The UN and its role in the global economy. The role of the United Nations in the development of the world economy xx in What is the interest of the UN in the economies of independent states

International economic organizations that regulate the world economic system can be classified according to two main principles: according to the organizational principle and according to the sphere of multilateral regulation.

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named after academician Z. Aldamzhar

Faculty of Education

Department of Natural Sciences

Coursework in the disciplineEconomic social and political geography

TOPIC: The United Nations, its role in the global economy

Completed by: Kusainova

Nurgul Tanatarovna

specialties Geography

4 courses O/O

Scientific director

Munarbaeva B. G.

Senior Lecturer

Kostanay

2012

Kostanay social Technical University

named after academician Z. Aldamzhar

Department of Natural Sciences

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INTRODUCTION

Countries trade with each other, they (and their companies) enter into agreements, agree on general rules for conducting various types of business - trade in goods and services, construction of facilities or purchase of enterprises, loans, credits, etc.

In all these actions, both the simplest and the most complex, in which many countries and companies are sometimes participants, the essence and content of bilateral or multilateral international economic cooperation is expressed.

Objectives of international regulation of IEO. The main objectives of regulating international economic relations are the following:

• ensuring stability and sustainability of economic growth that and development in all regions of the world, especially in the financial sector, taking into account the extreme sensitivity of this area to fluctuations in the world market and to the influence of foreign policy factors;
• promoting economic cooperation between countries through a variety of forms of such cooperation;
• the desire to completely eliminate discrimination in trade economic cooperation (as was envisaged, for example, at the initial stage of the WTO Trade Round in Doha (Qatar, 2001);
• providing all possible assistance in the development of private entrepreneurship in developing and new capitalist countries, assisting them in exiting crisis situations those methods that were considered the most reliable (in many cases these attempts had a negative effect);
• coordination of macroeconomic policies of states participating in global economic cooperation. This last task, like the previous ones, certainly has a positive intention, but most likely rests on naive-romantic expectations that are not justified by real practice. Countries differ so strikingly from each other in terms of the “quality” of their economies that it will be impossible to apply uniform approaches to them in economic policy for many decades to come.

International economic organizations are an important instrument for regulating multilateral interstate relations in the field of trade and economics, have agreed upon goals, their own permanent bodies, as well as organizational norms, including a charter, procedure and decision-making procedure, etc.

1 International economic organizations

1.1 Classification of international economic organizations

International economic organizations that regulate the world economic system can be classified according to two main principles: according to the organizational principle and according to the sphere of multilateral regulation.

The classification of international economic organizations by organizational principle presupposes as a basis the organization's participation or non-participation in the United Nations system, and also takes into account the profile of the organizations and the goals of their activities. With this approach, international economic organizations can be divided into the following groups:

• international economic organizations of the UN system;
• international economic organizations outside the UN system;
• regional economic organizations.
• The classification of international economic organizations in the field of multilateral regulation involves their division into the following groups:
• international economic organizations regulating economic and industrial cooperation and sectors of the world economy;
• international economic organizations in the system of regulation of world trade;
• regional economic organizations in the system of regulation of the world economy;
• international and regional economic organizations that regulate business activities;
• international non-governmental organizations and associations promoting the development of international economic relations.

1.2 General characteristics of the economic activities of international organizations

Methods of interaction in international regulation are resolutions and directives developed and adopted by international organizations that are binding on their members; multilateral agreements concluded at the intergovernmental level; coordination and agreements, consultations and cooperation at the regional level and in non-governmental organizations. The regulation is aimed at creating certain prerequisites that will facilitate the further development of global economic relations between interested states, in particular, by achieving stability and predictability of the market access regime.

The main directions of multilateral regulation of economic cooperation in modern conditions include the following:

• creation by interested states of a legal framework for trade and economic relations, including the most important principles and norms;
• developing agreements regarding the use at the national level of a complex of trade, economic and political means of influencing world economic relations, determining the framework and possibilities for using individual economic policy instruments;
• the formation and further development of international institutions that facilitate the achievement of agreements and resolution of controversial issues arising between the participating countries, their associations and groupings;
• exchange of information and experience in organizing trade and economic relations. .

There are more than 100 international organizations in the world, more or less involved in the discussion and regulation of economic problems. They vary in composition, size, function, and influence on the international economy. International organizations can be classified according to (different criteria. Among modern international organizations, there are two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The role of both is significant, they all contribute to the communication of states in various fields life.

An international intergovernmental organization is created in accordance with international law and should not infringe on the interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole. Its creation is based on an international treaty (convention, agreement, protocol, etc.). The parties to such a treaty are sovereign states, and more recently intergovernmental organizations have also become participants in international organizations.

The purpose of creating any international organization is to unite the efforts of states in one area or another. The UN coordinates the activities of states in almost all areas and acts as an intermediary between them. Sometimes states refer the most difficult issues of international relations to organizations for discussion and decision. Each international organization has a corresponding organizational structure, which confirms the permanent nature of the organization and thereby distinguishes it from other forms of international cooperation. An important feature of an international organization is that it has rights and obligations, which are generally enshrined in its constituent act. An international organization cannot exceed its powers.

Another type of international organizations are international non-governmental organizations, which are not established on the basis of intergovernmental agreements. Such organizations must be recognized by at least one state, but operate in at least two states. Are being created similar organizations based on the constituent act. There are currently more than 8,000 of them. International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) play an active role in all aspects of modern international relations.

International organizations of any kind are called upon to solve various problems in their areas of activity. To solve economic and other problems, more than 1,000 international conferences are currently held annually, which are convened for the purpose of developing and adopting international treaties, concluding acts, and establishing principles of cooperation in a specific area of ​​international relations.

2 The United Nations, its role in the world economy

2.1 Creation of the UN

The first step towards the creation of the United Nations was the Declaration signed in London on June 12, 1941, in which the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition pledged to “work together with other free peoples in both war and peace.” In August of the same year, US President T. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill proposed a set of principles for international cooperation to maintain peace and security in a document known as the Atlantic Charter. Of course, this took into account the experience of the League of Nations, which failed to prevent the Second world war. In January 1942, representatives of 26 allied states that fought against the Axis countries (Germany Italy Japan) declared support for the Atlantic Charter by signing the Declaration of 26 States. This document was the first official use of the name "United Nations", proposed by President Roosevelt. Then, in the Declaration signed in Moscow on October 30, 1943, the governments of the Soviet Union, Great Britain, the United States and China called for the speedy creation of an international organization to maintain peace and security. This goal was reaffirmed at a meeting of the leaders of the United States, the USSR and Great Britain in Tehran on December 1, 1943. The first concrete contours of the UN were outlined at a conference held at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington. It was this conference that formulated the basic principles of the activities of the United Nations (UN) and determined its structure and functions. At the Yalta (Crimean) Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to the participation of the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR in the UN as founding states (this was a tribute to the USSR, which fought alone with Germany until o opening second front in 1944). The leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition decided to convene the United Nations Conference on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco to develop the UN Charter. .

The founding conference for the creation of the UN took place from April 25 to June 26, 1945 in the USA. Its convening even before the end of World War II indicated that the allies had reached mutual understanding on the main issues of creating a universal international government organization, designed to ensure peace on the boards, those. The UN Charter officially came into force on October 24, 1945, and this date is considered the birthday of the UN.

The United Nations is the center for solving problems facing all of humanity. The activities of the UN are carried out jointly by more than 30 related organizations that make up the United Nations system. The United Nations is not a world government and does not make laws. However, it does provide tools that help resolve international conflicts and develop policy on issues that affect us all. At the United Nations, all Member States - large and small, rich and poor, with different political views and social systems - have the right to express their opinions and vote in this process.

The United Nations has six main organs. Five of them - the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat - are located at United Nations headquarters in New York. The sixth body, the International Court of Justice, is located in The Hague (Netherlands).

Along with the increasing role of world political problems Economic aspects occupy a large place in the activities of the UN, which is expressed primarily in the expansion of the economic functions of the UN. All new areas of the world economy and international economic relations become the subject of its study, analysis, search for ways and means of solving them, and development of appropriate recommendations. The importance of the economic activities of the UN increases with the complication of processes occurring in global economic relations and the international division of labor, the aggravation of problems arising in the world economy, and the further expansion of international economic cooperation.

Article 1 of the UN Charter condenses the goals of international cooperation, including in the economic sphere: “... to carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social...” nature. Chapters IX and X The Charter is entirely devoted to economic and social cooperation. In particular, Article 55 defines the specific goals of economic cooperation within the UN: “creating conditions of stability and prosperity necessary for peaceful and friendly relations”, “raising living standards, achieving full employment of the population”, promoting “conditions for economic and social progress and promoting” . Fixed in Art. 2 The general principles of international cooperation within the UN fully apply to the sphere of cooperation on economic issues. One of the central objectives of the United Nations is to promote higher standards of living, full employment and conditions for socio-economic progress and development. 70% of the activities of the United Nations system are related to this task. At the heart of this activity is the belief that the eradication of poverty and the improvement of human well-being everywhere are necessary steps towards creating the conditions for lasting peace in the world.

At the 60th anniversary session (September 2005), a high-level plenary meeting of the Assembly with the participation of Heads of State and Government provided a comprehensive review of the progress made in implementing all the commitments contained in the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The session focused heavily on the need to achieve internationally agreed development goals and build global partnerships to ensure progress at the national, regional and international levels; At the same time, the importance of implementing the decisions and commitments made at international conferences and United Nations summits in economic, social and related fields.

The system of organization of UN agencies is very complex, and many of them deal with issues of an economic nature. In general, economic activities carried out by the UN can be divided into four areas:

• solving global economic problems common to all countries;
• promoting economic cooperation between states with different levels of socio-economic development;
• promoting economic growth in developing countries;
• solving problems of regional economic development.

In practice, work in the above areas is carried out using such forms of activity as:

• informational;
• technical advisory;
• financial. .

The information aspect of the UN's work is the most extensive work of both the Secretariat and all UN agencies. Issues of greatest interest are placed on the agenda of political discussions, written reports and certificates are prepared. All materials are carefully reviewed in various departments of institutions and only after thorough preparatory work(including the publication of reports and reports) are submitted for public discussion in the relevant agencies of the UN system.

The purpose of such activities is to have a general impact on the economic policies of the member countries. By and large, this is work “for the future,” “in reserve.” A significant amount is published various information, statistical calculations that have a fairly high reputation among specialists in this field. The work on unification, collection and processing of initial statistical data is led by the Statistical Commission and the Statistics Department. Activities in the field of accounting and statistics systems are very useful and beneficial for underdeveloped countries, since, on the one hand, they often simply do not have their own economically verified statistical methods, and on the other hand, foreign economic entities, trying to penetrate the markets of countries, have practically the only opportunity to obtain real information about the state of affairs in the economic sector of a given country.

The technical advisory activities of the UN are carried out in the form of technical assistance to states in need of it. Back in 1948, some kind of principles for providing such assistance were adopted. First of all, she must:

• ensure the goals of the country's prosperity, but assistance cannot serve as a means for foreign economic and political interference in the internal affairs of the state;
• be provided exclusively through the governments of countries and intended exclusively for a given country;
• be provided, whenever possible, in the form that is desirable for that country itself;
• have a specific character and meet high quality and technical requirements.

Monetary, financial and credit activities are carried out primarily through international organizations associated with the UN: the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Finance Corporation, and the International Development Association. These structures are formally specialized UN organizations, although they have little dependence on the UN and in fact come up with independent conceptual ideas that run counter to the recommendations of reports published, for example, by GATT and ECOSOC. .

The main structural units of the economic cooperation organization system within the UN are three of the six main bodies specified in the Charter, namely the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Secretariat.

2.3 Main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies

An important role in the system of interstate regulation is played by the United Nations (UN), which is universal both in membership and in the problems within its competence.

According to the Charter, the UN sets itself the following goals:

• maintain international peace and security; settle or resolve, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of the peace;
• develop friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples;
• carry out multilateral cooperation and contribute to the resolution of international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature on the principles of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all;
• to be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving their goals.

Organizations of global importance include, first of all, specialized UN institutions - the IMF and the World Bank Group, as well as the World Trade Organization. The direct role of the UN in international monetary, credit and financial relations is limited.

The main bodies and specialized agencies of the UN, reflecting its structure:

• General Assembly;
• Security Council;
• Economic and Social Council, which has several specialized agencies (UNCTAD, UNIDO, FAO, etc.);
• Secretariat.

Regional economic commissions (EAC, ECA, ECLAC, ESCAP, etc.), as well as functional and special commissions, are represented as a separate block in the UN structure. .

Each of these organizations has its own specific goals and objectives and makes a real contribution to the regulation of international economic relations.

In 2005, the world community celebrated the 60th anniversary of the United Nations, the leading international forum for solving global development problems. The UN is an integral part of the modern world order, in the formation of which it plays an important role. The main goals and principles of the international legal order were first enshrined in its Charter.

3 General Assembly (UNGA) and its institutions

The UN General Assembly, according to the UN Charter, is responsible for carrying out the functions of the United Nations in the field of international cooperation and directs specific activities in this area through the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The main task of the Assembly is to serve as the highest forum within the UN for discussing the most important, key problems of an economic nature.

The Assembly carries out its functions in the area under consideration mainly through the Second Committee (on economic and (|financial) affairs). This is one of the main committees of the Assembly. The Assembly establishes international cooperation organizations such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) or the United Nations industrial development(UNIDO), etc.

3.1 Economic and Social Council

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). This organization is the next hierarchical body in the UN economic mechanism. ECOSOC, created in 1946, coordinates all UN activities in the socio-economic region. Among the members of ECOSOC there are 54 member states of the UN, elected General Assembly th UN, with 5 permanent members of the Security Council being permanent members. The highest body of ECOSOC Council session. Three sessions are held annually:

• spring on social, legal and humanitarian issues
• summer on economic and social issues;
• special on organizational issues.

• conducting qualified research on general and special problems of economic and social development, international cooperation; generalization of the obtained results. .

Let's summarize the information given above. So, ECOSOC coordinates the activities of:

standing committees (economic, social, etc.);

• functional commissions and subcommittees (statistical, social development, etc.), regional economic commissions (Economic Commission for Europe EEC, economic commissions for Africa, etc.);
• UN specialized agencies (FAO, UNIDO, etc.).
• According to Art. 68 of the Charter, in order to perform its functions, ECOSOC has the right to create subsidiary bodies that work between sessions. Currently, there are 11 standing committees and commissions (on natural resources, non-governmental organizations, etc.), 6 functional commissions (statistical, social development, etc.), 5 regional economic commissions and a number of other bodies.

ECOSOC structure. The Economic and Social Council coordinates the work of 14 UN specialized agencies, 10 functional commissions and 5 regional commissions; receives reports from 11 UN funds and programs; makes policy recommendations to UN organizations and Member States. In accordance with the UN Charter, ECOSOC is responsible for promoting improved living standards, ensuring full employment and conditions for economic and social progress; for identifying ways to resolve international problems in the economic, social and health fields; promoting international cooperation in the field of culture and education; promoting universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. ECOSOC has more than 70% of human and financial resources the entire UN system. In fulfilling its mandate, ECOSOC organizes consultations with academia, representatives of the business world and more than 2,100 registered non-governmental organizations. The Council holds a substantive session each year in July, lasting four weeks, alternately in New York and Geneva. The session includes a high-level segment during which ministers of national governments and heads of international institutions and other high-level officials discuss a specific topic of global importance. ECOSOC for last years takes a leadership role in key strategic areas. During these high-level meetings in 1999, the Poverty Manifesto was adopted, which largely predetermined the Millennium Development Goals endorsed by the United Nations Millennium Summit in New York. The High-Level Ministerial Declaration in 2000 proposed specific measures to reduce the digital divide, which led directly to the creation of the ICT (Information and Communications Technology) Task Force in 2001. Since 1998, ECOSOC key committees of the Bretton Woods institutions The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

The subsidiary and related bodies of ECOSOC include the following.

Functional commissions:

• Statistical Commission;
• Commission on Population and Development;
• Commission for Social Development;
• Human Rights Commission;
• Group of Three (established under the International Convention for the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid),
• Working Group to Study Cases of Persistent Gross Violations of Human Rights;
• Working Group on Arbitrary Detention;
• Open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development;
• Open-ended Working Group on the Development of a Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;
• Open-ended Working Group on the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples;
• An open-ended working group to develop basic guidelines on structural adjustment programs and economic, social and cultural rights;
• Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights;
• Working Group on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National, Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities;
• Working Group on modern forms slavery;
• Working Group on Indigenous Peoples;
• Sessional working group on methods of work of the subcommission;
• Sessional Working Group on the Administration of Justice;
• Sessional working group on methods of work and activities of transnational corporations;
• Working Group on Communications;
• Commission on the Status of Women;
• Commission on Narcotic Drugs;
• Subcommittee on Illicit Drug Traffic in the Near and Middle East and Related Matters;
• Meeting of Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies;
• Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice;
• Commission on Science and Technology for Development;
• Commission on Sustainable Development;
• Open-ended ad hoc working groups;
• Ad Hoc Open-ended Intergovernmental Expert Group on Energy and Sustainable Development;
• UN Forum on Forests.

Regional commissions:

• Economic Commission for Africa (ECA);
• Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP);
• Economic Commission for Europe (ECE);
• Economic Commission for Latin America and Caribbean(ECLAC); .
• Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA).

Standing Committees:

• Committee for Program and Coordination;
• Commission on Human Settlements;
• Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations;
• Committee for Negotiations with Intergovernmental Institutions.

Special bodies:

• Open-Ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Computer Science.
• Expert bodies consisting of government experts:
• Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals;
• UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names.

3.2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD ) is the main body of the UN General Assembly (GA) in the field of trade and development, an important instrument for multilateral interstate regulation of trade and economic policy. Created as a permanent intergovernmental organization at the First Session of the Conference held in Geneva in 1964. In the context of the collapse of the world colonial system, the establishment of UNCTAD reflected the desire of developing countries to integrate into world trade on “fair terms - Other international institutions created at that time, including the GATT, did not sufficiently fully represent the interests of countries with weak economies, so the UN GA decided to create a permanent current organization, the main idea (goal) of which includes the analysis of trends in the development of the world economy and trade, the formulation and implementation of trade policies that promote the economic growth of developing countries.

UNCTAD does not have a Charter. Goals, functions, organizational structure, all procedures related to the activities of UNCTAL. set out in UNGA Resolution No. 1995. In accordance with this resolution, members of the Conference are those states that are members of the UN, its specialized agencies or the International Agency for atomic energy. By the beginning of 2004, UNCTAD included 194 states, including all 12 CIS countries.

The Conference identified as its main functions:

• encouragement of international trade, in particular between countries located on various levels development;
• establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related economic development issues,
• promoting coordination of the activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and economic development;
• implementation of coordination of policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade.

Each State represented at the Conference has one vote. Decisions are made by a 2/3 majority of representatives present and voting.

UNCTAD's annual budget is approximately US$50 million, coming from the regular budget of the United Nations. Technical cooperation activities are financed from extrabudgetary resources provided by donors, beneficiary countries, and various organizations - approximately US$ 25 million per year.

UNCTAD works in close cooperation with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), UNDP, International shopping center, World Trade Organization, World Bank, IMF and other organizations. At the sessions in Midrant (1996), Bangkok (2001) and Sao Paulo (2004), the program directions for UNCTAD's activities at the beginning of this century were determined, the main ones being the following:

Globalization and development strategies. UNCTAD studies the main trends in the development of the world economy, in particular globalization, and assesses its impact on the process of economic development different groups countries Specific development problems and successful experiences that can be useful for developing countries and countries with economies in transition are analyzed. Issues related to financial flows and debt are studied. Assistance is provided to developing countries in settling debt relations. Databases on trade and development issues are being expanded.

International trade in goods and services and commodity issues. UNCTAD develops policies aimed at:

• improving the functioning of commodity markets by reducing imbalances affecting supply and demand;
• ensuring the gradual reduction of developing countries' over-reliance on the export of unprocessed primary commodities through horizontal and vertical diversification of production and exports, as well as crop substitution;
• the gradual elimination of trade barriers in the field of commodities;
• minimizing risks associated with fluctuations in commodity prices, including the use of price hedging mechanisms (commodity futures, options, swaps);
• compensatory financing for reduced export earnings.

Investments, technologies and enterprise development. UNCTAD studies global trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) flows and their relationship with trade, technology and development. As part of the Conference, mechanisms to support small and medium-sized businesses are being developed. It defines policies aimed at promoting the development of technological capabilities and innovation in developing countries. The conference assists developing countries and encourages the influx of investment and improves their investment status! climate.

Activities to develop and implement programs for training qualified personnel and creating a service infrastructure for establishing effective trade are also important. UNCTAD generally does a lot of work to develop issues national policy in the field of service infrastructure development, it provides assistance in expanding global electronic commerce by facilitating access to information technology developing countries.

UNCTAD and least developed, landlocked and island developing States. UNCTAD coordinates work on the least developed countries(LDCs), including provision of technical assistance in the form of integrated country programmes.

The Conference participates in the implementation of the programs of action for the least developed countries, the Barbados Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and Global Program Cooperation in the field of transit transport between landlocked developing countries. Trust funds for LDCs are managed.

Fight against poverty. UNCTAD recognizes the need for an integrated approach to combat poverty. The conference focuses its efforts on areas such as the development of human resources and social infrastructure; creating jobs and increasing productivity of the poor, distribution of income and social benefits. The impact of increased trade on poverty reduction is studied.

Economic cooperation among developing countries UNCTAD studies the experience of subregional, regional and interregional economic cooperation among developing countries; develops action programs for the world community to overcome the economic backwardness of LDCs.

Some results of UNCTAD's activities over the 40 years of its existence. As a result of 11 sessions of UNCTAD, a number of important international agreements, including:

In the field of trade:

generalized system of preferences (1971). Thanks to the existence of the GSP, goods exported by developing countries are subject to preferential (preferential) treatment in the markets of developed countries;

• agreement on the global system of trade preferences (GSTP) among developing countries (1989);
• a set of multilaterally agreed equitable principles and rules to control restrictive business practices (1980);
• the Global Network of Trade Points (TNTC), created as a result of the UN International Symposium on Trade Effectiveness (1994); .

In the field of commodities:

• international commodity agreements on cocoa, sugar, natural rubber, jute and jute products, tropical timber, tin, olive oil and wheat;
• a common commodity framework created to provide financial support for the operation of international stocks and R&D projects in the field of commodities (1989);

In the area of ​​debt and development:

• since the adoption by the Council of a resolution providing for a retroactive adjustment of the debt conditions of developing countries with low level income (1978), the debt burden was reduced by more than $6.5 billion for more than 50 poor developing countries;
• guidelines for international measures in the field of debt restructuring (1980);

In support of least developed and landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries:

• agreement on a global framework for cooperation in transit transport between landlocked and transit developing countries and the donor community (1995);
• program of action for LDCs (1990s);
• Program of Action for LDCs 2001 -2003;
• in the field of transport:
• UN Convention on the Code of Linear Conferences (1974);
• UN Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (1978);
• UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (1980);
• UN Convention on the Conditions of Registration of Ships (1986);
• UN Convention on Maritime Liens and Mortgages (1993).

The active work of UNCTAD contributed to the adoption of the following important decisions by international organizations and governments:

• agreement to set targets for protected areas including 0.7% of GDP for developing countries as a whole and 0.15% for LDCs;
• improving the mechanism for compensatory financing of the reduction in export earnings of developing countries, created by the International Monetary Fund;
• reducing the debt of highly indebted poor countries (HIPCs) to international commercial banks.

One of the important functions of the Conference is its publication of annual reports on trade and development. These reports contain an analysis of current international and regional trends and the interaction of trade, investment and financial flows. Thus, the World Investment Report provides an analysis of trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) and the activities of TNCs; in the report on the least developed countries (LDCs) an overview of the main problems of LDCs and measures of international support for them. The Statistical Handbook on International Trade and Development, published by UNCTAD, contains the main indicators of world and regional development: GDP per capita, growth rates, consist of balance of payments, FDI, financial resource flows and debt, overview of trends in maritime transport. The annual Directory of UNCTAD Publications lists other periodic and ad hoc studies that are important to countries and also provide guidance in the preparation of normative documents in national and international law-making.

The conference is convened at least once every four years at the ministerial level. The date and place of the sessions of the Conference are established by the UN GA, taking into account the recommendations of the Conference or the Trade and Development Council. Between sessions, the permanent executive body of UNCTAD is the Trade and Development Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board). The Council meets as needed - usually twice a year. In addition, the Council holds special sessions and meetings of commissions on issues of global politics, the interdependence of the economies of the world, trade problems and monetary and financial relations, structural adjustment and economic reforms. Since 1997, the working bodies of the Council have been three commissions: on trade in goods and services; on investments, technologies and financial issues; on entrepreneurship and business issues. The Council annually submits reports on its activities to the Conference and the UN General Assembly. From 1964 to 2004, 11 sessions were held:

• first session 1964 (Geneva, Switzerland);
• second session 1968 (Delhi, India);
• third session 1972 (Santiago, Chile);
• fourth session 1976 (Nairobi, Kenya);
• fifth session 1979 (Manila, Philippines);
• sixth session 1983 (Belgrade, Yugoslavia);
• seventh session 1987 (Geneva, Switzerland);
• eighth session 1992 (Cartagena, Colombia);
• ninth session 1996 (Midrand, South Africa);
• tenth session 2000 (Bangkok, Thailand);
• eleventh 2004 (Sao Paulo, Brazil). .

UNCTAD sessions are interstate economic forums dedicated to discussing the most pressing problems of international trade in the context of overcoming the economic backwardness of developing countries. As a result of the session, resolutions, conventions, agreements, and codes are adopted that have varying legal force. The decisions taken are of a recommendatory nature (Figure 22.4 shows the structure of UNCTAD).

However, the role of organizational analytical reports should not be underestimated. Based on a fundamental research base, they enable different countries and their organizations to monitor the general trade and economic situation in the world and actually use the published data in their plans for the development of foreign economic relations.

Thus, the creation of UNCTAD was initially due to the collapse of the colonial system and the desire of young political independent states integrate into world trade on a new parity basis. UNCTAD should have assisted in solving these problems. One of the main goals of UNCTAD in modern conditions is to consolidate the efforts of developing countries in their struggle for more favorable international trade conditions. This will create the necessary basis for strengthening their economic independence and the development of national economies. The Conference is financed from the UN budget and from extrabudgetary resources. UNCTAD's activities have two central areas:

1)strengthening the positions of developing countries in global raw materials and agricultural markets;

2) gradual overcoming of the existing imbalance in the commodity structure of exports of developing countries in favor of expanding groups of highly processed goods

3.3 Activities of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

The OECD is the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which in turn was created on the basis of the European Recovery Program proposed by US Secretary of State A. Marshall, known as the Marshall Plan ( 1947) In 1948, the OEEC was created to coordinate this program for the economic recovery of 16 European countries.

Members of the organization were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Great Britain, the Anglo-American and French occupation zones of Germany.

In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the Organization, and in 1950 Canada and the USA joined as associate members. Although initially the Organization's activities were mainly limited to the implementation of the European Recovery Programme, it subsequently implemented programs aimed at stimulating economic cooperation between member countries through trade liberalization and the creation of a multilateral settlement system. In 1960 in Paris, the Convention establishing the OECD was signed between the OEEC participants and a number of other countries, ratified by the parliaments of the countries and entered into force in 1961.

The OECD includes 31 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, USA, Turkey, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan, Slovenia, Slovakia.

Main tasks and functions of the OECD:

• formulating, coordinating and implementing policies aimed at stimulating economic growth and maintaining financial stability in participating countries;
• stimulating and coordinating the efforts of participating countries in the field of financial and technical assistance to developing countries;
• promoting the expansion of international trade, excluding the use of discriminatory measures. .

The organization is governed by a Council consisting of representatives of all member countries. The OECD's activities are carried out by more than 100 specialized committees and working groups, which, together with the international secretariat, examine specific issues and formulate policy recommendations, for example in the areas of economic development, technical cooperation, international trade, energy and conservation environment. The Council was founded in 1974.

Among the important developments carried out under the auspices of the OECD are the Code of Conduct for TNCs, as well as the Guidelines on the Preparation of Financial Statements by TNCs. OECD institutions do very useful work by facilitating international forums where political, economic, cultural and other global or regional issues of our time are discussed.

Within the OECD there are several autonomous organizations:

• International Energy Agency (IEA);
• Atomic Energy Agency (ATE);
• Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA);
• Center for Research and Innovation in Education (CIER);
• OECD Development Centre.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is designed to stimulate international cooperation in the field of energy and reduce the dependence of member countries on oil imports. In operation since 1974

The Atomic Energy Agency (AEA), established in 1958 as the European Atomic Energy Agency, promotes international cooperation among OECD member countries in the development and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

The Center for Educational Research and Innovation (ERI) was established in 1968 to encourage and facilitate the development of research activities in the field of education. All OECD member countries are members of the CINO.

The OECD Development Center was created by the OECD Council in 1962 with the aim of pooling the knowledge and experience of member countries in the field of economic development, as well as the development and implementation of common economic assistance policies; making such knowledge and experience available to developing countries, taking into account their needs. All OECD member countries are members of the Center.

An important role in the OECD is played by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which is a specialized committee. Its functions include consideration of issues such as providing assistance to member states as well as developing countries; ensuring the necessary amount of resources that can be made available to developing countries; providing support to countries to ensure their sustainable development and create potential for participation in the global economy. In 1993, the DAC revised the list of developing countries receiving official development assistance; it included the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1995, the document “Development Partnership in a Changed World” was adopted, which contains the main directions for the content of the efforts of member states to ensure sustainable economic and social development. In 1990, the OECD established the Center for Cooperation with European Countries in Transition to coordinate relations between the OECD and Eastern European countries. This center also provides training in the following areas: economic development and structural adjustment; competition; labor market; banks and social policy; banking and finance, etc.

The OECD has developed a multilateral agreement on investment (MIA) that is open to member countries. The group of committees also deals with issues of promoting the efficient use of economic resources in industry and agriculture. The OECD's activities are financed through contributions from the Organization's members. The OECD has official relations with a number of international organizations - ILO, UNESCO, IMF, WTO, UNCTAD.

Group 7 Group 8. Group 7 (G-7) was created in 1975 on the initiative of French President Giscard D. Estain for the purpose of annual discussion by the heads of the world's leading economic powers of the most important economic problems. This group included the USA, Japan, Germany, Great Britain , France, Italy and Canada.

It should be noted that the leaders of these countries have invariably turned their attention primarily to pressing problems of global economic development, especially since the early 1990s, when the world socialist system collapsed and for many new countries that had chosen capitalist values, an era of fundamental changes began.

Conclusion

The United Nations plays a critical role in building international consensus on action for development. Since 1960, the General Assembly has helped set priorities and set goals through a series of ten-year international development strategies. The programs of these decades, aimed at solving specific issues, have invariably emphasized the need to achieve progress in all areas of socio-economic development. The United Nations continues to work to identify new targets in key areas such as sustainable development, women's advancement, human rights, environmental protection and good governance, and to develop programs for their implementation.

At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, world leaders approved the Millennium Declaration, which sets out the main goals of eliminating extreme poverty and hunger, ensuring universal primary education; promoting gender equality and women's empowerment; reducing child mortality rates; improving the situation in the field of maternal health; combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases ensuring environmental sustainability by achieving a range of targets by 2015 that can be quantification. In particular, it is planned to halve the share of those who have an income of less than one dollar a day; ensure universal noe education; eliminate gender inequality at all levels of education; sharply reduce the infant mortality rate while improving the situation in the field of maternal health.

The United Nations system carries out a variety of activities to promote the achievement of socio-economic goals. The mandates of specialized institutions cover almost all areas of socio-economic activity. These institutions provide technical assistance and other forms of practical assistance to countries around the world. Working in collaboration with the United Nations, they help develop policies, define guidelines, mobilize support and raise funds. Close coordination between the United Nations and the specialized agencies is ensured through the United Nations System for Coordination Board (UNSCB), which includes the Secretary-General and the heads of the specialized agencies, funds and programs, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Trade Organization.

In the activities of ECOSOC, three main functions should be distinguished

• a responsible specialized forum of states within the UN for qualified discussion of international economic and social problems and the development of a principled political line;
• coordination of all UN activities on economic and social issues, coordination of the activities of specialized UN agencies;
• conducting qualified research on general and special problems of economic and social development, international cooperation; generalization of the obtained results.

List of used literature

1. Bandurin V.V. Globalization of the world economy and Russia. M, 2005
2. World economy Khasbulatov R.I. Moscow, Insan, 2005
3. Basic information about the United Nations. Publishing house Legal literature. M, 2001
4. International organizations: Textbook/Ed. I.P.Blishchenko.-M.: RUDN, 1994.
5. United Nations: Basic facts. Directory M.: Whole World, 2000.
6. Kozyrev A.V. United Nations: structure and activities. - M.: Ak.Ped.Naukov, 1991.
7. Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations. M.: Lawyer, 2006 466 p.
8. Zaitseva O.G. International organizations: decision making. M., 1989
9. Ivanov I. Russia and the UN: reliable partners in the name of common goals // World Economy and International Relations, 2004, No. 3, p. 1016
10. Kovtunov S.G., Titov K.V. UN Economic Commission for Europe and Russia // World Economy and International Relations. 2004, No. 10, 6470 p.
11. Krivleva E.S. Fundamentals of the theory of law of international organizations. M., 1979

The role and place of the UN in the development of IEO.

In the global economy, for more than half a century, the international community has been looking for ways to solve problems with the help of the UN and its mechanisms, not without reason counting on its global nature.

According to UN experts, an improvement in the global economic situation should not be expected until mid-2003. Until recently, the UN believed that the world would recover from the economic recession that began in 2000 by the end of December this year. In particular, UN experts predicted that in 2002 the economic growth rate would be 1.8%, and in 2003 - 3.2%. Now the UN Economic and Social Council has revised its estimates, reports the BBC. Experts say that in 2002 the world economy will grow at a rate of 1.7% per annum, and in 2003 - only 2.9%. Considering that last year the growth rate of the global economy was the lowest over the past decade - only 1.3%.

The main reason for the slowdown is low global trade volumes. Its volumes increased at an unprecedented rate in the 1990s, and this year its growth rate will be only 1.6%.

Along with this, the UN diplomatically notes that the world's leading economies are still experiencing difficulties. Thus, the foreign trade deficit of the world's largest economy - the American one - is increasing. The overall situation in the global economy is also affected by the recession in Latin America. The Argentine crisis hit the region: the country's economy will shrink by 12% over the year due to default and the IMF's refusal to support the article.

GDP growth rate African countries also significantly lower than those necessary to maintain economic stability. The UN expects that this year this figure for African states will be 2.7%, and next year - 4%.

The methods by which states usually control the state of affairs in the macroeconomy are often ineffective in the current situation, experts conclude. An analysis of 50 years of UN practice leads to the conclusion that, along with the every possible increase in the role of world political problems, economic aspects occupy a large place in its activities. This is expressed primarily in the expansion of the economic functions of the UN. All new areas of the world economy and international economic relations are becoming the subject of its study, analysis, search for ways and means of solution, and development of appropriate recommendations. In parallel with this, the organizational structure of the UN itself is changing, the number of economic institutions and countries participating in them is increasing, the field of activity of these institutions, their contacts with other international as well as national institutions and organizations is expanding.
The importance of the economic activities of the UN is increasing with the increasing complexity of processes occurring in global economic relations and the international division of labor, with the growing variety of problems arising in the world economy, and with the dynamism of international economic life, which calls for the need for quick and effective solutions.
Carrying out economic activities, the UN remains primarily a political organization. The political nature is clearly manifested in the interpretation and application of the fundamental principles that the organization itself has enshrined in its resolutions and programs, in the development of measures to resolve them, in relation to UN to world markets, development problems of individual countries, etc.
Article 1 of the UN Charter condenses the goals of international cooperation, including in the economic sphere: “... to carry out international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social...” nature. A number of other provisions of the Charter directly relate to issues of economic cooperation. So, ch. IX and X are entirely devoted to economic and social cooperation. Of particular importance is Art. 55, containing specific goals for economic cooperation within the UN. Among these goals are “creating conditions of stability and prosperity necessary for peaceful and friendly relations”, “raising the standard of living, full employment of the population”, promoting “conditions for economic and social progress and development”. The Charter does not contain a list of special principles of economic cooperation, however, those enshrined in Art. 2 The general principles of international cooperation within the UN fully apply to the sphere of cooperation on economic issues.
The economic activities of the UN include four main areas:
·solving global economic problems common to all countries;
·promotion of economic cooperation between states with different levels of socio-economic development;
·promotion of economic growth of developing countries;
·solving problems of regional economic development.
In practice, work in these areas is carried out using the following forms of activity: information, technical and advisory and financial.
Information activities are the most common type of work of the UN. Issues of interest are placed on the agenda of political discussions, written reports are prepared, etc. The purpose of such activities is to have a general impact on the directions of economic policy of the member countries. To a greater extent, this work is “in reserve”, “for the future”. A significant amount of various information and statistical publications are published, which have a high reputation among specialists. Work in the field of unification, collection and processing of initial statistical data is led by the Statistical Commission and the Statistical Bureau. Activities in the field of accounting and statistics systems are very useful and beneficial for underdeveloped countries, since, on the one hand, they do not (often) have their own economically verified statistical methods, and on the other hand, foreign economic entities, trying to penetrate the markets of these countries, have practically the only the opportunity to obtain real information about the economy of a given country.
Technical advisory activities UN carried out in the form of technical assistance to states in need of it. Back in 1948, some kind of principles were adopted for providing such assistance, which:
should not serve as a means for foreign economic and political interference in internal affairs;
must be provided exclusively through the government;
must be provided exclusively to that country;
should be provided, if possible, in the form desired by the country;
must meet high quality and
technically.
More details about this area of ​​activity are described below. Monetary and financial activities are carried out primarily through international organizations of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. International Finance Corporation. International Development Association, International Monetary Fund. These organizations are formally specialized organizations UN.
ECOSOC - The UN Economic and Social Council, under whose auspices most of the other economic bodies of this organization operate. The functions of ECOCOS include organizing research and preparing various kinds of reports and recommendations on a wide range of international economic, social, cultural and related issues. ECOCOS is also endowed with the right to create various bodies on the basis of which its organizational structure is formed in the field of execution of decisions made. Currently, 54 states are members of ECOCO, elected for a period of 3 years. At the same time, every three years a third of the composition of ECOCO changes. By geographic region, representation is formed as follows: for Asia - 11 seats, for Africa - 14, for Latin America -10, for Western Europe and other countries - 13, for Eastern European countries - 6 seats.
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the next senior body in the UN economic mechanism. ECOSOC, created in 1946, coordinates all UN activities in the socio-economic field. ECOSOC members are 54 UN member states elected by the UN General Assembly, with 5 permanent members of the Security Council being permanent members. The highest body of ECOSOC is the council session. Three sessions are held annually:
spring - on social, legal and humanitarian issues;
summer - on economic and social issues;
organizational.
In activity ECOSOC Three main functions should be distinguished, these are
a responsible specialized forum of states within the UN for qualified discussion of international economic and social problems and the development of a principled political line;
coordination of all activities UN on economic and social issues, coordination of activities of specialized institutions UN;
preparation of qualified research on general and special problems of economic and social development, international cooperation.
So, ECOSOC coordinates the activities of:
standing committees (economic committee, social committee, etc.);
functional commissions and subcommittees (statistical, social development, etc.);
regional economic commissions (Economic Commission for Europe - EEC, Economic Commissions for Africa, etc.);
UN specialized agencies (FAO, UNIDO, etc.).
Relations between ECOSOC and organizations of an autonomous nature, for example, with the UNDP, which is a subsidiary body of the UN GA, are regulated by relevant regulations.
According to Art. 68 of the Charter, in order to carry out its functions, ECOSOC has the right to create subsidiary bodies that work between sessions. Currently, there are 11 standing committees and commissions (on natural resources, non-governmental organizations, etc.), 6 functional commissions (statistical, social development, etc.), 5 regional economic commissions and a number of other bodies.

The United Nations not only occupies a central place in the system of interstate organizations, but also plays an exceptional role in modern international political development. Created in 1945 as a universal international organization aimed at maintaining peace and international security and the development of cooperation between states, the UN currently unites 192 countries of the world.

The impact of the UN on modern international relations is significant and multifaceted. It is determined by the following main factors:

− The UN is the most representative forum for discussions between states on current issues of international development.

− The UN Charter is the foundation of modern international law, a kind of generally recognized code of conduct for states and their relationships; others compare it international treaties and agreements.

− The UN itself has become an important mechanism for international law-making and occupies a very special place among other organizations - sources of international law. At the initiative and within the framework of the UN, hundreds of international conventions and treaties have been concluded regulating the situation in a wide variety of spheres of public life.

− The principles of building the UN (primarily in granting a special status to permanent members of the Security Council) reflected the objective realities of the international political system, and their change became the main incentive for the ongoing work to reform this organization.

− Under the shadow of the UN, there are a large number of intergovernmental organizations that regulate international life within the framework of their functional purpose.

− The UN is endowed with extremely important competence to resolve issues of war and peace, including through the use of armed force.

The UN headquarters is located in New York, where five of its six main organs are located. In the General Assembly, each state has one vote; it meets for its regular sessions annually, as well as for special and emergency sessions (there were 29 in total); decisions on the agenda (which includes more than 100 issues) are made by a simple majority of votes and are not binding on member states, but are considered as the opinion of the world community and in this sense have significant moral authority. (During its activity, the General Assembly adopted over 10 thousand resolutions.) The Security Council consists of 15 members; 5 of them are permanent (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China), the rest are elected by the General Assembly for two years. Decisions are taken by a majority of 9 votes out of 15, including the concurring votes of all permanent members (who thus have veto power). When considering issues related to the emergence of a threat to international peace, the Security Council has exceptionally broad rights, including the right to impose economic sanctions and decide on the use of armed force

1. UN partners
   by development goals

1. UNDP
   UN Development Program

1. Millennium Campaign

1. DESA
   Department of Economic and Social Affairs

1. The World Bank

1. UNICEF
   UN Children's Fund

1. UNEP
   UN Environment Program

1. UNFPA
   United Nations Population Fund

1. WHO
   World Health Organization

1. IMF
   International Monetary Fund

1. UN-Habitat
   UN Human Settlements Program

1. FAO
   Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1. IFAD
   International Fund for Agricultural Development

1. ILO
   The International Labour Organization

1. ITU
   International Telecommunication Union

1. UNAIDS
   Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS

1. UNCTAD
   UN Conference on Trade and Development

1. UNDG
   UN Development Group

1. UNESCO
   United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

1. UNHCR
   United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1. UNIFEM
   United Nations Development Fund for Women

1. UN OHCHR
   Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

1. runway

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The UN and its role in the world economy

Introduction

2.1 Creation of the UN

Conclusion

List of sources used

Applications

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic in this course work can be determined by the fact that the United Nations (UN) is the most influential international organization. The United Nations Organization carries out its work in almost all spheres of human life. The effective development of humanity, as well as the preservation of peace on Earth, largely depends on the extent to which the countries of the world coordinate their actions and decisions through the UN.

One of the most important areas of life that falls within the purview of the United Nations is, of course, the world economy. Considering the unevenness of global economic development, the UN is in many ways the organization that is called upon to help smooth out economic and social inequality throughout the world.

Russia, despite the difficult political situation in the world, still strives to play an active role in the global economy and the international division of labor. economic social trade

Therefore, it is important for our country to coordinate its economic activities with the bodies of the United Nations. Based on the fact that the UN plays an important and significant role in the global economy, studying the topic of the course work is very important and relevant at the moment.

The purpose of this course work is to study the UN and its role in the global economy.

To achieve the goal set in the course work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Study the classification of international economic organizations;

Give a general description of the economic activities of international organizations;

Consider the main issues of the creation of the United Nations;

Explore the activities of the United Nations;

Conduct a review of the main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies;

Describe the economic and social council and their activities;

Consider issues that relate to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD);

Define the role of developed and developing countries in the UN.

The course work consists of an introduction, a main part, the disclosure of sections of which helps to reveal the topic of the course work, a conclusion, which provides the main conclusions based on the results of writing the course work, as well as a list of references and applications.

1. International economic organizations and their role in the global economy

1.1 Classification of international economic organizations

There are two key principles in accordance with which the classification of international economic organizations that regulate world economic systems is carried out:

Organizational principle;

Scope of multilateral regulation.

The organizational principle by which international economic organizations are classified is determined by the direct participation or non-participation of the organization in the UN system. It must also be said that the goals of the organization’s activities and its profile are taken into account. According to this principle, international organizations can be divided into the following groups:

International economic organizations that belong to the United Nations system;

International economic organizations that are not part of the UN system;

Economic organizations that can be considered regional.

Based on the criterion of the scope of multilateral regulation, international economic organizations can be classified into the following groups:

International economic organizations that regulate economic and industrial cooperation, as well as those involved in regulating sectors of the world economy;

International economic organizations that work in the field responsible for regulating world trade;

Economic organizations that operate in the system of regulation of the world economy at the regional level;

Economic organizations, international and regional, that regulate business activities.

All organizations included in these four groups, both international and regional, are intergovernmental organizations. They can also be referred to as “interstate” and “multilateral”. Also, this classification includes, in addition to intergovernmental organizations, international non-governmental economic organizations, associations that contribute to the development of ties in the world economy.

The classification of international economic organizations by organizational principle is presented in Appendix 1.

1.2 General characteristics of the economic activities of international organizations

International economic organizations are among the important subjects of the world economy. Lomakin V.K. World economy: textbook / V.K. Lomakin. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Unity-Dana, 2012. - 671 p. - P. 9

The essence of the process taking place in an international organization is to identify the interests of members, harmonize them, develop on this basis a common position and will, determine relevant tasks, as well as methods and means of solving them. The main phases of the organization's activities consist of discussion, decision-making and monitoring its implementation. This leads to three main types of functions of an international organization (see Fig. 1.1): regulatory, control, operational.

As a rule, different criteria are used to classify international organizations. Figure 1.2 describes the classification of MEO. Lukashuk I.I. International law: special part / I.I. Lukashuk. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: 2013. - 544 p. - P. 93.

UN - United Nations Organization, created in 1945. The UN system consists of the United Nations with its principal and subsidiary organs, 18 specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and a number of programmes, councils and commissions. Frolova T.A. World economy. Lecture notes. Taganrog: Publishing House TTI SFU, 2013. [Electronic resource]

Objectives of the UN: maintaining international peace and security through the adoption of effective collective measures and the peaceful settlement of disputes; development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination of peoples; ensuring international cooperation to resolve international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and promoting human rights.

Rice. 1.2 Classification of international economic organizations

WTO - World Trade Organization. It began to operate on January 1, 1995, and is the successor to the one that had been in force since 1947. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is the sole legal and institutional basis of the world trade organization. Fundamental Principles The WTO are: providing most favored nation treatment in trade on a non-discriminatory basis; reciprocal granting of national treatment to goods and services foreign origin; regulation of trade primarily by tariff methods; refusal to use quantitative restrictions; promoting fair competition; resolution of trade disputes through consultations.

World Bank Group. The World Bank is a multilateral lending institution consisting of 5 closely related institutions, common goal which is to improve living standards in developing countries through financial assistance from developed countries.

1. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) was founded in 1945, goal: to provide loans to relatively rich developing countries.

2. IDA (International Development Association) was founded in 1960, the goal: to provide concessional loans to the poorest developing countries.

3. IFC (International Finance Corporation) was created in 1956, goal: to promote economic growth in developing countries by providing support to the private sector.

4. IIG (International Investment Guarantee Agency) was founded in 1988, the goal: to encourage foreign investment in developing countries by providing guarantees to foreign investors against losses caused by non-commercial risks.

5. ICSID (International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes) was created in 1966. Goal: promoting increased international investment flows by providing arbitration and dispute resolution services to governments and foreign investors; consulting, Scientific research, information about investment legislation. Frolova T.A. World economy. Lecture notes. Taganrog: Publishing House TTI SFU, 2013. [Electronic resource]

IMF - International Monetary Fund. Created in 1945 Its functions: maintaining the general settlement system; monitoring the state of the international monetary system; promoting stability of exchange rates; provision of short-term and medium-term loans; providing advice and participating in collaboration.

International economic organizations are of particular relevance. States, when joining these organizations, are guided by the task of acquiring the corresponding advantages that this or that economic association provides.

2. The United Nations, its place in the system of international regulation

2.1 Creation of the UN

The decision to create a new universal international organization, the purpose of which is to prevent the threat of war in any region of the world and develop interstate cooperation, was made at the Yalta (Crimean) conference of heads of state of the anti-Hitler coalition (from the USSR - Joseph Stalin, from the USA - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, from Great Britain - Winston Churchill), which took place from February 4 to 11, 1945. Previously, specific proposals on this issue were developed at a conference of representatives of the USSR, USA and Great Britain, held on August 21 - September 28, 1944 in Dumbarton Oaks (USA). It was this conference that formulated the basic principles of the activities of the United Nations (UN), determined its structure and functions. At the Yalta (Crimean) Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to the participation of the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR in the UN as founding states. The leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition decided to convene a United Nations conference on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco to develop a charter for a new international organization - the UN.

The founding conference to create the UN took place from April 25 to June 26, 1945. Its convening even before the end of World War II symbolically indicated that the allies had reached mutual understanding on the main issues of creating a non-governmental organization designed to ensure peace on the planet. Delegations from 50 countries took part in the conference: 282 delegates and 1.5 thousand support staff. The foreign ministers of the leading countries of the anti-Hitler coalition - V. Molotov (USSR), E. Eden (Great Britain), G. Stettinius (USA) - arrived at the opening of the conference. The only item on the agenda was the development of a UN charter. 7 plenary sessions were held, and the work of the commission lasted for two months.

The UN Charter officially came into force on October 24, 1945. This date is considered the birthday of the UN.

The UN Secretary-General is elected at a meeting of the UN General Assembly according to the recommendations of the Security Council. The Secretary General has the right to participate in the work of all UN structures, except the International Court, and his functions are purely coordinating. The most influential body, after the UN General Assembly, is the Security Council. It is on him, according to the UN Charter, that the main responsibility for maintaining peace among the peoples of the Earth lies. The Security Council consists of 15 members: 5 permanent (USSR until 1991, then Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, from 1949 to 1971 Taiwan, and then China) and 10 temporary, who are elected at a meeting of the UN General Assembly for a period of 2 years . According to the Charter, those countries that were the most influential in the world during the founding of the UN have permanent representation on the UN Security Council. In world historiography, the term “great powers” ​​is used in relation to them. Each permanent member of the Security Council has the right to veto (prohibit) decisions that do not meet its interests. The fact is that decisions of the Security Council are made on the basis of the principle of unanimity of its permanent members. The decisions of the Security Council are binding on all members of the United Nations. It is the Security Council that chooses the ways and methods of maintaining peace in any region of the planet.

During the founding conference of the UN in San Francisco, the establishment of the International Court of Justice took place, the status of which was the result of meetings in April 1945.

The UN strives not only to prevent a new world war, but also to improve the social, economic, cultural and environmental development of the Earth. Since 1946, a special specialized UN body, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), has been operating in Paris, which actively fights for the preservation of world cultural monuments. In an effort to promote the spread of the ideas of humanism and democracy in the world, the General Assembly in December 1948 adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the development of which delegations from the USSR, Ukrainian SSR and BSSR took part. This declaration, as emphasized in the introduction, was adopted “as a task to which all peoples and all states on Earth should strive to fulfill.” This document declares the right of every person to life, liberty, private property, personal integrity, etc. without distinction as to race, color, sex, religion, political opinion, national or social origin. It is the articles of the Declaration of Human Rights that guide the UN Commission on Human Rights, which constantly works in Geneva. Today, 186 states of the world are members of the United Nations.

One of the active developers of the UN Charter, Professor S. B. Krylov, rightly noted that “The United Nations (represented by some of its bodies) has a number of powers and legal capacity in certain international legal relations (in the field of both private international and public law) " The UN is not a confederation because it does not have state power. The UN is not a world government either. From the very beginning, it was created as an organization for cooperation between states in the most diverse (practically all) areas of international relations.

The main features of the legal personality of the UN are enshrined in its Charter, the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the UN, UN agreements with specialized agencies, the 1994 Convention on the Safety of UN and Associated Personnel, the Agreement between the UN and the United States on the Location of Headquarters UN 1947 and in many other international treaties.

According to Art. 104 of the Charter, the Organization enjoys in the territory of each of its members such legal capacity as may be necessary to perform its functions and achieve its goals.

Objectives of the UN (in accordance with Articles 1 and 2 of the UN Charter):

Maintain international peace and security and, to this end, take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to the peace and suppress acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace;

Settle or resolve, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of the peace;

To develop friendly relations between nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen world peace;

To carry out multilateral cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in promoting and developing respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion;

To be a center for coordinating the actions of nations in achieving these common goals.

UN principles:

Sovereign equality of all its members;

Conscientious fulfillment of obligations assumed under the Charter;

Peaceful resolution of disputes (resolution of international disputes by peaceful means in a manner that does not jeopardize international peace, security and justice);

Abstinence from the threat or use of force (abstention in international relations from the threat or use of force, either against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other way incompatible with the purposes of the UN);

Rendering full assistance to the Organization in all actions taken by it in accordance with the Charter and refraining from providing assistance to any state against which the UN is taking preventive or enforcement action;

Ensuring by the Organization that States which are not members act in accordance with these principles as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security;

Non-intervention by the United Nations in matters essentially within the domestic competence of any state (this principle, however, does not affect the use of coercive measures in cases of threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression).

Main features of the legal personality of the UN:

The UN has the right to conclude agreements with states and other international organizations and demand their strict compliance. These treaties are important sources of public international law (Articles 17, 26, 28, 32, 35, 43, 53, 57, 63, 64, 77, 79, 83, 85, 93 of the UN Charter).

According to Art. 105 of the Charter, the Organization enjoys in the territory of each of its members such privileges and immunities as are necessary to achieve its goals. In addition, representatives of UN members and its officials also enjoy such privileges and immunities as are necessary for them to independently perform their functions related to the activities of the Organization.

The UN is a legal entity and has the authority to:

Conclude property contracts;

Acquire and dispose of real and movable property;

Initiate cases in court.

As a subject of international law, the Organization has the right to make legal claims against states and other international organizations.

The organization cannot be limited by financial controls, regulations or moratorium of any kind.

According to Art. 35 and 38 of the UN Charter, Member States shall bring to the attention of the Security Council or the General Assembly any disputes or situations the continuation of which may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council and the General Assembly may make recommendations accordingly.

The Security Council has the power to negotiate and conclude an agreement or agreements with states or groups of states.

Article 64 gives the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) the right to enter into agreements with members of the Organization on matters within its competence.

The General Assembly or the Security Council may request advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice on any legal matter.

Any member of the UN has the right to have its own permanent mission to the UN, headed by an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary.

At the same time, the UN does not have the quality of a state, much less a superstate. According to the fair opinion of R. L. Bobrov, the UN is a secondary, derivative (atypical) subject of modern international law, formed by the will of sovereign states - the indigenous, primordial subjects of this law. Created as a center for coordinating the actions of states in the name of peace and developing international cooperation on a democratic basis, the UN is endowed with a certain international legal personality, which is absolutely necessary for it to carry out its functions. Significant features of the legal personality of the UN are interconnected and generally form a specific legal personality, lying on a different legal plane than the legal personality of states. The UN has legal capacity only within the limits outlined by its Charter.

Currently, the UN is the most representative and truly universal (in terms of the range of problems it solves) intergovernmental organization.

2.3 Main functions and tasks of the UN and its agencies

There are six main organs of the United Nations. Five of them are located in New York. These are organizations such as:

General Assembly;

Security Council;

Economic and Social Council;

Guardianship Council;

Secretariat.

Another organ - international Court- located in The Hague UN in Brief, United Nations publication, Department public information, Printed at the United Nations. - New York, 2015. - 36 p. - P. 3.

Rice. 2.1 - UN Organization Chart

An important role in performing various functions of the United Nations is assigned to the General Assembly, which is a deliberative body. All states that are members of the UN are represented in it. This body is endowed with a number of important functions, which are primarily related to the most fundamental issues relating to world politics. Based on the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly represents main body UN. The Assembly unites all UN members based on the principle of “one state, one vote”. This body is responsible for considering issues and making recommendations that relate to issues that fall within the purview of the Charter. These problems include:

International security and peace;

Issues of development of international law;

Fundamental freedoms and human rights;

International cooperation in such areas as political, economic, cultural and social.

The General Assembly determines the policies of the United Nations and its program, approves the budget, elects non-permanent members of the Security Council, appoints the Secretary General, and organizes conferences. The General Assembly carries out its tasks through subsidiary bodies. Among such bodies are:

Main Committees;

Procedural committees;

Specialized institutions.

According to the Charter of the United Nations, the primary responsibility, as well as certain capabilities that contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, are the prerogative of the Security Council Cuellar J.P. UN: today and tomorrow: trans. from English - M.: International. Relations, 2014. - 416 p. - P. 30.

The UN Security Council includes 15 members. 5 members are permanent. These are China, Russia, the United Kingdom, the USA and France. The remaining ten council members are elected to two-year terms by the General Assembly.

Each member of the Security Council has one vote. Decisions that relate to issues of procedure can be considered adopted when at least nine out of fifteen members of the Security Council vote for them. The required nine votes must include the concurrence of the five votes of all permanent members of the Security Council. This exercises the so-called right of “veto”.

As the main body responsible for coordinating the economic and social activities of the UN, the Organization's Charter established the Economic and Social Council.

The Council has 54 members. The election of Council members is carried out for three years. Each year, 18 members are elected for a three-year term to replace the 18 members whose terms on the Council have expired. Each member of the Council has one vote, and decisions are made by a simple majority of votes of the United Nations. Basic facts. Directory. Per. from English M.: publishing house “The Whole World”, 2014. - 424 p. - P. 13.

The functions and activities of the Economic and Social Council will be discussed in more detail later in this course work.

As one of the main organs of the UN, in accordance with the Charter of the organization, the Trusteeship Council was established. The task of this body is to monitor how the trust territories that are included in the guardianship system are managed. The main goals of the trusteeship system include promoting the progress of the inhabitants inhabiting the trust territories, as well as the progressive development of the population in these territories, which consists in their desire for independence or self-government. Basic information about the United Nations: Directory: Trans. from English - M.: International Relations, 2013. - 256 p. - P. 23.

The main judicial body of the UN is the International Court of Justice, which is also known as the World Court. This body is considered independent. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the UN Charter Ulakhovich V.E. International organizations: Reference manual.- M.: AST; Mn.: Harvest, 2014. - 400 p. - P. 73.

The Secretariat's task is to serve other UN bodies. Its tasks also include the implementation of programs and implementation of policies adopted by United Nations bodies. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary General. The appointment of the Secretary General of the implementation by the UN General Assembly based on the recommendations given to it by the UN Security Council.

3. General Assembly (UNGA) and its institutions

3.1 Economic and Social Council, their activities

UN Economic and Social Council (abbreviated as this organization called ECOSOC) was established under the Charter of the United Nations on June 26, 1945. ECOSOC is one of the most important bodies of the UN. He is responsible for coordinating cooperation in the social and economic spheres between the United Nations and its specialized agencies.

Monitoring and evaluating the implementation of overall strategy and policies, as well as the priorities set by the UN General Assembly in social, economic, and related areas;

Ensuring consistency and consistent practical implementation of recommendations and policy decisions adopted at various forums and conferences within the United Nations system.

The mandate of this body also extends to the preparation of studies and reports relating to the socio-economic and legal spheres. ECOSOC also prepares recommendations for the United Nations General Assembly and coordinates relevant UN activities.

The Economic and Social Council ensures the activities of:

Functional commissions, which include:

Statistical Commission;

Commission in charge of Population and Development;

Commission for Social Development;

Commission responsible for the status of women;

Commission, which deals with issues of narcotic drugs;

the Commission, which is responsible for crime prevention and criminal justice;

Commission dealing with issues of science and technology;

Commission responsible for sustainable development;

UN Forum on Forests.

Regional commissions, which consist of:

Economic Commission for Africa;

Economic and Social Commission for the Territories of Asia and the Pacific;

Economic Commission for Europe;

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean;

Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia.

ECOSOC Standing Committees, which consist of:

Program and Coordination Committee;

Committee in charge of non-governmental organizations;

Committee, which deals with negotiations with intergovernmental institutions.

Special bodies of ECOSOC, including:

Open-ended ad hoc working group on computer science.

Expert bodies, which consist of government experts. These organs consist of:

the Committee of Experts who are responsible for the transport of dangerous goods and the globally harmonized system that regulates the classification and labeling of chemicals;

Intergovernmental working group of experts who deal with issues of international accounting and reporting standards;

UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names.

Expert bodies, which consist of members who act in a personal capacity. This category of organs consists of:

Development Policy Committee;

Committee of Experts Responsible for Public Administration;

Committee, which includes experts in the field of international cooperation in the field of taxation;

Committee on Cultural, Social and Economic Rights;

Permanent Forum that deals with indigenous issues.

Bodies related to the Council. These organs consist of:

International Narcotics Control Board;

the Executive Council of the International Institute for Training and Research, which deals with the advancement of women;

the Committee which is responsible for awarding the UN Population Prize;

Coordination Council, whose area of ​​responsibility is the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS.

ECOSOC also provides the central forum where international social and economic issues are discussed and recommendations are made that inform the policies pursued by member states and the UN system. The Council carries out these functions based on reports it receives from 11 United Nations funds and programs.

The scope of ECOSOC activities also includes:

Promoting social and economic progress, which is characterized by rising standards of living and promoting the most full employment in the world;

Execution of production in various ways, contributing to the resolution of world problems in the social and economic fields, as well as in the field of health;

Implementation of measures to promote international cooperation in the field of education and culture;

Carrying out activities that create conditions for universal observance and respect for human rights and freedoms.

ECOSOC also has the right to convene special meetings in the event of humanitarian emergencies.

The Council carries out research that is related to issues related to the scope of its activities. His responsibilities also include assisting in the preparation and organization of various conferences of an international nature that cover social and economic problems. It also promotes the practical implementation of the decisions made at these conferences.

ECOSOC holds one four-week substantive session in July, alternating between New York and Geneva. This session includes a high-level meeting with ministers and other senior officials to discuss critical economic, social and humanitarian issues. The Bureau of the Economic and Social Council is elected by all members of the Council at the beginning of each annual session. The main functions of the Bureau are to prepare the agenda, draw up the program of work and organize the session, with the support of the United Nations Secretariat.

In addition, ECOSOC holds several short-term sessions throughout the year and a large number of preparatory meetings, round tables and expert discussions with representatives of civil society on the organization of its work.

One of the main functions of ECOSOC is to hold the High-Level Forum on Development Cooperation every two years, which is devoted to specific issues included in the UN Millennium Development Goals. ECOSOC is organizing consultations with leading scientists, representatives of the business world and members of more than 3,200 registered non-governmental organizations.

The Statistical Commission was established by the Council in its Council Resolution 8 (I) of 16 and 18 February 1946. Its terms of reference are set out in resolutions 8 (I), 8 (II) of 21 June 1946 and 1566 (L) of 3 May 1971.

In accordance with resolutions 8 (I) and 8 (II), the Commission assists the Council:

a) in encouraging the development of statistical work in various countries ah and improving its comparability;

b) in coordinating the statistical work of specialized agencies;

c) in the development of the central statistical services of the Secretariat;

d) in advising United Nations bodies on general issues relating to the collection, analysis and dissemination of statistical information;

e) in promoting the general improvement of statistics and statistical methods.

In paragraph 2 of its resolution 1566 (L), the Council considered that the ultimate goal of the work of the Commission should be the achievement of a unified system for the collection, processing and dissemination of international statistical information by the bodies and agencies of the United Nations system, with particular attention to the needs of reviewing and assessing economic and social progress with taking into account the needs of developing countries.

In accordance with paragraph 3 of Council resolution 1147 (XLI) of 4 August 1966, the Statistical Commission is composed of 24 representatives of Member States (one from each), elected by the Council on the basis of equitable geographical distribution according to the following procedure:

a) five members from African states;

b) four members from Asian countries;

c) four members from Latin America and the Caribbean;

d) seven members from Western European and other states;

e) four members from Eastern European countries.

In order to ensure balanced representation in the various fields covered by the Commission, the Secretary-General shall consult with selected Governments before such representatives are finally nominated by their Governments and approved by the Council. In addition, the Council may appoint from among countries not represented on the Commission no more than 12 corresponding members in their personal capacity; such members are appointed with the approval of the respective governments.

The term of office of the members of the Commission is four years (Council resolution 591 (XX) of 5 August 1955).

The Commission reports directly to the Council. Its reports are presented as supplements to the Official Records of the Economic and Social Council.

The Commission meets once a year for four working days (Council resolution 1999/8 of 26 July 1999).

The Commission annually approves a multi-year program of work covering three subsequent sessions. At its thirty-ninth session, the Commission adopted a program of work for the period 2008-2011.

The Bureau is usually elected at the first meeting of the session. The bureau operates for two years. This is achieved by electing the Bureau for one year and re-electing those members of the Bureau who remain representatives on the Commission for a further year at the next session. The Bureau is elected on the basis of equitable geographical distribution - one member from each geographical region represented on the Commission. The position of the Chairman of the Commission is filled on the basis of the principle of geographical rotation. However, there is an understanding among the members of the Commission that the most important criteria to be taken into account when electing the Chairman are competence and knowledge of the issues before the Commission.

To ensure continuity, the Commission usually elects one of the Vice-Chairmen of the old Bureau as the Chairman of the new Bureau, while the Chairman of the old Bureau himself usually remains to serve as part of the new Bureau.

There is an understanding among members that decisions on draft proposals and texts are taken without voting.

The Chairman does not write any summaries.

In accordance with the practice of the Commission, the Rapporteur prepares the texts of the draft report in consultation with the Secretariat and members of the Commission. There are no informal consultations as such.

The Secretariat has traditionally assisted the Commission - at the request of delegations - in the preparation of draft texts, not only in connection with the consideration of substantive issues, but also in order to promote the application of United Nations editorial practices.

The Commission holds a general debate on each agenda item in the order in which it appears.

The Commission does not conduct group discussions and/or question-and-answer sessions. Official UN website - Subsidiary Bodies of ECOSOC - http://www.un.org/ru/ecosoc/about/stat_commission.shtml

3.2 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the main body of the UN General Assembly in the field of trade and development. UNCTAD was established at the first session of the Conference held in Geneva in 1964 to promote accelerated economic growth and development, particularly in developing countries (UN General Assembly Resolution 1995 (XIX)).

UNCTAD is a universal and global forum for reviewing and making recommendations on development issues and interrelated issues of trade, finance, debt, investment, technology transfer through “macroeconomic analysis, discussion of problems, consensus building and negotiations at the intergovernmental level, monitoring the implementation of activities and measures for implementation of decisions taken, as well as technical cooperation.”

The UNCTAD Secretariat has a staff of about 400 people (of which 9 are Russian citizens). It is headed by the Secretary General, appointed by the UN Secretary General. This post has been held by Rubens Ricupero (Brazil) since September 15, 1995, and his term of office expires on September 15, 2003.

Over the past several years, including 2003, Russia has been elected to the bureau of the STR as one of the vice-chairmen. For many years, including in 2003, Russia has been a member of the Working Group (WG) on the medium-term plan and program budget (19 members in total).

For Russia, participation in the session, in addition to confirming its role as an active member of the international economic community, also represented an important element of the negotiation process on accession to the WTO and preparation for a new round of multilateral negotiations. The speech of the Russian delegation gave a balanced assessment of the processes of globalization, emphasizing the importance of managing them in order to prevent unpredictable and negative consequences and turn globalization into a factor consolidating the world community. Russia spoke out for the consistent implementation of an open and predictable trade policy, for further improvement of the international trade regime based on WTO rules, for providing everyone with equal rights to participate in world politics, against discriminatory restrictions and the presentation of inflated demands to new countries joining the WTO.

The head department for cooperation between Russia and UNCTAD is the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia (Department of Trade Policy and Multilateral Trade Negotiations. Head of the Department is Elena Vladimirovna Danilova, tel. 950-18-92, executor - Advisor Yuri Petrovich Koshevoy, tel. 950-95-27).

At the Russian Foreign Ministry, cooperation with UNCTAD is carried out by the Department of Economic Cooperation (Director of DES Kondakov Andrey Lvovich, tel. 241-28-98, executor - Head of Department Alexander Maksimovich Shevchenko, tel. 241-31-36).

At the Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the UN Office and other international organizations in Geneva, cooperation with UNCTAD is supervised by Senior Advisor Yuri Borisovich Afanasyev, tel/fax 8-10-41-22-740-32-71

4. The role of developed and developing countries in the UN

The most complete and reliable picture that can characterize groups of countries in the world economy is provided by the data published by the most influential international organizations. The majority of countries in the world are members of these organizations. Such organizations, of course, are the UN, the IMF and The World Bank.

The leaders of the world economy include the countries of North America, which include the USA and Canada, the countries of Western Europe (here it is necessary to note such countries as the UK, Germany, France and Italy, the countries of East Asia, which primarily include Japan. Further it is customary to highlight a noticeably progressive group of countries with newly industrialized economies, including a group of countries commonly referred to as the “Asian Tigers.” The states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the states that were part of the USSR, are generally considered to be still in the process of reforms during the transition to a market economy A fairly large number of countries, more than 100, are considered developing.

In order to characterize the economies of the countries of the world from an objective point of view, it is customary to use fairly common indicators, among which we can highlight:

GDP per capita;

Sectoral structure of the economy;

Quality of life of the population.

Countries that, according to the generally accepted classification, are considered developed have a high standard of living of the population. The countries included in this group have a significant reserve of produced capital, and also have a population on their territory that works in highly specialized sectors of the economy. The population of these countries is 15% of general population Earth.

This category of countries usually includes 24 industrialized countries, which are located in North America, Western Europe and the Pacific Basin, where high income levels prevail. The most significant role among industrialized countries belongs to the Group of 7 (G-7). The G7 countries account for 47% of world GDP and also account for 51% of international trade. The coordination of the economic and financial policies of these countries is carried out at annual meetings, which they have held since 1975.

A more complete group of developed countries also includes such states as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Vatican City, Faroe Islands, Bermuda.

GDP per capita is about 20 thousand US dollars. Its constant growth is observed.

The sectoral structure of the economies of developed countries is developing towards an increase in the number of people employed in the industrial sector, and also tends towards post-industrial;

Developed countries have a rather heterogeneous business structure. Transnational corporations play a significant role in their economies. The exception here is some small European countries, where there are no world-class transnational corporations. Also, the most important factor characterizing developed countries is the widespread presence of small and medium-sized businesses in the economies of these countries, the development of which is considered to be an important factor in economic stability. In developed countries, medium and small businesses usually employ up to two-thirds of the economically active population.

Also, an important characteristic of the economies of developed countries is their openness to the world economy, as well as the liberal organization of foreign trade.

The category of countries with economies in transition usually includes 28 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Union. This category of countries where the transition from a planned economy to a market economy is taking place. Also, countries such as Vietnam, Mongolia and China are usually included in this category of countries. Due to its political significance in the international arena, Russia is often considered separately among countries with economies in transition. Russia corresponds to 2% of world GDP and 1% of world exports.

In Figure 4.1, we consider the dynamics of Russia's GDP in recent years.

Figure 4.1 - Dynamics of Russia's GDP Official website of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation - http://info.minfin.ru/gdp.php

Countries with economies in transition include:

1. Former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

2. Exes Soviet republics- now the CIS countries.

3. Former Baltic republics.

Developing countries - 132 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, characterized by low and middle income levels. Due to the great diversity of developing countries in the international economy, they are usually classified both geographically and according to various analytical criteria.

There are certain grounds for singling out yesterday's dependent and colonial countries that are lagging behind in their economic and social development and conditionally united by the term “developing” into a special group of states. These countries are home to 80% of the world's population, and the fate of this region will always significantly influence global processes.

The most important criteria for identifying developing countries are their special place in the system of economic and political relations, the level of economic development and specific features of reproduction and features of the socio-economic structure.

The first and most significant feature of developing countries is their place in the world economy and politics. Today they are part of the world capitalist system and are to a greater or lesser extent subject to the prevailing economic laws and global economic trends. While remaining a link in the world economy, these countries continue to experience a tendency towards deepening economic and political dependence on the economies of developed countries.

Developing countries are still major suppliers of raw materials and fuel to the world market, despite the fact that the share of developing countries in Western countries' imports of fuel has decreased somewhat in recent years. Being suppliers of raw materials, they depend on the import of finished products, so today the share of developing countries in world exports is only about 30%, including 21.4% in the supply of industrial products.

The economy of this group of countries is highly dependent on TNCs, as well as financially dependent. TNCs with the most advanced technology do not transfer it when creating joint ventures in developing countries, preferring to locate their branches there. At least 1/4 of foreign investments of TNCs are concentrated in developing countries. Private capital has now become the main element of foreign flows to developing countries. Foreign direct investment today accounts for more than half of all funds coming from private sources.

Composition and numbers.

Developed countries: 23 countries in Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.

1.2 billion people (this is about 23% of the total world population)

Developing countries:

1. The most developed countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Uruguay,.). "Newly industrialized countries" of Asia (Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong).

2. Oil exporting countries (Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Libya, UAE, Iraq).

3. Countries with an average level of general economic development (Colombia, Guatemala, Paraguay, Tunisia)

4. India, Pakistan and Indonesia are countries with vast territories and populations, natural resource potential and economic development opportunities.

5. Least developed countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Somalia, Chad).

GDP: Developed countries: 65% of world GDP, $27,000-28,000 per person, Developing countries: $3,000-4,000 per person.

Industry structure: Developed countries: SIA, ISA, services - 70% of GDP, Developing countries: SAI, ASI, services 50% of GDP.

Share in world exports of goods and services: Developed countries: 70%, Developing countries: 30%.

Share in global foreign direct investment flows.

Developed countries: 60%.

Developing countries: 40%.

Level of economic development.

Developed countries: High level of production forces, intensive type of development of a market economy. The vast majority of the economic, scientific and technical potential of the world economy is concentrated in these countries, the main financial centers and the main communication nodes are located.

Developing countries: They have features such as a multi-structured economy with various forms property, the influence of traditional institutions in society, high rates of population growth, specialization in the international division of labor mainly in the production of raw materials, strong dependence on the influx of foreign capital. The economic structures of most developing countries are not unified, the productive forces are heterogeneous, which hinders the increase in growth rates.

The role of the state.

Developed countries: The most important agent of economic relations is the state, which not only mediates economic relations through finance and legislation, but also acts as a major owner of the means of production. The development of the public sector has historically been conditioned by the weakness of private enterprise, which was unable to solve the complex problems of the country's economic development. Extensive government measures to rescue private companies and banks from bankruptcy and rehabilitate them led to the creation and expansion of the public sector.

Developing countries: Most developing countries tend to Active participation states in the economy. Underdevelopment, a chronic lack of investment resources, one-sided dependence on the world economy, and the need to attract foreign capital to modernize the economy objectively strengthened the role of the state as an economic owner. State participation did not abolish market mechanisms in most developing countries, although it often tried to limit them by controlling private enterprise.

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Essay


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"World economy"


on the topic of:


"The role of the UN in development pestilence economy»

Vladimir 2011

Introduction


For many years now, the international community has been trying to resolve most important tasks in the field of international economic relations relies on the United Nations, which is global in nature. There are more and more political problems in the world. The UN is trying to resolve them, but at the same time its role in resolving economic issues is increasing. More and more new areas in international economic relations are becoming the subject of detailed analysis, study, and ways to resolve this or that issue. For example, the UN helped develop key economic indicators that are now used around the world. At the same time, the structure of the organization itself is becoming more complex and new institutions are emerging, the number of countries participating in its activities is increasing, and the number of contacts with both international and national organizations of various countries is growing.

With the development of international economic relations, deepening specialization and international division of labor, there is an increasing need for quick and effective decision-making regarding international problems and the economic activities of countries.

But still, the United Nations is primarily political in nature. This can be seen based on the principles enshrined in the Charter. It does not contain any specifically stated principles on which economic cooperation of both these states and the whole world would be based. However, there are a number of principles that describe economic cooperation between states, but they are not specifically identified and relate to the general principles of cooperation between countries that are members of the World Trade Organization.


1. The role of the UN system in the development of multilateral regulation of IEO


The activities of the UN are increasingly influencing the nature and development of the most important socio-economic processes at the global and national levels. Being international forum for discussing and making purely political decisions on the most pressing issues in almost all areas human activity and international relations, the UN determines priorities, goals and strategies for the development of international cooperation in the formation of the world economic space.

The UN activities are carried out in four main areas:

1)overcoming global economic problems;

2)assistance in cooperation to countries with different levels of economic development;

)promoting economic growth in developing countries;

)finding solutions to problems related to regional development.

To solve these problems, the following forms of activity are used:

. Information activities.Its goal is to influence countries in the field of economic policy. The result of this work can only be seen in the future. Statistical data from various fields is collected and processed, analyzed, and on the basis of this, states receive information regarding economic development.

. Technical and advisory activities.It manifests itself in the form of assistance to various countries in technical terms. But when providing such assistance, the principles of non-interference in the internal affairs of a given country must be used, the equipment must be of truly high quality and must be provided in a form convenient for the given country.

. Monetary and financial activities.It is carried out with the help of international organizations: the International Finance Corporation, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, the International Development Association. From a formal point of view, all these organizations are specialized units UN.

There are six main organs of the UN mentioned in the Charter. But within the framework of economic cooperation, three of them are distinguished: the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the Secretariat.

General Assemblyis essentially a forum for discussing the most important problems of an economic nature. The Assembly may, at its discretion, establish organizations for international cooperation of states in various fields, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), etc.

Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC) - next in importance after the General Assembly. He \coordinates the activities of the UN in the socio-economic sphere. The main body of ECOSOC is the council session. Every year three sessions are held on different issues: spring - on humanitarian and socio-legal issues, summer - on socio-economic issues and an organizational session. Its main functions: qualified discussion and development of the main political line on the most important world issues, coordination of activities on socio-economic issues, research in the field of international cooperation and socio-economic development. Thus, the Economic and Social Council coordinates the activities of its standing committees, various commissions and subcommissions, regional economic commissions, as well as UN specialized agencies.

UN Secretariat- an administrative and executive body designed to ensure the normal functioning of UN institutions and agencies performing certain functions. Most of the Secretariat employees work for the economic service. The UN economic service includes several divisions, the largest of which is the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Many UN organizations carry out their activities in the field of international economic relations. The Conference on Trade and Development, although not a trade organization, involves almost all UN member countries. It promotes the development of world trade, ensures compliance with the rights of countries in cooperation, develops principles and recommendations, as well as mechanisms for the functioning of relations between countries, and participates in the activities of other UN economic agencies.

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization promotes the industrialization of developing countries. This organization provides both material assistance and develops recommendations on the use of resources, setting up production, conducting research and development, and creating special bodies for production management.

The UN Development Program is a program to provide assistance to developing countries in critical sectors of the economy. It includes technical, pre-investment and investment assistance.

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization is involved in coordinating the activities of other organizations to provide assistance of a material and non-material nature.

The UN Economic Commission for Europe solves problems of an environmental nature, in the field of efficient use of energy and in the transport and forestry sectors (from an environmental perspective).

The Economic Commission for Africa provides advice on the economic development of the African continent. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean performs the same functions, only for this region.

The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific promotes regional economic cooperation, technology transfer, investment and infrastructure development in the region.

The Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia creates favorable conditions for the development of cooperation in various fields and strengthens economic relations.


2. The current role of the UN system institutions in regulating the world economy


The UN is characterized by great institutional diversity, manifested in the wide representativeness of both its members and organizations cooperating with the UN. Firstly, The UN is a collection of bodies(General Assembly, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, etc.). Secondly, the UN acts as a system of organizations consisting of specialized and other independent institutions (the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the UN Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, etc.).

Many UN specialized agencies play an active role in the development and unification of economic policies, analyze the state of international markets and infrastructure, and promote the harmonization of rules and procedures of private commercial law. Among the regulatory functions of the UN and agencies responsible for developing standards for regulating international business, the most important are the following:

· implementation of agreements on areas of state jurisdiction (General Assembly), which helps determine which country has jurisdiction over a particular land and water territory, airspace, stipulating, for example, the conditions for transportation or mining;

· implementation of agreements on intellectual property rights (World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO). Export of high-tech products, security brands and patents would be difficult without the strict enforcement of intellectual property rights, which are protected through WIPO and TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement).

· unification of economic terms, systems of measures and indicators (UN Statistical Commission, UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL, etc.). Almost all UN bodies provide some degree of standardization, which facilitates objective international comparisons;

· development and harmonization of rules for international commercial activities (UNCITRAL, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD). Regulating commercial activities strictly through the proposed instruments and procedures undoubtedly promotes trade and logically links global flows of goods and information,

· preventing damage to goods and services on world markets and ensuring compensation for costs (UNCITRAL, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, International Telecommunication Union, Universal Postal Union). Without effective agreements to prevent damage to shipping companies and goods, as well as guarantees for the preservation of information, businesses would be less willing to conduct international business transactions.

· combating economic crimes (UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice). Criminal activity creates an additional financial burden for law-abiding businesses, as it indirectly encourages corruption, restricts free competition and inevitably increases security costs;

· collection, analysis and dissemination of reliable economic information that facilitates the conclusion of international agreements (UNCITRAL, UNCTAD, World Bank), helps countries and companies in assessing markets, comparing their own resources and capabilities and developing foreign economic strategies.

The issues of investment in developing countries and the development of small and medium-sized businesses are currently among the most pressing. They affect any UN agency with a mandate in the field of economic development. Leading among them are the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). UNIDO makes the necessary efforts to enhance the economic potential of developing countries and countries with economies in transition through the development of their industrial enterprises. The recommendations provided by UNIDO are intended to help these countries overcome their social and economic fields and achieve greater and more successful participation in international cooperation.

UNDP promotes business development through financing and support mechanisms for private and public companies in developing countries. UNDP and UNCTAD, among other UN agencies, regularly attract business representatives to participate in forums and seminars on economic issues

3. UN Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD: place and role in regulating IEO

conference international economic world

Created, according to a resolution of the General Assembly, in 1964 as a special permanent body of the UN. This is a representative multilateral trade and economic organization. The first session of the Conference took place in Geneva in 1964 (Switzerland). Membership in UNCTAD is open to any member state of the UN, specialized agencies of the UN and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Subsequently, UNCTAD sessions were held every four years. The last session took place in Midrand (South Africa) in May 1996. The next X session was held in 2000 in Thailand.

UNCTAD members are 186 UN member states, including Russia and 3 members representing specialized agencies.

Goals and main areas of activity of UNCTAD

Objectives of UNCTAD:

• promoting international trade to accelerate economic growth and development, especially in developing countries;
• establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related economic development issues, particularly in the areas of finance, investment, technology transfer;
• reviewing and facilitating the organization of activities of other agencies within the UN system in the field of international trade and related economic development issues;
• taking, if necessary, measures to negotiate and approve multilateral legal instruments in the field of trade;
• harmonizing the policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade and related development, acting as the center of such harmonization. The activities of UNCTAD are based on the functions defined by resolution 1995 (XIX) of the UN General Assembly.

The main activities of UNCTAD are as follows.

. Regulation of trade and economic relations between states;development of concepts and principles for the development of world trade. A special place in this activity is occupied by the development of the “Principles of International Trade Relations and Trade Policy”. These are: the implementation of trade and other economic relations between countries on the basis of equality, respect for sovereignty, non-interference in the internal affairs of countries and mutual benefit; inadmissibility of discrimination and methods of economic pressure in any form; consistent and universal application of most favored nation treatment in all matters of trade, with developed countries providing special benefits in favor of developing countries; the abolition of preferences enjoyed by certain developed countries in developing countries; facilitating access of goods from third countries to the markets of member countries of economic groupings; stabilization of commodity markets through the conclusion of international commodity stabilization agreements; improving the commodity structure of exports of developing countries by increasing the share of finished products and semi-finished products; helping to improve the invisible trade of these countries; economic and technical assistance and the provision of preferential, public and private loans by developed countries to developing countries in order to complement and facilitate the efforts of the latter without any conditions unacceptable to them of a political, economic, military or other nature. Subsequently, these principles formed the basis of the “Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States” developed within the framework of UNCTAD (1976). The resolution adopted by the 1st session of UNCTAD notes the need to: stop the further growth of protectionism, reduce and eliminate quantitative restrictions on trade; the adoption by developed countries of measures to abolish the application of anti-dumping procedures and countervailing duties that harm third countries; push for changes in the international trading system with a view to improving and strengthening it through respect for most favored nation principles; renunciation of economic coercive measures - policies of trade restrictions, blockades, embargoes and other economic sanctions against developing countries.

The IX session of UNCTAD, held in 1996 and dedicated to the problem of “promoting growth and sustainable development in the context of globalization and liberalization of the world economy,” determined further directions for UNCTAD’s activities in the field of trade and development, aimed at the full integration of developing countries, especially the least developed countries, and countries with economies in transition into the world economy and into the system of world economic relations. These goals and special practical recommendations were formulated in the Final Act of the session entitled “Partnership for Growth and Development”. The conference also adopted a declaration that recognizes the different starting points and varying impacts of globalization on individual countries and emphasizes the importance of strengthening cooperation between developed and developing countries, between developing countries themselves, between multilateral organizations, as well as dialogue and cooperation between public and private sectors to strengthen development cooperation.

The start of the IX session of UNCTAD was preceded by a meeting of the Group of 77 at the ministerial level and meetings of ministers of the three regional groups, at which issues of stimulating growth and development in the context of liberalization and globalization of the world economy were preliminary discussed.

. Development of measures to regulate international trade in commodities.UNCTAD plays a leading role in the entire system of international organizations involved in regulating world commodity markets. These issues are considered both at the sessions of UNCTAD and the Trade and Development Board, and at various special meetings held within the framework of UNCTAD.

As a result of intergovernmental negotiations held within the framework of UNCTAD, a number of international commodity agreements were concluded; created research groups on commodities, in which producing and consuming countries take part; Conventions and agreements have been signed in various fields. In the system of regulation of world commodity markets, an important role was played by the Integrated Program for Commodity Commodities - IPST, the decision to develop which was taken at the IV session of UNCTAD in 1976. The objective of the program was to improve conditions in world markets for 18 commodities that are of particular importance to exports of developing countries. To this end, an agreement was signed in 1980 to establish a Common Commodity Fund to finance commodity buffer stocks provided for in individual commodity agreements under the IPCT. The ultimate goal of the IPTA is to stabilize commodity prices on world markets and increase the participation of developing countries in the processing and marketing of the commodities they produce.

. Development of measures and means of ready-made policies and economic cooperation.UNCTAD created a Generalized System of Preferences for imports of goods from developing countries, which came into force in 1976; developed: measures to eliminate tariff barriers; major activities to assist developing countries in economic restructuring; new forms of agreements on industrial and trade cooperation. At the VI (1983) and VII (1987) sessions of UNCTAD, the main problems of enhancing economic development and international trade on the basis of multilateral cooperation were formulated; current economic trends are assessed, including the role of the private sector in development, as well as global structural changes; policies and measures have been developed in the following areas: resources for development, monetary issues; commodities; international trade; problems of the least developed countries. In the Final Act following the VII session, the listed problems were assigned to UNCTAD as the main directions of its activities. This has contributed to strengthening UNCTAD's mandate to operate in virtually all areas of world trade. The eighth session of UNCTAD recognized the need for institutional adjustments to take advantage of new opportunities in international development cooperation, including the development of guidelines for expanding UNCTAD work in the area of ​​sustainable development (trade-environment policy interface, sustainable management of natural resources, resources, environmentally sound technologies, the impact of production and consumption practices on sustainable development).

. Promoting the development of economic cooperation between developing countries;negotiating the creation of a global system of preferences among developing countries; development of an action program for the world community to help overcome the economic backwardness of the least developed countries.

Conducting meetings of experts, government representatives, diplomatic negotiation conferences with the aim of coordinating the policies of governments and regional economic groupings on the development of world trade and other problems.

In addition to issues directly related to international trade, UNCTAD deals with a wide range of other issues of international economic cooperation: currencies and finance; shipping; technology transfer insurance; economic cooperation between developing countries; special measures in favor of least developed, island and landlocked developing countries. In 1992, UNCTAD member states decided on a new partnership for development - the Cartagena Agreement (UNCTAD-VIII). The agreement sets out policies and measures in the interrelated areas of finance, trade, commodities, technology and services, and provides recommendations to address both long-standing and emerging trade and development challenges. The analytical part of the activity includes the systematic study of the impact of national and international policies on development, with a focus on governance issues.

The regulation of global transport problems has become important. Within the framework of UNCTAD, the following were developed: the Convention on Transit Trade of Landlocked States (1965); Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences (Shipowners' Cartels) (1974); UN Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (1980).

. Regulating restrictive business practicescarried out through the development of a Code of multilaterally agreed upon principles and rules for the control of restrictive business practices, as well as various measures to regulate the activities of transnational corporations. For many years, UNCTAD has been working to create a Code of Conduct in the field of technology transfer.

. Conducting analytical work on a wide range of problems.In particular, the IX session of UNCTAD (1996) identified four important areas:

globalization and development,including the study of specific issues relating to the participation in international trade and investment of developing countries, to the promotion of their growth and development, to the monitoring of the implementation of the Program of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the 1990s;

investments, development of enterprises and technologies, including the preparation of printed publications with analysis of investment data, assistance in the development and implementation of development strategies at enterprises; determination of policy directions for technological development and innovation;

international trade in goods and servicesand preparation of printed publications on assisting developing countries in the development of the services sector; on issues related to competition law, promotion integration processes on trade, environment and development issues;

development of infrastructure in the service sector withwith the aim of increasing the efficiency of trade, in particular through the development of global telecommunications networks, modern means transfer of information, implementation of training programs.

UNCTAD publishes the following publications: Least Developed Countries Reports; UNCTAD Bulletin; Transnational corporations; Science and Technology Today; Advanced Technology Assessment System; Sea transport; Commodity prices; UNCTAD Review is a monthly newsletter.

It was decided to create a computerized data bank at UNCTAD on measures affecting trade in services. It should be an important tool in supporting the efforts of developing countries to participate more effectively in international trade in services.

. Acting as a forumto analyze discussions and compare the positions of governments of different countries on a wide range of issues of international economic relations, as well as for negotiations between different groups of countries on a number of specific issues of international trade and development.

. Promoting coordination of activities within the UNon international trade issues; preparation of documents for the General Assembly, ECOSOC and other organizations on the development of world economic relations; cooperation on a number of aspects of international trade with the regional commissions of the UN ECOSOC.

. Cooperation with international economic organizationsprimarily with the WTO, with the UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Centre, in order to eliminate duplication and harmonize areas of activity.

The highest body of UNCTAD is the Conference(two concepts should be distinguished: Conference as the name of the organization itself and Conference as the name of the supreme body). The Conference meets in sessions held once every four years at ministerial level to determine the main directions of policy and resolve issues related to the program of work. A total of 10 sessions were held.

I session - in 1964 in Geneva (Switzerland); II - in 1968 - in Delhi (India); III - in 1972 - in Santiago (Chile); IV - in 1976 - in Nairobi (Kenya); V - in 1979 - in Manila (Philippines); VI - in 1983 - in Belgrade (Yugoslavia); VII - in 1987 - in Geneva (Switzerland); VIII - in 1992 - in Cartagena (Colombia); IX - in 1996 - in Midrand (South Africa), X - in 2000 - Thailand.

With the creation of the WTO, opinions began to be expressed almost openly about whether this organization was needed at all. However, an understanding has now been reached that UNCTAD is necessary for the world community, since it develops general trade and political principles in the context of the development of the world economy, and the WTO mainly retains purely trade issues.

Decisions taken by consensus at UNCTAD sessions are not legally binding. But even at the second session it was unanimously recognized that they “must lead to actions favorable to international trade.” Thus, UNCTAD documents are formally less binding than the WTO. Such documents include, for example, the Principles of International Trade Relations and Trade Policy to Promote Development and the Charter of Economic Rights and Responsibilities of States.

In the field of trade in finished and semi-finished goods, which account for 3/4 of world trade turnover, the most important UNCTAD activity was the creation General system preferences (GSP), operating since 1971. This system provides for the reduction or elimination of customs duties all industrialized countries in trade with developing countries on a non-reciprocal basis, i.e. without demands from the latter for counter trade and political concessions. Although many donor countries have made various types of exceptions from their schemes of such preferences (in relation to certain groups of goods and countries receiving preferences), the GSP plays a large role in promoting the expansion of exports of manufactured products from countries that are lagging behind in economic development.

UNCTAD sessions are multilateral economic forums held within the UN system. Most UNCTAD decisions on the substance of the issues under consideration are not binding and are advisory in nature. During the past first seven sessions of UNCTAD, more than 160 resolutions were adopted; the number of resolutions developed at regular and special sessions of the Trade and Development Council exceeded 400. Within the framework of UNCTAD, a wide range of other multilateral documents have been developed: conventions, agreements, agreed conclusions, codes with varying legal force.

The executive body of UNCTAD is the Trade Counciland Development, which provides work between sessions of the Conference. The Council submits annual reports on its activities to the Conference and the General Assembly through ECOSOC. Access to the Council is open to all member countries of UNCTAD. In 1996 the number of members was 115.

The Trade and Development Council holds regular sessions once a year in the fall for 10 days. In addition, the Council holds special sessions, commissions and other subsidiary bodies on a wide range of global trade and economic issues. At regular sessions, issues of global politics and the interdependence of the economies of the world are discussed; problems of trade and monetary and financial relations; trade policy, structural adjustment and economic reforms. The Council exercises control over the entire scope of UNCTAD's activities, oversees the implementation of the Program of Action for the Least Developed Countries, and New program UN for the development of African countries.

Working bodies of the Councilsince 1997 are commissionswho coordinate activities in the areas assigned to them: investment, technology and financial issues; on trade in goods and services; on the development of private entrepreneurship. The commissions held their first sessions in 1997. A maximum of 10 annual meetings of ad hoc working group experts are planned. The commissions replaced the four standing committees that had been in place until 1996.

Secretariatforms part of the UN Secretariat and is headed by the Secretary General. It consists of two services: policy coordination; external relations, as well as nine departments; (1) commodities; (2) international trade; (3) service sector and trade efficiency; (4) economic cooperation between developing countries and special programs; (5) global interdependence; (6) trans-national corporations and investments; (7) science and technology; (8) least developed countries; (9) services in the field of management and operational support of programs. It also includes united divisions that work together with regional commissions. The Secretariat serves two subsidiary bodies of ECOSOC - the Commission on International Investment and Transnational Corporations and the Commission on Science and Technology for Development.

The activities of UNCTAD have had a significant impact on the entire multilateral system of international trade regulation. In particular, this determined the implementation of the modernization of the GATT. A new fourth part has appeared as part of the General Agreement, which recognizes the special role and special place of developing countries in international economic relations. The activities of UNCTAD are also associated with changes in the activities of the IMF and the World Bank, expressed in a certain turn to the needs of developing countries and especially the least developed. UNCTAD initiated the provision of non-reciprocal and non-discriminatory preferences, which represent important elements of the modern system of international trade regulation. UNCTAD has made a significant contribution to the creation of a new comprehensive system for regulating world commodity markets.

Conclusion


In addition to regulatory functions, UN specialized agencies develop long-term strategies and tools in relation to the problems of the world economy on the basis of international expert consultations and agreements with governments and offer them to the world community possible ways their decisions.

UNCTAD's terms of reference cover virtually all relevant economic and legal aspects of modern international trade and related economic development issues.

Within the framework of UNCTAD, the “Group of 77”, named after the number of developing countries that have created a common platform for protecting their economic interests in international trade, has emerged and acquired its modern role. The Group of 77 played an important role in shaping the UN's international strategy on economic issues and relations with developing countries. UNCTAD has developed and is implementing new organizational forms of work that make it possible to find a balance of interests of different countries and different groups of countries on problems of international economic cooperation. Characteristic of UNCTAD's work is the preliminary determination of positions within each group of countries, which ensures a more balanced consideration of the interests of the represented countries when developing common decisions.

UNCTAD plays a key role within the UN system in addressing issues of international trade, finance, investment and technology, in particular by helping developing countries create enterprises and develop entrepreneurship. The UNCTAD Commission on Entrepreneurship, Business Facilitation and Development promotes the development and implementation of strategies for effective business development and promotes dialogue between the private and public sectors. UNCTAD's technical cooperation projects include the Automated Customs Data Processing System, the Trade Point Network Program, and the EMPRETEC Program.

The project of an automated customs data processing system helps to modernize customs procedures and the management of customs services, which significantly simplifies the bureaucratic component of foreign economic activity.

A number of UN system entities work with specific groups of private sector entities based on their specific areas of expertise. Other agencies, such as the United Nations Development Program and the World Bank, maintain relationships with a wide range of organizations in the business community. In addition to bilateral relations, the participation of business groups in the activities of the UN can be ensured through the institutionalization of such participation in the structure of the international organization. An example is the International Labor Organization (ILO), which has existed since 1919, where workers' and employers' representatives are given equal opportunities as government representatives to influence the development of ILO policy.

Thus, the UN plays a big role in regulating international economic relations. And, despite the fact that there are certain difficulties in functioning, for more than fifty years the most important economic and political issues have been resolved with its help.

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