IN modern conditions internationalization of economic relations and strengthening the interdependence of states and other economic entities of the world economy of particular importance for its development

acquire issues of the most effective regulation of international economic relations and the formation of a stable infrastructure for the intensification of global trade and economic relations. International economic organizations such as the world-famous institutions of global governance - the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization(WTO), International monetary fund(IMF), etc.

UN and its economic regulators

The activities of the UN are increasingly influencing the nature and development of the most important socio-economic processes in the global and regional levels. The UN determines the priorities, goals and strategies for the development of international political and economic cooperation in the formation of the world economic order. Without effective regulation of world economic processes and market relations, international economic cooperation would be impossible. The UN is considering private sector world economy as its strategic partner in attracting resources for developing countries and strengthening their economic potential.

This is especially important for countries where the private sector in the economy can contribute to effective resource mobilization, for example, through increased capital inflows, access to the latest technologies, dissemination of best management practices, etc. Currently, many TNCs show a serious interest in the deliberative processes within the UN and can have a certain influence on the course and results of these processes related to the regulation of the functioning of the world economy as a whole.

Like no other organization, the UN is characterized by great institutional diversity, which is manifested in the wide representativeness of both members and organizations cooperating with the UN. The UN, firstly, is a collection of its bodies and programs ( General Assembly, Secretariat, Economic and Social Council, United Nations Development Program, etc.); secondly, it acts as a system of organizations consisting of specialized and other independent institutions (the World Bank Group, the IMF, the UN Conference on Trade and Development, the UN Industrial Development Organization, International Agency By atomic energy and etc.). Finally, thirdly, the UN partnership network includes private and public organizations(International Chamber of Commerce in Paris, International Employers Organization, World Economic Forum, World Business Council for sustainable development and etc.).

The uniqueness of the role of the UN in shaping the world economic infrastructure lies in the performance of the most important socially significant functions in the field of global economic governance. The objects of regulation are numerous connections and relationships at the global level. The norms, rules and standards adopted within the UN and currently in force ensure compliance with legally established requirements for ongoing operations, determine common standards foreign economic relations, protect property rights. Many UN specialized agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policy measures, analyze the state of the rules and procedures of private commercial law.

Among the regulatory functions of the UN and the agencies responsible for developing international business regulations, the most important are the following:

• implementation of agreements in the spheres of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps to determine the powers of the country in relation to a particular land and water territory, underwater and airspace;
• enforcement of agreements on intellectual property rights ( World Organization Intellectual Property Rights (WIPO) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS));
• unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), etc.). All UN bodies practically provide technical and economic standardization to one degree or another, which greatly simplifies the conduct of objective international comparisons;
• development and harmonization of rules for international commercial activities (UNCITRAL, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD));
• prevention of damage to goods and services presented on world markets and the provision of cost compensation (UNCITRAL, International Organization civil aviation(ICAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO), international union Telecommunications (ITU), Universal Postal Union (UPU)). For companies, it is important that in the event of accidents during international transport, they can count on compensation for financial losses;
• combating economic crime (United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice);
• collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that contributes to the conclusion international agreements(UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, The World Bank), assists countries and companies in assessing risks, comparing their own resources and capabilities, and developing foreign economic strategies. UN agencies that provide statistics to countries and companies are regarded as authoritative and reliable sources of official statistics.

In addition to regulatory functions, UN specialized agencies develop long-term economic strategies and instruments in relation to the problems of the world economy and offer possible ways their decisions. Thus, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) promotes the development of private enterprises through capital investments without state guarantees. IN early XXI V. IFC has committed $3.9 billion to 204 projects in 64 countries.

Investments in developing countries and small business development are handled by UNDP and UNIDO. Thus, UNIDO is making the necessary efforts to improve the economic potential in developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises.

UNCTAD plays a key role in the UN system in dealing with international trade, finance, investment and technology, assisting developing countries in creating enterprises and developing entrepreneurship.

The UNCTAD-coordinated EMPRETEC (Automated Customs Data Processing System) program is helping to modernize customs procedures and administration, which greatly simplifies the bureaucracy of foreign trade. The EMPRETEC program has already helped more than 20,000 entrepreneurs in Asia and Africa.

The mandate of the Environment Program (UNEP) includes such global ecological problems like desertification, loss of biodiversity, climate change. UNEP, together with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), developed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which was adopted in 1992. It is now at the heart of global efforts to combat global warming as a result of human activities.

Part of the mandate of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is the protection of cultural and natural heritage, as well as reconciliation of economic needs with the need to protect environment, international information exchange and statistics.

The activities of the UN are increasingly influencing the nature and development of the most important socio-economic processes at the global and national levels. As an international forum for discussing and making purely political decisions on the most pressing issues in virtually all spheres of human activity and international relations, the UN determines the priorities, goals and strategies for the development of international cooperation in the formation of the world economic space.

The UN is characterized by great institutional diversity, which is manifested in the wide representativeness of both members and organizations cooperating with the UN. Firstly, The UN is a collectionorgans(General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, etc.). Secondly, the UN acts as a system of organizations consisting of specialized and other independent institutions (the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the UN Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations industrial development and etc.).

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policy measures, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law. Among the regulatory functions of the UN and the agencies responsible for developing international business regulations, the most important are the following:

implementation of agreements on areas of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps determine which country has the authority in relation to a particular land and water territory, airspace, stipulating, for example, the conditions for transportation or mining;

implementation of agreements on intellectual property rights (World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO). Export of high-tech products, security trademarks and patents would be complicated without respect for the highly regulated intellectual property rights protected through WIPO and TRIPS (Treaty on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).

unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law-UNCITRAL, etc.). Virtually all UN bodies provide some degree of standardization, which facilitates objective international comparisons;

development and harmonization of the rules of international commercial activity (UNCITRAL, UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). The regulation of commercial activities strictly through the proposed tools and procedures undoubtedly promotes trade and logically links the global flows of goods and information,

prevention of damage to goods and services on world markets and provision of cost recovery (UNCITRAL, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, Universal Postal Union). Without effective agreements to prevent damage to carriers and goods, as well as guarantees for the preservation of information, businesses would be less inclined to conduct international business transactions. For companies, it is also important that in the event of accidents during international transport, they can count on compensation for financial losses;

combating economic crime (United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). Criminal activity creates an additional financial burden for law-abiding businesses, as it indirectly encourages corruption, limits free competition, and inevitably increases security costs;

collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that contributes to the conclusion of international agreements (UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, World Bank), helps countries and companies in evaluating markets, comparing their own resources and capabilities, and developing foreign economic strategies. The UN agencies that provide statistics are regarded as authoritative and reliable sources of official statistics.

In addition to regulatory functions, the UN specialized agencies develop long-term strategies and tools in relation to the problems of the world economy on the basis of international expert consultations and agreements with governments and offer the world community possible ways to solve them.

The issues of investment in developing countries, the development of small and medium-sized businesses are currently among the most pressing. They affect any UN agency with a mandate in the field of economic development. Leading among them are the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). UNIDO is making the necessary efforts to increase the economic potential of developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises. UNIDO's guidance is intended to help these countries overcome social and economic difficulties and achieve greater and more successful participation in international cooperation.

UNDP promotes business development through financing and support mechanisms for private and public companies in developing countries. UNDP and UNCTAD, among other UN agencies, regularly involve business representatives in forums and seminars on economic issues.

UNCTAD plays a key role in the UN system in dealing with issues of international trade, finance, investment and technology, in particular, assisting developing countries in creating enterprises and developing entrepreneurship. The UNCTAD Commission on Entrepreneurship, Business Facilitation and Development promotes the development and implementation of strategies for the effective development of entrepreneurship, promotes dialogue between the private and public sectors. UNCTAD's technical cooperation projects include the Customs Automated Data Processing System, the Trade Points Network Program, and the EMPRETEC Programme.

The project of an automated customs data processing system helps to modernize customs procedures and management of customs services, which greatly simplifies the bureaucratic component of foreign economic activity.

The UNCTAD-coordinated EMPRETEC program is designed to help address the challenge of better market entry for enterprises from developing countries.

When carrying out economic activities, states and companies must strictly take into account the environmental requirements stipulated by the provisions of a number of international environmental conventions. Such global environmental problems as desertification, loss of biodiversity, climate change are within the competence of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). UNEP, together with the World Meteorological Organization, developed the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which was adopted in 1992. In the XXI century. it lies at the heart of the worldwide efforts to combat global warming as a result of human activities. The document, in particular, provides for the reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which imposes certain obligations on industrial companies - sources of these emissions, significantly affects Agriculture, transport and other sectors of the economy, the impact of which on nature is increasing.

The protection of cultural and natural heritage, which is directly related to the development of the international tourism industry, as well as the reconciliation of economic needs with the need for environmental protection, international information exchange and statistics are part of the mandate of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

A number of UN system entities work with specific groups of private sector actors based on the specifics of their areas of expertise. Other agencies, such as the United Nations Development Program and the World Bank, maintain relationships with a wide range of organizations in the business community. In addition to bilateral relations, the participation of business groups in the activities of the UN can be ensured through the institutionalization of such participation in the structure of an international organization. An example is the International Labor Organization (ILO), which has existed since 1919, in which representatives of workers and employers are given equal opportunities with representatives of governments to influence the development of ILO policy.

Modern role institutions of the UN system in regulating the world economy (UNCTAD, UNIDO, etc.)

World economy And international law

Many specialized agencies of the United Nations play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure contribute to the harmonization of the rules and procedures of private commercial law. The UN Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD is called upon to regulate world trade relations. The GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was created and operated outside the UN.

The modern role of the institutions of the UN system in the regulation of the world economy (UNCTAD, UNIDO, etc.).

Many specialized UN agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policy measures, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and contribute to the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is called upon to regulate world trade relations. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created and operated outside the UN. Therefore, many countries set the task for the UN to have in its structures an independent and universal body, called upon on behalf of the world community to regulate difficult problems international trade. To this end, an autonomous UN body was founded in 1964 to promote international trade, negotiate and develop international treaties and recommendations in this area, it currently includes about 170 States. main organ UNCTAD conference, which is convened in session twice a year. The UNCTAD committees meet more frequently on commodities, on finished and semi-finished products, on shipping, technology transfer, economic cooperation between developing countries, etc.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Within its framework, a Section of Integrated Industrial Projects was created: development, coordination and control over the implementation of individual large-scale technical projects, development and management of joint technical cooperation programs with FAO. During the year, UNIDO develops more than 100 interregional and global projects for countries Latin America and Asia in all sectors of the economy and training.

Environment Program (UNEP): protection of soils and waters, flora and fauna, socio-economic aspects of energy, urban problems, cooperation in the field of education and exchange of information on environmental protection, practical implementation of environmental safety tasks.

International Labor Organization (ILO): development international conventions and recommendations on labor and trade union rights.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): collection and compilation of information on nutrition, environmental management, agricultural production, forestry and fisheries. The main field of activity agriculture of the world.

The goal of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is to provide financial assistance to the new states of Eurasia and Eastern Europe in economic reforms in particular in financing "privatization programs" and encouraging "private initiative" and "entrepreneurial spirit". The real functioning of the bank began only in 1993. During 19941997, certain technical assistance was provided to a number of countries, but it is clear that the EBRD's capabilities are limited and that it will not have any significant financial impact on the CIS members, the Baltic countries and Eastern Europe expect is unrealistic.