Participle and gerund in a sentence. With homogeneous members, different prepositions can be used. b) If direct speech is an interrogative sentence

“Participation” and “Communion” are the topics that cause the most difficulty when preparing for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, so their analysis deserves special attention, especially since there are enough tasks related to these topics in parts A and B:

A4 (attachment of participial phrase),

A6 (replacing the attributive clause with a participial phrase),

A11, B2 (morphology),

A13 (N and NN in various parts of speech),

A16 (vowels in personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes),

A18 (NOT with various parts speech),

A21 (punctuation marks for isolation),

B5 (find a proposal with isolated members),

B1 (word formation methods).

During the exam, graduates usually forget that participles can be not only real, but also passive, and passive participles can be not only full, but also short.

Full participles in a sentence are modifiers, which is why they are confused with adjectives. And short passive participles are confused with short adjectives, adverbs and verbs.

Many graduates have little understanding of what a gerund is. According to statistics, in “2011, 29% of examinees for some reason decided that “established” is a gerund.” A derivative preposition despite the union althoughusually very often confuse children.

In order to systematically review spelling and punctuation on the topics “Participation” and “Participation” with the help of an enlarged block of rules, reference tables, algorithms, exercises and tests for consolidation, I have developed this manual.

According to analytical reports, most examinees make mistakes in tasks A11, which requires determining what part of speech is given word, and B2, where it is necessary to write out words belonging to a certain part of speech from the text. For example, in 2011, only 40.6% of them were able to answer the question correctly. Moreover, such low results are repeated from year to year. As a consolation, we can say that even the luminaries of philological science cannot agree on which part of speech a particular word should be attributed to in different cases. True, this consolation is weak, since the test compilers disclose information about which opinion is considered correct in fragments. Yet most mistakes can be avoided. Therefore, we remind you which suffixes are used to form participles and gerunds:

The participle answers the questionHow? Doing what? What did you do? and has

suffixes -v, -lice, -shi, -a (-ya), less often – teach (being), - yuchi (sorry,

playfully)

1. Indicate the correct morphological characteristics of the highlighted word.
Now, having received support from the authorities, the inventor will start manufacturing a new car.

1) full participle 2) short participle 3) gerund 4) adverb
2. Indicate the correct morphological characteristics of the highlighted word.
Literary language is the same folk language, only processed masters.
3) gerund 4) passive participle
3. Indicate the correct morphological characteristics of the highlighted word.
Current streams from the top watered the roots with life-giving moisture.
1) full adjective 2) active participle
3) short adjective 4) passive participle
4. Indicate the correct morphological characteristics of the highlighted word.
Children, being schoolchildren do not realize all the responsibility.
1) verb 2) gerund
3) adjective 4) participle

The next block “Spelling vowels in suffixes of participles and gerunds” (A16):

1. For active past participles, before the suffixes –вш- and –ш- the same vowel is written as for the verb in the indefinite form before –т (kleit – glued)

2. For passive past participles, the spelling of the vowel depends on what the verb ends in: if the verb ends in -it or -et, then the participle has the suffix -ENH-, and if the verb ends in -at or -yat, then y participles are written –A-NN.

Note. The participle movable is an exception, because has the suffix -im-, characteristic of passive participles formed from verbs of the second conjugation; in fact, this participle does not come from the verb move, but from the obsolete dvizhiti.

Fastening test:

1. In which row is the letter I written in both words?

1. warmed...my, seen...seen 2) salted...thrown away...thrown away

3) purchased, glued 4) moved, glued

2. In which row in both words is the letter E written in place of the gap?

1. bedded, overfed...

2) scrolled...remembered

3) thrown...independent, independent...my

4) delivered, unfinished...unfinished

3. In which row in both words is the letter A (Z) written in place of the gap?

1. invented...invented, unimaginable...invented

2) viewing...my, trusted...

3) hidden, independent...may 4) occupied, verified

4. In which row in both words is the letter I written in place of the gap?

1. filed...attached...my 2) escaped...attached

3) built, glued 4) unbending...my, bitten...

5. In which row in both words is the letter A (Z) written in place of the gap?

1. pumped up (wheel), sieved 2) cooked through, oiled...

3) attentive, wary... 4) spent, upset...

We turn to the topic “N and НН in suffixes of participles and verbal adjectives"(A13):

NN is written in full passive participles past tense:

1. If the participles have a prefix other than NOT (the prefix Not does not affect the change in type): a glued picture, a painted fence.
2. If participles have a dependent word: a recently mown meadow.

3. If the participles are formed from perfective verbs without prefixes: abandoned (throw), given (give).

4. In verbal adjectives with –ovanny, -yovanny (exception: forged, chewed, pecked): asphalted

N is written:

1. In short passive participles: the letter was not sent

1. In verbal adjectives, except for those ending in – ovanny, - ёvanny: boiled
2. The spelling of verbal adjectives in complex words does not change, for example: smooth-dyed, hot-rolled, washed - washed.

Exercises to consolidate knowledge:

Insert, where necessary, the letters missing in the suffixes of participles and verbal words

vowels and N or NN.

1. Knitted sweater, knitted sweater by sister, knitted sweater, knitted sweater.

2. Loaded wagon, loaded wagon with grain, unloaded wagon, unloaded wagon.

3. Baked potatoes, potatoes baked..in ash, baked..bread, bread baked..n.

4. Boiled..milk, boiled..milk, unboiled..milk, freshly boiled..milk, mother’s boiled..milk, boiled..milk.

5. Written beauty, unwritten law, written sheets, oil painted portrait, oil painted portrait.

6. Painted floors, unpainted floors, freshly painted floors, freshly painted floors, painted floors, oil-painted floors, painted floors.

7. Sawed sugar, sawn timber at a sawmill, sawn log, sawed log..but.

8. Powerful..naya road, weak..naya road, paved..naya road, paved..cobblestone road, paved..cobblestone road.

9. Boiled potatoes, boiled potatoes, boiled potatoes in broth, boiled potatoes, boiled potatoes.

10. Torn pants, torn pants, torn pants in several places, torn pants.

The next block is “Not with participles and gerunds” (A18):

Here we remind you that the participle, despite, should be distinguished from homonymous Nes looking (at) – preposition and Nes depending on the fact that it is a union.

Exercise for consolidation:

1. We are wandering through a field where the grass is (not) mown.

2. A far (un)justified act was committed.

3. Documents (not) collected by the deadline were no longer needed

4. Across the river stood an (un)finished house.

5. The (not) plowed field in autumn turned green.

6. He lived (not) hating everything around him.

7. (Not) thinking about the future, Vera hurried away from this place.

8. The (un)revised manuscript was submitted for review.

9. (Un)burdened with worries, the children ran merrily around the table.

10. At eight o'clock in the evening we finally reached the (un)silent sea.

11. A (undiluted) pause hung in the air.

12. The sound, (not) muffled by anything, flowed freely through the village.

13. Many (dis)liked Belikov for his quarrelsome character.

14. All the sailors, (not) busy with the watch, went to the upper deck.

15. (Not) seeing anything under our feet, we slowly moved forward in the darkness of the night.

Algorithm

Specific person

Yes No

Definitely personal

Vaguely personal

Impersonal proposals

(with verbs possible, necessary, necessary, etc.)

Test:

1. Provide a grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Speaking of the richness of language,

1) a discussion began in the audience

2) I became interested in this problem.

3) specific examples are required.

4) we meant his vocabulary

2. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Having discovered organic substances in comets,

1) a new hypothesis was put forward about the origin of life.

2) this provides grounds for important conclusions.

3) scientists have suggested that life could have been brought from space.

4) scientists have an assumption about the existence of life outside the Earth.

3. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Performing this piece

1. there was a feeling of joy.

2) I tried to convey my mood.

1. The author's intent must be taken into account.

4) the audience listened well to the pianist.

4. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence:

Returning from a trip,

1. An interesting incident happened.

2) we shared our vivid impressions with friends.

3) I couldn’t sleep.

4) interesting incidents along the way were remembered for a long time.

5. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

After reading a new book,

1. I was captivated by its plot.

2) preparations for the reading conference have begun.

3) I became interested in history.

4) it helps to better understand the world around us.

6. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Without counting on help,

1) my strength began to leave me.

2) the students completed the task independently.

3) independence is very important.

4) the textbook helps to cope with difficult material.

7. Choose the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Having carefully prepared for the performance,

1) the speaker’s speech should nevertheless resemble improvisation.

2) the speaker’s speech must contain successful examples, images, and humor.

3) a good speaker’s speech is figurative, emotional and at the same time logical.

4) the speaker made a convincing speech.

8. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Studying history

1) it took a lot of time.

2) contemporaries are learning the lessons of the past.

3) there is an opportunity to be proud of her past.

4) it helps to better understand the present.

9. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Playing chess

1) I have a headache. 2) we develop logical thinking.

3) the evening flew by unnoticed. 4) will and observation skills are developed.

10. Choose the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Creating an environmental forecast,

1) the state of the environment of our city is taken into account.

2) design it in the form of a map with special symbols.

3) special knowledge is required.

4) scientists have processed a large amount of statistical material.

The next block is “Sentences with participial phrases” (A6)

Exercise for consolidation:

1. In which sentence the subordinate part of a complex sentence cannot be replaced separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase?

1. French words and expressions that penetrate the Russian language are called Gallicisms.

2) Environment The environment in which living organisms exist is constantly changing.

3) In order to promote the development of literature and literary language in the 18th century, it was created Russian Academy, which has become the main scientific center for the study of Russian language and literature.

4) In the second half of the 18th century, French influence on the speech of Russian nobles, which played an important role in the process of Europeanization of the Russian literary language, became predominant.

2. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a participial phrase?

1. This document discusses the creation economic union, which provides for the elimination of customs barriers.

2) I remembered the woman from whom circumstances separated me twelve years ago.

3) In the morning, I usually do something that requires the most attention and effort.

4) It was at the age of 12 that an event occurred in Beethoven’s life that predetermined his entire subsequent life and career.

3. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a participial phrase?

1. The hostility that should have existed among the peasants towards cornflower as a weed never existed.

2) The painting “Ship Grove” embodies the deepest knowledge of Russian nature, which was accumulated by the master over almost half a century of creative life.

3) Emerald grass and grayish green milkweed descend to a shallow stream that slowly flows through the valley.

4) The snow that fell at dawn and managed to melt made the slope even more slippery.

In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a participial phrase?

1. V.A. Serov is the greatest portrait painter who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian landscape.

2) A person’s charm can turn out to be an elastic mask, which either stretches into a smile or forms a fist.

3) Chopin is one of the few Polish composers who composed only for piano.

4) The yard in which I grew up was familiar to me down to the smallest detail.

5. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a participial phrase?

1. In this chapter, Herzen writes about the ascetics of the Renaissance who opened new horizons to the human mind.

2) Leonardo da Vinci's paintings show the mobility of the human face, which reflects the mobility of the human soul.

3) During the war years V.Yu. Sviridov began writing war songs, of which the most famous was “Song of the Brave.”

4) Vrubel’s artistic style, which after the artist’s death became the object of close study, was not accepted by the artist’s contemporaries.

6. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a participial phrase?

1. A. Blok, who responded to Vrubel’s work with beautiful poems, called Vrubel’s “Demon” and Lermontov’s “Demon” symbols of time.

2) Numerous sketches of the artist, on which he worked especially enthusiastically during his creative heyday, testify to his sensitivity to the trends in the development of Russian art.

3) One of the most striking was the impression of Constantinople, which combined in its appearance the features of Eastern and Western cultures.

4) The name of Aivazovsky was well known in the circles of the Turkish aristocracy, which at that time was actively involved in European culture.

7. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase?

1. About a hundred years ago, on Moskovskaya Street in Kursk there was a two-story building, on the facade of which there was a sign “Confectionery N.P. Levashkevich."

2) Boris Shergin is a “writer of the soul and heart” who revealed the ideas of brotherhood, beauty, and mutual assistance.

3) Interesting is the original arrangement of the light openwork balconies of the tower, which create an “air passage” from one part of the house to another.

4) The grandson of the famous confectioner O.V. took part in the opening of the exhibition. Levitsky, who became an architect.

8. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a participial phrase?

1. Among the masters of the older generation, I.I. Shishkin represented with his art an exceptional phenomenon, which previous eras had not seen in the field of landscape poetry.

2) Crisis phenomena in contemporary art, which are noted by many researchers, have raised the issue of changes in artistic culture.

3) In this portrait, Repin did not hide the traces of a serious illness, which left its mark on Mussorgsky’s entire appearance.

4) The main condition of the opera plot by P.I. Tchaikovsky believed in the truthfulness of the life situations that are reflected in him.

9. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a participial phrase?

1. This trip could give me experiences that I could not get while sitting at home.

2) Musical theme, which is connected with Tatyana, with enormous power conveys a premonition of a fateful meeting with Onegin.

3) A life that is equipped with the latest computer technology and modern technology, becomes more rational.

4) The main task of a landscape painter is to create an image that smells not of paints, but of flowers.

Answers: 1. – 2); 2. – 2); 3. – 1); 4. – 4); 5. – 3); 6. – 2); 7. – 1); 8. – 1); 9. – 1)

We also dwell in detail on the topic “Punctuation marks for participial phrases” (A21, B5)

The participial phrase is isolated if:

1. It stands after the word being defined, for example: The wind, which scattered dust throughout the area, was not going to give up.

1. Two or more consistent single definitions are isolated, standing after the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by another definition, for example: Favorite faces, dead and living, come to mind. (Turgenev)

1. If the definition is torn off in the text from the defined noun, for example: The eyes closed and, half-closed, also smiled (Turgenev). And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry lay down on the bare slope. (Sholokhov)
2. Consistent common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are isolated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary), for example: Accompanied by an officer, the commandant entered the house (Pushkin).

1. Consistent definitions relating to the personal pronoun are isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition, for example: Lulled by sweet hopes, he slept soundly (Chekhov).

The participial phrase is not isolated:

1. If it stands before a qualifying noun (if it does not have additional adverbial shades of meaning), for example: The detachment that left early in the morning has already covered four miles (L. Tolstoy).

1. With inversion, for example: He could hear things that were quite unpleasant for himself if Grushnitsky had guessed the truth (Lermontov).

1. With a single participle, for example: Wind-driven clouds spread across the sky.
2. With homogeneous participial phrases connected coordinating conjunctions and, or, yes (in the meaning of AND), for example: thundercloud, at times sparkling with lightning and emitting a displeased rumble, hurried to the northeast.

“Punctuation marks for participial phrases”(A21, B5)

The participle and the participial phrase are separated:

1. Participial turnover, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Joy, entering one house, introduced inescapable grief into another (Sholokhov).

2. Two single gerunds are distinguished, acting as homogeneous circumstances, for example: Grumbling and looking around, Kashtanka entered the room (Chekhov).

The participle and the participial phrase are not separated if:

1. The participle is found at the end of the sentence and takes on an adverbial meaning, for example: They sat by the river in silence.

1. The participle is closely related in meaning to the predicate, for example: The boy walked with a limp on his left leg.

1. The phrase is an idiomatic expression (phraseological unit), for example: Day and night across the snowy desert I rush to you at breakneck speed (Griboyedov).

1. A gerund has a conjunctive word as a dependent word which as part of a subordinate clause (such a gerund is not separated from the subordinate clause by a comma), for example: Reformers always face dozens of everyday problems, without solving which it is impossible to move forward.

1. Two participial phrases are connected by a non-repeating conjunction And, for example: Once, walking along a noisy, cheerful avenue and feeling cheerful with the crowd, he experienced the happy pleasure that the annoying bitterness of the action had passed (Fedin).

Test:

Write down the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

1. Multi-colored thickets (1) formed by single (2) and colonial coral polyps (3) are clearly visible through clear waters warm tropical seas (4) on a calm sunny day.

1. Amber (1) which has been in for a long time sea ​​water(2) or specially purified (3) has a subtle (4) scent of jasmine.
2. In Crimea, Vasiliev spent a long time admiring the mountains (1) reaching towards the sun (2) and (3) trees shrouded in pink haze.
3. The glorious biography of the “Arkhangelsk peasant” Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1) who left the village with a convoy for Moscow (2) and (3) who eventually became the greatest scientist (4) is known today to every schoolchild.
4. Elegant urticaria butterflies (1) fluttering easily (2) or basking in the sun (3) can be seen in nature (4) already in early spring.
5. A first grade student ran down the corridor (1) headlong (2) as if he was being chased
6. Mixing with the salty sea winds (1), the smell of citrus fruits (2) creates (3) a healing (4) atmosphere for people.
7. In the evening (1), completely upset (2), she nevertheless began cleaning the apartment.
8. Tired of their mother's cleanliness (1), the boys learned to be cunning
9. The garden (1) thinned out more and more and turned into a real meadow (2) descended to (3) a river overgrown with green reeds and willows (4).

Another block topic is “Basic methods of word formation of participles and gerunds” (B1)

Since the participle and gerund are considered as special forms of the verb, in some textbooks the suffixes of these parts of speech are considered not word-forming, but formative, and in others, the participle and gerund are considered independent parts of speech, therefore the method of word formation of these words is indicated as suffixal.

Participles are formed using the suffixes -a, -ya, -v, -shi, -louse, -uchi, -yuchi.

Participles - using suffixes: -ashch, -yashch, -ushch, yushch, -sh, -vsh, -im, -em,

Nn, -enn, -t.

1. Continue work to improve spelling and punctuation literacy, including on these topics.
2. Use the following forms of work when preparing students for the Unified State Exam:

You: block repetition, training, etc.

1. Accustom graduates to carefully read assignments.
2. Monitor the success of mastering topics.

TASK 17: Sentences with participle and participial phrases.

Task 17 from the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is devoted to sentences with isolated members of the sentence (definitions, circumstances, applications, etc.). Largest quantity errors are associated with the placement of signs when using participial (PO) and adverbial (DO) phrases. To avoid mistakes, you should follow the algorithm.

ALGORITHM.

1. Find all participles and gerunds.

2. Find those words on which participles and gerunds depend.

3. Determine the speed limits (using questions).

4. Think: are there any homogeneous phrases in the sentence (i.e. those that depend on one word).

What is useful to remember about PARTICIPLES.

WHICH? WHAT DOES, DOES, DOES?

2. Participles indicate sign by action. A child PLAYS - he is a PLAYER; PLAYED - PLAYED; the book has been READ - it is READ, etc.

3. In a sentence, the participle depends on a NOUN (or other part of speech in the role of a noun; for example, on a pronoun).

4. Remember participle suffixes.

Active present participles: ASCH, YASCH; USCH, YUSCH. Thinking, gluing, searching.

Active past participles: VSh, Sh. THINKING, Gluing, SEEKING.

Present passive participles: THEM; EM/OM. Readable, persecuted.

Passive past participles: ENN, NN, T. BUILT, READ, COVERED.

What is useful to know about participles.

1. Answer the following questions: WHAT DO YOU DO? HOW?

2. Participles mean additive action. The man walked, LOOKING around; the scientist read the manuscript, carefully STUDYING the author’s notes, etc.

3. In a sentence, the gerund depends on the VERB.

4. Remember gerund suffixes.

Imperfect participles: AND I. Doing, working, hearing, screaming, holding.

Perfect participles: V, LICE, SHI. Done, seen, lowered, decided, baked, dried, locked.

Such suffixes are rare, but also occur: UCHI, YUCHI. BEING, DRIVING, PLAYING.

What is useful to know about REVERSES.

1. A revolution is a participle/gerund + dependent words.

2. It will be easier to determine the boundaries of a phrase if you ask questions from the main word in the phrase (from a participle or gerund) to the words around it.

3. We highlight participial phrases (or single participles) in tasks from the Unified State Exam with the signs ALWAYS.

4. We highlight the participial phrase in tasks from the Unified State Exam with signs when it comes AFTER the DEFINED (main) word.

The old NAVIGATION, who had weathered many storms in his long life, was not at a loss in an unfamiliar situation.

If the participial phrase comes BEFORE the word being defined, then we do not put signs.

OSTAP, NOT CONFUSED in this situation, dodged to the right.

Let's look at a few examples from task 17.

1. A young falcon (1) unexpectedly high (2) soaring above the plain (3) disappeared from summer sky(4) outlining the space above the horizon.

1. Taking off, outlining - gerunds.

2. Taking off HOW? unexpectedly high. Soaring OVER WHAT? over the plain. Unexpectedly flying high above the plain - an adverbial phrase. DOs are always separated, so we put commas in place of numbers 1 and 3.

3. Outlining WHAT? space. WHAT space? above the horizon. Outlining the space above the horizon is also an adverbial phrase. We put a sign in the number 4.

4. The main word for both DOs is the verb DISAPPEARED. Where it stands relative to the speed is not important to us. DOs are still isolated.

Answer: 134.

2. Having walked dozens of miles (1) and (2) feeling very tired (3), I lay down in the shade of a thick willow tree (4) standing lonely on the shore of a steppe pond.

1. Having passed and felt - gerunds.

2. Having passed WHAT? more than a dozen miles. This is an adverbial phrase.

3. Feeling WHAT? severe fatigue. This is also an adverbial phrase.

4. The main word for both DO is the verb LIE. This means that the revolutions are uniform. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in numbers 1 and 2, because if homogeneous ones are connected by a conjunction, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In the number 3, a sign is needed, because in a sentence DO should be highlighted with signs.

4. Standing - communion. Standing HOW? lonely. Standing WHERE? on the shore of a steppe pond. After the number 4 comes software. It depends on the word VETLA (WHAT willow? standing...). Because PO is after the DEFINED word, we put a comma (in number 4).

3. One can only bow to the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva (1) who created a completely unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed (4) in her muse.

1. Who created and believed - sacraments.

2. Who created WHAT? a completely unique poetic world. This is a participle phrase.

3. Believed HOW? holy. Believing WHAT? to your muse. This is also a participle phrase.

4. The main word for both software is Marina Tsvetaeva. Marina Tsvetaeva WHAT? Who created... and believed... . This means that the revolutions are uniform. Moreover, they are connected by the union I. We do not separate them with commas in the numbers 2 and 3, because if homogeneous ones are connected by a conjunction, then they do not need to be separated by commas. In the number 1, the sign is needed because PO comes after the DEFINED word.

4. All around was only the solemn sea (1) silvered by the moon (2) and (3) the sky strewn with stars (4).

1. Silvered, studded - communions.

2. Silver plated with WHAT? moon. This is a participle phrase. It depends on the noun SEA. WHAT kind of sea? silvered by the moon. The participial phrase comes after the DEFINED word, and therefore we must separate it with commas.

3. Dotted with WHAT? stars. This is a participle phrase. It depends on the noun SKY. WHAT is the sky? studded with stars. The participial phrase comes before the DEFINED word, and therefore we DO NOT separate it with commas.

4. Please note that between the turns there is a conjunction I. Many will decide that it connects exactly two turns, and therefore they are homogeneous. But that's not true. These phrases cannot be homogeneous, since they depend on different words. The conjunction I connects the words SEA and SKY. That is why we consider these turnovers separately from each other. In the first case, we highlight the revolution with signs, and in the second case, we DO NOT highlight the revolution with signs.

Task 1 #4286

Hearing such a frantic knock on the gate (1) Fenya (2), so frightened two hours ago (3) and still from excitement (4) not daring to go to bed (5), was now frightened again almost to the point of hysteria.

Having heard - a gerund. Hearing such a frantic knock on the gate is an adverbial phrase. DOs are always separated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Scared is a participle. So frightened two hours ago - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The word being defined is “Fenya”. PO comes after it, which means there should be a comma in place of the number 2.

Undecided - participle. Still not daring to go to bed out of excitement - participial phrase. It also refers to the defined word “Fenya” and comes after it. In this case, the software is isolated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 5.

Between the two POs there is a conjunction “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a coordinating connection, therefore a comma is not placed in place of the number 3.

Answer: 125

Task 2 #4287

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Young officials and other unoccupied people driving along the big Oryol road (1) can still notice the huge wooden house(2) completely abandoned (3) with a collapsed roof and (4) tightly boarded (5) windows (6) pushed out onto the very road.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Passing - participle. Those driving along the big Oryol road are a participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word(s) being defined. Defined words are officials and people. PO comes before them, so there is no comma in place of the number 1.

Abandoned - participle. Completely abandoned is a participial phrase. The word being defined is “house”. PO comes after the word being defined, so it stands out. Commas should be placed in place of numbers 2 and 3.

Crowded - participle. Tightly packed - participial phrase. The defined word is “windows”. It occupies a position after the software, so it is not isolated; commas in place of the numbers 4 and 5 are not needed.

Nominated - participle. Pushed to the very road - PO. The word being defined is “house”, it comes before the software, so there should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 236

Task 3 #4288

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Completely bankrupt (1) he went to St. Petersburg (2) to look for a place for himself (3) and died in a hotel room (4) without waiting for any decision.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Having gone broke is a gerund. Having completely gone bankrupt is an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated, so there should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Without waiting - a gerund. Without waiting for any decision - an adverbial phrase. There should be a comma in place of the number 4.

Answer: 14

Task 4 #4289

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

If just one person made his notes throughout the entire book (1) without missing a single sheet of it (2) and began to read it (3) by picking up a pen (4) and placing a sheet of notepaper in front of him (5) and then After reading a few pages, he would remember his whole life and all the incidents (6) that happened before his eyes.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Without missing - participle. Without missing a single sheet of it - an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated. The numbers 1 and 2 should be replaced by commas.

Having taken (taken) - gerund. Picking up a pen - participial phrase. DO is always isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 3.

Having put (put) - gerund. By placing a sheet of notepaper in front of you - BEFORE, it always stands apart. There should be a comma in place of the number 5.

Between the two DOs there is a conjunction “and”, they are homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by a coordinating connection, therefore a comma is not placed in place of the number 4.

Happened - participle. What happened before his eyes is a participle phrase. The word being defined is “incidents.” It comes before the software, in this case the software stands apart. There should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 12356

Task 5 #4290

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Thus dressed (1) he rode in his own carriage along the endlessly wide streets (2) illuminated by the meager lighting from (3) flickering (4) windows here and there.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Getting dressed is a gerund. Dressing in this way is an adverbial phrase. DO is always isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 1.

Illuminated - communion. Illuminated by the meager lighting from the flickering windows here and there - a participle phrase. The defined word is “streets”. PO comes after the word being defined, so it stands out. There should be a comma in place of the number 2.

Flashed - communion. Flashed here and there - a participial phrase. The word being defined is “windows”. The software stands in front of it, therefore, it is not isolated. In place of numbers 3 and 4, commas are not needed.

Answer: 12

Task 6 #4291

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.

Nekhlyudov dressed in a dress that had been cleaned and (1) prepared on a chair (2) and went out into the dining room with a huge oak buffet and an equally large sliding table (3) that had something solemn in its (4) widely spaced in the shape of lion paws (5 ) carved legs.

It is necessary to find all participles (participial phrases), gerunds (adverbial phrases) and defined words (those on which the phrases depend). For a participle (PO) it is usually a noun. For the gerund (DO) - verb.

Cooked - participle. Cooked on a chair is a participial phrase. The software is isolated if it appears after the word being defined. The word being defined is “dress.” The software stands in front of him. In place of numbers 1 and 2, commas are not needed.

Those who had - communion. Those who had something solemn in their carved legs widely spaced in the form of lion paws - a participial phrase. The defined word is “table”. PO stands after the word being defined, therefore, it is isolated. There should be a comma in place of the number 3.

Arranged - communion. Widely spaced in the form of a lion's paws - a participial phrase. The defined word is “legs”. The software comes before the word being defined, so it is not isolated. In place of numbers 4 and 5, commas are not needed.

Graduated is a participle. Having completed important homework is a participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of numbers 1 and 2.

Those who talked are a participle. Talking to your doctor about the weather and a small pimple - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of the numbers 2 and 4.

To those who jumped up - communion. Jumped up on the nose - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “pimple”. PO comes after it, which means there should be commas in place of the numbers 4 and 5.

Showing is a participle. Showing great talents - participial phrase. POs are separated when they appear after the word being defined. The defined word is “everything”. PO comes after it, which means there should be a comma in place of the number 6.

Answer: 12456

Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

A) the error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members in sentence 9 is that homogeneous predicates, according to the rule, should require the same case form from the dependent word, but this is not observed: “considered” requires the question what?, and “admired” requires what?

Here is the correct spelling: Visitors spent a long time looking at the paintings of the Itinerant artists and admiring the paintings.

Rule 7.6.1

7.6. ERROR IN CONSTRUCTING A SENTENCE WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

INTRODUCTION

Members of a sentence that perform the same function are called homogeneous syntactic function, united by the same attitude to the same member of the sentence, connected by a coordinating connection. Both main and secondary members can be homogeneous: subjects, predicates, additions, definitions, circumstances. For example, the definitions “new, super-powerful computer” in relation to the word “computer” will be homogeneous; circumstances were “depicted colorfully, but unclearly” in relation to “depicted.”

TYPES OF ERRORS WHEN USING HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

7.6.1 Homogeneous predicates have the same dependent object.

Rule: With a normal, correct structure of a sentence, from each of two homogeneous predicates (first and second), ONE GENERAL question is posed to the general complement, For example:

Guys are interested in (what?) and do (what?) sports; Heroes of the story remember (about what?) and share impressions (about what?) about the years of youth.

An error occurs if each of the predicates asks a DIFFERENT question to the COMMON object.

Example 1: I love (who? what?) and admire (who? what) my father.

The predicates “I love” and “I admire” have one dependent word “father”, which is in the instrumental case. It turned out that the addition “father” correctly obeyed only the second predicate, since the verb “love” requires an accusative from the addition (I love who? What? father), therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. To correctly express a thought, you need to change the sentence so that each predicate has a separate, case-appropriate addition, for example, like this: I love and admire my father.

Example 2: The hero of the story believed (in what? what?) and strived (for what?) for his dream. Each of the verbs requires its own form of addition, it is impossible to find a common word, so we change the sentence again so that each predicate has a separate addition, appropriate in case, for example, like this: The hero of the story believed in his dream and strived for it.

Note for teachers: this type errors refers to control errors. In written work, such an error is usually made by students due to inattention: the first predicate is simply overlooked, and the error (when pointed out) is easily corrected. A much more serious problem arises where the student does not realize that a particular case question cannot be raised from a given verb in principle.

7.6.2 Homogeneous members are connected by double unions not only..., but also...; if not... then... and others

Rule 1. In such proposals, you need to pay attention to the fact that that parts of a double union must connect homogeneous members of the same series, For example: We were inspired not so much colorful places in this quiet city, How many the sincerity of its inhabitants. Let's make a proposal diagram: not so much ABOUT , How many ABOUT . First part of the double conjunction: not so much, is located before the first och, subject to “places” (we do not take the word “colorful” into account), the second part How many stands before the second subject “soulfulness”.

Now let’s “break” the sentence. Us not so much inspired by the colorful places of this quiet city, How many the sincerity of its inhabitants. The first part of the conjunction now refers to the predicate, and the second to the subject. This is where this type of error lies.

Let's look at some more examples:

Example 1: It can be argued that the mood was the main thing Not only for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. That's right: each part comes before the OP, in this example before the additions. Compare with an incorrectly constructed sentence: It can be argued that the mood was Not only most important for the creator of the poem, but also for his readers. The parts of a conjunction are connected not by homogeneous members, but by a predicate and an object.

Rule 2. It is also necessary to remember that the parts of the double conjunction are permanent and cannot be replaced by other words. So, the proposal would be wrong Merchants Stroganovs Not only cooked salt and , since the union not only...but also No. The conjunction “not only” has a second part “but also”, not “also”. The correct version of this sentence would be: Merchants Stroganovs Not only cooked salt but also mined iron and copper in their lands

This is how you can do it: (options for the second part are given in brackets).

1) not only... but also (and and; but even; and also; and besides); not only not... but (but rather, rather; on the contrary, on the contrary); not only; 2) not that... but (a; just; even, not even); not even... not that; not even... not even that; not even... much less;

3) not only that... also; not only that... also; little of; moreover, Furthermore; worse than that; or even...

7.6.3 In sentences with homogeneous members there is a generalizing word.

It must be taken into account that everything homogeneous members must be in the same case as the generalizing word.

The following sentence is grammatically correct: I forgot about everyone: about worries and sorrows, about sleepless nights, about sadness and longing. . The word [about] “everything” is generalizing and is in the prepositional case. All och stand in the same case.

Failure to comply with this rule is a serious violation syntactic norm: gifts:crossbows, sables and decorations.

In this sentence, the generalizing word “gifts” is in the genitive case, and all homogeneous members (“crossbows, sable and decorations”) are in the nominative case. Therefore, this sentence is constructed incorrectly. Correct option: Soon the nobleman began inspecting the brought gifts: crossbows, sables and jewelry.

7.6.5 Using various syntactic elements of a sentence as homogeneous members

There is a strict grammatical rule that prescribes which elements can and cannot be combined into homogeneous members.

Let us list the cases in which this rule is violated.

If in a sentence they are combined into homogeneous

- noun form and indeterminate form verb: I love chess and swimming, I like embroidery and needlework, I’m afraid of the dark and being alone and similar;

- different forms of the nominal part of the predicate: my sister was sad and worried, she was younger and kinder and similar;

- participial phrase and subordinate clause : The main characters of the story are people who are not afraid of difficulties and who are always true to their word; I don’t like people who change their attitude and don’t hide it. and similar;

Participial and participial phrase: Loving their work and striving to do it well, the builders achieved excellent results and similar;

that is - grammar mistake. Note that such violations occur very often in written work, therefore, like the entire task 7, this part is of great practical importance.

The following types of errors were encountered in assignments before 2015.

7.6.4 With homogeneous members, different prepositions can be used.

In one row of OPs, when listing, it is possible to use prepositions, for example: V theater, and on exhibition VDNKh, and onRed Square. As you can see, this sentence uses prepositions V And on, and that's true. It would be a mistake to use the same preposition for all words in this series: During my three stays in Moscow I visited and V theater, and the VDNKh exhibition, and Red Square. You cannot be “in VDNKh” and “in Red Square.” So the rule goes like this: You cannot use a general preposition to all members of a series if the meaning of this preposition does not fit at least one of the OPs.

Example with error: Crowds of people were everywhere: on the streets, squares, squares. Before the word “squares” it is necessary to add the preposition “in,” since this word is not used with the preposition “on.” Correct option: Crowds of people were everywhere: in the streets, squares, and parks.

7.6.6 Combination of species and generic concepts in one row

For example, in the sentence: The bag contained oranges, juice, bananas, fruits a logical error has been made. “Oranges” and “bananas” are specific concepts in relation to the word “fruit” (that is, general), therefore, they cannot stand with it in the same row of homogeneous members. Correct option: The bag contained juice and fruit: bananas, oranges.

Another example with an error: Adults, children, and schoolchildren came to meet the famous artist. The words “children” and “schoolchildren” cannot be made homogeneous.

7.6.7 Use of logically incompatible concepts in the same series of homogeneous terms

For example, in the sentence Mourners walked with bags and sad faces a mistake is felt: “faces” and “bags” cannot be homogeneous.

Such a deliberate violation can act as a stylistic device: Only Masha, heating and winter did not sleep(K. G. Paustovsky). When the frost and mother allowed him to stick his nose out of the house, Nikita went to wander around the yard alone(A.N. Tolstoy). Only if this is acceptable for a work of art of the level of Tolstoy or Chekhov (they are not on an exam, they can joke, play with words!), then such humor will not be appreciated either in written work or in task 7.

B) the violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate in sentence 6 is that when the subject is CTO, the predicate must be put in the singular

Let's give the correct spelling: Everyone who studied in the math class passed the test with flying colors.

Rule 7.3.1

7.3. Agreement of the predicate with the subject

INTRODUCTION

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which agrees with its predicate according to the laws of grammar.

The subject and predicate usually have the same grammatical forms of number, gender, person, for example: The clouds are rushing, the clouds are swirling; The invisible moon illuminates the flying snow; The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy.

In such cases, we can talk about agreement of the predicate with the subject. However, the correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members of the sentence is not necessary; incomplete correspondence of the grammatical forms of the main members is possible: My whole life has been a guarantee of a faithful date with you- correspondence of number forms, but different gender forms; Your destiny is endless troubles- mismatch of number forms.

The grammatical connection of the main members of a sentence is considered coordination. This grammatical connection is broader and freer than agreement. It can contain different words; their morphological properties do not necessarily have to correspond to each other.

When coordinating the main members of a sentence, the problem of choosing the number forms of the predicate arises when the gender/number of the subject is difficult to determine. This “Help” section is devoted to consideration of these issues.

7.3.1. In a complex sentence, pronouns act as subjects

If a sentence (and not necessarily a sentence!) uses a pronoun as the subject, then you need to know a number of rules that prescribe how to correctly coordinate the predicate with it.

A) If the subject is expressed by the pronouns WHO, WHAT, NO ONE, NOTHING, SOMEONE, SOMEONE, WHOEVER, then the predicate is put in the singular form: For example: [Those ( who neglect the opinions of others) risk being left alone].

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes), [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [Nobody knew (that the class was postponed).]

EXAMPLE 1 (Whoever comes, [everyone will know].

EXAMPLE 2 [Nobody knew (that the class was postponed).]

B) If the subject is expressed by a plural pronoun TE, ALL, the predicate is put in the plural form. If the subject is expressed by singular pronouns TOT, TA, TO, the predicate is put in singular form. For example: [ THOSE (who graduated from school with honors) have a greater chance of entering a university on a free basis].

This proposal is built on the following model:

[Those (who+ predicate), ...predicate...]. And this is the most common model in which it is proposed to find an error. Let's analyze the structure of a complex sentence: in the main sentence the pronoun “those” is the subject, plural. h; “have” - predicate, plural This corresponds to rule B.

Now pay attention to the subordinate clause: “who” is the subject, “finished” is the predicate in the singular. This corresponds to rule A.

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

EXAMPLE 3. [Those (who are planning a vacation for the summer) buy tickets in the spring].

Here are the corrected options:

EXAMPLE 1 [Everyone (who purchased tickets at the box office) must independently check in for the flight].

EXAMPLE 2. [Those (who have seen the northern lights at least once) will no longer be able to forget this extraordinary phenomenon].

In examples 1 and 2 the error is easy to see: it is enough to throw out the subordinate clause. In the following example, the error often goes undetected.

EXAMPLE 3. [Those ( who is planning a vacation for the summer), buy tickets in the spring].

C) If the subject is expressed by the phrase ONE OF..., EACH OF..., NONE OF... then the predicate is put in singular form. If the subject is expressed by the phrase MANY OF..., SOME OF..., ALL OF... then the predicate is put in the plural form. For example: [None of those (who took the prize) wanted to go to the republican competition].

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who visited Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the ancient estate trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each of the parties (who presented their project) defended its advantages over other projects].

Here are the corrected options:

EXAMPLE 4 [Many of those (who visited Mikhailovsky Park) were amazed at the size of the ancient estate trees].

EXAMPLE 5 [Each of us (who has been in a similar situation) certainly thought about ways out of it].

EXAMPLE 6 [Each side, (who presented her project), defended its advantages over other projects].

D) If the sentence contains the phrase WHO, HOW NOT..., the predicate is put in the singular masculine form. For example: Who, if not parents, SHOULD teach children the ability to communicate?

This phrase can be considered as clarifying, see other examples in paragraph 7.3.3, part B.

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:

EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you an example of endurance and love of life?

Here are the corrected options:

EXAMPLE 7 Who, if not us, should worry about the cleanliness of our cities?

EXAMPLE 8 Who, if not your mother, taught you an example of endurance and love of life?

7.3.2 Coordination of predicate with subject, expressed word or combination of words with the meaning of quantity

When coordinating the main members of a sentence, the problem of choosing the forms of the number of the predicate arises when the subject indicates many objects, but appears in the singular.

A) The subject is a collective noun and words close to them in meaning.

Collective nouns denote a collection homogeneous objects or living beings as an indivisible whole: FOLIAGE, OAK, ASPEN, CHILDREN, STUDENTS, TEACHING, PROFESSORY, PEASANTRY. They have only the singular form, are not combined with cardinal numbers and with words denoting units of measure, but can be combined with the words many/ little or how much: A LITTLE RELATIVES, A LITTLE LEAVE, A LOT OF MOVIES.

Close to them in terms of the meaning of collectiveness are the words PEOPLE, PACK, ARMY, GROUP, CROWD; THOUSAND, MILLION, HUNDRED; THREE, PAIR; DARKNESS, ABYSS, MANY AND OTHERS

The subject expressed by a collective noun requires the predicate to be placed only in the singular form:

For example: The children frolicked in the courtyard of the house; young people often take the initiative.

The subject expressed by a noun like GROUP, CROWD also requires putting the predicate only in the singular form:

For example: A group of festival participants shared their impressions; three horses rushed under the windows

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:

EXAMPLE 1. Within three recent years The management of the Central and regional markets have repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

Here are the corrected options: 

EXAMPLE 1. Over the past three years, the management of the Central and regional markets has repeatedly filed complaints with higher organizations.

EXAMPLE 3. A couple of lovers were sitting on a bench.

B) The subject is a collective noun with a quantitative meaning

The nouns MOST, MINORITY, PLURAL, SERIES, PART, despite the grammatical form of the singular, denote not one object, but many, and therefore the predicate can take not only the singular form, but also the plural. For example: On this pond... countless ducks were bred and kept; Many hands are knocking on all the windows from the street, and someone is breaking on the door. Which form should you prefer?

A subject containing the collective nouns MOST, MINORITY, PLURAL, SERIES, PART requires putting the predicate only in the singular form if:

A) there are no dependent words from a collective noun

Some went on vacation, and some stayed; many fled Axis, a minority remained

b) a collective noun has a singular dependent word

With a subject containing the words MAJORITY, MINORITY, PLURAL, SERIES, PART, you can put the predicate in both the plural and plural form, if the noun has a dependent word in the plural:

Most students passed the test; a number of participants demonstrated excellent knowledge.

Some of the books were purchased for the library; a number of objects were delivered ahead of schedule

The plural of the predicate in such constructions usually indicates the activity of the characters.

Let's consider cases in which the use of a plural predicate is permitted and permissible.

Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that the singular form of the predicate is more consistent with the tradition of book and written styles and the use of the plural form of the predicate must be clearly justified. An error in the Unified State Examination tasks would be the unreasonable placement of the predicate in the plural.

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly enough.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will be held in Yelets, Voronezh, and Orel.

EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author have been published in the “Children's Library” series

Here are the corrected options: 

EXAMPLE 4 Most of the tasks were not completed correctly. The predicate in the form of the passive participle indicates passivity actor.

EXAMPLE 5 A number of events will take place in Yelets, Voronezh, and Orel. Events cannot act on their own, so the predicate must be used in the singular.

EXAMPLE 6 Many poems by this author were published in the “Children’s Library” series. The predicate in the form of the passive participle indicates the passivity of the actor.

C) The subject is a combination of a numeral and a noun

With a subject expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination, the same problem arises: in what number is it better to use the predicate. In Chekhov we find: Some three soldiers stood nearby at the very descent and were silent; He had two sons. L. Tolstoy preferred the following forms: Three men and a woman were sitting in the sleigh; Two feelings fought in his soul - good and evil.

Note: Such cases do not occur in Unified State Examination tasks, since there is a high possibility of misclassification of the type of error - such cases can be attributed to an error in the use of a numeral. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to general comments and note the most serious mistakes made in written works.

When a subject contains a numeral or a word with the meaning of quantity, you can put the predicate in both the plural and singular form:

Five years have passed; ten graduates chose our institute

The use of different forms depends on the meaning that the predicate brings to the sentence, activity and generality of action are emphasized many times. number.

The predicate is usually put in the singular if

The subject is a numeral ending in “one”:

Twenty-one students of our institute are members of the city volleyball team, But Twenty-two (three, four, five...) students of our institute are members of the city's national volleyball team

If the message records a particular fact, result, or when the message is given an impersonal character:

Twenty-two suits sold; About three or four students will be transferred to another class.

The predicate is expressed by a verb with the meaning of being, presence, existence, position in space:

Three kingdoms stood before her. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north

Wrong: Three kingdoms stood. The room had two windows with wide window sills. Three windows of the room faced north

A single number, creating an idea of ​​a single whole, is used to designate a measure of weight, space, time:

To paint the roof you will need thirty-four kilograms of drying oil. Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, it seems that eleven o'clock has already struck. Five months have elapsed since then

Wrong: Thirty-four kilograms of drying oil will be required to paint the roof; Twenty-five kilometers remained until the end of the journey. A hundred years have passed. However, it seems that eleven o'clock has already struck. Five months have passed since then.

When the subject is expressed by a complex noun, the first part of which is the numeral gender, the predicate is usually placed in the singular, and in the past tense - in the neuter gender, For example: half an hour will pass, half a year has flown by, half the city has taken part in the demonstration.

Wrong: half the class took part in the competition, half an hour will pass

7.3.3 Coordination between subject and predicate separated from each other

Between the subject and the predicate there may be secondary isolated members of the sentence, clarifying members, and subordinate clauses. In these cases, it is necessary to strictly observe general rule: The predicate and subject must agree.

Let's consider special cases.

A) Coordination of the subject and the compound nominal predicate in a sentence built according to the “noun” model. – this is a noun.”

Note to teacher: this type of error in the SPP is noted in his manual “How to get 100 Unified State Exam points” (2015) by I.P. Tsybulko, while in the “Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing” by D. Rosenthal, such an error is called a shift in construction in a complex sentence.

The nominal part of the predicate in a sentence constructed according to the noun+noun model must be in the nominative case.

For example: [The first thing (what you should learn) is to highlight the stem of the sentence].

The grammatical basis of the main clause consists of a subject first and predicate allocation. Both words are in the nominative case.

And this is what it looks like misspelled sentence: [The first thing (what you should learn) is to highlight the basis of the sentence]. Under the influence of the subordinate clause, the predicate received Genitive, which is an error.

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:

EXAMPLE 1 [The main thing (that needs to be paid attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (that should be addressed) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important thing (to strive for) is to make your dreams come true]

Here are the corrected options:

EXAMPLE 1 The main thing (what needs to be paid attention to) is the ideological side of the work]

EXAMPLE 2 [The last thing (that should be addressed) is the composition of the book]

EXAMPLE 3 [The most important thing (to strive for) is the fulfillment of dreams]

B). Coordination of the predicate with the subject, in which there are clarifying members.

In order to clarify the subject, sometimes they use clarifying (explanatory phrases), affiliate members proposals, separate additions. Yes, in a sentence Competition jury, including representatives of a cosmetic company selected from the audience, could not determine the winner, the highlighted turnover is connecting(in other manuals it is called clarifying).

The presence in a sentence of any member that specifies the meaning of the subject does not affect the number of the predicate. Such phrases are attached with the words: EVEN, ESPECIALLY, INCLUDING, FOR EXAMPLE; EXCEPT, IN ADDITION, INCLUDING and the like. For example: Editorial board of the magazine, including editors of the Internet portal, advocates for reorganization.

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors:

EXAMPLE 4. The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, supported participation in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5. The whole family, and especially the younger children, were looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather.

EXAMPLE 6. The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an extended parent meeting.

Here are the corrected options:

The error is easy to see if you drop the subordinate clause.

EXAMPLE 4 The entire team, including dancers and jugglers, supported participation in the competition.

EXAMPLE 5 The whole family, and especially the younger children, was looking forward to the arrival of their grandfather. 

EXAMPLE 6 The school administration, including members of the parent committee, advocated holding an extended parent meeting.

7.3.4 Coordination of the predicate with the subject, the gender or number of which is difficult to determine.

To correctly connect the subject with the predicate, it is very important to know the gender of the noun.

A) Certain categories or groups of nouns have difficulty determining gender or number.

Gender and number indeclinable nouns, abbreviations, conventional words and a number of other words are determined by special rules. To correctly match such words with the predicate, you need to know their morphological characteristics.

Ignorance of these rules causes errors: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; cocoa has cooled down; the shampoo is out; the university has announced enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported

Need to: Sochi became the capital of the Olympics; the cocoa has cooled down; The shampoo has run out, the university has announced enrollment of students, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs reported

Nouns whose gender/number is difficult to determine are discussed in the section. After studying the material provided, you will be able to successfully complete not only task 6, but also 7.

Consider sentences with errors

EXAMPLE 1. The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week.

In the sentence, the word "parcel" is the subject, female. The predicate “was sent” is in the masculine. This is mistake. Correcting: The parcel was sent at the beginning of the week

EXAMPLE 2. The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.

In the sentence, the word “tulle” is the subject, masculine. The predicate “approached” is in the feminine. This is mistake. Correcting: The tulle harmonized perfectly with the color of the upholstered furniture.

EXAMPLE 3. The UN has gathered for its next meeting.

In the sentence, the word “UN” is the feminine subject (organization). The predicate “gathered” is on average. This is mistake. Correcting: The UN has gathered for its next meeting.

EXAMPLE 4. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced participation in the meeting

In the sentence, the word “MFA” is the subject, it does not change. When decrypted we get “Ministry

Foreign Affairs". At the same time, we remember that this word refers to the masculine gender. The predicate “reported” is on average. This is mistake. Correcting: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced its participation in the meeting.

EXAMPLE 5. Moskovsky Komsomolets published the rating best universities countries.

In the sentence, the phrase “Moskovsky Komsomolets” is the subject; it is a conventional Russian name, a masculine word, like the word “Komsomolets”. The predicate “printed” is in the feminine. This is mistake. Correction: Moskovsky Komsomolets published a ranking of the best universities in the country.

EXAMPLE 6. Tbilisi attracts tourists .

In the sentence, the word “Tbilisi” is the subject; it is an unchangeable conditional name. It is a masculine word, like the word "city". The predicate “attract” is in the plural. This is mistake. Correcting: Tbilisi attracts tourists. 

B) Coordination of the predicate with the subject with the meaning of profession

When a masculine noun denotes a profession, position, title, etc., the predicate is placed in masculine regardless of the gender of the person in question. For example: the teacher made a report, the director called an employee to his office

WITH proposals would be a mistake, in which the teacher made a report, the director called an employee to her .

Note: in the presence of a person’s own name, especially a surname, in which the indicated words act as applications, the predicate is consistent with the proper name: Teacher Sergeeva gave a lecture. More details about this point below, 7.3.5

7.3.5 With the subject there is an application

Application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case: city ​​(which?) Sochi, bird (what?) hummingbird, website (which?) “I will solve the Unified State Examination”

As a general rule, the predicate agrees with the subject, and the presence of an application to the latter in the form of a different kind or number does not affect the agreement

For example: The plant, this grandiose colossus, seemed to also be a ship of unheard-of dimensions The proposal would be wrong The plant, this grandiose colossus, seemed to also be a ship of unheard of sizes .

If there is an application with the subject, then, first of all, it is necessary to find out which of the words is the subject and which is the application, and after that put the predicate in one gender or another.

Table 1. The application and subjects are written separately. When combining a generic name and a species name or a species name and an individual name, the subject is considered to be a word denoting a broader concept, and the predicate agrees with it. Here are some examples:

Application is a common noun:

the rose flower smelled amazing; the oak tree has grown; Kharcho soup is cooked

Application - proper noun

the Dnieper River overflowed; newspaper "Moscow's comsomolets" came out ; Barbos the dog barked

Exception: last names of people. In pairs, engineer Svetlova reported, Doctor of Sciences Zvantseva came out, head teacher Marina Sergeevna noted proper names are the subject.

Table 2. Subject is compound noun, forms terms, in which one part functions like an application. In these cases, the leading (defined) word is the word that expresses a broader concept or specifically designates an object.

The predicate agrees with the first word, both words change

the chair-bed stood in the corner; The laboratory plant fulfilled the order; the invoice was issued on time; the studio theater trained many actors; The table-poster attracted attention; the romance song became very popular

The predicate agrees with the second word, the first word does not change:

cafe-dining room is open(dining room is a broader concept); vending machine is open(in this combination the bearer of a specific meaning is the snack bar part); the raincoat lay(a tent in the form of a raincoat, not a raincoat in the form of a tent); "Roman-newspaper" was published in large circulation(newspaper is a broader name).

EXAMPLE 1 Ice cream cake cut into equal parts .

The compound noun “ice cream cake” is based on the main, more general word “cake”, masculine, therefore: Ice cream cake cut into equal parts

EXAMPLE 2 The story “Children of the Dungeon” was written by V.G. Korolenko. .

The conventional name is an application, so the predicate must be coordinated with the word “story”: The story “Children of the Dungeon” was written by V.G. Korolenko.

EXAMPLE 3 A tiny dog, just a puppy, suddenly barked loudly. .

The subject is the word “dog”, it is feminine, therefore: A tiny dog, just a puppy, suddenly barked loudly.

EXAMPLE 4 Yesterday the young teacher Petrova gave his first lecture. .

The subject is the surname “Petrova”, it is feminine, therefore: Yesterday the young teacher Petrova gave her first lecture.

A) The sentence has homogeneous subjects and one predicate

If the predicate refers to several subjects not connected by conjunctions or connected through a connecting conjunction, then the following forms of coordination are applied:

The predicate, which comes after homogeneous subjects, is usually placed in the plural:

Industry and Agriculture in Russia are steadily developing.

The predicate preceding homogeneous subjects usually agrees with the nearest of them:

There was stomping and screaming in the village

If there are disjunctive or adversative conjunctions between subjects, then the predicate is put in the singular.

The fear or momentary fright experienced after just a minute seems funny, strange, and incomprehensible. Not you, but fate is to blame.

Let's look at sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 Passion for sports and a strict daily routine did their job. .

There are two subjects, the predicate comes after a number of homogeneous members, and therefore must be in the plural: Passion for sports and a strict daily routine did the trick.

EXAMPLE 2 It was not reason, but fear that suddenly took possession of me. .

Two subjects, with the conjunction a, the predicate must therefore be singular: It was not reason, but fear that suddenly took possession of me.

EXAMPLE 3 The usual noise and loud voices were heard in the distance. .

There are two subjects, the predicate stands before a series of homogeneous members, therefore it must be in the singular: In the distance the usual noise and loud voices were heard.

B) The combination in the subject of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister”

Placing the predicate in the plural or singular depends on what meaning is given to the phrase: joint action or separate.

When the subject combines a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case (with the preposition c) like “brother and sister,” the predicate is put:

in plural, if both named objects (persons) act as equal action producers(both are subjects);

Pasha and Petya waited a long time for their mother to return and were very worried.

singular, if the second object (person) accompanies the main producer of the action ( is a complement):

The mother and child went to the outpatient clinic. Nikolai and his younger sister arrived later than everyone else.

Only in the singular in the presence of the words TOGETHER, TOGETHER:

The father and mother went out of town.

Only in the singular with a subject expressed by the pronoun I, YOU

I'll come with a friend; you and your mom had a fight

Let's look at sentences with errors:

EXAMPLE 1 My brother and his friends went to the beach. .

With the word “together” the predicate cannot be in the plural: My brother and his friends went to the beach.

EXAMPLE 2 Ruslan and I will come to class today. .

With the subject I (+someone else), the predicate cannot be in the plural: Ruslan and I will come to class today. Or: Ruslan and I will come to class today.

EXAMPLE 3 You and your sister will live in this room. .

With the subject you (+ someone else), the predicate cannot be in the plural: You and your sister will live in this room.Or: You and your sister will live in this room.

C) the incorrect construction of the sentence with indirect speech in sentence 7 is that when trying to convey indirect speech, the pronouns and associated verbs remained unchanged.

Let's give the correct spelling: Tonya solemnly promised that she would not give me away to anyone.

Rule 7.9.2

7.9 IMPROPER CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES WITH ANOTHER SPEECH

This task tests students' ability to correctly construct sentences with quotations and indirect speech: out of 9 sentences on the right, you need to find one that contains an error.

The rules set out below will deal with quoting and indirect speech, these are very close, but not identical units.

In everyday life, especially often in oral speech, we often use the transmission of someone’s words on our own behalf, the so-called indirect speech.

Sentences with indirect speech are complex sentences consisting of two parts (the words of the author and indirect speech), which are connected by conjunctions what, as if to, or pronouns and adverbs who, what, which, how, where, when, why etc., or a particle whether.

For example: They told me it was my brother. She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. We talked about how the birds I caught lived.

Sentences with indirect speech serve to convey someone else's speech on behalf of the speaker, and not the one who actually said it. Unlike sentences with direct speech, they convey only the content of someone else's speech, but cannot convey all the features of its form and intonation.

Let's try to restore the sentences: from indirect speech we will translate into sentences with direct speech:

They told me it was my brother. - They told me: “It was your brother.”

She demanded that I look into her eyes and asked if I remembered minnows, our little quarrels, picnics. - She said: “Look me in the eyes!” And then she demanded: “Do you remember the minnows, our meetings, our quarrels, picnics? Do you remember?

A friend asked: “How do the birds you caught live?”

As can be seen from the examples, the sentences coincide only in meaning, but the verbs, pronouns, and conjunctions change. Let us consider in detail the rules for translating direct speech into indirect speech: this is very important both for writing an essay and for completing task 7.

7.9.1 Basic rule:

When replacing sentences with direct speech with sentences with indirect speech, special attention should be paid to the correct use of personal and possessive pronouns, as well as verbs associated with them, since in indirect speech we convey other people’s words on our own behalf.

7.9.2 There are a number of additional rules,

a) If direct speech is a declarative sentence,

What. Example: The secretary replied: “I complied with the request.” – The secretary replied that he complied with the request. The pronoun has been changed!

b) If direct speech is an interrogative sentence,

then when replacing it with a subordinate clause, the role of subordinating conjunctions is played by interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, which stood in direct question. There is no question mark after an indirect question. Example: “What did you manage to accomplish?” - the teacher asked the students. – The teacher asked the students what they had accomplished so far. The pronoun has been changed!

c) When in direct speech - an interrogative sentence there are no interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles,

when replacing it with an indirect one, the particle is used for communication whether. Example: “Are you correcting the text?” - the secretary asked impatiently. – The secretary asked impatiently if we were correcting the text. The pronoun has been changed!

d) If direct speech is an exclamatory sentence with a call to action,

e) Particles and words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

(addresses, interjections, introductory words, complex sentences) and contained in direct speech are omitted when replacing it with indirect speech. Example: “Ivan Petrovich, draw up an estimate for the next quarter,” the director asked the chief accountant. – The director asked the chief accountant to draw up an estimate for the next quarter.

7.9.3. Special rules for citing.

When writing essays, there is often a need to quote either the desired fragment of the source text, or to quote a statement from memory, organically including the quotation in a sentence. There are three ways to introduce a quote into your speech:

1) using direct speech, observing all punctuation marks, for example: Pushkin said: “All ages are submissive to love” or “All ages are submissive to love,” said Pushkin. This is the easiest way, but it is not always convenient. Such sentences will be found as true!

2) using subordinate clause, that is, using conjunctions, for example: Pushkin said that “all ages are submissive to love”. Please note the changed punctuation. This method no different from the transmission of indirect speech.

3) a quote can be included in your text using introductory words, For example: As Pushkin said, “all ages are submissive to love”.

Note that in nothing can be changed from the quote: what is enclosed in quotation marks is conveyed absolutely accurately, without any distortion. If you need to include only part of a quote in your text, special characters are used (ellipsis, various types of brackets), but this has nothing to do with this task, since there are no punctuation errors in task 7.

Let's look at some features of citation.

a) How to avoid a mistake if there is a quote with a pronoun?

On the one hand, quotes cannot be changed, on the other hand, the pronoun cannot be left. If you just paste a quote, there will be errors: Napoleon once remarked that " I I can lose this battle, but I can’t lose a minute.”. Or like this: In his memoirs, Korolenko wrote that he always “ I I saw undoubted intelligence in Chekhov’s face.”

In both sentences you need:

firstly, replace the pronoun “I” with “HE” and exclude the pronoun from the quote:

secondly, change the verbs by associating them with new pronouns and also exclude them from the quote, so we know that nothing can be changed.

With such changes, the quotes will certainly “suffer”, and if we can keep the second sentence in this form: Korolenko wrote that He always “saw undoubted intelligence in Chekhov’s face”, then Napoleon’s statement cannot be preserved. Therefore, we safely remove the quotation marks and replace the quote with indirect speech: Napoleon once remarked that he can lose this battle, but not Maybe lose a minute.

b) Particularly noteworthy are cases of erroneous combination of two ways of introducing a quotation in a sentence,

which causes a grammatical error. As we already know, a quotation can be introduced either as a subordinate clause or using introductory words. This is what happens when two methods are combined:

Wrong: According to Maupassant, What“love is strong as death, but fragile as glass”.

Right: According to Maupassant, “love is strong as death, but fragile as glass.”

Wrong: As P.I. Tchaikovsky stated, What“inspiration is born only from work and during work”.

Right: As P.I. Tchaikovsky argued, “inspiration is born only from work and during work.”

Thus, we formulate the rule: When using introductory words, the conjunction is not used.

c) In students’ works there are also cases when a quotation is introduced using introductory words,

Wrong: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: “Only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.”

Right: According to Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, “only the heart is vigilant: you cannot see the most important things with your eyes.”

Wrong: According to L. N. Tolstoy: “Art is the highest manifestation of power in man”.

Right: According to L.N. Tolstoy, “art is the highest manifestation of power in man.”

D) the violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial phrase in sentence 3 is caused by the fact that the participle “convinced” does not agree with its main word. And the whole sentence needs to be restructured to make it more clear.

Let's give the correct spelling: Bryusov, (what?) Convinced that the future belongs to art, expressing the experiences of a bright and independent personality, is carried away by decadence.

Rule clause 7.1.1-7.1.2

7.1. USE OF PARTICIPAL SPEECHES

INTRODUCTION

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. For example, in the sentence Graduates who successfully pass the exam become applicants

word Graduates- the main word,

those who passed - participle,

those who passed (how?) successfully and passed (what?) the exam are participle-dependent words.

Thus, the participle phrase in this sentence is successfully passed the exam. If you change the word order and write the same sentence differently, placing the turn before main word ( Successfully passed the exam Graduates become applicants), only the punctuation will change, but the phrase remains unchanged.

Very important: before starting work with task 7 to find errors in a sentence with a participle, we advise you to solve and study task 16, which tests the ability to put commas with correctly constructed participial and participial phrases.

The goal of the task is to find one such sentence in which grammatical rules when using the participial phrase. Of course, the search must begin with finding the sacrament. Remember that the participle you are looking for must certainly be in full form: the short form never forms a participial phrase, but is a predicate.

To successfully complete this task you need to know:

• rules for agreeing the participle and the main (or qualified) word;
• rules for the location of the participial phrase in relation to the main word;
• time and type of participles (present, past; perfect, imperfect);
• participle voice (active or passive)

Please note that that in a sentence with a participial phrase, not one, but two or even three errors can be made.

Note for teachers: keep in mind that the authors of various manuals have different points of view on classification, as well as on the types of errors that can be classified as a certain type. The classification adopted at RESHU is based on the classification of I.P. Tsybulko.

We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using the participial phrase.

7.1.1 Violation of agreement between the participle and the word being defined

The rule according to which single participles (as well as those included in the participle phrase) are consistent with the main (= defined) word, requires the participle to be placed in the same gender, number and case as the main word:

About children (which ones?) returning from a trip; for an exhibition (WHAT?) being prepared at the museum.

Therefore, we simply find a sentence in which there is a full participle, and its ending does not correspond to (or) gender, (or) case, (or) number of the main word.

Type 1, the lightest

I had the opportunity to communicate with guests, those present at the opening of the exhibition.

What is the reason for the error? The participle is not consistent with the word to which it must obey, that is, the ending must be different. We pose a question from a noun and change the ending of the participle, that is, we agree on the words.

I had a chance to chat with guests(what MIMI?), present at the opening of the exhibition.

In these examples, the noun and its participle are next to each other, the error is easy to see. But this doesn't always happen.

Type 2, more difficult

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

I want to find the words to the song heard recently.

These sentences contain two nouns: author, book; lyrics. Which of them has a participle phrase attached to it? We think about the meaning. What was published, the author or his book? What do you want to find, words or a song?

Here is the corrected version:

I want to find the words of the song (Which one?), HEARD recently.

Type 3, even more difficult

The endings of participles sometimes fulfill a very important meaning-distinguishing mission.. Let's think about the meaning!

Let's compare two sentences:

The sound of the sea (what kind?), which woke me up, was very strong. What woke you up? It turns out that the sea. The sea cannot wake you up.

The noise (what?) of the sea that woke me up was very strong. What woke you up? It turns out that noise. And the noise can wake you up. This is the right option.

I heard the heavy steps (what?) of a bear, chasing me. Footsteps cannot pursue.

I heard the heavy steps of a bear (WHAT?), chasing me. The bear may chase. This is the right option.

Children of employees (which ones?), having any diseases, receive discounted vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “employees.” It turns out that employees will be sick, and the children of sick employees will receive vouchers. This is the wrong option.

Children (what?) of employees, having any diseases, receive discounted vouchers to the sanatorium. The participle “having” refers to the word “children,” and we understand that it is the children who have illnesses and they need vouchers.

Type 4, variant

Often there are sentences in which there are phrases of two words, the first of which is part of the whole indicated by the second, for example: each of their participants, one of all, any of those named, some of them, some of the gifts.. A participial phrase can be attached to each of the nouns, depending on the meaning: in such phrases, the participle (participial phrase) can be agreed with any word. It would be an error if the participle “freezes” and has no connection with any of the words.

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

Each of the participants who received maximum amount points, they were given the right to perform one more number.

The participle can be agreed with both the word “to each” and the word “participants”.

Each (which one?) of the participants, who received the maximum number of points, was given the right to perform one more number

Each of the participants (which ones?), who received the maximum number of points, was given the right to perform one more number.

Please note that an error would be a discrepancy between NEITHER the first word and NOR the second:

Incorrect: Each of the participants who received... or Each of the participants who received... This is not possible.

In explanations of RESHU, the variant of agreement with the ending IM is more often used.

Similarly true: Part of the books (which ones?), received as a gift, will go as a gift.

Or Part (what) of books, received as a gift, will go as a gift.

Incorrect: Some of the books received as a gift will be given as a gift.

NOTE: This type of error when checking essays is considered a coordination error.

7.1.2 Participial phrase and place of the main word

In correctly constructed sentences with participial phrases the main (or qualifying word) cannot stand inside a participial phrase. His place is either before or after him. Remember that this depends on the placement of punctuation marks!!!

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

It is necessary to carefully check the sent documentation for examination.

We walked along the strewn alley fallen leaves.

Presenter Street the city was free.

Created novel by a young author caused lively debate.

note: With this construction of the sentence, it is completely unclear whether to put a comma.

Here is the corrected version:

Must be checked carefully documentation, sent for examination. Or: Need to check carefully sent for examination documentation.

We walked along alley, strewn with fallen leaves. Or: We walked along strewn with fallen leaves alley.

Street, leading to the city, was free. Or: Leading into the city Street was free.

7.1.3. Participle phrases including irregular forms of participles

In accordance with the norms for the formation of participles, the modern Russian literary language does not use forms of participles in –shchy, formed from perfective verbs with the meaning of the future tense: there are no words pleasing, helping, reading, able. According to the editors of I DECIDE, such erroneous forms should be presented in task 6, but since in the manuals of I.P. Tsybulko there are similar examples, we consider it important to note this type too.

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

Until I found person, who can help me.

A valuable prize awaits participant, who finds the answer to this question.

These sentences need to be corrected because future participles are not formed from perfect verbs. There is no future tense for participles..

Here is the corrected version:

We replace the non-existent participle with a verb in the conditional mood.

Until I found a person who can help me.

A valuable prize awaits the person who finds the answer to this question.

7.1.4. Participle phrases including irregular forms of voice of participles

This type of error was present in the Unified State Exam assignments of previous years (before 2015). In the books of I.P. Tsybulko 2015-2017 there are no such tasks. This type is the most difficult to recognize, and the error is due to the fact that the participle is used in the wrong voice, in other words, the active is used instead of the passive.

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

Documentation, heading for examination,

Contest, organized by the organizers

Foam, pouring into the bath, has a pleasant aroma.

Here is the corrected version:

Documentation, sent for examination, needs to be checked carefully.

Contest, conducted by the organizers, the participants really liked it.

The foam that we pour into the bath has a pleasant aroma.

D) the violation in the construction of the sentence with the participial phrase in sentence 2 is that the gerund participle “going” was mistakenly assigned to the predicate “refreshed”. It turned out that the air was refreshing, walking. And this is pointless.

Let's give the correct spelling: As we walked along the coast, the sea air pleasantly refreshed our faces.

Rule 7.8.1 TYPE 1

7.8. USE OF PARICIPLES. ERRORS DURING USAGE

INTRODUCTION

A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words.

A gerund always denotes an additional action that occurs in parallel with the main one, for example: the man walked (main action), waving his arms(additional, what while doing); the cat fell asleep (main action), tucking its paws (additional action, what did you do?)

Participles answer the question: What are you doing? ( imperfect species) and what did you do? (perfect view). Along with this question, you can also ask questions How? how? for what purpose? and the like. A participle always denotes a sign of an action, that is, it describes how the main action occurs.

We classify all types of possible grammatical errors when using participles.

7.8.1 Participial phrase in a sentence with a subject

The general rule for using participial phrases is as follows: The gerund and the predicate must denote the actions of the same person, that is, the subject. This person performs two actions: one main, the second additional. The gerund should be easily replaced by the second verb: sat down, laid out the textbooks - sat down and laid them out; looked, smiling - looked and smiled.

TYPE 1. Participle and verbal predicate, expressed by a verb without a postfix -sya

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

Slipping on the ice, the guy who happened to be nearby picked me up.

Passing under the house, an icicle almost fell on me.

In each of the sentences there were two characters: in the first, someone slipped and someone caught him; in the second: someone was passing and someone almost fell. But due to an error in the construction, it turns out that the guy caught it after slipping; The icicle almost fell off as it passed.

With this construction, the participle is mistakenly attributed to one character, and the predicate to another, which violates the basic rule. To avoid mistakes, you need to ensure that the gerund and predicate refer to the same person.

When I slipped on the ice, the guy next to me caught me.

When I walked under the house, an icicle almost fell on me.

TYPE 2. The gerund refers to the predicate in the form of a short passive participle

Having written the poem “Death of a Poet”, Lermontov's fate was determined.

Analyzing the poetic text, I was absolutely correct in determining its size.

As in type 1, the gerund and predicate refer to different persons. Due to an error in construction, it turns out that fate was determined by writing; size is determined having analyzed. The predicate is a short passive participle.

If the predicate is expressed short communion, which means that the subject itself does not perform the action, something is done to it. With this form of the predicate gerund there cannot be.

Here are the options for the corrected proposals:

When Lermontov wrote the poem “The Death of a Poet,” his fate was determined.

When I analyzed poetic text, I determined its size absolutely correctly.

TYPE 3. The participial phrase is attached to the predicate-reflexive verb in the passive meaning, which has a postfix Xia

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors.

Usually, creating your own work, it expresses Xia the author's attitude to life and people.

Having received an education, students guide Xia senior master for practice.

As in type 2, the subject in such a sentence does not actually perform the action itself: attitude expresses Xia(by someone); displays Xia(by someone); guide Xia(by someone). But ah if there is no action, then there cannot be an additional, additional, expressed by a gerund. We replace the participial phrase with a subordinate clause.

Here are the options for the corrected proposals:

Usually, when a work is created, it expresses the author’s attitude towards life and people. Or: Creating a work, the author always expresses his attitude towards life and people.

When students complete their education, they are sent to practice by a senior master.

7.8.2. Participial phrase in a sentence without a subject

It often happens that the subject performing both actions may not be formally expressed, that is, there is no subject in the sentence. In this case we are talking about one-part sentences. It is these types that cause the greatest difficulty in finding errors.

TYPE 4. Participial phrase in an impersonal sentence (except type 7)

Consider sentences with grammatical errors.

Sending a rather important telegram, I didn't have enough money.

He was sad.

There is no subject, the actor is expressed by a pronoun to me(this is the dative case). The use of participles in impersonal sentences is unacceptable. You can: either make a subordinate clause from an adverbial clause, or make an ordinary one from an impersonal one, with a subject.

The exception is sentences with an infinitive verb, see type 7.

Here are the options for the corrected proposals:

When I sent a rather important telegram, I did not have enough money.

Refusing to conduct an experiment, he felt sad.

TYPE 5. Participial turnover in an indefinite-personal sentence

Let's look at sentences with grammatical errors.

Having received a good education , Griboyedov was sent as secretary of the diplomatic mission to Persia.

Without finishing the report, the head of the department was asked to go on a business trip.

There cannot be an adverbial phrase with a subject if it is not defined. This situation occurs in vaguely personal sentences with a verb in the past tense plural form.

Who directed? who received it? who suggested? who didn't finish the report? Unclear. We replace the phrase with a subordinate clause or rearrange it so that it is clear who received the education and who completed the report.

Here are the options for the corrected proposals:

When Griboyedov received a good education, he was sent as secretary of the diplomatic mission to Persia.

Without finishing the report, the head of the department received an offer to go on a business trip.

7.8.3. Participial phrase in a sentence without a subject. Permitted techniques.

Due to the fact that the tasks may also contain correct sentences with participles, we consider it important to place a table with examples and rules that are not found in the erroneous ones. Everything in this table is allowed.

TYPE 6. The participial phrase refers to the verb in imperative mood

When crossing the street, pay close attention to traffic.

Having received a task for an adverbial phrase, check whether it contains a request, order or advice.

There is no subject in sentences. But It is allowed to use participial phrases in sentences where a verb is used in the imperative mood: follow, go, write, search, and so on. It turns out that both the phrase and the predicate refer to the same person, to whom we advise to do something. It's easy to substitute a pronoun You: you follow, moving; you check after receiving.

TYPE 7. Participial phrase refers to the infinitive

Consider proposals without errors.

Walking around autumn forest , it’s pleasant to inhale the intoxicating aroma of fallen leaves.

When submitting your work, you should check it carefully.

Despite the fact that there is no subject (impersonal sentence) It is permissible to use an adverbial phrase if it refers to the infinitive: while walking, inhale; reading, sitting; dreaming, dozing; dozing, dreaming.

Not all manuals allow this rule: in some of them, the infinitive is necessarily required, it is possible, it is necessary, it follows, and others (the so-called modal words). In any case, sentences like: when rewriting, you should mark; having started, one must finish; having received, it is necessary to do, will be ERROR FREE.

TYPE 8. Participial turnover in a definite-personal or generalized-personal sentence

Let's look at the sentences without errors.

Gathering at the family table in my parents' house, we always remember grandma’s pies and tea with viburnum and mint.

Planning your upcoming vacation, carefully calculate the family budget.

There is no subject, but a sentence definitely personal, easy to substitute a pronoun We. You can turn it around! It refers to the implied person: we remember as we gather; we calculate by planning.

Answers in order according to letters:

Answer: 96732

In order to avoid the pitfalls, prepare for task 11 step by step. Just three steps guarantee you against mistakes.

Step 1. Selecting vowels in unstressed endings of verbs.

Personal verb endings

In personal endings of present and future verbs

• write vowels at the endings of verbs of the 1st conjugation e, y (yu): you have, It has, we have, have, have
• at the endings of verbs of the 2nd conjugation - and, a (i): look, look, look, look, look

This means that in order to correctly write vowels in unstressed endings, you need to be able to accurately determine the conjugation of a verb!

Remember:

1. The 2nd conjugation includes verbs:

   with suffix -And based on the indefinite form: be in love
   Exception:
   Shave, lay - verbs of the 1st conjugation: shaves, shave, lays, lays and their derivatives: lay down, cover, remake and others.

   7 exception verbs with suffix -e based on an indefinite form.
   Remember them: endure, twist, offend, depend, hate, And see, And look and their derivatives,
   For example: look, inspect, look out, finish watching, see enough, stare at it and others.

   • 4 verbs with suffix - A.

     Remember them: drive, hold, hear, breathe and their derivatives: drive away, catch up, kick out, expel and others.

2. The 1st conjugation includes the remaining verbs with unstressed endings: play, draw, pull, throw and others.

Attention:

Verbs want, run And honor special. Them and all derivatives from them, for example: run, run across, run across, run away, jog etc., refer to heterogeneously conjugated verbs. The peculiarity of the verbs of this group is that in some forms these verbs have endings of the 1st conjugation, and in others - of the 2nd. Let's conjugate these verbs:

To want - I want, I want, I want, I want, I want, I want (in the singular of the end of the 1st reference, in the plural - of the 2nd).

Run - run, run, runs, run, run, run (in all forms, except 3rd plural, the end of the 1st sp., in the 3rd plural - the end of the 2nd spr. .)

Honor - honor, honor, honor, honor, honor, honor (in all forms except the 3rd plural, the end of the 1st sp., in the 3rd plural - the end of the 2nd sp. .)

Only at the verb want in unit form endings in an unstressed position.

Attention:

Verbs There is And give and derivatives from them do not belong to any conjugation. They have special sets of endings. For more information about this, see: They do not present any problems for the Unified State Examination, since their endings are emphasized.

Step 2. Selecting vowels in the suffixes of present participles.

Present participle suffixes

Participles can be different: active and passive, present and past tense.
To avoid mistakes in their spelling, it will help to realize that present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense verb, and past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb. Therefore, when choosing suffixes for present participles, determine the conjugation of the verb. This will help you choose the right suffix. And for error-free writing of past participles, it is important to know the suffix at the base of the indefinite form of the verb.

1. Suffixes -ushch(-yush),- ush(-box) V active participles present tense: knowledgeable, loving

Determine the verb conjugation.

In participles formed

• from verbs of the 1st conjugation, write the suffix -ushch (-yushch): knowing, reading.
• from verbs of the 2nd conjugation - -ashch (-box): loving, seeing

Pay attention:
Active present participles are formed from the stems of present tense verbs:

know no, know ut- 1st conjugation, stem know + suffix -yush →signcurrent,
love it, love yat - 2nd conjugation, stem love+ suffix -box → loving.

2. Suffixes - eat (-ohm), -im in present passive participles: raise eat wow, view them th

Determine the verb conjugation.

In participles formed from verbs

• 1st conjugation, write the suffix -em -om: lifted, driven,
• 2nd conjugation - -im: beloved, visible

Pay attention:
Passive present participles are formed from the stems of transitive present tense verbs:

raise no, raise ut— 1st conjugation, stem raise + suffix -em → liftable,
love it, love yat - 2nd conjugation, stem love + suffix - -im → Darling.

Step 3. Selecting vowels in past participle suffixes.

Past participle suffixes

1. Vowels before suffixes - wsh, -sh in active past participles: saw, heard, walked

In active past participles before the suffixes -вш, -ш write the same vowel that is written at the base of the infinitive form of the verb: view e past←look e oh, I hear A heard←heard A t.

2. Distinguishing the vowels of the suffix verb stem -and I) before the suffix - NN and suffix - enne in passive past participles: lost, seen

Determine the final vowel at the base of the infinitive form of the verb.

If passive participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of verbs

• with the suffix -a- -я-, before the participle suffix -nn- write the letters and I): lost ← lose,
• with suffixes -i- or -e- , in the suffix -enn- write the letter e:filled ← fill.

Complete tasks

Assignment from the demo version of FIPI 2015:

Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

• transform...my
• dissolute
• take a look...
• broken
• washed...washed

Performance:

1. Put the verbs in the personal form into the indefinite form: look at it - look at it.

2. Determine the conjugation: stare - verb 2 sp. It is a derived verb from the verb look, So this is an exception.

3. Knowing the conjugation, determine the unstressed vowels in the personal form: inspection And sew. The letter I is missing.

4. Identify the vowels in the suffixes of participles: reformed, dissolved, broken and washed.

1) transform...my, washed...my- suffer. prib. present vr., therefore, it is necessary: ​​to know the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed: transform...my- from convert(1st reference), washed...washed- from wash(1st reference), write a vowel e:transformed, washed.

2) dissolute, broken...- suffer. prib. past vr., therefore, it is necessary to know the indefinite form of the verb from which it is formed, and the suffix of this form: dissolute - from dissolve, broken...from breaking. Since in passive past participles formed from the indefinite form of the verb with the suffix And, the suffix is ​​written enne, That write a vowel e: loose, broken.

5. Correlate all the data received and draw a conclusion: the correct answer was found correctly.