Are there porcini mushrooms in the forest. Mushroom picker calendar - when to pick which mushrooms. for the Leningrad region and the northern places of Russia

It is hardly possible to answer exactly when they appear, since it depends on the place of collection. So middle lane Russia or Ukraine can boast of the first mushrooms in June, and with an early favorable spring, even at the end of May. But in the more western regions, whites are unlikely to appear before the end of June.

There are certain folk omens, by which you can navigate: porcini mushrooms appear when oak leaves begin to turn pink and when rye begins to ear.

What determines the appearance of the first white mushrooms?

The mycelium of the fungus begins to grow in spring and finishes growth in late autumn. Several conditions are necessary for growth: a certain temperature, moisture and a constant flow of air. The mushroom picker penetrates the soil by 10-12 cm. During adverse conditions(frost, drought, excessive moisture or soil compaction), it develops poorly, but increases its resistance, which may affect growth results in subsequent years.

In addition, the chemical transformations of the obtained nutrients can only occur at a certain temperature. Therefore, it is clear that heat and moisture are necessary for the development and growth of fungi, and in certain quantities. The humidity of the air passing through the surface layers is very important. It should be above 50-60%. But often there is a situation with the cessation of growth of fungi during severe droughts, even after prolonged rains, when soil moisture is quite normal. In such cases, evaporation of moisture occurs through the body of the fungus - low humidity air will dry it out. Experienced mushroom pickers know that at such a time, porcini mushrooms should be looked for under mosses or in the forest floor.

Temperature is the second factor influencing growth after humidity. The optimum temperature for the growth of porcini mushrooms is 18-27 °C. With an increase to 30-35 ° C, the growth of the fungus is inhibited. can actively bear fruit as many times as heavy rains fall.

Affects growth and illumination, but each type of white requires its own amount of light.

Cool and dry spring months become favorable for further growth of whites.
It must be remembered that the first crops of porcini mushrooms are often of little value due to their high worminess - it is from, first of all, that insects are chosen for laying eggs, from which mushroom worms are obtained.
One of the indicators of the imminent appearance of porcini mushrooms are fly agarics. The growth of these mushrooms becomes a sure sign of the growth of mushrooms. The fact is that whites do not grow very quickly: the period during which a small embryo grows in good mushroom- 6-7 days. This is a little slower than fly agarics, so in terms of growth poisonous mushroom you can determine the time of appearance of edible mushrooms.

A few more folk observations:
in sultry June, the whites will not appear;
one of the signs of the appearance of mushrooms is the first summer fog;
maturation wild berries: strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, speaks of an offensive.

But still, we repeat once again, it is impossible to give accurate and permanent recommendations, since the weather makes its own adjustments every year.

Records of precocity of porcini mushrooms:
the earliest white mushroom was found in Germany on May 3;
in Ciscarpathia, the first find of boletus was noted on May 7;
May 9 was found the first white near Kiev.

White mushroom (boletus) belongs to tubular mushrooms and belongs to the species Boletus edulis sensu lato of the Boletov family. It grows throughout the European part of Eurasia. In total, about 18 of its forms are known. In order not to make a mistake during the collection of porcini mushrooms, it is necessary to have some information about their appearance and the elementary rules of behavior for a mushroom grower.

Kinds

Spruce white fungus (Boletus edulis f. edulis Fr.) is the most common. It has an elongated leg with a thickening downwards. The hat is brown in color with a red-chestnut tint. The surface is smooth and dry. Grows in spruce forests.

Oak white fungus (Boletus edulis f. quercicola) is distinguished by a gray-brown cap, which is occasionally covered with light spots. The pulp is more friable. Grows in oak groves and forests.

Birch white fungus (Boletus betulicolus or Boletus edulis f. Betulicola) is characterized by a hat beige colour. Grows under birches.

Pine white fungus (Boletus pinophilus) is characterized by a large dark hat, often purple hue. The color of the pulp is brown-red.

The main difference between lemon yellow white fungus(Boletus edulis f. citrinus) lemon-yellow or bright yellow cap color is recognized. Grows in spruce-pine forests.

The smooth-legged porcini mushroom (Boletus edulis f. laevipes) is distinguished by the absence of a mesh on the stem. Grows in birch forests.

External signs

White fungus has a smooth and dry surface. The diameter of the boletus cap reaches 25 cm. When it is small, the cap is hemispherical, after maturation it becomes cushion-shaped. The color of the hat can vary from beige to brown. The pulp is white, does not change its color when cut. The length of the leg is up to 17 cm, the thickness is about 2-6 cm. The leg is oval, thickens downward, covered with a mesh pattern on top white color. Whites grow extraordinarily quickly, about 4 cm in length is added per day.

Doubles

It is important to be careful when collecting, because very often there are inedible doubles whites, also called "false whites". Therefore, you should know their features.

The gall fungus (Tylopilus felleus) or mustard from the genus Tylopil has an outward resemblance to a young oak boletus. He has the same convex hat of brownish or brownish color. The leg is oval in shape, thickened at the base and covered with a mesh pattern. The color of the finely porous tubular layer is not typical for mushrooms, it is pink or off-white. But the main difference is a very bitter taste that repels even insects. Therefore, the double always looks perfect.

Satanic mushroom (Boletus satanas) also represents the genus Borovik. It has a cushion-shaped hat and a barrel-shaped foot. The cap is grayish-white, olive or brownish. The tubular layer is orange or any shades of red. Characteristic features: the mesh leg in the middle has a rich red color, and when cut for five minutes, the flesh turns blue. Old individuals have the smell of rotting onions.

collection time

When to collect mushrooms? When going to the forest for mushrooms, it is important to know when and where to pick them. Because the optimum temperature for the growth of porcini mushrooms, it lasts a long time in July and August, at this time it is worth looking for them. The greater the temperature and humidity changes, the less the fruiting bodies of mushrooms develop. the best climatic conditions short-term thunderstorms with foggy warm nights are recognized. The collection begins before sunrise, because at this time of day they are much more noticeable. You need to walk slowly, carefully examining the surroundings. Mushrooms grow in well-drained, moist sandy or loamy soils.

If the summer is humid, the boletus should be looked for away from the trees on dry, well-heated hills, glades, and edges. And if the summer is dry, it is better to look under the trees, in thick grass - where moisture is well preserved. In addition, it is believed that mushrooms often grow where morels grow.

Worms' favorite delicacy is fresh porcini mushrooms. Pests are especially active in hot weather. There is such a feature for whites that grow in an open place: the spine is clean, and the hat turns out to be wormy. The worms make their way into the hat from below, the passages of the worms and the bottom of the hat are brown. Such mushrooms need to be cut in half and cleaned of wormholes.

Mature boletus is not afraid of frost. Therefore, if the collection was carried out after hard frost, thawed whites will have their own normal view and taste.

Useful and fragrant. It got its name due to the cap, which does not change color even after drying. The fungus remains white, although other species gradually turn black.

Nutritious and taste qualities on high. From the article you will learn everything about the white mushroom: when to collect them, where they grow, how to distinguish them from inedible ones.

Description of white fungus

Almost every summer, mushroom pickers rejoice in the harvest. How nice it is to look for mushrooms and at the same time enjoy the fresh clean air. White mushroom is in great demand. When to collect it, every person who specializes in this business knows. There is an opinion that the porcini mushroom is from the genus of mushrooms.

The diameter of the hat is most often 25 cm. Sometimes it reaches 27, and even 30 cm. It all depends on the species. As soon as the hat begins to grow, it looks like a hemisphere. Gradually becomes flatter and drier. The color of the white fungus is varied. Depending on the habitat. As the mushroom pickers say, depending on how much light hits the mushroom. It can be either white or dark brown. That is, the lighter the area, the darker the mushroom.

The length of the stem is 15, 20 and even 25 cm. The thickness of the mushroom varies. At first, his leg is thin, over time it becomes cylindrical in shape and reaches 10 cm.

The fungus has a tube on which small pores are clearly visible. As it grows, its color changes. At first it is light white, then yellowish, and at the time of ripening it is green. At the very break of the leg from the hat, the color does not change. This is the white mushroom. When to collect it, you need to know. After all, you can not use it green and overripe.

The benefits of porcini mushroom

Such a product contains carotene, vitamin B, C, D and riboflavin. It is these vitamins that help strengthen nails, hair, skin and the entire body. The high content of sulfur and polysaccharides helps with cancer.

The porcini fungus contains a lot of lecithin, with the help of which atherosclerosis is treated and hemoglobin increases. It has a lot of protein, which gradually disappears when frying. That is why it is recommended to use dried mushrooms. They are better absorbed in the body.

Carbohydrates found in white fungus support, strengthen the immune system and protect against a variety of viruses. Therefore, it is recommended to use them as often as possible. However, mushrooms are heavy food for the stomach. Try to use them dried in soups. Where do porcini mushrooms grow and when to collect them, read the article.

Harm of white mushrooms

People often use toxic substances without even knowing it. Any mushrooms that grow near the highway or in polluted places are strong natural sorbents. They absorb all the toxic substances. Therefore, in order to maintain your health, you need to look for white fungus in clean places. When to collect and where, we will tell further.

Doctors forbid giving mushrooms to children. If there is poisoning, it is almost impossible to save the child.

The child's body cannot cope with the mushroom chitin shell, as it does not have enough necessary enzymes to digest food. Especially the mushrooms.

habitats

Many people do not know where white mushrooms grow. Wet and rainy conditions are most suitable for them. Where there is horsetail, porcini mushrooms cannot be found in the forest.

Most often, such a delicacy is found near fly agarics. In what forests do porcini mushrooms grow? Experienced mushroom pickers can answer this question. Often they are located near rivers or streams. Mushrooms love not only moisture, but also heat. In hot weather, they hide under bushes, grass, and in autumn, on the contrary, they look for open spaces for the sun to warm them up.

Mushroom pickers have an idea in which forests porcini mushrooms grow. After all, they can not be found everywhere. Pine forests or birch groves famous for porcini mushrooms. In these places, they do not grow alone, but in families. Therefore, if you find at least one mushroom, do not go far, there are probably more nearby.

All forests, coniferous, pine or deciduous, are famous for porcini mushrooms. However, only in old places. Young forests cannot boast of the abundance of this glorious delicacy.

Now you understand in which forests porcini mushrooms grow, and you can easily go in search of them.

Where to collect porcini mushrooms in the suburbs

This wonderful delicacy does not grow in every forest. Such a territory is located in the direction from Moscow to the West. It is there that there are forests with high humidity and all the conditions for the growth of porcini mushrooms.

This is in the Ruzsky or Shakhovsky districts. If you go from Moscow to the north, then you can turn to the suburb of Taldom.

Experienced ecologists believe that it is impossible to pick porcini mushrooms in the Khimki or Lyubertsy forest. These areas are considered polluted, and the conditions in them are unfavorable for porcini mushrooms. Even if they are edible, they can be poisonous only because they have absorbed all the harmful substances.

Now you know where to collect porcini mushrooms in the Moscow region, and it will not be difficult for you to figure out clean and polluted areas. Most often, the harvest for this wonderful delicacy is large, the main thing is not to make a mistake in it and not to pluck the poisonous one.

When to pick porcini mushrooms

In spring and winter, you can not look for this delicacy. It will be impossible to find them anyway. No one can say for sure in which month porcini mushrooms are harvested. They usually appear in June and their season lasts until October. If summer started earlier, in April or May, and the air humidity is high, then the first white mushrooms can be found. However, if the autumn is frosty and the cold has come early, then do not expect them in October.

They grow very fast. From a small one, weighing 3 grams, in a week it becomes about 200-250 grams. Very often you can meet giants who reach 700 gr. As long-term practice has shown, the smaller the mushroom, the better it is absorbed by the body. That is, a very small one does not fit, as it is not ripe. Perfect option for eating from 100 gr. up to 300 gr. In too large mushrooms There is a lot of fiber, so it is difficult for the human body to absorb them.

A very useful porcini mushroom. When to collect it, decide for yourself. However, it is always worth remembering that summer - optimal time for harvesting. White mushrooms are very fond of worms and insects. Therefore, in the fall, you need to try to find a good and undamaged product.

The difference between a false mushroom and a real one

Very often people collect the wrong product that they need. Everything happens out of ignorance. Therefore, they confuse the false white mushroom with the real one. They are found equally under deciduous or coniferous trees. They look almost identical.

The first misconception of people is that the inedible false white fungus grows separately. It can be seen in a warm, illuminated clearing or edge. The false mushroom often overlaps with the real one.

The first difference is the awful bitter taste. The false mushroom is not classified as poisonous, so more experienced people try a very small piece. A very bitter taste appears immediately.

If you are afraid to try the mushroom during collection, then heat treatment will help you. When roasted or boiled, the bitter taste becomes unbearable.

Be careful as the pulp false fungus there are toxic substances that gradually poison the body. With constant use, the liver is destroyed, its performance, and even cirrhosis can develop.

Symptoms of poisoning

You already know what a porcini mushroom is, when to collect it and where. However, it is necessary to understand what symptoms are in case of poisoning, and what to do in this case. As practice has shown, the first signs appear no later than two hours after consumption.

In case of poisoning, nausea, vomiting and severe diarrhea appear. The temperature rises to almost 40 degrees, and the hands and feet become very cold, and chills begin. In some cases, hallucinations are noticeable.

At the first signs of poisoning, it is necessary to take activated charcoal, drink as much as possible cold water and strong iced tea. In the meantime, you need to call a doctor or ambulance. Only with proper and timely treatment does a person have the opportunity to recover within three days.

Before moving on to the story of the places where porcini mushrooms grow, it would not be out of place to mention that the phrase “porcini mushroom” is collective, and implies not one specific fungus, but several. Their number, as it turned out, is not limited to ten. In total, there are 18 subspecies, 4 of which are even trying to be defined as independent, separate species. Most of these mushrooms belong to the genus Borovik, but by a lucky chance, among the “noble” there was also one “mishandled Cossack” from the genus Obabok (white boletus) - because of the light color of its hat. For the average mushroom picker, this information may seem scientifically boring, if not completely useless, but it significantly explains why porcini mushrooms grow in a variety of forests - from coniferous to deciduous.

Forests of white mushrooms

The variety of forests in which porcini mushrooms grow is explained by the fact that their various subspecies "make" an alliance - and very mutually beneficial - with the most different trees. And they grow exactly where these trees are.

It would seem that to search for places where mushrooms should be found in fat herds, it is enough to write down the list of trees to which they gravitate and carry it with you on outings. But no - due to pickiness to the conditions, the lion's share of all varieties of porcini fungus turned out to be noticeably "more legible" than the same boletus and other aspen mushrooms. Give them not only “your” symbionts (moreover, of a certain age), but also specific soil, as well as characteristic thermal and humidity conditions. That is why porcini mushrooms do not grow anywhere, but only in special forests. Here we will now consider them in detail.

coniferous forests

Let's start, of course - with conifers, because these forests are the most dominant in temperate zone northern hemisphere of the planet, especially in its extreme northern part. In addition, they are the most characteristic landscape where white mushrooms grow.

Pine forests

Photo 2. Mountain Pine forest rich in porcini mushrooms.

These forests usually have white mushroom pine, entering into symbiosis is understandable with which tree, less often with spruce and other (including deciduous) species. It differs from other boletus mushrooms in its sugary brown hat and stem, sometimes also having a brownish tint. The soil loves with sand, or loamy, but in no case waterlogged. That is, the fungus definitely avoids swamps and damp lowlands, preferring dry forests to them. In the mountains, he loves to "climb" higher - there, you see, the conditions for him are the best.

It is possible to calculate the places where pine porcini mushrooms grow not only by digging the forest ground with a spatula and finding grains of sand under a half-rotted litter. The main landmark is moss (sphagnum) or lichen "pillows". Mushrooms usually appear here, especially if there are small gaps in the trees, warming up more by the sun than other surrounding areas. They can also be found along the edges of clearings, clearings, and along forest roadsides.

I will give an example from my personal mushroom practice, when I managed to come across a whole “field” of porcini mushrooms, where they grew like cucumbers in a greenhouse and almost climbed on top of each other. It was a clearing bordering on a forest and a river, and it turned out to be completely covered with moss and reindeer moss. From one square meter a bucket of mushrooms was instantly collected from this place, and in total they managed to cut a dozen of such buckets. How we then dragged this wealth, and how we dragged it to the house in general, is the topic of a separate story. I can only say one thing - for the first time I felt everything in full negative traits own greed.

Spruce forests, fir or spruce-fir forests

Photo 4. Spruce-fir forest.

grows here spruce porcini mushroom. Outwardly, it is almost indistinguishable from the pine boletus, except that the color of its hat is slightly less saturated. By the way, this mushroom is a type species, and therefore - it is the same "real porcini mushroom".

Photo 5. Here he is - a handsome man, a typical representative of porcini mushrooms. Grew up on a cushion of sphagnum moss.

The growing conditions of the spruce boletus actually correspond to its pine counterpart, with the exception of the fact that the former is more inclined towards spruces.

Just like the previous mushroom, the spruce boletus loves sandy or loamy, not waterlogged soils, and moss-lichen litter.

Deciduous forests

They are noticeably smaller than coniferous forests, but this does not prevent them from occupying a very decent area. Deciduous forests are more developed in southern terrain, in the north they are usually an infrequent occurrence.

birch forests

Photo 6. Bereznyak. The place of growth of the birch variety of white fungus.

It's funny, but the true white fungus managed to form a subspecies here too - birch boletus, he is spikelet(This name is due to the fact that this mushroom appears exactly at the time of earing of rye).

Unlike previous varieties, the spikelet has the lightest hat, is not so picky about the type of soil, and grows almost everywhere, except perhaps avoiding frank swamps and peat bogs. It is very common and numerous, for which we especially adore the admirers of the “quiet hunt”. In fact, it can be found in any birch forest, preferring edges and borders between overgrown and open areas.

There are three signs by which you can accurately determine whether porcini mushrooms grow in a birch forest. First of all, these are grass bumps. Or in a popular way - white-bearded grass.

Photo 8. Where such grass bumps come across, white mushrooms will definitely grow.

Two other signs are neighbor mushrooms. Fly agaric red and chanterelle. As a rule, both of them accompany the white fungus, and even begin to bear fruit with it at about the same time.

oak groves

Photo 9. A small oak grove with a slight admixture of birch and dark coniferous species (the eastern border of the pedunculate oak).

Nevertheless, the area is not quite typical for the Urals, and it is worth mentioning, because, after all, we have small oak forests in the south-west, and this is the territory where porcini mushrooms of the oak variety grow. However, this variety is controversial - some scientists distinguish it in independent view — boletus bronze. It differs from the previous ones in the darkest color of the hat, sometimes it even has a black, mold-like coating. In France, this fungus is popularly referred to as "Negro's head".

Photo 10

Grows in warm forests, tends to southern regions. Rare or absent in mountainous areas. According to rumors - it comes across with us, but extremely infrequently.

Elm forests

Vyazovniki, they are ilmovniki. There are some. A specific breed of porcini mushrooms that prefer these particular forests has not yet been noticed. However, occasionally in these forests there are pine and spruce varieties, and sometimes birch comes across.

Scientists from mycology unanimously argue that it is difficult for porcini mushrooms to form a symbiosis with elm due to some specific nuances of the biology of this tree. That is why they are so rare there, and if they are found, then in small quantities.

I want to add the only thing: elm forests are those forests where porcini mushrooms do not grow. No matter how much I wandered in these places, I never saw mushrooms, although some other edible mushrooms did come across there.

Another thing is when the elm grows mixed with lindens and birches, and even with fir and spruce. But this is already

mixed forests

Which I mentioned for a reason, because their share among our forests is very tangible. So, it is in them that you most often come across large clusters of porcini mushrooms. What this is connected with is unknown. I only assume that the “hodgepodge” of symbiont trees somehow provides mushrooms best conditions for growth. And possibly the original undergrowth mixed forests has some effect here.

Although... In mixed forests often there is such a tree as a birch, and therefore - there is everything for the growth of a birch variety of white fungus - the most numerous of all. Maybe it provides the "productivity" of mixed forests?

Something about the minimum age of trees

It is noticed that what older forest, the more virgin and primitive it is, the more likely it is to come across large clusters of porcini mushrooms in it. But in young forest plantations, you will most likely be with butterflies, but not with whites. For the latter require a huge interval of time (according to some sources - from 20 to 50 years) in order to form a well-developed mycelium capable of bearing fruit on a maximum scale. Although, small harvests of whites sometimes occur in relatively young forests, but the fact is that it is small.

conclusions

Well, now - it's time to sum up all of the above. So, where porcini mushrooms grow, there:

1. There are birch, pine, spruce, fir and oak. And also - other trees, but the number of mushrooms here will be noticeably less.
2. The age of the trees is “adult”, that is, at least 20 years old, but older is better.
3. In relatively dry, not wetlands.
4. Along the borders of the forest and open areas, in places where trees are less common.
5. In the mountains.
6. On sandy, sandy and loamy soils.
7. Where mosses (sphagnum, cuckoo flax) and lichens grow on the ground.

Knowing these seven rules, you can safely go into the forest and quite successfully discover places where porcini mushrooms grow. However, I strongly recommend that you be observant at the same time, fix any interesting points and draw your own conclusions regarding the places where mushrooms grow. And the more often you walk through the forest, the more secrets and he will reveal secrets to you. And you will always come back with full baskets.

So yes! Just remember to sharpen your knife well.

A special delicacy of any table is the white mushroom - not only tasty, but also healthy. It can be used not only for food, but also as a remedy. For a mushroom picker, it is important not to make a mistake in choosing - to consider a handsome man among the forest grass and be able to distinguish from skillfully disguised poisonous and inedible twins.

The white mushroom or real boletus (Boletus edulis) belongs to the class Agaricomycetes, the genus Boletus, the Boletaceae family. It has many names: cow, bear, capercaillie, belevik and others. Refers to edible.

The hat is convex in shape, gradually becomes flatter, the span diameter is up to 30 cm. The outer part is usually smooth, but may be wrinkled, cracking in hot weather. During high humidity with a small mucous layer, shiny in dry weather.

The color of the cap of the porcini mushroom has variations in the place of growth:

• among pines - closer to chocolate, pink edging is possible;
• V spruce forest- brown with coffee, sometimes green tint;
• Near deciduous trees- light, light hazel, yellow ocher.

The pulp is dense, light in newly appeared specimens, turning yellow with age. When cut, the color does not change. It has a mild taste and smell when raw. A special pleasant aroma spreads during cooking or drying.

The stem of the mushroom is 8-12 cm high, up to 7 cm thick. The shape is “barrel” or “mace”, elongated in aging specimens, thickened at the base. Surface shades are brown with whitish or reddish tints. The mesh layer is light, most often located closer to the cap. Rarely is it mild or absent altogether.

The tubular layer - from light in young to yellowish and greenish in older individuals, easily leaves the cap pulp.

Distribution and collection season

They grow next to many trees, but most of all they love the "society" of a pine forest, birch or oak groves, spruce forest.

The forest form in the fall friendly shares the space with green russula in an oak forest and with a chanterelle next to birches, it appears at the same time as greenfinch.

There is a high probability of finding such hare in pine trees of 20-25 years old, or in a pine forest not younger than 50 years old with a moss-lichen cover.

The best temperature for mushroom growth is in summer months 15-18 degrees of heat, and in September 8-10. Serious temperature fluctuations and rains inhibit the development of mycelium. White hare grow best after small thunderstorms and foggy warm nights.

Soils like with the presence of sand and loam, without excess water. Peatlands and wetlands are excluded. They also do not like hot places, although they prefer good lighting.

You can meet the hare on all continents except Australia. It grows especially actively in Europe, northern America and even Africa. In Asia, it reaches Japan and China. In Russian forest spaces - almost everywhere, reaching the tundra and Chukotka, but not found in the steppes. He does not like to "climb mountains" too much.

Fruiting is solitary, closer to autumn days- heap.

Porcini mushrooms grow in seasons: in more temperate climatic latitudes - from mid-June to the end of September days, the most mushroom time is from the fifteenth of August. Where it is warmer, it may appear by the end of May and not disappear until October.

Species diversity and description

Scientists counted 18 forms among the whites, but the average amateur would not want to climb into such a jungle. Yes, and meet some really only in other hemispheres of the planet. Therefore, let us consider in more detail what grows in the forests of Russia.

Spruce

White spruce mushroom (Boletus edulis f. edulis) is large, up to 2 kg one specimen. The hat is chestnut-brown or "brick with a red tint", in the form of a hemisphere, eventually turning into a plane. The top is wrinkled, velvety to the touch. In young mushrooms, the edges are slightly tucked inward.

The tubes are white, gradually a yellow-green tint appears. Leg height 6-20 cm, thickness 2-5. The mesh layer is located closer to the hat.

Distribution and time of collection

Collection is possible from early June to early October in spruce-pine and mixed forests - wild and park. They love the neighborhood with spruce.

Oak

Oak porcini mushroom (Boletus quercicola) has a hat most often of a coffee-gray color, light blotches are possible, with a diameter of 5-20 cm, fleshy and dense. With age, it gradually begins to wrinkle. With increasing humidity, the surface becomes shiny, slightly slimy.

The leg is expanded or in the form of a club, 6-20 cm high and 2-6 cm in diameter. Inner part more brittle than other species.

Where and in what season are they harvested?

Oak porcini mushrooms grow from May to October next to oaks and mixed vegetation of the middle and southern strip of the center of the country, the forests of the Caucasus, in Primorye. Distributed widely, sometimes in clusters.

Birch

White birch fungus (Boletus betulicola) - the fruiting body is much larger than that of other counterparts. The hat in diameter reaches 5-15 cm, but sometimes it grows up to 25-27 cm. The color is light - from white to light coffee, it can wrinkle slightly, crack in the heat.

The tubes are white, with the decrepitude of the fungus comes a creamy shade. The inside is dense, when dried it remains white. Barrel-shaped leg, white-brown, mesh closer to the hat, 5-13 cm high, 1.5-4 wide.

Distribution and time of collection

White birch fungus is present in all forests of the European part of Russia, the territory of the middle latitudes of North and Northeast Asia, the Caucasus, the tundra zone - among the northern birch forest. Any soil (but does not take root on peat bogs), the main thing is that birch or at least aspen grow nearby.

You can find it from early summer to October. Some beauties can survive until the first cold weather. Cut neatly 1.5-2 cm from the ground. You need to look for birch porcini mushrooms on the outskirts of the forest and along nearby roads.

Pine

White pine mushroom (Boletus pinophilus), also called boron, looks like a "fat man". The height of the stem is from 5 to 16 cm, with a diameter of 4-10 cm, more thickened at the base. The surface is completely "shrouded" in a reddish or light brownish mesh.

Hat diameter 5-25 cm. General color dark brown, there may be variability of reddish hues, slightly pink along the contour, closer to light in newly grown ones. The lower part is white-yellow, darkening with age. The flesh is white at the break, under the skin it is brown with a red tint, of a weaker structure than that of the white birch fungus.

Where and in what season are they harvested?

Upland porcini mushroom is harvested in Siberian taiga, coniferous forests the western half of the European part of the country and in the regions of the northeast from July to 15 October. Prefers sandy pine soils, old forests with mosses and lichens. Can be found in forests mixed with pine.

It is important to collect while the tubular layer has not acquired a greenish tint - old specimens can lead to poisoning!

Collecting mushrooms - how to?

When going to the forest, you need to understand where, when and how to pick porcini mushrooms. It is preferable to start hunting for them in July and August. Especially they scatter over the soil after brief thunderstorms and warm fogs at night. In summer, the boletus mushroom grows for 6-9 days, in autumn - 9-15.

It is advisable to come to the forest before the sun has risen, when the porcini mushroom is clearly visible. Move slowly, carefully examining the ground. Especially places with sand and loam, where the soil is not flooded. When the summer is damp, it is worth looking at a distance from the trees, on hills and places well lit by the sun. If the season is dry, the hare are hiding near the trees, where the grass is thicker. They love to coexist with morels.

The best specimens for collection are with a hat diameter of about 4 cm. Boletus is adored by various kinds of pests, so you need to look out for them carefully, especially in a hat. Be sure to cut into pieces and remove the wormholes. Within 10 hours, the white mushroom must be processed (put for drying, salting, fried, etc.), otherwise, most of the useful properties will go away.

Collection rules

• cut the porcini mushroom carefully without damaging the mycelium;
• can be twisted;
• clean from possible pests (although it is better to take whole ones);
• put in a collection container with a hat down;
• if the legs are high - lay sideways;
• leave overripe and dubious specimens on the ground;
• do not trample.

Healthy porcini mushrooms are not afraid of frost, so they can be harvested even after a frost. After thawing, they do not lose their taste.

Nutritional qualities

A freshly picked porcini mushroom has a calorie content of 34 kcal per 100 g of mass, dried - 286 kcal. Nutritional value - 1.7 g of fat, 1 g of carbohydrates, 3.5 g of protein per 100 g of weight. Also disaccharides and saturated fatty acids.
praised great taste in any form. Special the nutritional value in that it makes the stomach work actively.

90% of the weight is water, the remaining 10 are distributed into proteins, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals and fats.

It contains the most important trace elements - iodine, copper, manganese and zinc. Vitamins - PP, C, B1, A. 22 amino acids. The amount of protein depends on the type, age of the fungus (the younger, the better), place of growth and method of preservation. Dried porcini mushrooms are especially good at preserving proteins.

Digestibility of mushroom proteins

It occurs more slowly than animals, since the proteins of the fungus are enclosed in special walls that “do not pierce” the enzymes of the digestive tract. To improve the absorption of mushrooms by the body, you need to chop well, boil or fry.

Usage

White mushroom without wormholes is allowed to be eaten in any form - dried, boiled, fried, salted, pickled and fresh. During drying, they do not become dark, leaving a pleasant forest aroma. The sauce goes well with meat and rice. Powder from such mushrooms can be seasoned with various dishes. Italians love them very much, adding them raw to the ingredients of a salad with parmesan cheese, seasoning with oil, spices and lemon juice.

Dried mushrooms can be stored for 1 year by placing them in paper bags. The air temperature should be fixed moderate, regular ventilation is required.

The benefits and harms of white fungus

White mushrooms are both beneficial and harmful depending on their use by humans.

Beneficial features

• in pharmaceuticals - treatment of mastopathy, oncology, angina pectoris, tuberculosis;
• strengthen immunity;
• improve the condition of the eyes, hair and nails;
• are a prophylactic against anemia and atherosclerosis;
• when applied externally, they contribute to the rapid healing of wounds.

Harm

• collected from the roads and industrial enterprises– absorb heavy metals and toxic substances;
• if stored incorrectly - porcini mushrooms can cause serious indigestion, especially in children;
• overuse dried mushroom can cause obesity
• use porcini mushroom with caution in patients with liver and kidney problems.

Mushrooms doppelgangers

A serious problem is created dangerous twins white mushroom. To distinguish white mushroom from false poisonous and inedible mushrooms, use the table below.

It is clear that poisonous inedible mushrooms in many ways similar to whites, but upon closer inspection, they can still be distinguished. Additionally, looking at external state- false ones are distinguished by their impeccable appearance.

Symptoms of double poisoning, first aid

In an adult with poisoning, severe symptoms last up to 3 days. These are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and headache. But due to the unknown effects of poisons, psychogenic reactions are real, up to hallucinations, absolute loss of self-control and memory, and even lethargic sleep or death.

As soon as symptoms occur, immediately flush the stomach and take the poisoned person to the hospital or call an ambulance. The effects of doppelgänger mushrooms, especially Satanic mushrooms, have been little studied and delaying first aid can be fatal.

Compare carefully appearance caught you on " silent hunting»copy with a description of the porcini mushroom, as you remember it and with the help of the photos given in the article. Put in the basket only those of them in which you are completely sure. And then the beauties brought home will delight all gourmets with an amazing aroma and taste of forest gifts.