Hurricane installation. Military review and politics. Child of the Cold War

Jet system volley fire"Hurricane" ensures simultaneous destruction of armored and unarmored targets over an area of ​​about 43 hectares.

Modern multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) are today one of the main fire weapons Ground Forces Russia. In the period from 1941 to 1945, their famous ancestor "Katyusha" terrified German troops and was superior to their towed installations MLRS Nebelwerfer and Wurfrahmen (adopted into service in 1940) in terms of mobility and range. For instant destruction of various targets on large areas The Russian army is equipped with well-known MLRS and their modified versions "Grad"(“Tornado-G”), "Hurricane" And "Tornado"(“Tornado-S”).

Currently Hurricane rocket system It is considered one of the most famous and widespread in the armies of the world. Its power and effectiveness of influence on targets is highly mobile "Hurricane" convincingly proven in real combat operations in Afghanistan, the North Caucasus and Ukraine, the Middle East and Africa.

History of creation

MLRS 9K57 "Hurricane" created on the initiative of the Tula Central Research Institute of Precision Engineering. Based on the field jet system M-21 in the early 60s of the last century, a rocket artillery combat vehicle that was more powerful in firepower and range was developed here. Based on the project (1964) in 1967 scientific work"Creation of high-precision missile complex volley fire "Hurricane"(NV-121-66) confirmed the possibility of creating such an MLRS with the specified characteristics.

In the second half of 1968, a preliminary design was developed, and in 1969–1970, the tactical and technical requirements for development work were clarified. The project envisaged the creation of combat (BM) and transport-loading (TZM) vehicles on wheeled (ZIL-135LM) and tracked (MT-S) chassis. A TZM option based on the KrAZ-253 vehicle was also considered. Practical work made it possible to determine the types of warheads for missiles. The main designer of the system as a whole was Alexander Ganichev, the combat vehicle - Yuri Kalachnikov. In the final version MLRS "Hurricane" was put into service and has been in operation since 1975. Serial rocket artillery system "Hurricane" produced by SNPP "Splav" (Tula) from 1975 to 1991.

Peculiarities

Soviet 9K57 Uragan multiple launch rocket system designed to destroy openly located and hidden manpower, armored and unarmored vehicles, as well as area (artillery, missile and anti-aircraft units, command posts, communication centers, warehouses, bases) and other enemy objects at ranges from 8–10 to 35 kilometers. Besides, Hurricane rocket system can be used for continuous mining of terrain using anti-personnel and anti-tank mines.

To solve these problems, the complex has combat, support and training facilities. Combat elements and combat support equipment MLRS "Hurricane" include:

• Combat (BM, 9P140) and transport-loading (TZM, 9T452) vehicles;
• 220 mm rockets;
• Automated fire control complex (1V126) “Kapustnik-B”;
• Vehicle for topographic survey (1T12-2M);
• Radio direction-finding meteorological complex (1B44);
• Set of special arsenal equipment and tools (9F381).

Fighting machine(launcher) with a combat weight of 20 tons is used to transport 16 rockets, launch them and hit targets over an area of ​​at least 42 hectares. Artillery unit - a block of 16 tubular guides with sights, guidance mechanisms, communication and control means - placed on the chassis of a four-axle all-terrain vehicle ZIL-135LMP (8x8 wheel arrangement). The unit can be aimed at a target in the vertical (5–55 degrees) and horizontal (up to 240 degrees) planes. Guides with a U-shaped screw groove impart initial rotation to the projectile for stable flight along the trajectory. Missiles can be launched in one salvo (0.5 second interval) and at a “ragged” pace (the first eight after 0.5 second, the next after 2 seconds). In the latter case, the frequency of oscillations of the BM decreases and the accuracy of fire increases. A crew of four people (in peacetime) ensures that the installation is transferred to a combat position, remains in a firing position and reloads ammunition within 3, 1.5 and 15 minutes, respectively.

TZM (9T452) on a similar wheelbase provides loading and unloading launcher. The BM is reloaded with an ammunition load of 16 rockets within 15 minutes. When fully loaded, BM and TZM can move along the highway with maximum speed up to 65 km/h and, without prior preparation, overcome fords up to 1.2 meters deep. The fuel reserve is enough for 500 kilometers.

To solve problems launcher can use rockets with different warheads:

• High-explosive fragmentation (9M27F);
• Cassette (9M27K) with fragmentation combat elements;
• Incendiary (9M27S);
• Volumetric detonating (9M51).

Depending on the task being solved, their weight ranges from 89.5 to 99 kg. For remote mining of terrain, rockets with a cluster warhead for anti-tank (9M59) or anti-personnel (9M27K2, 9M27K3) mines are used. For moral and psychological influence on the enemy "Hurricane" can use a projectile (9M27D), the head of which is equipped with propaganda materials.

Artillery rocket system "Hurricane" operates flawlessly at external temperatures from –40 to +50ºС, wind up to 20 m/s, high humidity and dust in the air at altitudes up to 3 thousand meters above sea level. She can decide combat missions in conditions of enemy use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons at any time of the year and day in weather conditions climatic conditions any region of the world where it can be delivered by any type of transport. The system is constantly being upgraded to improve its combat capabilities.

Currently MLRS "Hurricane" is a standard fire system Russian army. In addition, this powerful fire system is available in the armies of Ukraine, Afghanistan, the Czech Republic, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Belarus, Poland, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Yemen, Kyrgyzstan, Guinea, Syria, Tajikistan, Eritrea, Slovakia and other countries.

Combat use of the Uragan MLRS

The baptism of fire of the Hurricane MLRS took place in Afghanistan - the Mujahideen called it “Shaitan-pipe” and were very afraid of it. Hurricane demonstrated its effectiveness in South Africa and in the war between Syria and Israel in the early 80s. Fire system used against illegal armed separatist groups in the Chechen Republic and during the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008. In 2014–2015 Hurricane rocket system KrAZ-6322 vehicles were actively used by the armed forces of Ukraine in the southeast of the country, as well as by militias who captured several launchers in battles.

High efficiency and operational reliability MLRS "Hurricane" guarantee its use as a fire weapon in the next 10–15 years.

In the early 60s, in the Tula State Research Institute there were research papers to create a system with an increased amount of explosive in the projectile and increased firing range. It also provided high speed movement in the area of ​​70 km/h, sufficient cross-country ability and short readiness time for shooting.

In 1967, research work on the creation of a new MLRS was completed, after which research and design work began.

Development was carried out in the Tula "Splav" under the leadership of Ganichev. The characteristics of the future multiple launch rocket system were noticeably superior to the BM-21 Grad.

Since 1972, designers began testing the new product at the test site and improving it. In 1975, the 9K57 Uragan MLRS entered service with the Soviet army.

Design

The artillery installation is located on the 9P140 combat vehicle. This chassis is built on the basis of the ZIL-135LM. The chassis provides sufficient maneuverability due to all-wheel drive on all 8 wheels and a propulsion system consisting of 2 V8 ZIL-375 engines with a power of 180 hp each. every.

In addition to the combat vehicle, the complex includes:

• transport-loading machine 9T452;
• fire control complex 1V126 “Kapustnik-B”;
• meteorological complex 1B44;
• machine for topographic survey 1T12-2M;
• rockets;
• educational equipment.

The transport-loading vehicle was created on a similar combat base ZIL-135LM, carries 16 shells and is capable of loading/unloading without additional training.

A mechanized loading device allows you to load shells not only from the vehicle, but also from the ground in 15 minutes.

Armament

When developing the Hurricane, the goal was to increase the efficiency, range and coverage area of ​​the salvo.

The artillery mount is assembled from 16 tubular guides and mounted on a cradle in the form of a rectangular platform. Guidance is carried out using an electric drive. It is duplicated by a manual drive.

To increase the accuracy and efficiency of firing, the missiles spin around their axis during launch thanks to a U-shaped groove in the guides.

There are several firing modes, including single shots, a burst mode, and a salvo.

When firing in a “ragged salvo,” the Uragan fires 8 shells with pauses of half a second, and another 8 with pauses of 2 seconds.

In salvo mode, the entire ammunition load is fired in 8.8 seconds at a range of 10 to 35 kilometers. You can fire both from the cockpit and remotely.

Compared to the Grad, not only the range has increased, but also the covered area has increased to 42 hectares, along with an accuracy that is one and a half times greater than that of its predecessor.

When creating the vehicle, engineers were ahead of the whole world by creating a cluster warhead for a multiple launch rocket system. 9K57 "Hurricane" received various ammunition, namely:

• 9M27F with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead;
• 9M27K with a cluster warhead containing fragmentation submunitions;
• 9M27S with incendiary warhead;
• 9M59, 9M27K2, 9M27K3 with cluster warheads containing anti-tank mines;
• 9M51 with a volumetric detonating warhead.

Modifications

9K512 Uragan-1m

It features a new chassis and a high-caliber artillery unit.

The base of the Astrologer combat and loading vehicle is identical to that used by the Iskander. The launcher, due to its dual caliber, is capable of using native 220 mm caliber rockets and 300 mm caliber projectiles used in the Smerch system.

Bastion-03

The vehicle, created in Ukraine, is distinguished by the use of the KrAZ-6322 base, which was done to unify Ukrainian rocket artillery.

Combat use

The army widely used Hurricanes. The vehicle first appeared in Afghanistan, where projectiles with a volumetric detonating warhead demonstrated their effectiveness.

Later the MLRS went through two Chechen wars, took part in the 2008 conflict in South Ossetia, was noted during the fighting in Ukraine, which began in 2014, and in Syria, for example, was noticed during the liberation of Palmyra.

Export

More than 10 countries have Hurricanes in their arsenal. These include countries such as Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Syria, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.

Epilogue

Traditionally for the MLRS developed in the USSR under the leadership of Ganichev, the 9K57 Uragan turned out to be effective weapon, in demand among the military.

Created back in 1972 and put into service in 1975, the system is still in service with the Russian and other armies and remains a reliable, effective and deadly weapon.

Materials provided by: S.V. Gurov (Tula)

The Uragan multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) is designed to destroy manpower, lightly armored and armored vehicles of enemy motorized infantry and tank units in concentration areas and on the march, destroy command posts, communications centers and military-industrial infrastructure facilities, remotely install anti-tank and anti-personnel minefields in the combat zone at a distance of 10 to 35 km.

Taking into account the adoption of the M-21 Field Rocket System in 1963, the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Engineering, on its own initiative, conducted search work to explore the possibility of creating more powerful system in terms of the amount of explosives in a salvo, longer-range, with the help of which it would be possible to carry out operational combat missions at ranges ranging from 10 to 35-40 km.

In June 1964, the “Project of a field MLRS of the Uragan system with a projectile range of 35 km was sent to the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering for consideration. The project proposed a system with high maneuverability, a movement speed of up to 70 km/h, high maneuverability and the ability to open salvo fire behind short time, which could be used to combat manpower, both openly located and hidden in field-type structures, fire weapons, tanks, nuclear and chemical weapons and other enemy targets and objects at ranges of up to 35-40 km.

Based on the order of the Ministry of Defense Industry (MOP), dated December 28, 1966, the research work "Creation of a high-precision multiple launch rocket system "Uragan" (NV-121-66) was started in 1967. The work was completed in December 1967 with confirmation of the possibility obtaining specified characteristics, carrying out theoretical studies, bench tests of engines, a mechanism for delayed deployment of the stabilizer, a separation mechanism, aerodynamic blowing and firing of model projectiles and is recommended for development work (R&D).

The results of the work carried out were approved by subsection No. 1 of section 1 of the Scientific and Technical Council of the IOM and the topic was recommended for carrying out development work after eliminating the noted deficiencies.

There is also other data according to which in 1967 the research project was completed and a preliminary design of the complex was developed, confirmed by bench tests of the projectile and launcher units, as well as firing tests with model projectiles. As a result of the work carried out, a conclusion was made about the possibility and feasibility of creating the Uragan complex with the following characteristics:

The Uragan complex with the given characteristics was superior to the standard Grad system and significantly superior to the known domestic samples, therefore it was recommended for development work.

Based on the order of the Minister of Mechanical Engineering and the Minister of Defense Industry of February 27, 1968 No. 18/94 on the basic requirements of the military. 64176 (ref. no. a/774378 dated March 30, 1968) in the third quarter of 1968. The preliminary design of the Uragan complex was completed.

The Uragan complex was designed to suppress and destroy enemy manpower and equipment in areas of concentration at ranges of up to 35 km.

The complex was developed consisting of:

• unguided rocket;
• combat vehicle;
• command vehicle;
• transport-charging machine.

As a result of the work carried out, we received the following characteristics complex:

For the Uragan complex, the possibility and feasibility of creating a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, a warhead with a special filling, as well as cluster fragmentation warheads was shown. These combat units were recommended for development work.
Regarding combat units for remote mining of anti-personnel and anti-tank mines and fire units, it was necessary to carry out research work with the manufacture and testing of prototypes.
As a result of the auto project, the possibility of using radio-technical zeroing was shown in order to increase shooting accuracy. In the case of using radio-technical zeroing, the firing accuracy of the Uragan complex could be obtained no worse than ±1000 m.
The radio-technical sighting vehicle could be created either as an independent command vehicle or as a modification of a combat vehicle. In the latter version, the number of guides had to be reduced to accommodate radio-technical sighting equipment.
The question of the feasibility of creating a radio-technical mounting in the Uragan complex required further study.
The preliminary design of the Uragan complex was approved by the 2nd Main Directorate (conclusion ref. No. I-6226 dated 27.2.68) and the decision of subsection No. 2 of section No. I of the Scientific and Technical Council of Minmash (ref. I-6224 dated 4.I2.68) and recommended for development work.

There is also data according to which, in order to eliminate these shortcomings discovered during research, on the basis of order MM and MOP No. 18/94 in 1968, a preliminary design of the Uragan multiple launch rocket system was developed and in September 1968 the work was recommended for implementation Design and development work (from a document from TULGOSNIITOCHMASH (Tula) from the early 70s).

In 1969 - early 1970, work was carried out to draw up and adjust the tactical and technical requirements for development work: “Army multiple launch rocket system” “Grad-3” (as amended in early 1970, “Hurricane”). This is probably TTT No. 0010 of military unit 64176. It should have included a combat vehicle, a transport vehicle, a command vehicle, and arsenal equipment. The following types of warheads were proposed: high-explosive (with a specified fragmentation of the hull), cluster fragmentation warheads, and cluster warheads for remote mining of terrain. The decision to develop other types of warheads (cumulative, incendiary, agitation and specially loaded) was to be made by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering based on the results of the preliminary project in the second quarter of 1970. The design of the projectiles was to use a single solid fuel jet engine for all types of warheads with an unregulated nozzle(s) throughout the entire operating temperature range. Replacement nozzles were not allowed. The ZIL-135LM chassis was proposed as a base. At the preliminary design stage, options for combat and transport vehicles on the chassis of the MT-S tracked transporter-tractor were to be worked out (see the option for the Grad-3 (Hurricane) MLRS and for the finalization of the command vehicle for the Grad-3 system ("Hurricane"). The number of guides was set to 20 when using the ZIL-135LM chassis and 24 when using the MT-S chassis. However, their exact number had to be clarified based on the results of consideration of the preliminary design. A wheeled version was also considered as a base for the transport vehicle Kraz-253 truck chassis.

From a letter from A.N. Ganichev (TULGOSNIITOCHMASH) in military unit 64176 Elagin (GRAU) learned that Minmash and the Ministry of Defense Industry approved the following implementing organizations for the "Grad-3" system:

• Scientific Research Institute of Chemical Technology (Lyubertsy, Moscow region, post office box A-7210) for development of a powder charge with an ignition system;
• Plant "Krasnoarmeyets" with the State Design Bureau... of instrumentation (Leningrad, post office B-8475) for ignition means;
• Kazan Research Institute chemical industry(Kazan, post office box B-2281) for expelling charge for cassette warheads;
• Plant named after Maslennikov (Kuibyshev, post office box R-6833) for a contact fuse for a high-explosive warhead and a mechanical remote tube for cluster warheads;
• Institute "Geodesy" (Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow region, post office box R-6766) for testing and assessing the effectiveness of combat units;
• Research Institute "Poisk" (Leningrad, post office B-8921) on a contact fuse for the combat element of cluster warheads;
• Krasnoarmeysk Research Institute of Mechanization (Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow region, post office box A-7690) for equipping a high-explosive warhead and an explosive charge for the combat element of cluster warheads);
• Orsk Mechanical Plant (Orsk, Orenburg Region, PO Box R-6286) for the production of engine casings and warheads.

MINOBOROMPROM:

• Perm Machine-Building Plant named after. IN AND. Lenin (Perm, post office box R-6760) for combat and transport vehicles;
• All-Union Research Institute "Signal" (Kovrov, Vladimir region, p/o A-1658) for the modification of the command vehicle.

Work on the creation of the “Hurricane” system was carried out on the basis of Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated January 21, 1970 No. 71-26 (Order of the Minister of Mechanical Engineering dated January 28, 1970 No. 33).

In January-February 1971, in order to test activities related to work to increase the firing range, firing of Uragan system shells from a ballistic installation on an ML-20 carriage in the amount of 30 pieces was planned. Projectiles with three types of fins were to be supplied:

• knife type, with a feather thickness of 7 mm, and the opening of the feathers at an angle of 90° to the longitudinal axis of the projectile (probably meant up to an angle of 90°);
• according to the "Grad" projectile design;
• combined (combining the tail of a Grad projectile and a knife type).

When TsAGI tested variants of projectiles with three types of fins, they obtained positive results. The stability margin was ~12%.

The letter dated April 26, 1972 mentions work on fiberglass pipes for the guide packages of the 9P140 and 9P139 combat vehicles.

In 1972, TulgosNIItochmash carried out work on the topic NV2-154-72 “Single-channel angular stabilization system for projectiles of the “Grad” and “” type (start of work - 1st quarter of 1972, completion - 2nd quarter of 1973).

In 1972, research into the design of a single-channel angular stabilization system was carried out in two directions:

• sensor based angular velocity using gas-dynamic executive bodies;
• based on a contact angle sensor with powder pulse actuators.

According to the TulgosNIITochmash report on work in 1972, in 1972 theoretical calculations, modeling on analog electronic machines, and experimental laboratory studies of a single-channel angular stabilization system and its elements for unguided rockets of the Grad and Uragan types were carried out: The basic requirements for system and its elements.

The single-channel angular stabilization system included an angular displacement sensor, an electronic converter unit, executive bodies gas-dynamic (or pulse) type.

It was determined that the use of a single-channel angular stabilization system in Grad and Uragan type projectiles improves their characteristics in terms of firing accuracy by 1.5-2 times.

Drawings were developed for the elements of the angular stabilization system, prototypes were made and tested in laboratory conditions. At the time of compilation or submission of the report, a batch of blocks of a single-channel angular stabilization system was being produced for flight testing.

In 1972, on the basis of the order of the head of the 2nd Main Directorate of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering dated December 20, 1970 No. 17, TulgosNIITochmash carried out research work on the topic “Research on ways to create long-range projectiles for systems such as “Grad” and “Uragan” (topic NV2-110 -71g).

In accordance with the target objective of the topic, theoretical and experimental work was carried out, which demonstrated the possibility of increasing the firing range of projectiles of the "Grad" and "Uragan" systems through the use of durable materials for hull and high impulse fuels.

In 1972, factory testing was completed, and the system was presented for field testing in the following composition:

• unguided rockets with high-explosive (100-105 kg) and cluster fragmentation warheads (80-85 kg);
• 9P140 combat vehicle on the ZIL-135LM chassis;
• transport-loading vehicle 9T452 on the ZIL-135LM chassis;
• arsenal equipment.

At the stage of factory testing, system characteristics were obtained that satisfied the basic tactical and technical requirements:

• the maximum firing range of shells with a high-explosive warhead is 34 km, with a cluster warhead - 35 km;
• shooting accuracy:
  • projectile with a high-explosive warhead: in range Vb/X = 1/197, in direction Vb/X = 1/174.
  • projectile with a cluster warhead: in range Vb/X = 1/261, in direction Vb/X = 1/152.
• The reduced area of ​​destruction by a cluster warhead, provided that the combat elements approach the target at 85-90°:
  • openly located manpower (Eud. = 10 kgm/cm 2) - 22090 m 2
  • military equipment (Eud. = 135 kgm/cm 2) - 19270 m 2
• The reduced area affected by a high-explosive warhead: military equipment (Eud = 240 kgm/cm 2) - 1804 m 2;
• Funnel size: diameter 8m, depth 4.8m.

The number of guides for the combat vehicle is 18; salvo time - 9 s, transportable ammunition load on the transport-loading vehicle - 1 set.

Chief designer of the combat vehicle Yuri Nikolaevich Kalachnikov.

According to data dated 1986, the Uragan MLRS (in the source, BM-27 combat vehicles) were in service not only in units Soviet army, but also in the Syrian army, and according to some sources in the Libyan army.

Currently, the system is in service with the armies of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Yemen and Syria.

The Uragan MLRS was widely used in combat operations in Afghanistan, during which it was used to engage area targets, especially for launching surprise attacks from behind various natural shelters, as well as for fire support during tactical helicopter raids and operations to destroy ground targets. goals. In the early 80s, it was deployed and used by the Syrian military on initial stage war with Israel. The system was used in Transcaucasia (as of 1991), by Russian federal troops in the Chechen Republic and during the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict of 2008 Russian troops. In 2014-2015, the system was used by the Ukrainian Armed Forces (AFU) against militias.

In Ukraine, work was carried out to install an artillery unit on a KrAZ-6322 truck chassis modified for its installation. The time for the work has not been established.

Compound

The Uragan MLRS includes the following combat weapons:

• BM 9P140 combat vehicle (see diagram)
• Transport-loading machine 9T452 (see diagram)
• Missiles
• Automated fire control complex (AFC) 1V126 "Kapustnik-B"
• Educational and training facilities
• Vehicle for topographic survey 1T12-2M
• Radio direction-finding meteorological complex 1B44
• Set of special arsenal equipment and tools 9F381

The 9P140 combat vehicle is built on the chassis of a four-axle all-terrain vehicle ZIL-135LMP (8x8 wheel arrangement). The artillery unit includes a package of sixteen tubular guides, a rotating base with guidance mechanisms and sighting devices, a balancing mechanism, as well as electrical and hydraulic equipment. Guidance mechanisms equipped with power drives make it possible to direct the package of guides in the vertical plane from 5° to a maximum elevation angle of +55°. Horizontal guidance angle ±30° from the longitudinal axis of the machine. To increase the stability of the launcher when firing, two supports are mounted in the rear of the chassis, equipped with manually operated jacks. Missiles can be transported directly in the guides. The BM is equipped with communications equipment (radio station R-123M) and a night vision device.

Tubular guides are smooth-walled pipes with a screw U-shaped groove along which the pin of the rocket slides when fired. This ensures the initial spin of the projectile to give it the necessary stability in flight. When moving along the trajectory, the rotation of the projectile is supported by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer, installed at a certain angle to the longitudinal axis of the projectile. A salvo of one combat vehicle covers an area of ​​more than 42 hectares. The main method of shooting is from a closed position. It is possible to fire from the cockpit. BM 9P140 crew - 6 people (in peacetime - 4): BM commander, gunner (senior gunner), driver, crew number (3 people).

The package of guides is mounted on a cradle - a welded rectangular platform (see layout diagram). The cradle is connected to the upper machine by two semi-axes, around which it rotates (swings) when aimed at the elevation angle. The totality of the package of guides, the cradle, a number of parts and assemblies of the locking mechanism, the ignition system, the sight bracket, etc. makes up the swinging part. The rotating part of the BM serves to give the package of guides the required azimuth angle and includes a swinging part, an upper machine, balancing, lifting and turning mechanisms, shoulder straps, a gunner's platform, a manual guidance drive, a locking mechanism for the swinging part, a hydraulic lock for the swinging part, a locking mechanism for the rotating part . The balancing mechanism serves to partially compensate for the moment of the weight of the swinging part and consists of two torsion bars and fastening parts. The lifting and rotating mechanisms are used to guide the package of guides along the elevation angle and in the horizontal plane. The main method of guidance is by electric drive. In case of failure and during repairs, a manual drive is used. Locking mechanisms secure the moving parts of the unit when moving. The hydraulic lock of the swinging part prevents the aiming from being lost in the elevation angle and relieves the load on the lifting mechanism when firing.

The combat vehicle is equipped with a D726-45 mechanical panoramic sight. The standard PG-1M gun panorama is used as a sighting and goniometric device in the sight.

The BM 9P140 launch system provides:

• safe operation of the crew servicing the BM during firing,
• conducting single and salvo fire when the crew is in the cockpit,
• conducting single and salvo fire when the crew is in cover at a distance of up to 60m from the combat vehicle,
• firing when the main units of firing circuits and power sources fail.

The launch system provides the possibility of salvo firing at a constant rate (all 16 missiles are launched at a rate of 0.5 s), as well as the so-called. “ragged” rate of fire (the first 8 missiles at a rate of 0.5s, the remaining 8 missiles at a rate of 2s). Thanks to the use of a “ragged” rate of fire, it is possible to significantly reduce the amplitude and frequency of BM vibrations, and, consequently, improve the accuracy of fire.

The launcher is loaded using the 9T452 transport-loading vehicle, developed on the same wheeled chassis as the combat vehicle. Each TZM 9T452 carries 16 rockets and provides loading and unloading without special training positions incl. from any transport vehicle, from another vehicle and from the ground. The reloading process is mechanized and takes 15 minutes. The lifting capacity of the TZM crane is 300 kg.

The TZM equipment consists of a frame, a tray with a rammer, a crane, cargo trolleys, an operator platform, a load-handling device, a docking device, a crane rotation gearbox, a rod, an alignment mechanism, electrical equipment, and spare parts. The tray with the rammer is a folding beam along which the pusher with the rocket moves. The alignment mechanism is designed to align the axis of the rocket located in the tray with the axis of the guide pipe. The left and right carts are designed to accommodate missiles. The TZM has three electric drives: lifting (lowering) missiles, turning the crane, sending missiles into the guides.

The BM is loaded with upper tier in the following sequence: lift the rocket and place it in the tray, unhook the load-handling device and load the rocket into the guide (see diagram relative position BM 9P140 and TZM 9T452 during loading and the layout of the BM battery at the firing line).

A special feature of the four-axle wheeled chassis of the ZIL-135LMP vehicle is the location of the power plant behind the four-seat crew cabin. This power plant consists of two V-shaped eight-cylinder ZIL-375 carburetor engines. Each of these engines at 3200 rpm develops a maximum power of 180 hp. With. The transmission is made according to the on-board scheme: the wheels of each side are driven by an independent engine through a separate gearbox, transfer cases and final drives. The wheels of the first and fourth axles are steerable and have independent torsion bar suspension with shock absorbers. The wheels of the middle axles are close together, do not have elastic suspension and are rigidly attached to the frame. The machine is equipped centralized system regulating air pressure in tires. The vehicle has very high maneuverability and good speed characteristics. When driving on a highway with full load it reaches speeds of up to 65 km/h, and can overcome fords 1.2 m deep without prior preparation. The fuel range is 500 km.

The maximum firing range is 35 km; for shooting at shorter distances, rings are put on the missile to slow it down in flight. With a small ring, the flight range of cluster shells is from 11 to 22 km, NURS 9M27F - from 8 to 21 km. When using a large brake ring, the flight range of cluster shells is from 9 to 15 km, 9M27F - from 8 to 16 km.

Operation of the complex is possible in conditions where the enemy uses nuclear, chemical, bacteriological weapons at any time of the year and day, in various climatic conditions at ambient temperatures from -40°C to +50°C.

The Uragan MLRS can be transported by rail, water, or air.

To organize serial production of hull parts for the Uragan and Smerch MLRS, industry enterprises purchased specialized mills of the PPT-200, PPT-200S, PPT-350 and other models, which, as of 2005, were successfully used at a number of enterprises for the production of hull details.

Performance characteristics

Testing and operation

According to data dated July 2018, the Soviet side sold rockets and other components of the Uragan system (should be understood as Uragan MLRS) to the Syrian side. Some of these rockets were transferred to the Hezbollah movement in the early 2000s.

In 2002, Vadim Rashitovich Aljazhedinov and Viktor Andreevich Skirda were awarded the S.I. Mosin for work

Artillery of Russia and the world, guns photos, videos, pictures watch online, along with other states, introduced the most significant innovations - the transformation of a smooth-bore gun, loaded from the muzzle, into a rifled gun, loaded from the breech (lock). The use of streamlined projectiles and various types fuses with adjustable operation time settings; more powerful propellants such as cordite, which appeared in Britain before the First World War; the development of rolling systems, which made it possible to increase the rate of fire and relieved the gun crew from the hard work of rolling into the firing position after each shot; connection in one assembly of a projectile, propellant charge and fuse; the use of shrapnel shells, which, after the explosion, scatter small steel particles in all directions.

Russian artillery, capable of firing large shells, acutely highlighted the problem of weapon durability. In 1854, during the Crimean War, Sir William Armstrong, a British hydraulic engineer, proposed a method of scooping wrought iron gun barrels by first twisting iron rods and then welding them together using a forging technique. The gun barrel was additionally reinforced with wrought iron rings. Armstrong created a company where they made guns of several sizes. One of the most famous was his 12-pounder rifled gun with a 7.6 cm (3 in) barrel and a screw lock mechanism.

Artillery of the Second World War (WWII), in particular Soviet Union, probably had the largest potential among European armies. At the same time, the Red Army experienced the purges of Commander-in-Chief Joseph Stalin and endured the difficult Winter War with Finland at the end of the decade. During this period, Soviet design bureaus adhered to a conservative approach to technology.
The first modernization efforts came with the improvement of the 76.2 mm M00/02 field gun in 1930, which included improved ammunition and replacement barrels on parts of the gun fleet. new version the guns were called M02/30. Six years later, the 76.2 mm M1936 field gun appeared, with a carriage from the 107 mm.

Heavy artilleryall armies, and quite rare materials from the time of Hitler’s blitzkrieg, whose army crossed the Polish border smoothly and without delay. German army was the most modern and best equipped army in the world. The Wehrmacht artillery operated in close cooperation with the infantry and aviation, trying to quickly occupy territory and deprive the Polish army of communication routes. The world shuddered upon learning of a new armed conflict in Europe.

The artillery of the USSR in the positional conduct of combat operations on the Western Front in the last war and the horror in the trenches of the military leaders of some countries created new priorities in the tactics of using artillery. They believed that in the second global conflict of the 20th century, the decisive factors would be mobile firepower and fire accuracy.

During the display of equipment and weapons in honor of the Day missile forces and artillery, which took place on November 19, 2016 at the Luga artillery range (33rd range, Luga district Leningrad region), among other things, the new 9K512 Uragan-1M bi-caliber (220 mm and 300 mm) multiple launch rocket system was publicly demonstrated for the first time.

Combat vehicle 9A53 of the 9K512 "Uragan-1M" bi-caliber multiple launch rocket system during a display of equipment and weapons at the Luga artillery range.11/19/2016 (c) frame of a TV report

State tests of the Uragan-1M MLRS developed by NPO Splav JSC (part of the Rostec State Corporation) have been carried out since 2012 and were successfully completed in 2015. The system includes the 9A53 combat vehicle and the 9T249 transport-loading vehicle, built on the MZKT-7930 chassis. The 9A53 combat vehicle can use two modular containers with 220 mm Uragan MLRS missiles or 300 mm Smerch MLRS missiles (Tornado-S).

In September 2016, Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yuri Borisov said that the new Uragan-1M MLRS “is already entering the troops, but so far in insufficient quantities that we would like.”

The Deputy Minister explained that today there are some problems among the contractors of the Uragan manufacturer, the Splav holding.

“Their condition is different - today we discussed with the management of Splav the problems of cooperation and ways to solve them, after which it will become possible to supply these MLRS in the volume required for us,” noted Yu. Borisov.

On November 10, 2016, the head of the press service of the Western Military District, Colonel Igor Muginov, announced that “the newest MLRS Uragan-1M, capable of firing two calibers, has entered the Mikhailovsky Military Artillery Academy. In the near future, cadets and students of the academy will begin studying new artillery equipment."

Combat vehicle 9A53 of the 9K512 Uragan-1M bicaliber multiple launch rocket system during a display of equipment and weapons at the Luga artillery range.11/19/2016 (c) RIA Novosti / Sputnik

Exhibition posters of the 9A53 combat vehicle and the 9T249 transport-loading vehicle bicaliber multiple launch rocket system 9K512 "Uragan-1M" during a display of equipment and weapons at the Luga artillery range. 11/19/2016 (c) footage from the video below

Videos with MLRS vehicles "Uragan-1M".