The common goal of all participants in the resistance movement. French resistance in World War II

Nazi " new order" in Europe

In the occupied countries, where almost 128 million people lived, the occupiers introduced the so-called "new order", seeking to achieve the main goal of the fascist bloc - the territorial division of the world, the destruction of entire nations, the establishment of world domination.

The legal status of the countries occupied by the Nazis was different. The Nazis incorporated Austria into Germany. Part of the regions of western Poland was annexed and settled by German farmers, mostly "Volksdeutsche" - ethnic Germans, several generations of whom lived outside Germany, while 600 thousand Poles were forcibly evicted, the rest of the territory was declared by the German Governor General. Czechoslovakia was divided: the Sudetenland was included in Germany, and Bohemia and Moravia were declared a "protectorate"; Slovakia has become independent state". Yugoslavia was also divided. Greece was divided into 3 zones of occupation: German, Italian and Bulgarian. Puppet governments were formed in Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Luxembourg was incorporated into Germany. France found itself in a special position: 2/3 of its territory, including Paris, were occupied by Germany, and the southern regions with the center in the city of Vichy and the French colonies were part of the so-called Vichy state, whose puppet government, headed by the old Marshal Pétain, collaborated with the Nazis.

On the conquered lands, the invaders plundered the national wealth and forced the peoples to work for the “master race”. Millions of people from the occupied countries were forcibly taken to work in the Reich: already in May 1941, over 3 million foreign workers were working in Germany. To strengthen their dominance in Europe, the Nazis planted collaborationism - cooperation with the occupation authorities of representatives of various segments of the local population to the detriment of the interests of the nation. To keep the peoples of the occupied countries in obedience, the system of hostage-taking and massacres of civilians was widely used. The symbols of this policy were the complete destruction of the inhabitants of the villages of Oradour in France, Lidice in Czechoslovakia, Khatyn in Belarus. Europe took refuge in a network of concentration camps. Prisoners of concentration camps were forced to do hard labor, starved, and subjected to savage torture. In total, 18 million people ended up in concentration camps, 12 million of whom died.

The policy pursued by the Nazis in different zones of occupied Europe had some differences. The Nazis declared the peoples of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Albania an "inferior race" subject to complete enslavement and, to a large extent, physical destruction. In relation to the countries of Northern and Western Europe, the occupiers allowed a more flexible policy. In relation to the "Nordic" peoples - Norwegians, Danes, Dutch - it was planned to completely Germanize them. In France, the occupiers at first pursued a policy of gradually drawing their influence into the orbit and turning into their satellite.

Fascist occupation policy in different countries Europe brought national oppression to the peoples, an extreme increase in economic and social oppression, a frenzied revelry of reaction, racism and anti-Semitism.

Holocaust

Holocaust (eng. "burnt offering") - a common term for the persecution and destruction of Jews by the Nazis and their accomplices after Hitler came to power and until the end of World War II.

Anti-Semitic ideology was the basis of the program of the National Socialist Party of Germany, adopted in 1920 and substantiated in Hitler's book "My Struggle". After coming to power in January 1933, Hitler pursued a consistent policy of state anti-Semitism. Its first victim was the Jewish community in Germany, numbering more than 500 thousand people. By 1939, the Nazis were all possible methods tried to "cleanse" Germany of the Jews, forcing them to emigrate. Jews were systematically excluded from the state and public life countries, their economic and political activity prohibited by law. Not only the Germans followed this practice. Anti-Semitism has infected all of Europe and the United States. But in no country of Western democracy was discrimination against Jews part of a planned government policy, since it ran counter to basic civil rights and freedoms.

The Second World War turned out to be a terrible tragedy for the Jewish people in its history. After the capture of Poland began new stage anti-Jewish policy of the Nazis. More than 2 million Jews living in this country turned out to be under their control. Many Polish Jews died, and the rest of the Jewish population who survived were driven into the ghetto - a part of the city fenced off by a wall and a police cordon, where Jews were allowed to live and take care of themselves. The two largest ghettos were in Warsaw and Lodz. Thanks to the ghetto, the Germans provided themselves with almost Jewish slave labor. Lack of food, diseases and epidemics, overwork led to a huge death rate of the inhabitants of the ghetto. Jews of all Nazi-occupied countries were subject to registration, they were required to wear armbands or patches with a six-pointed star, pay an indemnity and turn in jewelry. They were deprived of all civil and political rights.

After the German attack on the Soviet Union, the systematic general extermination of all Jews began. On the territory for the extermination of Jews, 6 death camps were created - Auschwitz (Auschwitz), Belzec, Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek. These camps were equipped with special equipment for the daily killing of thousands of people, usually in huge gas chambers. Few managed to live in the camp for a long time.

Despite the almost hopeless situation, in some ghettos and camps, Jews still resisted their executioners with the help of weapons that they managed to secretly get. The uprising in the Warsaw ghetto (April - May 1943) became a symbol of Jewish resistance - the first urban uprising in Nazi-occupied Europe. There were uprisings in the death camps at Treblinka (August 1943) and Sobibor (October 1943), which were brutally suppressed.

As a result of the ruthless war of the Nazis against the unarmed Jewish population, 6 million Jews died - more than 1/3 of the total number of this people.

The resistance movement, its political orientation and forms of struggle

The Resistance Movement is a liberation movement against fascism for the restoration of the independence and sovereignty of the occupied countries and the elimination of reactionary regimes in the countries of the fascist bloc.

The scope and methods of the struggle against the fascist invaders and their accomplices depended on the nature of the occupation regime, natural and geographical conditions, historical traditions, as well as on the position of those social and political forces participating in the Resistance.

In the Resistance of each of the occupied countries, two directions were defined, each of which had its own political orientation. Between them there was a rivalry for the leadership of the anti-fascist movement as a whole.

At the head of the first direction were émigré governments or bourgeois-patriotic groups that sought to expel the invaders, eliminate fascist regimes and restore pre-war political systems in their countries. The leaders of this direction were characterized by an orientation towards the Western countries of liberal democracy. Many of them initially adhered to the tactics of "attantism" (waiting) - that is, they took care of their forces and expected to be released from outside by the forces of the Anglo-American troops.

The position of the communist parties in the occupied countries was difficult. The Soviet-German non-aggression pact (1939) actually paralyzed the anti-fascist activities of the communists and led to the growth of anti-communist sentiments. By 1941, there was no question of any interaction between communists and anti-fascists. Only after the German attack on the Soviet Union did the Comintern call on the Communist Parties to resume the anti-fascist struggle. The courageous struggle of the Soviet people against fascism led to an increase in sympathy for the USSR, which also weakened anti-communist sentiments. The decision to dissolve the Comintern, taken in 1943 under pressure from the allies, allowed the communists to act as independent national forces and actively join the resistance movement. Thus, another direction in the Resistance was determined. It was led communist parties and political forces close to them, who selflessly fought for national liberation and expected to carry out profound political and social transformations after the end of the war. The leaders of this trend were guided by the military assistance of the Soviet Union.

An important condition for the development of the resistance movement was the unification of anti-fascist forces. The general governing bodies of the resistance movement began to form. So, in France, they united under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle.

The anti-fascist resistance of the population of the occupied countries appeared in two forms: active and passive. The active form consisted in partisan struggle, acts of sabotage and sabotage, in the collection and transfer of intelligence information to the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, in anti-fascist propaganda, etc. boycott of propaganda activities of the Nazis, etc.

The greatest scope of the resistance movement received in France, Italy, Poland, Yugoslavia and Greece. In Yugoslavia, for example, at the beginning of 1943, the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, led by the Communists, liberated two-fifths of the country's territory from the invaders. The Resistance Movement played an important role in the fight against fascism and hastened its defeat.

April 10 is the International Day of the Resistance Movement. The resistance movement during the Second World War was called the underground and insurrectionary struggle of the peoples of Europe against Nazi Germany and its allies. The most common forms of struggle against the occupiers were: anti-fascist agitation and propaganda, publication of underground literature; strikes, sabotage and sabotage in transport and at enterprises producing products for the occupiers; armed attacks to destroy traitors and representatives of the occupation administration; collection of intelligence data for the armies of the anti-Hitler coalition; partisan war. The highest form of the resistance movement was an armed uprising and popular (partisan) war, which covered entire regions and could lead to their liberation from the invaders (as in Belarus, Ukraine and Yugoslavia).

It should be noted that a lot has been said and written about the European resistance movement, which allegedly caused great damage to the Third Reich. And now the highly exaggerated myths about the European Resistance have become part of the revision of the Second World War in the interests of the West.

The scale of European Resistance (excluding the territory of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia and Greece) was greatly exaggerated for ideological and political purposes even during the existence of the socialist bloc of countries led by the USSR. Then good tone was to turn a blind eye to the fact that many states were members of the Nazi bloc or surrendered to the Nazis with virtually no resistance. Resistance in these countries was minimal, especially compared to the support they provided to Nazi Germany. In fact, it was the prototype of the modern European Union headed by Hitler. The economic, demographic resources of Europe were combined with the aim of destroying the Soviet (Russian) civilization. Most of Western Europe simply fell under Hitler, as it was in the interests of the masters of the West, who actually created the Third Reich project.

In some states, the appearance of resistance arose only when the Red Army approached (Hungary, Austria and the Czech Republic), and when the so-called. The second front, in others it was minimal. However, during the years of the existence of the Soviet Union, they tried not to stick out this fact so as not to offend the allies and European "partners", including the fraternal socialist countries.

The only exceptions were Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece (not counting the Soviet Union), where the resistance took on a wide scope and popular character. However, this was due to the fact that the Balkan region does not quite fit into the Western (European) civilization, preserving the Orthodox and Slavic traditions, cultural and civilizational type Byzantine Empire. In this respect, the countries of the Balkan Peninsula are closer to Russian civilization, especially Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. Although in modern times westernization has almost won and Balkan Peninsula.

Female partisan of the Italian resistance movement in the mountains of northern Italy

The Third Reich was the most striking, outspoken manifestation of the Western project. No wonder the German Nazis took for the ideal british empire and its racist practices. The "Eternal Reich" in all colors and very frankly showed the future that awaits all of humanity if the Western project of the New World Order wins. This is a slave-owning, caste civilization, where there are “chosen” and “two-legged tools”, slaves, and some people are generally classified as “subhuman” (Russians, Slavs), who were sentenced to total destruction. Huge concentration camps, Sonderkommandos, the total destruction of any opposition, the zombification of people, etc. all this was expected by mankind if the USSR had not crushed the "brown plague". Then the West had to disguise its cannibalistic insides.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire in Europe, with one or another success, they tried to recreate the “pan-European empire” (European Union) - the empire of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire (since 1512 - the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation), the French Empire of Napoleon and the Second Reich. Since 1933, the project of a "pan-European empire" was headed by the Third Reich. The roots of this German aspiration for imperial superiority go very far into the depths. It was not for nothing that Nazi ideologies turned to medieval Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, the empire of Charlemagne, and even further to the Roman Empire. After all, it was the "Germans", however, under the conceptual and ideological leadership of Rome, which was then the "command post" of the Western project, who created a millennium ago what is now called "Europe", the "West". It was Rome and the “Germans” (there was no single people then) that initiated the process of “Onslaught on the East and North”. Therefore, assigning the name “Barbarossa” to the plan of war against the USSR-Russia, by the nickname of the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190 Frederick I Barbarossa (Red-bearded, from Italian barba, “beard”, and rossa, “red”), had a great meaning. After all, it was the “empire of the German nation” that united a significant part of Western Europe and, one way or another, ruled it for several centuries.

The leaders of the Third Reich considered themselves the heirs of this tradition. Austria was invaded bloodlessly in 1938. In accordance with the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland was annexed. In September 1939, Germany began fighting and by July 1940, she had effectively united almost all of continental Europe under her rule. Finland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria became voluntary helpers of the Eternal Reich. Only the Balkan outskirts - Greece and Yugoslavia - were captured in April 1941.

At the same time, invading the boundaries of a European country, the Wehrmacht met resistance that could surprise with its indecision and weakness. This was especially surprising because the Wehrmacht was still in its infancy and reached a good level only in the spring of 1941. So, the invasion of Poland began on September 1, 1939, and after a few days serious resistance was broken. Already on September 17, the Polish military-political leadership fled the country, leaving the troops, who still continued to resist. Denmark hoisted the white flag on April 9, 1940 almost immediately. Within an hour after the start of the operation, the government and the king ordered the armed forces not to resist the German troops and capitulated. Norway, with the support of the allies (mainly the British), held out longer until the beginning of June 1940. The Netherlands capitulated during the first five days of the war - May 10-14, 1940. The Belgian campaign continued from May 10 to May 28, 1940. France fell almost instantly , especially if we recall the bloody and stubborn battles of the First World War: German troops began to seize the country on June 5, 1940, and on June 14 Paris capitulated. On June 22, an armistice was signed. And in the first world war The German Empire tried in vain for four years to defeat France.

It is not for nothing that the beginning of the German blitzkrieg in Europe received in France a "strange war", in Germany - a "sitting war", and in the United States - an "imaginary" or "phantom war". A real war, not for life, but for death, began in Europe only on June 22, 1941, when the German-led European (Western) civilization and the Russian (Soviet) civilization clashed. The short-term clashes between the armies of one or another European country with the Wehrmacht looked more like observing a ritual “custom” than a real battle for their land. Like, you can’t just let the enemy into your country, you must maintain the appearance of resistance. De facto, the Western European elites simply surrendered their countries, as Hitler's Germany was to lead the new " crusade" to the East.

It is clear that the power of the Nazis, somewhere relatively soft, and somewhere hard, provoked the resistance of various social forces and groups in European countries Oh. Resistance to the Hitler regime also took place in Germany itself, in various social groups- from the descendants of the Prussian aristocracy, hereditary military to workers and communists. There were several assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler. However, this German Resistance was not the resistance of the whole country and the people as a whole. As in most other German-occupied countries. Danes, Norwegians, Dutch, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, French and other Europeans initially felt good in the "pan-European empire". Moreover, a significant part of the most passionate (active) part of the population supported Hitler, in particular, young people actively joined the SS troops.

For example, the resistance movement of France was completely insignificant, with a significant population. Thus, according to a thorough study by Boris Urlanis on human losses in wars (“Wars and the Population of Europe”), 20,000 Frenchmen (out of the 40 million population of France) died in the Resistance movement in five years. Moreover, during the same period, from 40 to 50 thousand French died, that is, 2-2.5 times more, who fought for the Third Reich! At the same time, the actions of the French Resistance are often described in such a way that it seems that it is comparable to the battle for Stalingrad. This myth was maintained even in the Soviet Union. Like, we were supported by the whole of Europe. Although in reality most of Europe, as under Napoleon, opposed Russian civilization!

Real resistance to the "Eternal Reich" led by Germany was only in Yugoslavia, Albania and Greece. True, in the same Yugoslavia there was a powerful collaborationist movement, like the Croatian Ustashe. The resistance on the Balkan Peninsula is explained by the still preserved deep patriarchy of this outskirts of Western Europe. The cultural and civilizational code of the Balkan peoples has not yet been fully westernized, suppressed by the Western matrix. Serbs, Greeks and Albanians were alien to the orders that the Third Reich established. These countries and peoples, in their consciousness and way of life, by the middle of the 20th century, in many respects did not belong to European civilization.

Poland is often ranked among the countries with strong resistance. However, if you carefully consider the situation in Poland, you will have to admit that here, as in France, the reality is greatly embellished. According to the data collected by the Soviet demographer Urlanis, during the Yugoslav Resistance, about 300 thousand people died (out of about 16 million people in the country), during the Albanian Resistance - about 29 thousand people (out of a total of 1 million population of Albania). In the course of the Polish Resistance, 33 thousand people died (out of 35 million of the population of Poland). Thus, the proportion of the population who died in the real fight against the Nazis in Poland is 20 times less than in Yugoslavia, and almost 30 times less than in Albania.

Apparently, the weakness of the Resistance in Poland was due to the fact that the Poles had long become part of European civilization. Catholic Rome has long turned Slavic Poland into a "ram" directed against the Russian people. Therefore, for the Poles, although they hated the Germans, dreaming of a "Greater Poland" including at the expense of the lands of Germany, joining the "pan-European empire" is not was unacceptable. Poles have already become part of European civilization. Their consciousness was distorted, suppressed by the Western "matrix". No wonder the Poles have been for almost a millennium worst enemies Russians, a tool in the hands of the Vatican, and then France and Britain (now the USA).

The number of those who died in the real struggle does not include people who were destroyed by the Nazis as "racially inferior". In the same Poland, the Germans exterminated 2.8 million Jews out of 3.3 million who lived before the start of the occupation. These people were simply exterminated. Their resistance was minimal. It was a massacre, not a war. Moreover, in the extermination of “subhumans” (Russians, Serbs, Gypsies and Jews), not only Germans drugged by Nazi propaganda, but also representatives of other peoples - Croats, Hungarians, Romanians, Balts, Ukrainian Nazis, etc. took an active part.

Thus, it is worth remembering that the strong exaggeration of the European Resistance, originally had a political and ideological significance. And after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when all sorts of denigration of the USSR-Russia became the norm and profitable business, the merits of the European Resistance became even more mythologized in order to belittle the role of the Red Empire and the USSR in the Great War.

In fact, almost all of continental Europe by 1941, one way or another, without much shock entered the empire of Hitler. Italy, Spain, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia (separated from the Czech Republic), Finland and Croatia (separated from Yugoslavia) - together with Germany entered the war with the USSR, sending their troops to the Eastern Front. True, Denmark and Spain, unlike other countries, did this without a formal declaration of war.

The rest of Europe, although they did not take a direct, open part in the war with the Soviet Union, but one way or another "worked" for the Third Reich. So Sweden and Switzerland economically supported Germany, their industry worked for the Reich, they were a place for "laundering" gold, silver, jewelry and other good things stolen in Europe and the USSR. Under the Nazis, Europe became an economic entity - the "European Union". France gave the Third Reich such oil reserves that they were enough to start a campaign in the USSR-Russia. From France, Germany got large stocks. The collection of occupation expenses from France provided an army of 18 million people. This allowed Germany not to carry out economic mobilization before the attack on the USSR, and to continue building a network of highways. Implementation of Hitler's grandiose plans began to create a new Berlin - the capital of a united Europe, the "Eternal Reich".

When the famous commander (later became president) of the United States, Dwight Eisenhower, entered the war at the head of the Anglo-American troops in North Africa in November 1942, he had to first fight not with the German, but with 200 thousand. French army under the French Minister of Defense Jean Darlan. True, the French command, in view of the clear superiority of the Allied forces, soon ordered the troops to cease resistance. However, in these battles, about 1,200 Americans and British, more than 1,600 French, have already died. Of course, honor and praise to the fighters of de Gaulle, the pilots of the squadron "Normandy - Neman." But in general, France fell under the Germans and did not suffer much from this.

Interesting information about the "pan-European army", which fought with the USSR. The national identity of all those who died on the Eastern Front is difficult or almost impossible to determine. However, the national composition of the servicemen who were captured by the Red Army during the war is known. Of the total number of 3.7 million prisoners, the bulk were Germans (including Austrians) - 2.5 million people, 766 thousand people belonged to the countries participating in the war (Hungarians, Romanians, Finns, etc.), but still 464 thousand people are French, Belgians, Czechs and representatives of other countries that have not officially fought with us.

The power of the Wehrmacht, which invaded the Soviet Union, was provided by millions of highly skilled workers throughout continental Europe. More than 10 million skilled workers from various European countries worked on the territory of the German Empire itself. For comparison: in the USSR-Russia in 1941 there were 49 million men 1890-1926. births (out of 196.7 million people in the population as a whole). Relying on the whole of Europe (more than 300 million people), Berlin was able to mobilize almost a quarter of all Germans for the war. In the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War 17% of the population were called up (and not all of them were at the front), that is, every sixth, otherwise the rear would not have needed to work at the front industrial enterprises qualified men).

More or less noticeable resistance appeared in Western Europe only when it became obvious that the European hordes led by Germany would not break the USSR, and the main forces of the Third Reich were defeated on the Russian front. Then London and Washington swept away the concept: it was impossible to wait any longer, it was necessary to actively intervene in the war in Europe so as not to lose it. The resistance forces began to activate. For example, the Warsaw Uprising, organized by the Home Army, began in the summer of 1944, when the Red Army was already near Warsaw. The Poles, backed by the Anglo-Saxons, wanted to show their strength in order to take decisive positions in the country. And the uprisings of the French underground began, basically, after the landing of the troops of the Allied countries in Normandy on June 6, 1944. And in Paris itself, the uprising began on August 19, only 6 days before the Free French forces under the command of General Leclerc entered the city.

Thus, it is worth remembering that the European Resistance is largely a myth. The Nazis met real resistance only on the lands of civilizations and cultures alien to them - the USSR, Yugoslavia and Greece. The resistance movement in most European countries became an influential factor only towards the end of the war, shortly before the liberation of the rebel areas by the Allied armies.

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The national-patriotic forces of the countries occupied by the German-Italian troops played an important role in the fight against fascism. The Free French movement, led by General de Gaulle, was the most important resistance force that participated in the liberation of the country together with the Anglo-American troops. In Yugoslavia, the liberation movement, led by IB Tito, independently defeated the occupying garrisons in the country as the Allied troops approached. In Greece, an attempt by the British to disarm local resistance units led to civil war. The USSR was rather cool towards non-communist factions of the resistance movement in Poland. Their attempt to liberate Warsaw, not coordinated with the Soviet command, was suppressed by German troops, which subsequently gave rise to serious mutual reproaches.

The occupied countries of Europe and Asia suffered significant territorial changes. New states appeared on the world map: Slovakia (1939), Croatia (1941), Burma (1944), Indonesia (1945). But the independence of these states was discredited by cooperation with the aggressors. States such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, Greece were liquidated. Pro-fascist (collaborationist) governments came to power in Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, and France. The allied states of Germany, Italy, and Japan received significant territorial gains. So, Hungary received Carpathian Ukraine, Transylvania, part of Slovakia and Yugoslavia, Romania - Transnistria, Bulgaria - part of Dobruja, Macedonia, Thrace, Finland returned the territories lost in 1940. Occupation policy in the territory occupied of Eastern Europe and the USSR was carried out according to the plan "Ost". The occupied Soviet territories were divided into three parts. The rear areas of the German army groups were transferred to the control of the military command, while others were subordinated to the "Eastern Ministry" headed by Rosenberg and divided into two Reichskommissariat - "Ostland" (the Baltic states and most of Belarus) and "Ukraine". Western Ukrainian lands were annexed to the Polish "governor-general". The Nazis sought to create "living space for the German nation" in the territories they had conquered. The local population must be transformed into essentially slaves, the intelligentsia must be eliminated. It was planned to resettle about 10 million Germans in the occupied territories. The local population was supposed to leave about 14 million people. All others were to be destroyed. One of the first colonies of German settlers was created in the Vinnitsa region. The main means that the fascists used in asserting their dominance were inciting some nations against others and physical destruction. Such peoples as Gypsies, Jews, were subject to complete annihilation. From the occupied territories, food and raw materials and other material values ​​were exported to Germany. The population in the occupied territories at first received nothing at all for their work, then they began to receive meager rations for working for the occupiers. 5.5 million Soviet prisoners of war were in terrible conditions, 3.5 million of them died. In order to use cheap labor in Germany, deportations of the able-bodied population were carried out. About 4 million inhabitants of the occupied regions found themselves in a foreign land in difficult conditions. In total, 10 million Soviet people became victims of the occupation. The economy of the occupied countries became an appendage of the German war machine. There were about 30 concentration camps in Europe. The largest of them are Dachau, Buchenwald, Majdanek, Auschwitz. The resistance movement was led by socialist, communist, radical and nationalist parties. As a result of the victories on the fronts of the troops of the anti-Hitler coalition, the resistance movement against the invaders in the countries of Europe is significantly strengthened. Many of them created partisan detachments, underground organizations. But there were also those who went to cooperate with the invaders, becoming collaborators. In France, the fascist occupation and the collaborationist government of Marshal Pétain were fought by partisan detachments and underground groups led by communists and socialists. The "Free France" organization created by de Gaulle in 1942-1943 established control over the African colonies of France. In November 1942, the French underground concluded an agreement with de Gaulle on joint ventures. In May of the following year, the National Council of the Resistance was created, uniting all the forces that fought against the invaders. In June, the French Committee of National Liberation was formed, declaring itself a government headed by de Gaulle. The people's liberation movement in Yugoslavia gained considerable scope. Since 1941, there have been active military operations against the Nazis. In 1943, the government of the new Yugoslavia was created - the Anti-Fascist Council for the People's Liberation of Yugoslavia, headed by Tito. Partisan armies were formed in Greece and Bulgaria. The communists played a significant role in this process. Anti-fascist sentiments also intensified in Germany. A group of officers and government officials carried out an attempted coup d'état in order to destroy the fascist regime and end the war. On July 20, 1944, Colonel Stauffenberg left a briefcase with a time bomb in the room where Hitler was. The bomb exploded, but Hitler survived. The performance of the rebels was brutally suppressed. In 1944, anti-fascist uprisings took place in a number of European countries. The uprising raised on August 1 in Warsaw by the Home Army ended in defeat. On August 29, the Slovak National Uprising began with the participation of partisans and the Slovak army. At the cost of great efforts, the Nazis managed to suppress it. In the USSR, the struggle of the people's avengers reached a particularly large scale. It was headed by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. Belarus was the main partisan base. Here were the most formations and large partisan areas. In Ukraine, the center of the partisan movement was in the northern regions. Detachments of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army also fought against the Nazis. The partisan struggle had not only military, but also political significance. Large-scale sabotage operations of partisans, fighter raids made a significant contribution to the victory over the Nazis. Significant operations were carried out by partisan formations of Kovpak, Fedorov, Saburov, Naumov and others. In total, over 6 thousand partisan detachments operated on the territory of the USSR, which destroyed about 1 million Nazis. The most large-scale sabotage was carried out in the summer of 1943 during the Battle of Kursk under the name "Rail War" and in September 1943 under the name "Concert". The Nazis were forced to keep significant forces in their rear to protect their communications from the partisans. The armed struggle against the invaders usually went through several stages. At first, these were the actions of separate combat groups and detachments, which gradually became more numerous and powerful. In some countries, the development of the partisan movement led to the creation people's armies. In Yugoslavia, already in the summer of 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party, an open armed struggle began against the fascist invaders. From the very beginning, it assumed a massive character; at the end of 1941, a special brigade and up to 50 partisan detachments were formed. Later, divisions and corps appeared, and the armed forces became known as the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (NOAJ).

In Czechoslovakia, the struggle against the fascist invaders acquired a particularly wide scope in the spring and summer of 1944. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the proletariat became the leader of all the liberation forces united in the National Front. Partisan detachments were active in the country. In August 1944, the Slovak National Uprising took place, and later the May Uprising of the Czech people in 1945. In Poland, small partisan detachments, the core of which were workers, first entered the fight against the Nazi invaders. Later, the Guards of Ludow (GL), created on the initiative of the Polish Workers' Party, joined the armed struggle against the invaders, later transformed into the Army of Ludow (AL).

In Greece, in October 1941, the military center of the Resistance was established, which was then transformed into the Central Committee of the People's Liberation Army (ELAS). In Albania, with the leading role of the Communists, the partisan couples were transformed in the summer of 1943 into the National Liberation Army (NOAA).

The resistance movement in the countries of the Nazi coalition had its own characteristics compared with the occupied states. The anti-fascist struggle was waged here in the most difficult conditions of mass repressions and executions, and the cruel persecution of all democrats. Moreover, the regime of terror and political lack of rights in the countries of the Nazi coalition was combined with especially sophisticated nationalist and militaristic demagogy, which made the anti-fascist struggle extremely difficult. Relying on an extensive system of ideological and political brainwashing of the masses, the Nazis sought to eradicate democratic ideas from the minds of the working people.

An important role in the consolidation of anti-fascist forces was played by the All-Slavic Committee, the National Committee "Free Germany", the Union of Polish Patriots and other organizations created in the USSR. In Italy, in October 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party, an Action Committee was created to unite patriotic forces at home and abroad. Opposition to the terrorist fascist regime intensified in Germany and other states. In the countries that joined the fascist bloc, the Bulgarian people were the first to rise in a mass armed struggle against the reactionary regime. At the end of June 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party of Bulgaria, partisan groups were organized, the number of which subsequently grew rapidly. In the spring of 1943, the People's Liberation Insurgent Army was formed and a plan of armed action was developed on a national scale. At the beginning of September 1944, the partisan forces numbered over 30 thousand armed fighters and acted with the support of more than 200 thousand partisan assistants.

Postponing actions Soviet army on the territory of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and the successful implementation of its liberation mission inspired the patriots even more, instilled in them faith in the final defeat of the fascist regimes. More and more new participants were included in the resistance movement. Thus, the entry of the Soviet Army into the territory of Bulgaria created favorable conditions for the development of mass revolutionary actions. People's government was established in the areas controlled by the People's Liberation Army. On September 9, 1944, as a result of a nationwide, anti-fascist armed uprising, the monarcho-fascist regime was overthrown in the country and the government of the Fatherland Front was formed.

In Romania, in the process of preparing for an armed uprising led by the Communist Party, a large number of militant patriotic groups were created. In the summer of 1944, the National Democratic Bloc was formed, which included the Communist, Social Democratic, National Liberal and National Tsaranist parties. He advocated the immediate overthrow of the fascist government and an end to the aggressive war. The successes of the Soviet Army, above all its outstanding victory in the Iasi-Kishinev operation, hastened the development of the anti-fascist struggle in the country. On August 23, an armed uprising took place in Bucharest, which led to the overthrow of the fascist dictatorship.

Despite the most severe terror, preparations were made for an armed uprising in Hungary, which in March 1944 was occupied by Nazi troops. In May of the same year, at the call of the communists, the anti-fascist Hungarian Front was created, uniting almost all parties and trade union organizations. As the country was liberated by the Soviet Army, local committees were transformed into organs of people's power, which played an important role in democratic and socialist transformations.

Under the influence of the successes of the Soviet Armed Forces, as well as the actions of the American-British troops that landed in the autumn of 1943 in southern Italy, the first partisan formations arose in northern Italy. On the initiative of the Communist Party, they were able to unite in June 1944 into the people's army - the Corps of Freedom Volunteers, which at first numbered 82 thousand, and by April 1945 - already 150 thousand people. A mass resistance movement unfolded in Italy under the leadership of the working class. The action of the armed forces of the Resistance in the second half of April 1945, supported by a general strike at the call of the Communists, led to the fact that in many industrial centers and cities of Northern Italy almost all the Nazi troops and Blackshirts laid down their arms even before the arrival of the Anglo-American troops.

Resistance to fascism also existed in Hitler's concentration camps, camps for prisoners of war and foreign workers, where the Nazis used them as slave labor. The prisoners, despite the inhuman conditions of existence, committed sabotage and sabotage at military enterprises, conducted anti-fascist propaganda, and organized mutual assistance. An active role in this struggle was played by Soviet officers and soldiers, who headed many underground organizations and groups.

The resistance movement was an integral part of the liberation struggle of the peoples. This struggle was associated with great sacrifices.

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT - nat.-svobod-dit., anti-fascist democratic. people's movement masses during the Second World War, 1939-45 against German, Italian. and Japanese. invaders.

With its roots, D.S. was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war waged by the Nar. masses in the prewar. years (armed battles in Austria, the People's Front in France, the struggle against foreign interventionists and Francoist rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fascist. enslavement.

Ch. the goal that rallied the heterogeneous sections of the population in the D.S. was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the fascists. aggressors and the restoration of nat. independence. Thanks to Nar. the character of D.S. struggle for nat. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for democracy. transformation and social demands of the working people, and in the colonial and dependent countries, and with the struggle for liberation from colonial oppression. In a number of countries, in the course of D.S., Nar. began and won. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries Nar. the revolutions that developed during the D.S. period were successfully completed after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea).

D.S. was distinguished by a variety of forms and tactics. The most common forms were: anti-fascist. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises that produced products for the occupiers, and in transport, armament. attacks with the aim of destroying traitors and representatives of the ok-kupats. administration, partisan war.

The process of emergence and development of D. S. in different countries did not take place simultaneously. In Slovakia and in some of the countries where partisans are widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation. war against fascism. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth took place at different stages of the war, over several years, up to and including 1944.

First period(the beginning of the war-June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organizational. and propagandistic preparation of the mass struggle, when illegal anti-fascists were created and strengthened. org-tion.

Already from the first days of the 2nd World War, antifascist began in the occupied districts. speeches. In Poland in Sept.-Oct. 1939 in the fight against German-fascist. okku-pats. troops involved separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity and the local population. During the autumn of 1939 - summer of 1940, D. S. covered, therefore, part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage has spontaneously arisen at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread.

In Czechoslovakia, in the initial period of German-Fash. Occupation an important form of struggle were political. manifestations, the boycott of fascism. press, there was also a strike movement. In Yugoslavia, the first partisans. the detachments that arose immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the fight. In France, the first participants in the DC were the workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais, as well as other industrial workers. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage at enterprises and railways. transport, etc. One of the first major protests organized by the communists against the occupiers was a demonstration of many thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941 there was a powerful strike that swept St. 100 thousand miners of the departments of Nord and Pas de Calais. The peoples of other European countries also rose to fight against the invaders. state-in - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the German-fascist army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However, a characteristic feature of D. S. in the first period was the predominance of elements of spontaneity in it and its still insufficient organization.

Second period(June 1941 - Nov. 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of D. S. in the countries of Europe and Asia. Freed, the struggle of the peoples was led by mass patriotic. org-tion - Nat. front in Poland and France, Antifascist. People's Liberation Council in Yugoslavia, National Liberation, Front in Greece and Albania, Independence Front in Belgium, Fatherland, Front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed Ch. Headquarters people-liberate. party. detachments. On July 4, the Central Committee of the CPY decided to arm. uprising. July 7, 1941 began arming. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, armed at the end of July. the struggle began in Slovenia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In Jan. 1942 The Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which acted as the organizer of the partisans. detachments and the leader of their armament. fight against the invaders. Partiz. detachments in May 1942 united in the Guard of Lyudov.

The first partisans were created in Czechoslovakia in the summer of 1942. groups.

In Bulgaria in 1942 an underground Fatherland Front, which united all anti-fascist. forces and started a broad partisan. anti-fascist. war.

In Romania in 1941 an anti-fascist program was developed. wrestling rum. people. Under her arms. in the beginning. 1943 in the underground was created Patriotich. Front.

In Greece will liberate, the fight was led by the one created in Sept. 1941 National-liberate, front.

The struggle also intensified in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In the 2nd floor. 1941 increased antifascist. and anti-war. speeches in Italy, protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the fascists. Germany.

In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indochinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. Partisans formed and fought in the provinces of Vietnam. squads. D.S. also unfolded in other regions of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia.

In con. 1942 Anti-Japanese was established. army of the peoples of Malaya. Among the citizens The population was organized anti-Japanese. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main national. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians.

Third period(November 1942-to 1943) is associated with a radical turning point in the war.

D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries that are part of the fascist. the bloc (including in Germany itself) sharply intensified; ended in the main nat. patriotic association. forces and created a single obschenat. fronts. D.S. became more and more widespread. The partisans reached a huge scale. movement and began to play a decisive role in antifascist. fight. On the basis of the partisans. detachments were created nar.-liberate. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. In Poland, the Guards of Lyudov acted, enticing the detachments of the Home Army with their example, which was prevented in every possible way by its reactionaries. leaders. 19 Apr. 1943 an uprising began in the Warsaw ghetto in response to an attempt by the German-fascist. troops to take out for destruction another batch of Heb. population. New partisans emerged. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. The struggle has reached wide scope in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

Armed on a large scale. wrestling in China. In the battles of 1943, the national-revolutionary. army and other forces of the whale. people destroyed more than 250 thousand invaders and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "pr-va" of Wang Ching-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage sharply increased. Numerous in Vietnam partisan detachments by the end of 1943 expelled the Japanese. invaders from many districts in the north of the country.

The fourth period(late 1943 - May - September 1945). Aug 23 1944 antifascist happened. nar. uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the introduction of owls. troops on the territory Bulgaria began (September 9. .1944) armed. Bulgarian uprising. people. Aug 1 1944 began lasting 63 days and ended tragically antifascist. Warsaw Uprising 1944. 29 Aug. In 1944, the Slovak uprising began, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against the fascists. invaders.

In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country of owls. troops 2 Dec. 1944 Weng was created. nat. front of independence, and on 22 Dec. 1944 Temp. nat. assembly in Debrecen formed Provisional. nat. pr-in.

November 29 in Yugoslavia 1943 was created Nat. set of release Yugoslavia, who served as Provisional. revolutionary pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of owls. and Yugoslav armed forces, - democratic-tich. pr-in. A legislature was created in Albania. organ - Antifash. nat.-liberate, the council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist nat.-liberate, to-t, endowed with the functions of the time. pr-va.

In Greece, by the end of October 1944, the liberation of the entire territory. continental Greece from German-Fash. invaders.

In France, created in May 1943, the Nat. On March 15, 1944, the Resistance Council (NSS) adopted the D.S. program, which outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and provided for the prospects for economic development. and democratic. development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the fighting organizations of the Resistance united and created a single army of the French. internal forces (FFI) numbering up to 500 thousand people, the Paris uprising of August 19-25. 1944. Franz. patriots on their own liberated most of the territories. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities.

In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan was created. the patriotic army of the Corps of Freedom Volunteers, numbering St. 100 thousand fighters.

By the summer of 1944, up to 50,000 partisans were active in Belgium.

France in Nov. 1943 The Free Germany Committee for the West was formed.

D.S. achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines, The Hukbalahap army in 1944, with the active participation of the population, cleared the Japanese. invaders a number of areas about. Luzon, where the democratic transformations. However, the progressive forces of the Philippine people failed to consolidate the gains made.

In Indochina in con. 1944 on the basis of partisans organized in 1941. detachments formed the Vietnam Liberation Army.

D.S. received a particularly large scope immediately after the USSR entered the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the owls. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and to the liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Owl victories. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to go on a general offensive. They freed from the Japanese. occupiers almost all of northern and part of central China. Set free, wrestling whale. people contributed to the defeat of the imperialistic. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of nar. revolution in China. In Aug. 1945 there was a victorious Nar. uprising in Vietnam (see the August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), which led to the creation of an independent Democratic. Republic of Vietnam.

In Indonesia on 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. Malaya is anti-Japanese. nar. the army in 1944-45 liberated a number of districts of the country, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before landing there. armed forces. In March 1945, the general public began. uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers.

D. S., who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced the further development of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa.

The Resistance Movement was one of the significant aspects in the fight against Hitlerism and fascism. Almost immediately after the start of World War II, many residents of European countries volunteered for the army, and after the occupation went underground. resistance movement in more was widespread in France and Germany itself. The main events and actions of the Resistance Movement will be discussed in this lesson.

background

1944- an organ of supreme power (Craiova Rada Narodova) was created, which opposed the emigrant government.

1944 G.- Warsaw Uprising. The rebels sought to liberate the city from German occupation. The uprising was put down.

France

During the war years, there were many anti-fascist organizations in France.

1940- the "Free France" was created (since 1942 - "Fighting France"), which was founded by General de Gaulle. The troops of the "Fighting France" in 1942 reached 70 thousand people.

1944- an army of French internal forces was created on the basis of the unification of individual anti-fascist organizations.

1944- the number of participants in the resistance movement is over 400 thousand people.

Members

As mentioned above, the Resistance Movement was in Germany itself. The Germans, who no longer wanted to put up with Hitlerism, created an underground anti-fascist organization. "Red Chapel", which was engaged in underground anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, maintained relations with Soviet intelligence, and so on. Many members of the underground organization, created at the end of the 1930s. (about 600 people), occupied responsible civil and military positions and positions in the Third Reich. When, in 1942, the Gestapo (German secret police) uncovered the organization, the investigators themselves were surprised at the scale of the work being done. The head of the "Red Chapel" H. Schulze-Boysen (Fig. 2) was shot, like many members of the organization.

Rice. 2. H. Schulze-Boysen ()

The Resistance Movement reached a particular scope in France. The Free French Committee, led by General de Gaulle, led against the Nazis and collaborators(those who made a deal to cooperate with the enemy) a real war. Throughout France, armed formations operated, arranging military and sabotage operations. When the Anglo-American army landed in Normandy in the summer of 1944 and opened the "Second Front", de Gaulle led his army to help the Allies and liberated Paris with their joint efforts.

The situation in Poland and Yugoslavia was rather complex and contradictory. Two opposing anti-fascist groups operated in these countries. In Poland, such organizations were "Army of Home" and "Army of the People". The first organization was created by the exile government of Poland and relied not only on the fight against the Nazis, but also against the Communists. Established in 1942 with the help of Moscow, the Army of the People (People's) was the conductor of Soviet policy in Poland and was considered a truly people's organization. Often there were skirmishes and conflicts between these two armies.

In Yugoslavia, there was, in fact, a similar situation. On the one hand, the Nazis were opposed by the so-called. "Chetniks"(from the Serbian word "four" - combat unit, military detachment) led by General Drazhe Mikhailovich, speaking from pro-monarchist positions, and on the other - partisan detachments of communist Josip Broz Tito, who took shape in the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. Chetniks and partisans not only fought with the enemy, but also fought among themselves. Despite this, and VIn Poland and Yugoslavia, in the end, pro-Soviet forces took over.

The resistance movement was truly massive. It was not only in the occupied countries of Europe, but also in the concentration camps of death. Underground anti-fascist organizations existed and operated in them. Many prisoners died while trying to raise an uprising in Buchenwalde, Dachau, Auschwitz etc., they were burned in crematorium ovens, gassed and starved (Fig. 3).

In total, by the summer of 1944 total members of the Resistance Movement in different countries numbered about 1.5 million people. It rightfully made its weighty contribution to the fight against fascism and to the common victory over the enemy.

Rice. 3. Uprising in the Sobibor death camp. Some contributors ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Read Chapter 13 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - the beginning of the XXI century and give answers to questions 1-4 on p. 153.

2. Why did Great Britain become the center and "headquarters" of the Resistance Movement?

3. How can one explain the confrontation between various military and political groups in Poland and Yugoslavia during World War II?