledge (active or passive)

We draw attention to that that in a sentence with a participial turnover, not one, but two or even three errors can be made.

Note for teachers: keep in mind that the authors of various manuals have different points of view on the classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be attributed to a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.

We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using the participle.

7.1.1 Violation of the agreement of the participle with the word being defined

The rule according to which single participles (as well as those included in the participle) are consistent with the main (= defined) word, requires setting the participle in the same gender, number and case as the main word:

About children (what?) returning from a trip; for the exhibition (what?) being prepared in the museum.

Therefore, we simply find a sentence in which there is a full participle, and its ending does not correspond to (or) gender, (or) case, (or) the number of the main word.

Type 1, the lightest

I got to chat with the guests present at the opening of the exhibition.

What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We put the question from the noun and change the ending of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.

I had a chance to chat with guests(what IMI?), those present at the opening of the exhibition.

In these examples, the noun and its participle stand side by side, the error is easily seen. But this is not always the case.

type 2, harder

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

I want to find the words to the song heard recently.

These sentences contain two nouns: author, books; lyrics. Which of them has a participle turnover attached to it? We think about meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?

Here's the corrected version:

I want to find the lyrics of the song (which one?), heard recently.

Type 3, even harder

The endings of participles sometimes perform a very large semantic mission. We think about the meaning!

Let's compare two sentences:

The noise of the sea (which one?), which woke me up, was very strong. What woke up? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake up.

The noise (what?) of the sea that woke me up was very strong. What woke up? Turns out it's noise. And the noise can wake up. This is the correct option.

I heard the heavy steps (what?) of a bear, chasing me. Footsteps cannot pursue.

I heard the heavy steps of a bear (what?), haunting me. The bear can chase. This is the correct option.

Children of employees (which ones?), having any diseases receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “employees”. It turns out that employees will have diseases, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is not the right option.

Children (what?) of employees, having any disease receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle "having" refers to the word "children", and we understand that it is the children who have diseases and they need vouchers.

4 type, variant

Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole, indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of those named, some of them, some of the gifts.. A participial phrase can be attached to each of the nouns, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participial phrase) can be agreed with any word. It will be a mistake if the sacrament "hangs" and has no connection with any of the words.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Each of the participants who received the maximum number of points was given the right to perform one more number.

The sacrament can be agreed with both the word "to each" and the word "participants".

To each (what?) of the participants, who received the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number

Each of the participants (which THEM?), who received the maximum number of points, was granted the right to perform one more number.

We draw attention to the fact that it will be a mistake to disagree with OR with the first word, OR with the second:

Incorrect: Each of the participants who received ... or Each of the participants who received ... This is not possible.

In explanations on DECIDE, the option of agreement with the ending THEM is more often used.

Similarly true: Part of the books (which THEM?), received as a gift will go as a gift.

Or Part (what) of books, received as a gift will go as a gift.

Incorrect: Part of the books received as a gift will go as a gift.

NOTE : this type of error when checking essays is considered a matching error.

7.1.2 Participle construction and place of the main word

In well-formed sentences with participial turnover the main (or defined word) cannot be inside the participial turnover. His place is either before or after him. Remember that this depends on the placement of punctuation marks !!!

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Submissions must be carefully checked documentation for examination.

We walked through the littered alley fallen leaves.

presenter Street the city was free.

Created novel young author caused lively controversy.

note: with this construction of the sentence, it is completely incomprehensible whether to put a comma.

Here's the corrected version:

Must be carefully checked documentation, submitted for examination. Or: You need to carefully check submitted for examination documentation.

We walked along alley, strewn with fallen leaves. Or: We walked along strewn with fallen leaves alley.

Street leading to the city was free. Or: Leading to the city Street was free.

7.1.3. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of participles

In accordance with the norms of the formation of participles, in modern Russian literary language participle forms are not used in -sch, formed from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense: there are no words pleasing, helping, reading, able. In the opinion of the editors of DECIDE, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but, since I.P. Tsybulko has similar examples, we consider it important to note this type too.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Until I found human, able to help me.

A valuable prize awaits participant, finding the answer to this question.

These sentences need to be corrected, because future participles are not formed from perfective verbs. Participles do not have a future tense..

Here's the corrected version:

We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in the conditional mood.

Until I found someone who can help me.

A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.

7.1.4. Participle turnovers, including irregular forms of pledge of participles

This type of error was in the USE assignments of past years (until 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017 there are no such tasks. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the error is due to the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the real is used instead of the passive.

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Documentation, sent for examination

Contest, hosted by the organizers

Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.

Here's the corrected version:

Documentation, sent for examination must be carefully checked.

Contest, organized by the organizers very much liked by the participants.

The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.

E) a violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover in sentence 2 consists in the fact that the predicate "refreshed" was mistakenly assigned to the gerund "going". It turned out that the air was refreshing while walking. And it's pointless.

Here is the correct spelling: As we walked along the coast, the sea air pleasantly refreshed our faces.

Rule 7.8.1 TYPE 1

7.8. USE OF GENERAL PARTICIPLES. ERRORS IN USE

INTRODUCTION

A participle turnover is a participle with dependent words.

The gerund always denotes an additional action that occurs in parallel with the main one, for example: a man walked (the main action), waving your arms(additional, what while doing); the cat fell asleep (main action), tucking its paws (additional action, what did you do?)

The participles answer the question what do you do? ( imperfect species) and what did you do? (perfect view). Along with this question, you can also ask questions How? how? for what purpose? and the like. A gerund always denotes a sign of an action, that is, it describes how the main action takes place.

We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using adverbial phrases.

7.8.1 Participle turnover in a sentence with a subject

The general rule for using adverbial phrases is as follows: the gerund and the predicate must denote the actions of the same person, that is, the subject. This person performs two actions: one main, the second additional. The participle should easily be replaced by the second verb: sat down, laid out textbooks - sat down and laid out; looked, smiling - looked and smiled.

TYPE 1. A gerund and a verbal predicate expressed by a verb without the postfix -sya

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Slipping on ice I was picked up by a guy next to me.

Passing under the house, an icicle almost fell on me.

In each of the sentences, there were two characters: in the first one, someone slipped and someone picked it up; in the second: someone passed and someone almost fell down. But due to an error in construction, it turns out that the guy picked up, slipping; the icicle nearly fell off as it passed.

With this construction, the participle is erroneously assigned to one actor, and the predicate to another, which violates the basic rule. To avoid mistakes, you need to ensure that the participle and the predicate refer to the same person.

When I slipped on the ice, I was picked up by a guy next to me.

When I was walking under the house, an icicle almost fell on me.

TYPE 2. The gerund refers to the predicate in the form of a short passive participle

Writing a poem "Death of a Poet", the fate of Lermontov was determined.

Analyzing the text, I was quite right in determining its size.

As in type 1, the gerund and predicate refer to different persons. Due to a construction error, it turns out that fate was determined by writing ; the size is determined having analyzed. The predicate is a short passive participle.

If the predicate is expressed by a short participle, then the subject itself does not perform the action, something is done with it. With this form of the predicate gerund, there can be no.

Here are the revised proposals:

When Lermontov wrote the poem "The Death of a Poet", his fate was determined.

When I analyzed poetic text, I was quite right to determine its size.

TYPE 3. The adverbial phrase is attached to the predicate-reflexive verb in the passive meaning, which has a postfix Xia

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Usually, creating your work, it expresses Xia author's attitude to life and people.

Having received an education, students direct Xia senior master for practice.

As in type 2, the subject in such a sentence does not actually perform the action itself: attitude expresses Xia(by someone); displays Xia(by someone); direct Xia(by someone). But a if there is no action, then there can be no additional, additional, expressed by a gerund. We replace the adverbial turnover with a subordinate clause.

Here are the revised proposals:

Usually, when a work is created, the author's attitude to life and people is expressed in it. Or: Creating a work, the author always expresses his attitude to life and people.

When students receive their education, they are directed by the senior master to practice.

7.8.2. Participle turnover in a sentence without a subject

It often happens that the subject performing both actions may not be formally expressed, that is, there is no subject in the sentence. In this case, we are talking about one-part proposals. It is these types that cause the greatest difficulty in finding an error.

TYPE 4. Participle turnover in an impersonal sentence (except for type 7)

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Sending a rather important telegram I didn't have enough money.

He was sad.

There is no subject, the acting person is expressed by a pronoun to me(this is the dative case). The use of participles in impersonal sentences is unacceptable. It is possible: either to make a subordinate clause from the adverbial clause, or to make the usual one from the impersonal, with the subject.

The exception is sentences with an infinitive verb, see type 7.

Here are the revised proposals:

When I sent a rather important telegram, I did not have enough money.

Refusing to experiment he experienced sadness.

TYPE 5. Participle turnover in an indefinite personal sentence

Consider sentences with a grammatical error.

Having received a good education , Griboyedov was sent as the secretary of the diplomatic mission to Persia.

Didn't finish the report, the head of the department was offered to go on a business trip.

There can be no adverbial turnover with the subject, if it is not defined. This situation occurs in indefinite personal sentences with the verb in the past tense plural.

Who directed? who received? who suggested? who did not finish the report? Unclear. We replace the turnover with a subordinate clause or restructure it so that it is clear who received an education and who completed the report.

Here are the revised proposals:

When Griboedov received a good education, he was sent as secretary of a diplomatic mission in Persia.

Without finishing the report, the head of the department received an offer to go on a business trip.

7.8.3. Participle turnover in a sentence without a subject. Permitted tricks.

Due to the fact that tasks may contain correct sentences with adverbial turnover, we consider it important to place a table with such examples and such rules that are not found in erroneous ones. Everything in this table is allowed.

TYPE 6. The adverbial phrase refers to the verb in imperative mood

When crossing the street, carefully follow the traffic.

Having received the task for the adverbial turnover, check if it contains a request, order or advice.

There is no subject in sentences. But it is allowed to use participial phrases in such sentences where the verb is used in the imperative mood: follow, go, write, search and so on. It turns out that both the turnover and the predicate refer to one person, to whom we advise to do something. Easy to substitute a pronoun You: you follow by passing; you check when you receive it.

TYPE 7. The adverbial turnover refers to the infinitive

Consider sentences without errors.

Walking through the autumn forest, it is pleasant to inhale the intoxicating aroma of fallen leaves.

When handing over the work, it should be carefully checked.

Given that there is no subject ( impersonal offer) it is permissible to use a participial turnover if it refers to the infinitive: walking, inhale; reading, sit; dreaming, dozing; napping, dreaming.

Not all manuals allow this rule: in some of them, the infinitive must be required, it is possible, it is necessary, others follow (the so-called modal words). In any case, sentences like: rewriting, it should be noted; having begun, it is necessary to finish; having received, it is necessary to do, will be ERROR-FREE.

TYPE 8. Participle turnover in a definite-personal or generalized-personal sentence

Consider sentences without errors.

Gathering at the family table in the house of parents, we always remember grandmother's pies and tea with viburnum and mint.

Planning your upcoming vacation carefully calculate the family budget.

There is no subject, but the sentence definitely personal, it is easy to substitute the pronoun We. You can turn! It refers to the implied person: we remember when we gather; we calculate by planning.

Answers in alphabetical order:

Answer: 96732

Topic: Communion as a part of speech (Preparation for completing assignments for the exam)

Lesson using RCMCHP technology

Goals: 1) generalize and consolidate the knowledge gained on the sacrament;

2) to update the basic knowledge and skills on this topic;

3) improve the skills of punctuation in participial turnover;

4) develop speech skills in the construction of statements;

Equipment: handout didactic material; scheme-cluster "Communion"; multimedia projector; text for assignments.

During the classes

Organizing time

ICall stage

Updating existing knowledge.

Reception "True and False Statements"

The task of the students is to determine whether the statement contains a true or false statement, and to explain their point of view.

Do you believe that participles are similar to adjectives in their "appearance"? (Yes, because they combine the characteristics of an adjective and a verb).

Do you believe that participles are not related to verbs? (No, this is a special form of the verb, which denotes a sign of an object by action).

Do you believe that participles can be present and past tense? (Yes, just like verbs).

Do you believe that the sacrament is returnable? (Yes, for example, offended).

Do you believe that participles do not change by gender, case and number? (No, they, like adjectives, change by gender, case and number).

Do you believe that participial phrases in writing are always separated by commas? (No, only if it is after the word being defined.)

Joint definition of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

Try to formulate the topic of the lesson.

What goals can we set for ourselves?

Teacher: Our task is to systematize what has been studied on the topic "Communion", to identify the degree of assimilation of the knowledge gained and the willingness to solve USE tests on this topic, repeat the rules for constructing sentences with participial phrases.

We systematize information in the form of a cluster (see cluster)

IIUnderstanding stage

Independent work. Attention to the screen.

Read the sentences, answer the questions.

We own our native literature who told the world so much about the Mother. No one has expressed the role of the mother more strongly and sincerely than Russian writers. (I.F. Goncharov)

... And suddenly I realized that it was she, my old mother, lying there now, in an uncomfortable hospital, alone in her loneliness, weak, defenseless against pain, in oblivion she thought of me with immeasurable love, which only mothers can have. (Yu. Bondarev.)

My mother did not let the dying lamp of life die out in me; as soon as he began to fade, she nourished him with the magical outpouring of her own life, her own breath. (S. Aksakov.)

1) What theme unites these statements?

2) Express your attitude to these statements. Justify your answer.

3) Rewrite the statement you like. Find communion.

4) Determine its morphological features, syntactic role.

Teacher: what formal signs helped you answer the fourth question, i.e. find participles and determine their morphological features? (Presence of suffixes.)

The participle is one of the "favorite" parts of speech of KIMs. This part of speech is found in tasks A and in tasks B. Let's work on tasks A20 and A26, which cause difficulties. Attention to the screen.

Read and complete the options for task A20.

A20. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which there should be commas?

Her big eyes (1) filled with inexplicable sadness (2) looked in mine (3) for something similar (4) to hope.

1,2; 2) 2,4; 3) 1,3; 4) 1,2,3,4.

A book (2) read in time (1) can sometimes decide the fate of a person, become his guiding star, determine his ideals for life.

1; 2) 1.2; 3) 2; 4) nowhere.

Reception "Thick and thin questions"

What knowledge about the sacrament does task A20 require? (Knowledge of the syntactic role of the participle)

Explain why commas are used in one sentence and not in another. What does it depend on?

Read and complete the version of task A26.

A26. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participle turnover?

A surname is a special, legally significant word that serves to identify individuals and entire families.

We were interested in a small house that stood on the edge of a majestic forest.

Artyom, whose hands were trembling, grabbed a heavy hammer and hit the workpiece with it.

The interaction that is observed between traditional, oral poetry and works of modern artistic culture can be represented as a dialogue between two cultures.

Teacher questions

What formal signs indicate that it is impossible to make a replacement? (The presence of a preposition before the word which, particles WOULD in a sentence with the word which, the presence of a demonstrative pronoun to which the word which refers.)

Why do you think these features indicate the impossibility of replacing the subordinate clause with a separate definition?

What knowledge about the sacrament is needed to complete tasks A26?

Completing Part B tasks

Read the text.

1) Before the eyes of the guests, a wide platform surrounded by forest, compacted and strewn with fine sand, suddenly opened up. 2) At one end of it stood an octagonal pavilion, all decorated with flags and greenery, at the other - a covered stage for musicians. 3) As soon as the first couples appeared from the thicket, a military band burst out from the stage in a cheerful march. 4) Frisky, beautiful brass sounds playfully rushed through the forest, echoing loudly from the trees and merging somewhere far away into another orchestra, which seemed to be either surpassing the first one, or lagging behind it. 5) In the octagonal pavilion around the tables, arranged in peace and already covered with new white tablecloths, servants bustled, rattling dishes.

6) As soon as the musicians finished the march, all those invited to the picnic burst into friendly applause. 7) They were really amazed, because not more than two weeks ago this site was a slope dotted with rare bushes. (A. Kuprin)

Complete the tasks of part B according to the options. (Those who coped with the task perform tasks of other options, i.e. strong students work ahead of schedule)

Option 1. From sentence 4, write out the word (a) formed in a suffixal way.

Option 2 Write out the passive participles from the text.

Option 3. Write out 2 subordinate phrases, which include the participle.

Option 4. Among the sentences of the text, find a complex one of the grammatical foundations of which includes a compound nominal predicate.

Option 5. Among the sentences of the text, find the sentence (s) with a separate definition, expressed by participial turnover.

Checking the execution of tasks.

Results.

Teacher: We have worked on the USE assignments dedicated to the sacrament. Let's repeat the signs of this part of speech.

What formal signs of participle do you need to know in order to find participles in a sentence?

What are the syntactic functions of the participle?

IIIReflection stage

Essay writing (optional).

Explain: what is the difference between real participles and passive participles?

Explain in detail what is the difference between participles and adjectives; what is common to participles and verbs.

Teacher: Are you satisfied with your work in today's lesson?

Homework

Complete USE assignments according to the text of Kuprin.

A28. Which sentence contains the main idea of ​​the text?

1)1; 2) 4; 3)5; 4)7.

A29. What type of speech is presented in the text?

Narration;

Description;

Narration and description;

Reasoning.

A30. Which sentence has antonyms?