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GBOU VPO OrGMA

Department of Disaster Medicine

Head of the Department Candidate of Medical Sciences Boev Mikhail Viktorovich

Topic: Modern means of armed struggle

Valtsak Ya.E.

Orenburg 2014.

Introduction

Weapons appeared in the history of mankind in primitive society. Prehistoric warriors were armed with clubs, wooden spears with tips made of bone or stone, bows, stone axes. Then came bronze and iron swords, spears with metal tips. With the discovery of gunpowder, firearms were invented. One of the first examples of such a weapon is considered to be a modfa (a metal tube) attached to a shaft. It fired round metal cannonballs and was used by the Arabs as early as the 12th-13th centuries. In the XIV century. firearms appeared in Western Europe and in Rus'. Since its inception, there has been constant improvement firearms as the most effective means of defeating the enemy. In the XVI century. the first samples of rifled weapons (pischal, fitting) were created. In the second half of the XIX century. rapid-fire, and then automatic weapons and mortars appeared. During the First World War, aviation and depth charges began to be used. During World War II, rocket launchers, guided projectiles (V-1) and ballistic missiles (V-2) were used for the first time.

Even the final departure into the past of relapses " cold war does not mean that military-political confrontation will be excluded from international practice. The rejection of ideological confrontation will not cancel geopolitical interests, as well as national priorities in the foreign policy of any state.

The global military threat to Russia comes and will come from countries possessing strategic nuclear weapons (USA, China, France, Great Britain, Pakistan). In turn, Russia, which possesses the same weapons, is a source of global military danger in relation to other countries of the world. At the same time, the military-strategic situation in the world shows that the potential military danger on a global scale is declining and has all the positive trends towards further reduction. weapons war ammunition radiation

Sources of potential regional danger for Russia and other neighboring countries are states bordering the territory of the former USSR in the south, which are capable of individually creating sufficiently powerful groupings of troops against their northern neighbors. In addition, the growing territorial and religious conflicts in the northwest and east of Russia serve as a source of regional military danger. At the same time, regional military threats of a different nature have been smoothed out to a certain extent by bilateral agreements and have practically not grown into a military threat to Russia, although they have a great explosive potential.

A brief analysis of the trends in the development of military-political relations between states and the sources of military danger shows that in the event of an unfavorable development, a sharp aggravation of the existing contradictions between Russia and the states of the near and far abroad is possible. This can lead to the emergence of armed conflicts (wars), different in their goals and scales.

Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is called damaging effect which is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during the chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of nuclei of light hydrogen isotopes.

It includes various nuclear weapons, means of their delivery to the target (carriers) and controls. Nuclear munitions include warheads of missiles and torpedoes, bombs, artillery shells, depth charges, mines (land mines). Carriers of nuclear weapons are aircraft, surface ships and submarines equipped with nuclear weapons and delivering them to the launch (firing) site. Distinguish also carriers of nuclear charges (missiles, torpedoes, shells, aircraft and depth bombs), delivering them directly to targets. The power of a nuclear munition is characterized by the TNT equivalent, which is equal to the mass of TNT, the explosion energy of which is equal to the explosion energy of a given nuclear munition. According to the TNT equivalent, nuclear munitions are divided into 5 groups: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and an electromagnetic pulse.

The shock wave is the main damaging factor in a nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures and buildings, as well as the defeat of people, are usually due to its impact. It is an area of ​​sharp compression of the medium, propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. The damaging effect of a shock wave is characterized by the amount of excess pressure - the difference between the maximum pressure in the front of the shock wave and the normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. With an excess pressure of 20-40 kPa, unprotected people can get light injuries (bruises and contusions). The impact of a shock wave with an overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to moderate injuries (loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears). Severe injuries occur when excess pressure exceeds 60 kPa. Extremely severe lesions are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and air. This radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. Its strength is such that it can cause burns to the skin and damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, as well as ignition of combustible materials and objects. Light radiation does not penetrate through opaque materials, so any obstruction that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates damage. Dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, snowfall significantly weaken light radiation.

Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10-15 s. Passing through living tissue, this radiation ionizes the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, biological processes occur in the body, leading to a violation of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation sickness. As a result of the passage of ionizing radiation through environmental materials, their intensity decreases. The weakening effect of materials is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e., such a thickness, passing through which the radiation intensity decreases by 2 times. For example, a layer of steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm weaken the intensity of gamma rays by 2 times. fully protected from it.

Radioactive contamination of the terrain, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At the same time, a high level of radiation can be observed not only in the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also at a distance of tens and even hundreds of kilometers from it. Radioactive contamination of the area can be dangerous for several weeks after the explosion.

An electromagnetic pulse is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted with the atoms of the environment. The consequence of its impact can be burnout and breakdowns of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment.

The most reliable means of protection against all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are protective structures. On open area and in the field, strong local objects, reverse slopes of heights and terrain folds can be used for shelter.

When operating in contaminated areas, special protective equipment should be used to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and open areas of the body from radioactive substances.

Chemical weapon

The action of these weapons is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals. The main components of these weapons are chemical warfare agents and their means of application, including the carriers used to deliver chemical munitions to targets.

According to the action on the body, combat toxic chemicals (BTCS) are divided into nerve-paralytic, blistering, asphyxiating, general poisonous, irritating and psychochemical.

Nerve-paralytic BTXVs (Vi-X, Sarin) affect the nervous system, acting on the body through the respiratory system, penetrating in a vaporous and drop-liquid state through the skin, and also entering the gastrointestinal tract along with food and water. Their resistance in summer is more than a day, and in winter for several weeks and even months.

Signs of damage by these substances are salivation, constriction of the pupils, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, paralysis.

A gas mask and protective clothing are used as personal protective equipment. To provide first aid to the affected person, they put on a gas mask and inject him with an antidote. If substances come into contact with the skin or clothing, the affected areas are treated with a liquid from an individual anti-chemical package (IPP).

BTXV blistering action (mustard gas) have a multilateral damaging effect. In the drop-liquid and vapor state, they affect the skin and eyes, when inhaled vapors - the respiratory tract and lungs, when ingested with food and water - the digestive organs. A characteristic feature of mustard gas is the presence of a period of latent action (the lesion is not detected immediately, but after a while - 2 hours or more). Signs of damage are reddening of the skin, the formation of small blisters, which then merge into large ones and burst after two or three days, turning into ulcers that are difficult to heal. With any local damage, these substances cause a general poisoning of the body, which manifests itself in fever, malaise. To protect against blistering BTXV, a gas mask and protective clothing must be used. If drops of a toxic substance come into contact with the skin or clothing, the affected areas are immediately treated with liquid from the PPI.

BTXV suffocating action (phosgene) affect the body through the respiratory system. Signs of defeat are a sweetish, unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness. After leaving the focus of infection, these phenomena disappear, and the victim feels normal for 4-6 hours, unaware of the lesion. During this period of latent action, pulmonary edema develops, which leads to a sharp deterioration in breathing, the appearance of a cough with copious sputum, headache, fever, shortness of breath, and palpitations. When providing assistance, a gas mask is put on the victim, they take him out of the infected area, cover him warmly and provide him with peace. In no case should artificial respiration be given to the affected person!

BTXV of general poisonous action (hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride) affect only when air contaminated with their vapors is inhaled (they do not act through the skin). Signs of damage are a metallic taste in the mouth, throat irritation, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, severe convulsions, paralysis. To protect against these substances, it is enough to use a gas mask. To help the victim, it is necessary to crush the ampoule with an antidote, introduce it under the helmet-mask of his gas mask. IN severe cases the victim is given artificial respiration, warmed up and sent to the medical center.

BTXV of irritating action (CS, CS, adamsite) cause acute burning and pain in the mouth, throat and eyes, severe lacrimation, cough, difficulty breathing.

BTXV psychochemical action (B-Z) have a specific effect on the central nervous system and cause mental (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) disorders. In case of damage by toxic substances of irritating and psychochemical action, it is necessary to treat the infected areas of the body with soapy water, rinse the eyes and nasopharynx thoroughly with clean water, and shake out the clothes or clean them with a brush.

bacteriological weapon

Biological weapons are intended for mass destruction of manpower, farm animals and crops. The damaging effect of these weapons is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, animals and agricultural plants. As bacterial agents, pathogens of various infectious diseases can be used: plague, anthrax, brucellosis, glanders, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fever, spring-summer encephalitis, typhus and typhoid fever, influenza, malaria, dysentery, smallpox and etc. In addition, botulinum toxin can be used, which causes severe poisoning of the human body. Along with the pathogens of anthrax and glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest and poultry viruses can be used to infect animals, and pathogens of cereal rust, late blight of potatoes and some other viruses can be used to infect agricultural plants. The disease of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of contaminated air, contact with microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, consumption of contaminated food and water, bites of infected insects and ticks, contact with contaminated objects, injury by fragments of ammunition filled with bacterial agents, as well as as a result of direct contact with sick people or animals. A number of diseases are quickly transmitted from sick people to healthy people and cause epidemics (plague, cholera, influenza, etc.).

The most characteristic features of bacteriological (biological) weapons are:

* the ability to cause massive infectious diseases in humans and animals when ingested in negligible amounts;

* the ability of many infectious diseases to quickly be transmitted from the patient to the healthy;

* long duration of action (for example, spore forms of anthrax microbes retain their damaging properties for several years);

* the presence of a latent (incubation) period of the disease;

* the ability of contaminated air to penetrate into various non-sealed rooms and infect people and animals in them.

As a result of the use of biological weapons and the spread of pathogenic bacteria on the ground, zones of biological contamination and foci of biological damage can form. If at least one of the signs of the use of biological weapons is detected, it is necessary to immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust fabric mask) and skin protection. After that, you should take cover in a protective structure. To ensure protection against biological weapons, it is of great importance to carry out anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures in advance, as well as strict adherence to personal hygiene rules.

non-lethal weapons

Military experts note that in the last decade, when developing the concept modern wars, in the countries of the NATO bloc, more and more importance is attached to the creation of fundamentally new types of weapons. Its distinguishing feature is the damaging effect on people, which, as a rule, does not lead to death in those affected.

This type includes weapons that are capable of neutralizing or depriving the enemy of the opportunity to conduct active hostilities without significant irretrievable losses of manpower and destruction of material values.

Possible weapons based on new physical principles, primarily non-lethal, include:

laser weapons;

electromagnetic pulse weapons;

sources of incoherent light;

means of electronic warfare;

microwave weapon;

Meteorological, geophysical weapons;

infrasonic weapons;

biotechnological means;

new generation chemical weapons;

means of information warfare;

psychotropic weapons;

parapsychological methods;

precision weapons new generation (smart munitions);

Biological weapons of a new generation (including psychotropic drugs).

New means of armed struggle, according to military experts, will be used not so much for conducting military operations, but to deprive the enemy of the possibility of active resistance by destroying his most important economic and infrastructure facilities, destroying the information and energy space, and disturbing the mental state of the population. . As the experience of the war unleashed by the countries of the NATO bloc against Yugoslavia in 1999 showed, this result can be achieved by the widespread use of special operations, air and sea-based cruise missile strikes, as well as the massive use of electronic warfare.

beam weapon

Beam weapons are a set of devices (generators) whose damaging effect is based on the use of highly directed beams of electromagnetic energy or a concentrated beam of elementary particles accelerated to high speeds. One of the types of beam weapons is based on the use of lasers, another type is a beam (accelerator) weapon. Lasers are powerful emitters of electromagnetic energy in the optical range - "quantum optical generators".

The damaging effect of the laser beam is achieved as a result of heating the materials of the object to high temperatures, leading to their melting and even evaporation, damage to supersensitive elements, damage to the organs of vision and causing thermal burns to the skin of a person. The action of the laser beam is distinguished by secrecy (the absence of external signs in the form of fire, smoke, sound), high accuracy, straightness of propagation, and almost instantaneous action.

The use of lasers with the greatest efficiency can be achieved in outer space for the destruction of intercontinental ballistic missiles and artificial Earth satellites, as provided for in the American "star wars" plans. Laser weapons, according to experts, can be used to destroy the organs of vision in a tactical combat zone.

A variation of the beam weapon is the accelerating weapon. The damaging factor of accelerating weapons is a high-precision, highly directed beam of charged or neutral particles (electrons, protons, neutral hydrogen atoms) saturated with energy, accelerated to high speeds. Accelerating weapons are also called beam weapons.

The objects of destruction can be, first of all, artificial satellites Earth, intercontinental, ballistic and cruise missiles of various types, as well as various types of ground weapons and military equipment. A very vulnerable element of these objects is electronic equipment. The possibility of intensive irradiation of enemy manpower by accelerating weapons is not ruled out. According to American sources, there is a possibility of intensive irradiation of large areas of the earth's surface (hundreds of square kilometers), which will lead to massive destruction of people and other biological objects located on them.

Meteorological (climatic) weapons

Meteorological weapons were used during the Vietnam War in the form of seeding supercooled clouds with silver iodide microcrystals. The purpose of this type of weapon is to purposefully influence the weather in order to reduce the enemy's ability to meet his needs for food and other types of agricultural products.

Climate weapons are means of influence for military purposes on the local or global climate of the planet and are intended for long-term changes in the characteristic weather patterns in certain territories. Even small climate changes can seriously affect the economy and living conditions of entire regions - a decrease in the yield of the most important agricultural crops, a sharp increase in the incidence of the population.

At present, methods (by conducting underground explosions) of artificial initiation of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami waves, descents are theoretically substantiated. snow avalanches, mudflows and landslides, others natural Disasters capable of causing mass casualties among the population. From a military point of view, ozone weapons are effective. Its use leads to the depletion of the ozone layer and increases the intensity of ultraviolet irradiation of the Earth's surface. This causes an increase in the incidence of skin cancer, snow blindness, and reduces crop yields.

List of used literature

1. Civil defense: ed. N.P. Olovyanishnikova - M.: Higher school, 1979.

2. Kammerer Yu.Yu. Protective structures of civil defense - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1985

3. 3) The Effects of Nuclear Weapon, Samuel Glasston, Philip Dolan, 1977

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Nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons: general characteristics, history of development, testing, destruction, nature of the effect on the human body, means of protection. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. New types of weapons of mass destruction.

Weapons appeared in the history of mankind in primitive society. Prehistoric warriors were armed with clubs, wooden spears with tips made of bone or stone, bows, stone axes. Then came bronze and iron swords, spears with metal tips. With the discovery of gunpowder, firearms were invented. One of the first examples of such a weapon is considered to be a modfa (a metal tube) attached to a shaft. It fired round metal cannonballs and was used by the Arabs as early as the 12th-13th centuries. In the XIV century. firearms appeared in Western Europe and in Rus'. Since its inception, firearms have been constantly improved as the most effective means of defeating the enemy. In the XVI century. the first samples of rifled weapons (pischal, fitting) were created. In the second half of the XIX century. rapid-fire, and then automatic weapons and mortars appeared. During the First World War, aviation and depth charges began to be used. During World War II, rocket launchers, guided projectiles (V-1) and ballistic missiles (V-2) were used for the first time.

The era of great discoveries in nuclear physics (late 19th - early 20th centuries) caused the emergence of a new weapon of enormous destructive power based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes. The first test of the new weapon was made by the United States of America on July 16, 1945 in the state of New Mexico at a special training ground. This weapon was used by the United States at the end of World War II against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hiroshima was atomically bombed on August 6, 1945, and Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. As a result of these bombings, a significant part of Hiroshima was destroyed, more than 140 thousand people died and were injured, almost a third of buildings and structures were destroyed in Nagasaki, and people were killed and wounded about 75 thousand inhabitants.

At present, weapons of mass destruction (nuclear, chemical, and bacteriological) and conventional weapons are distinguished from all existing means of destruction according to the degree of their impact on the enemy's manpower, equipment, and weapons.

Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei of some uranium and plutonium isotopes or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of nuclei of light hydrogen isotopes.

It includes various nuclear weapons, means of their delivery to the target (carriers) and controls. Nuclear munitions include warheads of missiles and torpedoes, bombs, artillery shells, depth charges, mines (land mines). Carriers of nuclear weapons are aircraft, surface ships and submarines equipped with nuclear weapons and delivering them to the launch (firing) site. Distinguish also carriers of nuclear charges (missiles, torpedoes, shells, aircraft and depth bombs), delivering them directly to targets. The power of a nuclear weapon is characterized TNT equivalent, which is equal to the mass of TNT, the explosion energy of which is equal to the energy of the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. According to the TNT equivalent, nuclear munitions are divided into 5 groups: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (10-100 kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt), extra-large (over 1 Mt).

The damaging factors of nuclearexplosion are shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and electromagnetic pulse.

shock wave- the main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion, since most of the destruction and damage to structures and buildings, as well as the defeat of people, are usually due to its impact. It is an area of ​​sharp compression of the medium, propagating in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called front shock wave. The damaging effect of a shock wave is characterized by the magnitude of excess pressure - the difference between the maximum pressure in the front of the shock wave and the normal atmospheric pressure in front of it. With an overpressure of 20-40 kPa, unprotected people can get light injuries (bruises and contusions). Exposure to a shock wave with an overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to moderate injuries (loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears). Severe injuries occur when excess pressure exceeds 60 kPa. Extremely severe lesions are observed at excess pressure over 100 kPa.

light emission- a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and air. This radiation propagates almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. Its strength is such that it can cause burns to the skin and damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people, as well as ignition of combustible materials and objects. Light radiation does not penetrate through opaque materials, so any obstruction that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and eliminates damage. Dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, snowfall significantly weaken light radiation.

penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons. It lasts 10–15 s. Passing through living tissue, this radiation ionizes the molecules that make up the cells. Under the influence of ionization, biological processes occur in the body, leading to a violation of the vital functions of individual organs and the development of radiation sickness. As a result of the passage of ionizing radiation through environmental materials, their intensity decreases. The weakening effect of materials is usually characterized by a layer of half attenuation, i.e., such a thickness, passing through which the radiation intensity decreases by 2 times. For example, a layer of steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm weaken the intensity of gamma rays by 2 times. fully protected from it.

radioactive contamination terrain, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At the same time, a high level of radiation can be observed not only in the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also at a distance of tens and even hundreds of kilometers from it. Radioactive contamination of the area can be dangerous for several weeks after the explosion.

electromagnetic pulse- this is a short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted in this case with the atoms of the environment. The consequence of its impact can be burnout and breakdowns of individual elements of radio-electronic and electrical equipment.

The most reliable means of protection against all damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are protective structures. In open areas and in the field, you can use durable local objects, reverse slopes of heights and terrain folds for shelter.

When operating in contaminated areas, special protective equipment should be used to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and open areas of the body from radioactive substances.

Chemical weapon

The action of these weapons is based on the toxic properties of certain chemicals. The main components of these weapons are chemical warfare agents and their means of application, including the carriers used to deliver chemical munitions to targets.

According to the action on the body, combat toxic chemicals (BTCS) are divided into nerve-paralytic, blistering, asphyxiating, general poisonous, irritating and psychochemical.

BTXV nerve agent(Vi-X, sarin) affect the nervous system, acting on the body through the respiratory system, penetrating in a vaporous and drop-liquid state through the skin, and also getting into the gastrointestinal tract along with food and water. Their resistance in summer is more than a day, and in winter for several weeks and even months.

Signs of damage by these substances are salivation, constriction of the pupils, difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, paralysis.

Used as personal protective equipment mask And protective clothing. To provide first aid to the affected person, they put on a gas mask and inject him with an antidote. If substances come into contact with the skin or clothing, the affected areas are treated with a liquid from an individual anti-chemical package (IPP).

BTXV blister action(mustard gas) have a multilateral damaging effect. In the drop-liquid and vapor state, they affect the skin and eyes, when inhaled vapors - the respiratory tract and lungs, when ingested with food and water - the digestive organs. A characteristic feature of mustard gas is the presence of a period of latent action (the lesion is not detected immediately, but after a while - 2 hours or more). Signs of damage are reddening of the skin, the formation of small blisters, which then merge into large ones and burst after two or three days, turning into ulcers that are difficult to heal. With any local damage, these substances cause a general poisoning of the body, which manifests itself in fever, malaise. To protect against blistering BTXV, a gas mask and protective clothing must be used. If drops of a toxic substance come into contact with the skin or clothing, the affected areas are immediately treated with liquid from the PPI.

BTXV choke action(phosgene) affect the body through the respiratory system. Signs of defeat are a sweetish, unpleasant aftertaste in the mouth, cough, dizziness, general weakness. After leaving the focus of infection, these phenomena disappear, and the victim feels normal for 4–6 hours, unaware of the lesion. During this period of latent action, pulmonary edema develops, which leads to a sharp deterioration in breathing, the appearance of a cough with copious sputum, headache, fever, shortness of breath, and palpitations. When providing assistance, a gas mask is put on the victim, they take him out of the infected area, cover him warmly and provide him with peace. In no case should artificial respiration be given to the affected person!

BTXV of general toxic action(hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride) affect only when inhaled air contaminated with their vapors (they do not act through the skin). Signs of damage are a metallic taste in the mouth, throat irritation, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, severe convulsions, paralysis. To protect against these substances, it is enough to use a gas mask. To help the victim, it is necessary to crush the ampoule with an antidote, introduce it under the helmet-mask of his gas mask. In severe cases, the victim is given artificial respiration, warmed up and sent to a medical center.

BTXV irritant(SI-ES, SI-Ar, adamsite) cause acute burning and pain in the mouth, throat and eyes, severe lacrimation, cough, difficulty breathing.

BTXV psychochemical action(B-Z) have a specific effect on the central nervous system and cause mental (hallucinations, fear, depression) or physical (blindness, deafness) disorders. In case of damage by toxic substances of irritating and psychochemical action, it is necessary to treat the infected areas of the body with soapy water, rinse the eyes and nasopharynx thoroughly with clean water, and shake out the clothes or clean them with a brush.

bacteriological weapon

Biological weapons are intended for mass destruction of manpower, farm animals and crops. The damaging effect of these weapons is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms - the causative agents of diseases in humans, animals and agricultural plants. As bacterial agents, pathogens of various infectious diseases can be used: plague, anthrax, brucellosis, glanders, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fever, spring-summer encephalitis, typhus and typhoid fever, influenza, malaria, dysentery, smallpox and etc. In addition, botulinum toxin can be used, which causes severe poisoning of the human body. Along with the pathogens of anthrax and glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest and fowl viruses can be used to infect animals, and pathogens of cereal rust, late blight of potatoes and some other viruses can be used to infect agricultural plants. The disease of people and animals occurs as a result of inhalation of contaminated air, contact with microbes or toxins on the mucous membrane and damaged skin, consumption of contaminated food and water, bites of infected insects and ticks, contact with contaminated objects, injury by fragments of ammunition filled with bacterial agents, as well as as a result of direct contact with sick people or animals. A number of diseases are quickly transmitted from sick people to healthy people and cause epidemics (plague, cholera, influenza, etc.).

Most characteristic features of bacteriological (biological) weapons are:

The ability to cause massive infectious diseases in humans and animals when ingested in negligible amounts;

The ability of many infectious diseases to quickly be transmitted from the sick to the healthy;

Long duration of action (for example, spore forms of anthrax microbes retain their damaging properties for several years);

The presence of a latent (incubation) period of the disease;

The ability of contaminated air to penetrate into various non-pressurized rooms and infect people and animals in them.

As a result of the use of biological weapons and the spread of pathogenic bacteria on the ground, zones of biological contamination and foci of biological damage can form. If at least one of the signs of the use of biological weapons is detected, it is necessary to immediately put on a gas mask (respirator, anti-dust fabric mask) and skin protection. After that, you should take cover in a protective structure. To ensure protection against biological weapons, it is of great importance to carry out anti-epidemic and sanitary-hygienic measures in advance, as well as strict adherence to personal hygiene rules.

Conventional means of destruction

Conventional weapons are based on the use of the energy of explosives and incendiary mixtures. It includes artillery, rocket and aviation ammunition, small arms, land mines, mines and other means. The most common munitions that can be used to bombard cities and towns are fragmentation, high-explosive and ball bombs, volume explosion munitions, incendiary mixtures and compositions.

fragmentation bombs used to kill people and animals. When such a bomb explodes, a large number of fragments are formed, which scatter in different directions at a distance of up to 300 m from the explosion site. Fragments do not break through brick and wooden walls.

high-explosive aerial bombs designed to destroy all kinds of structures. Compared to nuclear weapons, their destructive power is small. Unexploded bombs pose a great danger. Most often, they have delayed fuses that fire automatically some time after the bomb is dropped.

ball bombs they are equipped with a huge number (from several hundred to several thousand) of lethal elements (balls, needles, arrows, etc.) weighing up to several grams. Ball bombs ranging in size from tennis to soccer ball can contain up to 300 metal or plastic balls with a diameter of 5–6 mm. The destructive radius of such a bomb is up to 15 m.

Volumetric explosion ammunition dropped from the aircraft in the form of cassettes. The cassette contains three ammunition containing about 35 kg of liquid ethylene oxide each. Ammunition is separated in the air. When they hit the ground, a fuse is triggered, which ensures the spread of liquid and the formation of a gas cloud with a diameter of about 15 m and a height of about 2.5 m. This cloud is undermined by a special delayed action device. The main damaging factor of such ammunition is a shock wave propagating at supersonic speed, the power of which is 4-6 times higher than the explosion energy of a conventional explosive.

incendiary weapons It is subdivided into incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm), metallized incendiary mixtures, thermite compositions, white porcelain. The means of using incendiary weapons may be aerial bombs, cassettes, artillery incendiary ammunition, flamethrowers. These mixtures and compounds, getting on exposed skin, clothes, cause very severe burns and burnouts. In the process of burning these products, the air quickly heats up, which leads to burns of the respiratory tract. In addition, the use of incendiaries causes massive fires.

precision weapons the most modern form of conventional weapons. It includes fire and strike weapons that use guided and homing ammunition and missiles capable of hitting targets from the first shot or launch. High accuracy of destruction is achieved by pointing ammunition and missiles at a visually observed target, homing by reflection from the radar surface of the target, and combined guidance.

Concluding the consideration of the issue of modern weapons, it should be noted that, despite the positive changes taking place in the world to reduce the likelihood of a large-scale war against Russia, the threat to the national security of the country in the military sphere remains. The most real threat is posed by hotbeds of local wars and armed conflicts near the state borders of the Russian Federation.

A serious threat is posed by the proliferation of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, their production technologies and means of delivery to countries adjacent to Russia or regions close to it.

At the same time, the range of threats associated with international terrorism is expanding, including the possible use by terrorists of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction. Therefore, the task of ensuring the security of the rear of the country and the population from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions remains relevant.

MEANS AND METHODS OF ARMED COMBAT IN A MILITARY CONFLICT

I.A. GRIGURKO, V.L. Kalmanovich

International humanitarian law (IHL) contains rules that establish restrictions on the conduct of hostilities, the purpose of which is to prevent or reduce the destructive effect of armed struggle. These rules limiting violence in time of war must be fully applied in all situations governed by international humanitarian law. The law does not allow any derogation from it under the pretext of military necessity.
On December 19, 1968, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 2444 entitled "Respect for Human Rights in Times of Armed Conflict", which reaffirmed the three essential principles of international humanitarian law, which, as stated in the text, must be respected by all governments and other groups taking part in armed conflict. These three principles can be formulated as follows: the right of the parties to the conflict to choose the means to inflict damage on the enemy is not unlimited; it is forbidden to attack the civilian population as such; a distinction should always be made between persons taking part in hostilities and civilians in order to endanger the latter as little as possible.
The means of conducting an armed struggle are weapons and other military equipment used by the armed forces of the belligerents to destroy the enemy's manpower and materiel, to suppress his forces and ability to resist. The methods of conducting armed struggle are the order, all kinds of ways to use the means of conducting armed conflicts for the indicated purposes.
According to Art. 35 Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 prohibits the use of weapons, projectiles, substances and methods of warfare capable of causing unnecessary injury or unnecessary suffering or making the death of the combatants inevitable, as well as leading to mass destruction and senseless destruction of property.
This rule prohibits the use of weapons and ammunition that cause damage that is not necessary to achieve the stated military goal, i.e. superfluous, since the task can be accomplished by other - less cruel - methods, such damage is disproportionate to the goals. It is in this sense that the St. Petersburg Declaration (1868) forbade the use of explosive or incendiary ammunition, and the first Hague Peace Conference (1899) outlawed the use of dum-dum bullets, poisons and poisoned weapons. (Even in antiquity, Roman jurists proclaimed the rule that war is waged with weapons and not with poison.) A specially adopted declaration stated that the contracting powers undertook not to use projectiles whose sole purpose was to spread asphyxiating or harmful gases. The provisions of this declaration subsequently received their further development and consolidation in the IV Hague Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land of 1907, as well as in the Geneva Protocol on the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Similar Gases and Bacteriological Agents of 1925.
Provisions prohibiting the use of chemical weapons in war conditions (which were not violated during the Second World War and became a customary norm) are also contained in a number of other international legal instruments (in particular, in the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use chemical weapons and their destruction, January 13, 1993).
Prohibited means of warfare are bacteriological (biological) weapons, the action of which is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms capable of causing epidemics of such dangerous diseases as plague, cholera, typhoid, etc.
Protocol I contains a special rule prohibiting the illegal use of the distinctive emblems of the Red Cross, the United Nations, as well as flags, emblems, uniforms of neutral countries or states not participating in the conflict (Article 38). The use of emblems for other purposes is reprehensible not only because it can have adverse consequences for a particular enemy soldier, but also because such actions generally undermine the credibility of the emblem. There is a danger that after that the emblem will not be respected even when it is used legally. For this reason, the perfidious use of the distinctive emblem may, under certain circumstances, be considered a serious breach of Protocol I, i.e. How war crime(Art. 85.3(f)). The same provisions prohibit the misuse of the UN emblem, the perfidious use of which is also punishable.
Thus, it can be stated that:
1. International humanitarian law contains rules establishing restrictions on the conduct of hostilities, the purpose of which is to prevent or reduce the destructive effect of armed struggle.
2. All governments and other groups taking part in an armed conflict must respect the three essential principles of international humanitarian law: the right of parties to a conflict to choose means to harm the enemy is not unlimited; it is forbidden to attack the civilian population as such; a distinction should always be made between persons taking part in hostilities and civilians in order to endanger the latter as little as possible.

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16. Modern means of armed struggle. Affecting factors modern species weapons.

CLASSIFICATION OF MODERN WEAPONS

According to the scale and nature of the damaging effect, modern weapons are divided into:

1.Weapon of mass destruction:

Chemical

Bacteriological (biological)

2. Conventional weapons,

including:

cluster munitions

precision weapons

Volumetric explosion ammunition

incendiary mixtures

3. Weapons based on new physical principles:

laser weapons

Beam weapon

microwave weapons

4.Non-lethal weapons.

5. Genetic weapon.

6.Ethnic weapons.

7. Information weapons, etc.

Nuclear weapons A weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a nuclear explosion is called.

Nuclear weapons are based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of isotopes of uranium-235, plutonium-239 or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light hydrogen isotope nuclei (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones.

These weapons include various nuclear munitions (warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aircraft and depth charges, artillery shells and mines) equipped with nuclear chargers, means of controlling them and delivering them to the target.

The main part of a nuclear weapon is a nuclear charge containing a nuclear explosive (NAE) - uranium-235 or plutonium-239.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

During the explosion of a nuclear weapon, a huge amount of energy is released in millionths of a second. The temperature rises to several million degrees, and the pressure reaches billions of atmospheres.

The main damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are:

1. shock wave - 50% of the energy of the explosion;

2. light radiation - 30-35% of the energy of the explosion;

3. penetrating radiation - 8-10% of the energy of the explosion;

4. radioactive contamination - 3-5% of the energy of the explosion;

5. electromagnetic pulse - 0.5-1% of the energy of the explosion.

Chemical weapon These are poisonous substances and the means of delivering them to the target.

Poisonous substances are toxic (poisonous) chemical compounds that affect people and animals, infect the air, terrain, water bodies and various objects on the ground. Some toxins are designed to kill plants. The means of delivery include artillery chemical projectiles and mines (VAP), warheads of missiles in chemical equipment, chemical land mines, checkers, grenades and cartridges.

Poisonous substances can have various states of aggregation (vapor, aerosol, liquid) and affect people through the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract, or when they come into contact with the skin.

According to the physiological action, agents are divided into groups :

1) Nerve agents - tabun, sarin, soman, VX. They cause disorders of the functions of the nervous system, muscle cramps, paralysis and death;

2) Agent of blistering action - mustard gas, lewisite.

3) OS of general toxic action – hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride. The defeat through the respiratory system and when it enters the gastrointestinal tract with water and food.

4) OV suffocating action– phosgene. It affects the body through the respiratory system. In the period of latent action, pulmonary edema develops.

5) OV psychochemical action - BZ. It strikes through the respiratory system. Violates coordination of movements, causes hallucinations and mental disorders;

6) Irritant agents - chloroacetophenone, adamsite, CS (Ci-Es), CR (Ci-Ar). Causes respiratory and eye irritation;

Biological weapons (BW)- These are special ammunition and combat devices with delivery vehicles, equipped with biological means.

BO is a weapon of mass destruction of people, farm animals and plants, the action of which is based on the use of the pathogenic properties of microorganisms and their metabolic products - toxins.

The causative agents of plague, cholera, anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, glanders and smallpox, psittacosis, yellow fever, foot and mouth disease, Venezuelan, western and eastern American encephalomyelitis, epidemic typhus, KU fever, rocky spotted fever can be used as BO. mountains and fever tsutsugamushi, coccidioidomycosis, nocardiosis, histoplasmosis, etc.

The main uses of BO are as follows:

a) aerosol - contamination of surface air by spraying liquid or dry biological formulations;

b) transmissible - dispersion in the target area of ​​artificially infected blood-sucking vectors;

c) sabotage method - contamination of air, water, food with the help of sabotage equipment.

Conventional means of attack, precision weapons.

The main role of the carrier of conventional weapons is played by aviation as the most mobile component of the entire NATO military machine. Their aircraft are equipped with high-precision guided weapons - air-to-ground missiles, guided aerial bombs (conventional aerial bombs, high-explosive, armor-piercing, cumulative, concrete-piercing, incendiary, volumetric explosions, etc.).

The usual types of modern weapons also include volume explosion ammunition. The damaging factors of volumetric explosion ammunition are the shock wave, thermal and toxic effects. Buildings, structures, buried objects can be destroyed as a result of the action of a shock wave, as well as leakage of a gas-air mixture (DHW) into inlets, air supply channels, communications, followed by detonation of the DHW.

Topic Modern means of armed struggle and their influence on the methods of protecting the population in wartime Educational questions: 1. Classification of modern means of destruction. 2. The main damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction.

Literature: 1. the federal law dated 09. 01. 1996 No. 3 "On radiation safety of the population" . 2. Federal Law of 02.05.1997 No. 76 "On the destruction of chemical weapons". 3. Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52 "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" . 4. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 537 of 2009 "The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation". 5. Radiation safety standards (NRB-99/2009). 6. "Modern means of destruction" Textbook, St. Petersburg UMTs GOChS and PB, 2010

At the present stage, the potential danger of unleashing direct aggression against Russia has been significantly reduced. At the same time, there is a potential danger of unleashing local, regional wars, which, under certain conditions, can develop into large-scale aggression against the Russian Federation. The events of the last decade confirm the fact that the United States and a number of states Western Europe they are trying to solve economic and political tasks by military means and, having enlisted the support of the United Nations, they are carrying out successful massive operations with a large-scale involvement of forces and the latest technical means. Russia is rich in natural and human resources, saturated with nuclear power plants and military installations, and all this is of undoubted interest to a number of militarily strong states of the world.

The confrontation can lead to war, including the use of weapons of mass destruction. In this case, in the course of large-scale hostilities, many centers of nuclear, chemical, biological and combined destruction can be formed. At the same time, the source of emergency situations of a military nature will be modern conventional means of destruction with a high probability of using weapons of mass destruction. On the other hand, it must be emphasized that in recent years decisions have been made to reduce nuclear potentials and ban chemical weapons, which reduces the potential adversary's ability to use weapons of mass destruction. At the same time, due to the trend in the global spread of nuclear and other types of WMD, today it is still impossible to completely exclude their selective and limited in time and scale use (including unauthorized use).

THE SYSTEM OF AMERICAN MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE WORLD Conventions- main operating bases - forward operating points - forward floating points

THE THREAT FROM THE PART OF THE USA According to the program "Unified Perspective" it is envisaged: 1. Deployment by the USA of all the latest weapon systems: a) transition to a new space-based command and control system; b) deployment of a strategic aerospace group; c) creation of a layered national missile defense system; d) construction of new submarines (killers submarines adversary); e) modernization of existing SSBNs with the replacement of ballistic missiles with cruise missiles.

E) the deployment of precision weapons, primarily cruise missiles in excess of 100,000; g) creation of new types of WMD: ultra-low-yield nuclear warheads (0.8-5 kt) with deep penetration, up to 50 meters. To defeat the command post and missile silos. 2. Adoption of various types of (non-lethal) weapons, including psychotropic and weapons based on new physical principles

CONSEQUENCES OF NATO'S EAST EXPANSION. Russia cannot but take into account the consequences of NATO's expansion to the east: 1. The entry into the NATO bloc of armies - Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and the process of expansion continues; 2. Expansion of the bloc's area of ​​responsibility by 650-700 km to the east, use of the airfields of new NATO members and their military infrastructure, which ensures the operation of front-line aviation against the objects of the European part of Russia up to the Arkhangelsk-Smolensk-Bryansk-Kursk line; 3. The possibility of deploying large military groups on the territory of countries - new members of NATO; 4. The possibility of deploying tactical nuclear weapons and high-precision weapons near the borders of Russia, especially for their use with the help of front-line aviation.

CHINA AND APR COUNTRIES China's influence will grow in the Asia-Pacific region. The growth of economic power will be accompanied by an increase in its military potential. Already, China has begun a large-scale re-equipment of its armed forces with more modern weapons of the 4th generation and the modernization of the Strategic Nuclear Forces. However, China is unlikely to agree to play the role of a junior partner with the US, especially since the problem of Taiwan remains in their relationship. In connection with the latest agreements, for the next 30 years, China is one of the main foreign economic, and, possibly, strategic partners of Russia.

THE FORMER REPUBLIC OF THE USSR The admission of the Baltic states to NATO poses a particular potential threat to Russia's security. In the future, this may mean its actual military-political displacement from Baltic Sea. The military actions of the United States and its allies in Yugoslavia and the large-scale aggression against Iraq, bypassing the UN Security Council, the use of modern weapons, air strikes not only on military facilities, but also on government infrastructure, which caused numerous civilian casualties, serve as a clear warning to Russia on future. All this means that over the next decade, reliance on military force will be of decisive importance in the conduct of the foreign policy of the United States and its allies. There is a desire to create a semi-circle of hostile states, including the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and later other CIS countries.

THE TREND IN THE CHARACTER OF ARMED FIGHT. It can be foreseen that in the coming years the main threat to Russia's military security will be posed by possible local wars in the Caucasus, throughout the unstable South, and in Central Asia. In possible military conflicts in the next 10 years, the nature of armed struggle will change dramatically. As a result of the increasing possibilities for the massive use by a potential adversary of high-tech weapons, primarily conventional high-precision and information weapons, Russia is already in danger of receiving unacceptable damage to its economic infrastructure. The retreat to the background of nuclear war is being replaced by regional and local wars with the use of conventional high-precision weapons. The main content of such wars and conflicts will not be confrontation between ground groups, but exchanges of massive precision targeted strikes against economic targets throughout the territory of the belligerents. This will entail the disorganization of the system of state and military administration, the destruction of the missile defense system of the troops of the opposing sides.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PRIORITY DAMAGE OF OBJECTS OF THE REAR OBJECTS FIRST PRIORITY OBJECTS 1. Control posts 2. Control stations, broadcasting stations, television centers 3. Railway junctions 4. Railway bridges (main railway directions) 5. 6. 7. THIRD PRIORITY 1. 2. 3. 4. SECOND PRIORITY Road bridges of federal highways Sea (river) ports, bases, airports, spaceports Pumping stations of main pipelines Warehouses of state reserves Nuclear power plants Hydroelectric power plants Thermal power plants 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Power transmission line substations Fuel and lubricants warehouses, oil depots

Weapons - devices and means used in armed struggle to defeat and destroy enemy manpower, equipment and structures Means of direct destruction Means of delivery to the target Devices (devices) for control and guidance Classification features: 1. By the scale of the damaging effect Conventional weapons Weapons of mass destruction

2. By energy sources and type of impact Firearms Reactive Nuclear Mine-explosive Chemical Biological

4. By types of armed forces and types of troops

Weapons of destruction Weapons of mass destruction Conventional weapons Nuclear weapons Incendiary weapons Chemical weapons Precision weapons Bacteriological (biological) weapons Volume explosion munitions

1. Nuclear weapons. 2. Chemical weapons. 3. Biological weapons. The weapons of mass destruction include: Nuclear weapons include various nuclear munitions (warheads of missiles, aerial bombs, artillery shells, mines) and their means of delivery. The device of a nuclear weapon is shown in fig. During the explosion of a nuclear weapon, an enormous amount of energy is released in millionths of a second, under the influence of which the temperature in the reaction zone rises to several million degrees, and the pressure reaches several billion atmospheres. Due to this, a powerful shock wave and light radiation are formed. Nuclear transformations produce a stream of neutrons and gamma weapons. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) are weapons of great lethality designed to inflict mass casualties and destruction. In addition, it has a strong moral and psychological impact on people. WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

Nuclear weapon Historical reference The first atomic bomb was made in the USA by the middle of 1945; The work on the creation of the bomb was led by Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967). First Soviet atomic bomb was blown up in 1949 near the city of Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan).

Nuclear Weapons: Tests Countries possessing nuclear weapons tested them at special test sites remote from densely populated areas: the former USSR - near Semipalatinsk and on the island of Novaya Zemlya nuclear test site on Novaya Zemlya was created in 1954. It was here that the majority (94% in terms of power) of nuclear tests of the USSR took place. The atmosphere of the planet received the most terrible blow on October 30, 1961: on that day, a hydrogen bomb with a capacity of 58 Mt was detonated. Near Semipalatinsk for 1949 -1962. carried out 124 ground, atmospheric and underground explosions.

Nuclear weapons On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States of America dropped nuclear bombs on the peaceful Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, about 300 thousand people died. This is how nuclear weapons were born. A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of light nuclei - hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example nuclei of helium isotopes . It includes: Nuclear weapons. Means of delivery (carriers). Controls. Neutron reflector

Nuclear weapons On August 6 and 9, 1945, the United States of America dropped nuclear bombs on the peaceful Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As a result, about 300 thousand people died. This is how nuclear weapons were born. A nuclear weapon is a weapon whose destructive effect is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear fusion reactions of light nuclei - hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example nuclei of helium isotopes . It includes: Nuclear weapons. Means of delivery (carriers). Controls. Neutron reflector

Nuclear munitions Nuclear munitions are called munitions filled with nuclear warheads. The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body; nuclear charge; automation system. Nuclear charges are devices designed to carry out a nuclear explosion. They can be of two classes: atomic (nuclear); thermonuclear. Nuclear weapons use the nuclear fission reaction of heavy elements (uranium, plutonium - a fissile substance). Nuclear ammunition (Fig. 1) can be of two types: 1. Cannon type. 2. Implosive type. fissile material (uranium, plutonium)

Electric detonator Conventional explosive Neutron reflector fissile material (uranium, plutonium) Neutron source Casing Fig. 1 Design of nuclear munitions Thermonuclear munitions use the reaction of combination (synthesis) of nuclei of light elements (deuterium and tritium). In the explosion of an atomic (nuclear) charge (the initiator of the compound reaction), tritium enters into a compound reaction with deuterium. In the explosion of 1 g of a mixture of deuterium and tritium, the same amount of energy is released as in the explosion of 80 tons of TNT, that is, 4 times more than in the explosion of an atomic charge.

Rice. 2 The design of thermonuclear munitions The power of a nuclear munition is characterized by TNT equivalent - this is such a mass of TNT, the explosion energy of which is equal to the energy of a given nuclear explosion. According to the power of the explosion, nuclear weapons are divided into five groups: 1. Ultra-small - up to 1 kiloton (kt). 2. Small - from 1 to 10 ct. 3. Medium - from 10 to 100 kt. 4. Large - from 100 kg to 1 megaton (Mt). 5. Super-large - from 1 Mt. and higher.

A neutron munition (Fig. 3) is a small-sized thermonuclear charge with a power of no more than 10 kt, in which the main part of the energy is released due to the fusion reactions of deuterium and tritium nuclei, and the amount of energy obtained as a result of the fission of heavy nuclei is minimal, but sufficient to start synthesis reactions. Figure 3. Arrangement of a neutron munition For a neutron munition at the same distance from the epicenter of the explosion, the dose of penetrating radiation is approximately 5-10 times greater than for a fission charge of the same power. Delivery vehicles (carriers) are special military equipment capable of carrying nuclear weapons to targets. These include: missiles various types; aviation (bombs); artillery (shells mines); torpedoes; engineering mines (nuclear land mines).

Types of nuclear explosions (Fig. 4 - 8) Fig. 4 Air (B) - produced in the air at a height at which the luminous area does not touch the surface of the earth (water). It is used to destroy air and ground targets. Ground (H) - produced above the ground, while the luminous area touches the surface of the earth and has the shape of an incomplete ball. It is used to destroy underground and solid ground targets, as well as to contaminate the area with radioactive substances. Surface (NA) - is made above the water, while the luminous area touches the surface of the water. It is used to destroy surface targets and coastal structures. Underground (P) - produced underground (at a certain depth) with the release of a huge amount of earth. The luminous area may not be observed. It is used to destroy especially strong underground structures and create barriers.

Underwater (PV) - produced under water (at a certain depth). The luminous area may not be observed. It is used to destroy underwater and surface targets, hydraulic structures. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are the processes and phenomena that occur during a nuclear explosion and determine its damaging effect. The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion Air shock wave Radioactive contamination Light radiation Electromagnetic pulse Penetrating radiation

The shock wave of a nuclear explosion is an area of ​​strong air compression that propagates in all directions at high speed (more than 330 m/s or 1200 km/h). The source of the shock wave is high pressure due to the high temperature (several million degrees) in the luminous region of a nuclear explosion. The duration of the shock wave is up to 5 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of the shock wave: 1. Overpressure (ΔРf) - this is the difference between the pressure in the shock wave and the environment (atmospheric pressure) - kgf / cm 2. air velocity in the shock wave. 3. Overpressure time (τ).

The damaging effect of the shock wave consists in the instantaneous compression of the human body by excessive pressure, and then its sharp throwing it to the side with a high-speed pressure. This leads to injuries that are divided into three degrees: 1. Lungs (ΔРf = 0.2 - 0.4 kgf/cm 2) - bruises, dislocations, light contusions. 2. Medium (ΔРf \u003d 0.5 kgf / cm 2) - various kinds of bleeding, bone fractures, concussions, loss of consciousness. 3. Severe (ΔРf = 0.6 -1 kgf / cm 2) - severe concussions, rupture of the eardrums, abdominal organs and chest. When a shock wave impacts structures, they are destroyed.

Shock wave protection: protective structures (shelters); natural shelters (ravines, hollows, hills, embankments); in an open area, lie face down, feet in the direction of the explosion. The light radiation of a nuclear explosion is a flow of light and thermal energy (visible, ultraviolet, infrared radiation). The source of light radiation is the luminous area of ​​a nuclear explosion with a temperature of several million degrees. The duration of the light radiation is up to 10 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of light radiation: the value of the light pulse; duration of the light pulse. A light pulse is the amount of energy falling during the period of existence of a luminous region on 1 m 2 (1 cm 2) of the surface. Measured in J / m 2 (cal / cm 2). The light pulse decreases with increasing distance from the center of the explosion. The damaging effect of light radiation is expressed in the appearance of skin burns, eye damage, ignition and melting of various metals.

Burns are divided into four degrees: I degree (4-6 cal / cm 2) - redness, swelling, pain; II degree (7-10 cal / cm 2) - bubbles form, up to 5% of deaths; III degree (11 -15 cal / cm 2) - ulcers appear, skin necrosis, up to 20 -30% of deaths; IV degree (more than 15 cal / cm 2) - charring of the skin, death is possible within 10 days. First Aid: Extinguish clothes on fire; Protection from light radiation: inject an analgesic; any object that creates a shadow; apply a bandage; protective structures (shelters); evacuate the injured person; personal protective equipment; to the medical center. natural shelters (ravines, hollows, hills, embankments, forest plantings); in an open area, lie face down, feet in the direction of the explosion. Penetrating radiation is a flux of gamma rays (γ) and neutrons (n). They propagate in the air in all directions from the center of the explosion and are able to penetrate large thicknesses of substances, including living organisms. The source of penetrating radiation are nuclear reactions fission and connections occurring at the time of the explosion.

The thickness of materials that reduce gamma radiation and neutron flux by 2 times is given in Table 2. Table 2 The duration of penetrating radiation is up to 20 seconds. Characteristics (parameters) of penetrating radiation: Radiation dose (D) is the amount of radioactive radiation energy absorbed by 1 cm 3 (1 g) of a substance. It is measured in roentgens (r) or rads (rad). Rice. Propagation of penetrating radiation Name of materials Wood Soil, brick Concrete Iron (armor) Layer of half attenuation from gamma radiation (cm) 30 13 10 3.5 from neutron flux (cm) 10 9 8 12

Depending on the dose of radiation, four degrees of radiation sickness are distinguished: I degree (mild) - at radiation doses of 100-200 r (rad), the first signs (dizziness, nausea) appear after 2-3 weeks. There may be isolated cases of death. II degree (medium) - at radiation doses of 200-400 r (rad), the first signs (headache and dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, hair loss) appear after 2 hours. Mortality of people will be up to 40%. III degree (severe) - at radiation doses of 400 -600 r (rad), the first signs (severe headache, frequent vomiting, fever up to 39 -40 ° C, bleeding, hair loss, decrease in body resistance) appear after 1 hour. Mortality of people will be up to 70%. IV degree (extremely severe) - at radiation doses of more than 600 r. (rad), the first signs (severe headache, persistent vomiting, high body temperature up to 40 ° C, bleeding, respiratory failure, impaired activity of cardio-vascular system). In most cases, death occurs.

First aid: take five tablets of an antibacterial agent (antibiotic); take one tablet of an antiemetic. evacuate the injured person to the medical center. Protection against penetrating radiation: engineering structures (shelters); natural shelters (hills, embankments). Radioactive contamination of the area is the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of a nuclear explosion during its movement in the direction of the wind. The decay of these radioactive substances is accompanied by gamma (γ), beta (β), and alpha (α+) radiation. Characteristics (parameters) of radioactive contamination. The level of radiation (dose rate) is the dose of radiation per unit time. It is measured in roentgens per hour (r/h) or rads per hour (rad/h). Gradually settling on the surface of the earth, radioactive substances create a site of radioactive contamination, which is called a radioactive trace.

According to the degree of danger to the population, the radioactive trace is divided into four zones: 1. Zone A - moderate contamination (shown on a map or diagram in blue). Radiation level 1 hour after the explosion Р 1=8 r/h (rad/h), after 10 hours Р 10=0.5 r/h (rad/h). Radiation dose D=40 r (rad). 2. Zone B - severe infection (applied in green). (P 1=80 r/h (rad/h); P 10=5 r/h (rad/h); D=400 r (rad)). 3. Zone B - dangerous infection (applied in brown). (P 1=240 r/h (rad/h); P 10=15 r/h (rad/h); D=1200 R (rad)). 4. Zone G - an extremely dangerous infection (applied in black). (P 1 \u003d 800 r / h (rad / h); R 10 \u003d 50 r / h (rad / h); D \u003d 4000 r (rad)).

The degree of infection (Q) is the dose rate of radiation on the surfaces of various objects. It is measured in milliroentgens per hour (mr/h) or millirads per hour (mrad/h). Safe degrees of contamination of surfaces of various objects, mr/h (mrad/h), are presented in Table 4. Name of objects Time elapsed after the explosion (hours) up to 12 12 -24 more than 24 Clothing, gas mask, 200 personal protective equipment 100 50 Cars 400 200 800 The damaging effect of radioactive contamination is similar to the effect of penetrating radiation on the body. For the prevention of radiation sickness, an anti-radiation agent is used. It is contained in the individual first-aid kit in two cases of 6 tablets each. The drug should be taken 30-40 minutes before entering the area contaminated with radioactive substances.

First aid: take five tablets of an antibacterial agent (antibiotic); take one tablet of an antiemetic; carry out partial sanitization (remove radioactive dust from the mouth, nose, rinse eyes with water); put on a respirator (gas mask) on the affected person; evacuate the injured person to the medical center. Radiation protection: vehicles; engineering structures (covered slots, dugouts and shelters); personal protective equipment (skin protection, gas mask or respirator). An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is electromagnetic fields arising from a nuclear explosion. The source of the electromagnetic pulse is the nuclear reactions occurring at the time of the explosion. The duration of the electromagnetic impulse is less than 1 sec. The main characteristic of an electromagnetic pulse is the magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields.

Damaging action. An electromagnetic pulse causes damage to living organisms, disables or impairs the operation of electronic means, wired communication means and power supply systems; May cause fire, charring, melting or vaporization of metals and other materials. In addition, the induced currents in metal elements under the influence of an electromagnetic pulse can be deadly to humans. The systems that are most affected by EMP are communications, signaling and control. Electromagnetic impulse protection: use of electrically conductive (metal) screens; the use of symmetrical two-wire lines, well insulated from the ground; use of protection similar to lightning protection means; the use of circuits for automatically disconnecting equipment from the line or various fuses; use of fiber optic communication.

Chemical weapons For the first time in the world, German troops used 180 tons of chlorine as the first poisonous substance on April 22, 1915 against the Anglo-French troops. As a result, 15,000 people were injured and 5,000 people died. So, a new means of destroying people appeared - chemical weapons. Chemical weapons are one of the types of weapons of mass destruction, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of toxic chemical warfare agents (BTCS). Combat toxic chemicals include poisonous substances, toxins that have a damaging effect on humans and animals, as well as phytotoxins that can be used to destroy various types of vegetation. Chemical weapons include: 1. Poisonous substances. 2. Means of application.

Types of combat state of poisonous substances: steam (gas); aerosol (fog, smoke); drip-liquid. Classification of poisonous substances According to tactical According to the effect on the human body Deadly 1. Nerve-paralytic: Sarin (GB); Soman (GD); Vi-X (Vx). 2. Ulcerative: Mustard gas (HD). Temporarily incapacitating 3. General toxic: hydrocyanic acid (AC); Cyanogen chloride (SC). 4. Choking: Phosgene (CG) 5. Psychochemical: from BI-Zed (BZ); El-S-De (LSD) 6. Annoying: C-S (CS); Adamsite (DM). Durability Persistent Non-resistant

Persistence is the time of preservation of the damaging effect of toxic substances. In terms of persistence, poisonous substances are divided into: persistent poisonous substances that retain their damaging effect for several hours and days; unstable poisonous substances, the damaging effect of which lasts from several minutes to one hour after their application. Means of application are military equipment or ammunition capable of carrying (delivering) toxic substances to the target. These include: missiles of various types; aviation (bombs, cassettes, pouring aviation devices - VAP); artillery (shells, mines, rockets); engineering mines (chemical land mines); aerosol generators (special machines for creating smoke or fog); chemical checkers, grenades and cartridges.

A biological weapon (BW) is a weapon whose lethal effect is based on the use of biological agents. It includes: 1. Biological agents. 2. Means of application. The following can be used as biological means: to affect people and animals - pathogens of various infectious diseases; for the destruction of plants - pathogens of plant diseases; insect pests of agricultural plants; chemicals (herbicides, defoliants), etc. Types of pathogens: bacteria - plague, anthrax, cholera and other viruses - smallpox, yellow fever, etc.; rickettsia - typhus, spotted fever, etc.; fungi - pocardiosis, histoplasmosis, etc.

Means of application: missiles of various types; aviation (bombs, cassettes, containers spraying aviation devices - RAP); artillery (shells, mines, rockets); aerosol generators (special machines for creating smoke or fog); devices for sabotage. Methods of application: aerosol (in the form of mist); transmissible (through infected insects); sabotage (through food and water). First aid when detecting the use of biological agents: 1. Put on a gas mask. 2. In case of skin contact, treat with PPI. 3. In a specially equipped place or after leaving the infected area, take 5 tablets of an antibacterial agent (from an individual first-aid kit). 4. After 6 hours, repeat taking the tablets. 5. At the first sign, send the affected person to the medical center.

Disinfection: 1. Clothing - IPP. Protection: 1. Gas mask. 2. Skin protection products. 3. Technique with special equipment. Incendiary ammunition and mixtures. Incendiary substances and means of their delivery to the affected target are usually called incendiary weapons (IW). It is very effective and is widely used for the following reasons: the resulting fires cause great material damage and cause deaths; significantly cheaper to manufacture compared to other types of weapons; there are no international restrictions on production and testing; It has a strong moral and psychological effect on people.

Incendiaries Based on petroleum products - liquid; - thickened (napalm) Metallized (pyrogels) Thermite and thermite compositions Phosphorus, alkali metals

Napalm It consists of petroleum products (gasoline), polystyrene, salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids. In appearance, it is a gel, adheres well even to a wet surface. Napalm is lighter than water. Pieces of napalm burn for 5-10 minutes, developing a temperature of up to 1200°C. Burning napalm is capable of penetrating holes and crevices, causing fires and injury to people there. Pyrogels contain napalm, magnesium or aluminum shavings (powder), coal, asphalt and other substances heavier than water. They burn with a bright flash, developing a temperature of up to 1600 ° C. Burning occurs within 1-3 minutes.

Thermite and thermite compositions are mechanical mixtures of aluminum metals (25%) and iron oxides (75%). To avoid delamination, the mixture is pressed with an admixture of binders (linseed oil, rosin, molten sulfur). Thermite composition of TNZ contains 60% iron oxide, 25% barium nitrate (oxygen source, 10% bakelite and 5% aluminum powder). During combustion, thermite compositions develop temperatures up to 3000 ° C. Since oxygen is released from metal oxides during combustion, thermite compositions can burn without air access. To increase the thermal effect, thermite compositions are often used in conjunction with the “electron”, which is an alloy of magnesium (96%), aluminum (3%) and other elements (1%).

White phosphorus is a waxy substance with a slight specific odor; it ignites spontaneously in air, developing a combustion temperature of up to 900 ° C. When burned, it emits a large amount of white poisonous smoke - phosphorus oxide. A mixture of phosphorus with a viscous solution of synthetic rubber is called plasticized phosphorus. The plasticized phosphorus is pressed into granules, which are filled with pouring aircraft devices (VAP). The alkali metals potassium and sodium tend to react violently with water and ignite spontaneously. Therefore, they are used, as a rule, to ignite napalm. Means of delivery: incendiary ammunition for barreled and rocket-propelled artillery (shells); incendiary missile warheads; aviation incendiary bombs cassettes, tanks and pouring aviation devices (VAP); flamethrowers; incendiary bullets, grenades and checkers.

The damaging effect of incendiary weapons is the infliction of burns, arson of buildings, structures and equipment (fires). The main ways to protect against incendiary substances: - use of both natural and artificial shelters; - increasing the fire resistance of shelters through the use of paints and coatings (clay); - use of PPE: hopcalite cartridge, insulating gas mask, protective clothing (woolen and warm). If a burning mixture gets on clothing, it must be thrown off and the fire on the ground must be extinguished. If the mixture gets on unprotected parts of the body, it is necessary to cover the fire with a damp dense material, knock down the flame, and then provide first aid. Wash the affected area with a solution of potassium permanganate, soda or alcohol, in extreme cases, with plenty of water. When extinguishing ammunition with thermite composition, the greatest effect is achieved by lowering them into water tanks.

CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS The term "Conventional weapons" came into use after the creation of nuclear weapons. Weapon - common name devices and means used in armed struggle to destroy the enemy's manpower, equipment and structures, as well as for a destructive impact on the human environment. Armament - a complex of various types of weapons and means that ensure their use, an integral part of military equipment. It includes weapons (ammunition and means of delivering them to the target), their launch systems, detection, target designation, guidance, control and other technical means (Fig. 1).

It should be noted that at present, models of conventional weapons, based on the latest achievements of science and technology, in terms of their effectiveness, in a number of parameters, have approached WMD (precision weapons, volumetric explosion ammunition). Conventional weapons are all fire and strike weapons that use artillery, anti-aircraft, aircraft, small arms and engineering ammunition and rockets in conventional equipment, incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures. Precision weapon (HTO) is a guided weapon capable of hitting specified targets with a probability close to one at any range within its reach. A high hit probability is achieved by using special guidance systems, including automated control systems with missile trajectory correction. WTO includes ground, aviation, ship, missile systems, bombing and artillery complexes weapons control, as well as reconnaissance and strike systems.

These complexes use the following weapons: guided missiles, mines and air bombs (UAB), including modular design (with a rocket booster); guided missiles; air and sea based cruise missiles; intercontinental ballistic missiles in conventional equipment. The range of use of guided bombs is usually up to 30 km, planning UAB and UAB of a modular design - up to 80 km, guided missiles - up to 200 km, and cruise missiles - up to 2000-3000 km. Precision-guided munitions are equipped with thermal, infrared, thermal imaging, laser, radar and combined guidance systems that ensure high accuracy of hitting the target (circular probable deviation from 2 to 10 m, in the future - up to 1 m). The launch (firing) range of tactical high-precision munitions reaches 100 ÷ 130 km, strategic - 2500 km, further up to 4000 km.

Explosive ammunition. The main purpose of high-explosive ammunition is the destruction of industrial, residential, administrative buildings, railways and highways, the defeat of equipment and people. The main damaging factor of high-explosive ammunition is the air shock wave that occurs during the explosion of a conventional explosive (HE) with which these ammunition are equipped. They are distinguished by a high filling ratio (the ratio of the mass of explosives to the total mass of ammunition), reaching 55% and have a caliber from 50 to 20,000 kg. Cumulative ammunition is designed to destroy armored targets. Their principle of operation is based on burning barriers with a powerful jet of explosive detonation products with a temperature of 6-7 thousand degrees and a pressure of 5-6 thousand kgf / cm 2. The formation of a cumulative jet is achieved due to the cumulative recess of a parabolic shape in the explosive charge. Focused detonation products are capable of burning holes in armored ceilings several tens of centimeters thick and causing fires.

Concrete-piercing ammunition is designed to destroy high-strength reinforced concrete structures, as well as to destroy the runways of an aeroflot. In the body of the ammunition are placed two charges cumulative and high-explosive, and two detonators. Upon encountering an obstacle, an instantaneous detonator is triggered, which undermines the cumulative charge. Ammunition of a volumetric explosion is ammunition, the principle of which is based on a physical phenomenon - detonation, which occurs in mixtures of combustible gases with air. As a charge, volatile hydrocarbon compounds (liquid formulations) with a high calorific value are used: ethylene oxide, propyl nitrate, acetic acid peroxide, dibaran, etc. These compounds are sprayed during an explosion, evaporate and mix with atmospheric oxygen, forming a spherical cloud of an air-fuel mixture with a radius of about 15 m and a layer thickness of 2-3 m. The resulting mixture is undermined in several places by special detonators. .

In the detonation zone, a temperature of 2500-3000 o develops in a few tens of microseconds. C. An explosion of such a mixture is a process of rapid expansion of combustion products, generating a shock wave in the surrounding space - a zone of compressed air propagating at a supersonic speed of 15,003,000 m/sec. The main damaging factor of volumetric explosion ammunition is the shock wave. UNCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS At the present time, they are considered as an addition to traditional types of weapons. However, in further work with some of them, such a high efficiency of their use is expected that they may become preferable to any currently existing types of weapons, including nuclear ones. Geospace weapons (ozone weapons) are based on the use of certain methods of artificial destruction in certain places of the stratospheric ozone layer.

Ethnic weapons are a possible variety of chemical or biological weapons (sometimes ethnic weapons are classified as new types of WMD). This type of weapon can be used to defeat certain ethnic and racial groups of people by targeted chemical or biological effects on cells, tissues, organs, systems of the human body that have certain intraspecific group hereditary characteristics. Genetic weapons are a possible variety of biological weapons based on the use of substances that can change genetic structures in the cells of the human body, and genetically modified pathogens of human infectious diseases. Atmospheric (meteorological weapon) is the most developed type of geophysical weapon. The striking factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and related weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged heavy rainfall, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc.

Atmospheric (meteorological weapon) is the most developed type of geophysical weapon. The damaging factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and related weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged heavy rainfall, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc. Biospheric weapons (environmental weapons). His striking. the action is aimed at catastrophic changes in the biosphere, causing damage by affecting the environment, exterminating flora and fauna, and polluting the environment. A large-scale environmental war was waged by the Americans in Vietnam. Various chemicals were used here. Forests and crops over a vast area were destroyed by napalm. A huge number of bombs dropped, including super-large caliber (the so-called "daisy mowers" designed to clear landing areas for helicopters) and released on the territory South Vietnam shells caused the formation of a continuous field of craters on an area of ​​100 thousand hectares, the fruitful upper part of the soil was irretrievably lost.

Radiological weapons - the new kind weapons based on the use of military radioactive substances to kill people with ionizing radiation, radioactive contamination of water, air, terrain, equipment and other military and civilian facilities. Geophysical weapons Geophysical weapons are weapons whose lethal effect is based on deliberate use for military purposes. natural phenomena and processes caused artificially in the solid (lithosphere), liquid (hydrosphere) and gaseous (atmosphere) shells of the Earth. Lithospheric weapons (tectonic) have a damaging effect by initiating such dangerous natural phenomena and processes as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and the movement of geological formations. An earthquake is one of the forms of impulse release of energy accumulated in the depths of the Earth as a result of continuous geological processes.

Plasma weapons The idea of ​​creating a "Plasma Shield" capable of detecting and hitting warheads of ballistic missiles, aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles in the atmosphere was formulated and substantiated in our country. The components of such weapons can be microwave (or laser) generators), directional antennas and power supplies placed in container modules and linked by a single control system. Infrasonic weapons are a new type of weapons of mass destruction based on the use of directed radiation of powerful infrasonic vibrations. Infrasonic vibrations are sound (elastic) waves of low frequency (less than 16 Hz) that are inaudible to the human ear. They are weakly absorbed by various materials and spread over long distances. According to studies carried out in some countries, infrasonic vibrations can affect the central nervous system and digestive organs, to lead to general malaise, and sometimes to blindness, cause people to panic, lose control of themselves and an irresistible desire to hide from sources of radiation.

Electromagnetic weapons Microwave - means have an energy and informational impact on the human body. Depending on the frequency and power of microwave radiation disrupts the functioning of the brain and central nervous system, causes a feeling of hard tolerable noises and whistles, affects the internal organs. The most promising are microwave generators as electronic warfare equipment, which create strong interference for enemy electronic equipment. The information impact on a person of microwave radiation of relatively low power is based on the so-called effect of radio audibility. It lies in the fact that people who are in the intense field of broadcast stations hear "inner voices", music, etc. due to the detection of modulated carrier oscillations by human organs with subsequent conversion into signals perceived by the auditory nerve.

Beam (laser) weapons Beam weapons are a new type of weapon based on the use of laser radiation to kill people and disable military equipment (primarily aircraft, optoelectronic reconnaissance systems and weapon control). Work on the use of beam energy is aimed at the development of laser tools. Beam (accelerator) weapon. Beam weapons are a new type of weapon based on the use of accelerated high-energy particles. The principle of operation of a beam weapon consists in generating, focusing and aiming at the target an intense pulsed or continuous beam of charged particles (for example, electrons, protons) or neutral atoms (for example, light hydrogen atoms), accelerated to energies of 0.5 -1 GeV and more. The damaging effect of such weapons is combined: radiation and thermomechanical, by initiating X-ray radiation or intense thermal exposure and shock mechanical load.

The same can be achieved with the help of the so-called information weapon, which is information impact, economic blockade, currency and financial provocation, etc. Information software and mathematical weapons are a set of methods and means that allows you to purposefully change (destroy, distort), copy, block information, overcome security systems, limit the access of legitimate users, carry out disinformation, disrupt the functioning of information carriers, disrupt the operation of technical means, computer systems and information and computing networks used in the course of information warfare (war) to achieve the goals set. Psychophysical weapon - a set of all possible ways and means of covert violent influence on the subconscious of a person in order to modify his psyche (mainly the subconscious) in the direction necessary for the influencing party. However, if earlier, as a result of hard programming, almost biorobots were obtained, little resembling a normal person, today only a specialist can often determine "zombies" - their behavior is quite normal and does not arouse suspicion

Hydrospheric weapons are based on the use of dangerous natural phenomena associated with the hydrosphere for military purposes. The damaging factors of these weapons can be strong waves (such as tsunamis or directed tidal waves) and flooding. The formation of a tsunami in the coastal strip of the seas and oceans with the help of underwater nuclear explosions, according to foreign experts, can be considered as an effective way to destroy the forces of the fleet in the bases, as well as port facilities and hydraulic facilities. The flooding of low-lying areas can be an important factor in the military-economic impact on the rear of the enemy. Atmospheric (meteorological weapon) is the most developed type of geophysical weapon. The damaging factors of these weapons can be various atmospheric processes and related weather and climatic conditions. These atmospheric processes include prolonged heavy rainfall, severe thunderstorms, fogs, etc.

Information weapon By intervening in the regulation of information flows, in the process of their processing and management, it is possible to influence certain events. The history of recent decades shows that it is possible to defeat a powerful state, its economy, its military-industrial complex, all its most important structures not only by using military force. The same can be achieved with the help of the so-called information weapon, which is information influence, economic blockade, monetary and financial provocation, etc.

Information software and mathematical weapon - a set of methods and means that allows you to purposefully change (destroy, distort), copy, block information, overcome protection systems, limit the access of legitimate users, carry out disinformation, disrupt the functioning of information carriers, disrupt the operation of technical means, computer systems and information and computing networks used in the course of information warfare (war) to achieve the goals. Psychophysical weapon - a set of all possible ways and means of covert violent influence on the subconscious of a person in order to modify his psyche (mainly the subconscious) in the direction necessary for the influencing party. However, if earlier, as a result of hard programming, almost biorobots were obtained, little resembling a normal person, today only a specialist can often determine "zombies" - their behavior is quite normal and does not arouse suspicion