Treatment of diseases of coniferous trees. The main diseases of conifers From which side of the pine trunk does resin protrude

Than from spruce. Those who have chosen a beam with a profile hesitate because of the large pine knots that are noticeable in the interior. Therefore, they look towards the white, with small knots, homogeneous spruce. Pine is more colorful. Due to the high content of resin in the tree.

Pine wood resin, if it began to melt when the solid wood dried, for a couple of years it will come out in places by capillary action and resin pockets. The more beautiful upland pine, grown in favorable conditions, which for some reason is praised by most manufacturers of OCB, is impregnated with resin no more than spruce. In fact, longevity should be associated with resin pine grown under adverse conditions, in which the core of the resin is amber (red). Such a tree for protection from external factors richly impregnated with resin at the root. But, not everyone will like it in appearance (OCB in the photo). The resin will begin to come out abundantly when sawing a tree (cuts for casing), in cuts under a frame partition.

The difference between a beautiful upland pine and resin is that in the latter, resin is mostly concentrated in the core. The outer part (sapwood) of building conifers is already strong. It is clearly visible from the old abandoned wooden houses - it is the core that is destroyed in the first place. The resinous core significantly increases the life of a wooden building. If the resin is not melted forcibly. For this reason, the profiled timber, dried in the chamber, is inferior in terms of durability to the analogous natural humidity. Need to understand after manufacturing, a solid, weaker core part of a tree trunk remains at the beam, sapwood is practically absent.

With a more gentle, time-stretched atmospheric drying (called natural), the resin is more likely to be seen on the surface of the upland pine. It is mainly concentrated in the outer sapwood part of the log (on the left top photo it is shown). With modern protective compositions, resin is not really needed for the outer layers of solid wood. In addition, it appears abundantly in the sun, often through an expensive top coat and stinks of turpentine in the bath. Pine knots also ooze. Resin takes a long time to turn white (glazed) and crumble on its own. Acetone diluted with water in proportions of 1/4 will speed up the removal process.

Resin is a substance that is released when the tree cover is damaged. At first, it has the appearance of a thick, viscous mass of amber-honey color, but upon interaction with air, it soon hardens and becomes a resin. Most often, this ability is observed in coniferous trees.

What is the resin of coniferous trees? Correctly speaking, conifers emit, not resin. Resin is a resin dissolved in essential oils (scientifically - a balm). Contrary to the popular belief that “pine resin smells”, we note that it is not the resins themselves that smell (they have no smell at all), but essential oils. In air, most of the essential oils evaporate, but about 6% remain, which explains not only a pleasant smell, but also a not quite solid consistency (resins, as you know, are amorphous solids).

Coniferous resin: composition

coniferous resin plays extremely important role in the life of trees: it flows to the surface of the wound, cracks, preventing the penetration of pathogens into the wood. Thus, resin protects its "hostess" from those who want to use the nutrient medium of pine or spruce. The resin of coniferous trees has antiseptic, bactericidal properties. Roughly speaking, live bait is a patch that the tree imposes on itself.

C is a mixture of resin acids, fatty acids and their esters, alcohols, sterols, resins and waxes. Resins are insoluble in water, but dissolve without problems in chloroform, alcohol and other organic solvents.

The resin is formed in the sapwood, that is, the outer layers of the tree. The predominant part of the resins is released into the resin passages. These are narrow channels filled with resin. They are located in the wood structure both horizontally and vertically, forming a single resinous system. The length of the resin passages can be from 10 to 80 cm.

It is worth mentioning that coniferous trees are so far an insurmountable "enemy" of manufacturers of wooden products - tools, etc. Softwood is in great demand because it is relatively inexpensive, resilient, durable and has a beautiful structure. But, at the same time, due to the presence of resin in wood, tools wear out quickly, wood processing and the formation of decorative and protective layers become more difficult.

The resin of coniferous trees is fought by. But the resin remains inside the wood, and under certain circumstances it can come to the surface. Therefore, now we are actively engaged in studying the possibility of isolating the resin inside the substrate with the help of varnishes, sealers, insulating primers. There is still a long way to go before the problem is solved, but that is another story.

Speaking about the composition of the resin of coniferous trees, it is impossible not to mention amber. Coniferous resins, oxidized by atmospheric oxygen, become extremely resistant to the effects of the external environment. Thanks to this, they were able to lie in the ground for millions of years, turning into amazingly beautiful amber.

Pine Tree Resin: Mining

Among coniferous trees, the most popular is tar, resin, tar, tar and. IN industrial scale pine resin predominates, of course. On its example, we will consider the extraction of resin from coniferous trees, but there are no fundamental differences between the extractions of different conifers.

Pine resin will differ in quality depending on the place of growth: on moist shaded soils, and even in cold winters, bitter and dark resin is extracted. And, conversely, in dry sunny places after a moderate winter, the pine gives a very good resin.

As the saying goes folk wisdom- you can not hurt a tree to get resin. You can only take what the tree gives itself. At the same time, the people call the resin of coniferous trees tree blood. Perhaps, for the needs of one person, it is enough to go into the forest and pick up a handful of pine resin. But you can't build an industry on this, so forestry enterprises use such an event as tapping to extract pine resin.

Pine tapping - these are cuts on a tree trunk that look like grooves. Thanks to their placement at an angle, the resin that the wounded pine begins to secrete flows into prudently substituted containers. For the first time, pine resin is released in a small amount, and the wound heals quickly. After 10 days, the grooves are cleared, and coniferous resin begins to stand out more intensively. In such a rather gentle way, about 0.5 kilograms of pine resin can be obtained per season. This tree remains quite healthy if it is "milked" a little and given a break.

But there are also more stringent methods, which are called “to death”. This method is used when 4-5 years remain before felling trees. It is characterized by more intense, high cuts on all sides of the trunk. At the same time, it is possible to extract up to 300 kg of pine resin per hectare of forest per year (several kilograms from one tree). In other popular species of coniferous trees, the resin yield is somewhat lower: spruce resin - up to 0.5 kg, larch resin - up to 0.4 kg, cedar resin - up to 0.8 kg.

Coniferous resin can be extracted not only from living trees, but also from stumps. To do this, the stumps are crushed, and resin is extracted from the wood by distillation or extraction.

Resin of coniferous trees: application

Industrial applications of coniferous resins

Let's start with the industrial use of resin. Since the resin of coniferous trees is 35% light fraction - essential oils (turpentine), and 65% heavy - coniferous resin (rosin), a way is needed to separate the resin into fractions. This method consists in steam distillation of the purified resin.

The resulting turpentine is often used in medicine as a solvent for varnishes and paints, in chemical industry; rosin is used in the production of artificial leather, plastics, rubber, soldering and tinning, soap, linoleum, mastics and many other useful things.

Pine resin itself is widely used for tarring wood, as a softener for rubber compounds, for the production of pitch, pitch, resin oils.

Medical use of coniferous resins

The miraculous properties of the resins of coniferous trees have been known since ancient times. Despite the fact that tree resin is similar in composition and exhibits strong healing, analgesic, antiseptic properties, there is, of course, a difference between different representatives of conifers.

- Cedar resin excellent for the treatment of diseases associated with circulatory disorders of the brain. These are injuries, atherosclerosis, hypoxia, senile dementia, speech and memory disorders, etc. Also cedar resin will help normalize heart activity. It is also valuable because with radiation therapy it can make the tumor more susceptible.

- larch resin- an excellent remedy against helminths, including tape and round worms, with amoebiasis and giardiasis, often used to treat lice and scabies;

- fir resin- a universal substitute for antibiotics. Kills infections of the mucous membranes of the mouth and genitals, stomach, intestines, esophagus, is able to cleanse the skin of boils and carbuncles, has antitumor abilities;

- spruce resin is an excellent immunostimulant and antioxidant. Spruce resin will help with bruises, burns, trophic ulcers, and even with stomach ulcers, tuberculosis and bronchitis.

As you can see, tree resin is an extremely useful and affordable thing. Anyone can go to the forest, "collect" the resin of coniferous trees, and then clean it. To do this, the dirty resin is wrapped in gauze and thrown into boiling water. The resin will come to the surface of the water and you just need to collect it with a spoon or pour it into a container of cold water to harden. Then the resin is rolled into balls or "sausages" and used for any purpose - fortunately, it can be stored for a very long time.
Tatyana Kuzmenko, member of the editorial board of the Sobcorrespondent of the online publication "AtmWood. Wood-industrial bulletin"

Coniferous trees are good because they delight us with their greenery at any time of the year. Their fluffy branches look even more exotic under the white edging of snow. But no plants are immune from diseases.

Diseases of conifers found both in forests and in private areas with forest trees. But it is not for nothing that they say that for every action there is a reaction. And this problem can be dealt with if you know what are diseases of coniferous trees and how to properly treat them. Diseases of these tree species can be divided into ailments of their "tops and roots". Consider the most dangerous of them.

Diseases of branches and trunks of coniferous trees

The trunks and branches of coniferous trees (spruce, pine, fir, larch) are affected by various diseases - necrosis, rust, cancer, rot and vascular.

Cancer diseases

Resin crayfish (silveryanka, seryanka) of pine

Pathogens - Peridermium pini Kleb, Cronartium flaccidum Wint.

The bark on the trunk in the affected areas begins to peel off and fall off, abundant gumming occurs. Gum hardens on the surface of the bark, which cracks over the entire surface of the lesion. Affected pines can live for decades, but lag behind healthy trees in growth. Pitch cancer cannot be completely cured, but it is possible to stop the process by treating the infected wound with biocidal antiseptic preparations. In areas with a large number of trees, it is advisable to remove infected pines in order to avoid infection of surrounding trees.

Rust cancer (blister rust) of Weymouth pine and cedar

The pathogen is Cronartium ribicola Ditr.

In the first year, yellow spots actively form on pine needles, the next year, the bark of the affected branches at the base of the needles swells in some places and acquires an orange-yellow color. Trunks and branches of pines in the affected areas thicken somewhat. In diseased pines, diseased branches gradually die off, and the trees themselves often die off. Treatment for rust cancer is not performed. Affected trees must be removed.

Rust cancer of fir

The pathogen is Melampsorella cerastii Wint.

In places of infection, muff-like thickenings appear on the fir trunk. Later, a "witch's broom" (a vertical shoot with shortened yellow-green needles) grows from the buds of the affected shoots. From the branches, the mycelium penetrates into the trunk, as a result of which a thickening forms on it, cracking of the bark occurs and an open stepped cancer develops. Rust cancer of fir is not cured completely. Treatment and protection - similar to the treatment of tar cancer.

larch cancer

The pathogen is Dasyscypha willkommii Hart.

At first, darker, as if tarred dents form in the places of damage on the larch trunk. Then they grow, and a roller forms around them, which later forms a cancerous wound. Excision of cancerous wounds of larch is completely impossible. The trunk is cleaned to healthy wood, the wound is treated with long-acting antiseptics. In cancerous and healthy surrounding larches, all dry branches are removed.

Cancer of pine and spruce

Pathogen - Biatorella difformis (Fries.)

In this case, open stepped wounds or pitched ulcers form on the trunks, branches of affected pines or spruces. Ulcers form most often in the middle part of the trunk and can reach half or even more of the diameter of the trunk. Wounds are pronounced gradation, richly covered with resin. Most often, ulcerative cancer occurs on highly moist soils, but in Lately often found in normally moist forests. Infected trees can be sick for a long time, cancerous wounds develop slowly. The process accelerates with increasing humidity. There is no treatment for peptic ulcer. In large plantations, it is advisable to remove infected trees with the help of thinning. On single trees, the trunk is stripped to healthy wood, the wound is decontaminated and fumigated.

shoot cancer

Pathogen - Ascocalyx abietina (Lagerb.) Schlaepfer-Berhard

Redness appears at the base of the needles, then the needles seem to bend, forming an "umbrella", and easily fall off when touched. Top shoots die off. Black warty formations form at the base of the needles and on the bark. Treatment is carried out by treating trees with fungicides.

All types of cancerous diseases of coniferous trees that have appeared as a result of infection of trees with pathogens cannot be completely cured. It is possible to stop the process of damage to the trunk, but such a tree is doomed. If cancerous diseases are detected in a site with a large number of coniferous trees, it is necessary to protect the surrounding healthy trees from the pathogen. The best protection is the removal of infected trunks. Another measure in case of impossibility of removal (adjacent forest area with a large number of diseased trees, the desire to save the affected tree) is the treatment of both healthy and diseased trees with biocides, cleaning the affected areas on trunks, and removing diseased branches.

Necrotic diseases

Necrotic diseases are characterized by the death of tissues around the circumference of the trunk. As a result, rot of the affected tissues usually begins to develop.

Necrosis of shoots and trunks of conifers

The pathogen is Cenangium abietis (Pers.) Rehm.

The first sign of the disease is reddening of the bark and needles of the plant, and the dead needles do not fall off for a long time. Small black tubercles form on the cracks in the bark. Necrosis of shoots and trunks of conifers affects young trees up to 15 years of age. Treatment is to remove affected trees.

rust diseases

Rust diseases lead to the appearance of rust-colored formations on the affected trees, from which spores of the fungus then spill out.

Rust of pine shoots (pine spinner)

Pathogen - Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr.

Appears on young shoots. On the upper side of the leaves are formed teliopustules- dark brown, sometimes almost black, and sometimes bright yellow-orange bulging formations. In these places, the pine shoot is bent. Mostly young trees are affected. Treatment of trees in which, in addition to needles, the bark is also affected is not advisable. Protection is carried out by removing plantings of aspen and white poplar in the area (the second host of the pathogenic fungus). If it is impossible to remove aspens and poplars, deciduous trees are treated, fallen leaves are burned.

Diseases of the roots of coniferous trees

Coniferous root diseases are the most harmful among infectious diseases, because they affect the vital activity of the entire tree.

Rot diseases

pathogen - root sponge Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.

This disease is characterized by a well-defined focality in the spread of the disease, the presence of inclined trees, the presence of fruiting bodies in the form of mycelial pads. As a result of the disease, a variegated pit-fibrous rot of the root system develops. A characteristic feature is ulcers on the root. This fungus infects plants different ages, but it causes the greatest damage to plantations aged twenty to forty years old, especially adult spruce trees suffer from the root sponge. Root fungus is the most common type of pine and spruce disease in our latitude. There is no root sponge treatment.

pathogen - Trutovik Schweinitz Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat.

Affected wood becomes brown, with pronounced cracks, the presence of a white film in them. In addition, it emits a strong turpentine smell.

Hidden trunk rot is dangerous because a heavily affected tree becomes windfall. Another danger is the weakening of the tree and, as a result, its colonization by stem and other pests. This is exactly what happens in the spruce forests of the Moscow region. In the Moscow region this moment present a large number of overripe spruce forests(over 60 years of age). The lack of necessary measures for the care of the forest (cutting, clearing debris, windbreaks, etc.) has led to the widespread spread of the root fungus. In some massifs of spruce forests, the defeat of the root fungus approaches 100%. Weakened trees are actively colonized by the bark beetle, which leads to the formation of foci of this pest. There is massive loss of trees. Within 2-4 weeks, seemingly healthy and powerful spruces die. So, a disease that is not fatal in itself, gave impetus to the lightning-fast death of entire massifs of spruce forests. Timely treatment of the root fungus, which boils down to cutting down diseased trees and cleaning the forest, would save our spruce forests from the dominance of the bark beetle. This is just one example of a lack of proper tree care. Proper Treatment tree diseases, incl. and conifers, even when it comes to one affected tree, not one tree, but entire forests can be saved from death.

In folk songs, fairy tales and epics, everything beautiful and beautiful is called red. Popular poetic expressions are widely known: the red maiden, the spring is red, the sun is red. The coniferous forest, beautiful and green at any time of the year, deserved this epithet among the people. Coniferous trees are especially beautiful in the dead of winter, when bizarre snow garlands are hung on their green branches by a blizzard. Not involved in this winter holiday beauty is only larch, the only one among coniferous trees that sheds its summer green dress for the winter. But in all other respects, it is no different from its coniferous counterparts.

There are much more coniferous forests in our country than deciduous ones. Forming both pure and mixed forests, they make up three-quarters of all forest areas.

The wood of coniferous trees, as well as their appearance, differs sharply from deciduous trees, primarily due to the characteristic texture with clearly defined annual layers. In most coniferous trees, the wood smells like turpentine due to the presence of resin in it. The widespread wood of coniferous trees, which has high technical properties, has always been of predominant importance in the national economy, especially in construction and wooden architecture.

Although all conifers share their inherent general properties, each of them at the same time has its own unique features, which must be taken into account by master woodworkers.

Pine

A tall, mighty tree with a bark that shimmers with red copper can be found in almost all latitudes of our country. Of the twelve species of pines that grow in our country, Scots pine is the most common. Sandy and swampy soil, hot and cold climate is accepted by pine with a complacency rare for other trees. But she only loves light and does not tolerate dimming. In the thicket, where trees grow densely, their crowns stretch upwards towards the sun, trying to expose every branch under its rays. And after the crowns, trunks stretch upwards, round and straight, like chiseled columns. Thickets of centuries-old pines form forests, called ship forests, because once in the old days there were trunks of mighty pines on masts and other parts of wooden ships.

Pine trees grown in a large forest clearing or in an open field look completely different. There is plenty of light here, and there is absolutely no need to stretch the crown as high as possible, but you can freely spread the branches in all directions. Their trunks become stocky and small branches whimsically twist, forming a sprawling and picturesque crown. But the most bizarre forms are taken by the branches of a pine tree grown in the Jurassic, sublime and open space accessible to all winds. Under such a pine you can collect the richest material for forest sculpture.

The soil on which pines grow also affects the appearance of trees. Geologists have noticed that the forms of the crown and branches of pines in the places of occurrence of peat bogs have their own characteristic features. This gave them the idea to begin the search for new deposits of large peatlands from the study of branches and crowns of pines.

The pine has a whorled arrangement of branches. Usually four or five branches fan out in all directions, located at the same level around the trunk. Floor after floor, whorls rise to the very top. Every year a new whorl forms on top of the pine. By the whorls, one can approximately determine the age of the pine: how many whorls - so many years of the pine. But to determine the age in this way is possible only in young pines. In old pines, the whorls from below die off and overgrow, leaving no traces on the trunk.

Whorls

The whorled arrangement of branches near the pine tree inspired the peasants to cut out many items needed in peasant life. For example, whorls are the progenitor of modern mixers.

We provide information from the field of botany, as we consider it necessary in this book to create a holistic "image" of the tree.

In peasant huts even now, somewhere near a Russian stove, one can see a stick polished with corns with flyers at one end. This is the pine whorl, an indispensable tool for kitchen work, if you need to beat butter, quickly crush boiled potatoes in a cast-iron, or knead the dough in a kneader.

Magical power was also attributed to an ordinary pine branch. From one New Year's holiday to another, the Western Slavs kept a pine branch in the hut, which, according to their ideas, was supposed to protect the house from the machinations of evil forces, protect the peace and well-being of the inhabitants of the hut. By the arrival of the New Year, the old withered branch was replaced with a fresh one. The superstitious notions associated with the pine branch have long been forgotten. But even now in a modern human dwelling you can find a pine branch standing in a crystal or ceramic vase, but already as an interior decoration.

Violating the rules of botany, a pine tree is called a Christmas tree once a year. In the southern regions of our country, where spruce does not grow, instead of it, a pine is dressed and honored on New Year's Eve. But, unlike the Christmas tree, the pine is dressed not only on New Year's Eve. In some regions of Russia, there was a custom to dress up a small pine tree before the wedding at a bachelorette party, when the bridesmaids sang ritual songs. In the middle of the table they put a loaf of bread, stuck a young pine tree into it and, like a bride, decorated it with colored ribbons and wildflowers. In wedding songs, the bride was compared to a young pine tree:

Pine, pine, young,

What are you, pine, not green,

Young, young, young,

What are you, young lady, not funny.

In dry sunny days, already in April, you can hear a slight, barely perceptible click in the pine forest. Raise your head and immediately notice a lot of gray fluttering dots against the light background of the sky. It is flying, spinning in the air, winged pine seeds. In the wind and sun, the cones have dried up and are now opening, freeing the ripened seeds from winter captivity. Squirrels, woodpeckers and crossbills are big hunters of pine seeds.

Pine seeds, pine resin, cones

People harvest pine seeds in winter time, from December to April, until the cones have had time to open. Then they are dried in special dryers and the seeds are extracted from them. But empty cones do not go to waste. Pine cones- the best fuel for the famous Russian samovars, they burn beautifully and keep the heat for a long time. Craft lovers from natural materials use cones to make various funny figurines. Once in a warm and dry room, the cones brought from the forest will inevitably open after some time. To keep some of the cones unopened, they are dipped in liquid wood glue.

Used for crafts and pine resin, which is formed on the butt of the trunk. In the lower part of the trunk, the pine bark is thick, pitted with deep cracks. From above, it is dark brown with a bluish-lilac bloom, and brown on the section, with light layers. Pine bark is very light, dense and cuts well. It is known that Novgorodians made floats for nets from 33 of it in ancient times. And even now, if the fisherman does not have a factory float at hand, he sometimes cuts it out of a piece of pine bark.

Pine feeds!

There used to be a saying: "Pine feeds, linden shoes." The fact that the linden shoes is understandable, because in the old days the peasants wove shoes from bast bast. But how the pine feeds is not so easy to guess ... And only from history can one learn that in the famine years the peasants removed the thin bark from the pines and scraped off the inner shell, called the pulp. The pulp was dried, crushed and mixed with flour.

Pine is one of those rare trees that go into business entirely, without a trace from the roots to the top. Needles, branches, cones, resin and roots - all this, as well as stem wood, is a valuable raw material for various industries. Pine needles contain many useful substances, which is why it has long been used in folk medicine for the preparation of medicinal tinctures and decoctions. At modern industrial enterprises, essential oils are extracted from the needles, used in perfumery and medicine, and coniferous-vitamin flour is used to feed animals.

From thin and long, rope-like roots, village craftsmen wove various vessels, called rhizomes. Before weaving, the roots were washed, peeled and split in two. The extraordinary flexibility of the roots gave

the ability to weave dishes of a very complex shape, with a texture resembling fabric. The craftsmen wove the roots so tightly that the peasants kept salt, sand and starch in wicker dishes.

Resinous pine roots were used as fuel in primitive peasant lamps. They burned longer than a birch torch, and gave more light, illuminating even the far corners of the hut. And when hunting with a spear in the old days, in a lamp mounted on the bow of the shuttle, they also burned only pine roots - they burned without crackling, which means they did not scare away the fish.

Gum and amber

Damaged pine releases a resin that protects plants from penetrating the wood fibers. harmful organisms. That is why this resin is called resin, which heals, embalms the wounds of the tree. And apparently, noticing this property of the resin, the gardeners began to heal the wounds of fruit trees with it, making a plaster from it with the addition of wood (olive) oil and wax. By the way, the balm with which the ancient Egyptians soaked mummies that have survived to this day and survived millennia also includes pine resin in its composition.

Lumberjacks and hunters have long noticed the ability of resin to heal wounds. If there is no first-aid kit at hand, then instead of a bandage or plaster, they put clean resin on the wound. By the way, the patch that we buy at the pharmacy also includes pine resin. They also put resin on aching teeth to relieve toothache. And the inhabitants of the Caucasus even prepared a special medicinal chewing gum from pine resin. In the old days, resin diluted with alcohol was used as a rub for aches. Until now, turpentine obtained from resin is used as rubbing. The smoke of burning resin has disinfectant properties. In some areas, peasants smoked a hut with the smoke of burning resin in winter to purify the air and remove the bad smell.

And who does not know the wonderful mineral amber. Amber is also pine resin, only it has lain in the ground for millions of years. In some pieces of amber, there are insects that once made a rash step, sitting on the resin flowing from the pine. And now scientists have the opportunity to study insects that lived on earth millions of years ago. Amber has a rich color range - from golden yellow and red to blue-green and almost black. Not only jewelry is made of amber: rings, brooches, necklaces, bracelets, but also decorative sculpture and mosaic panels. The highest achievement of the art of processing amber was the famous the Amber Room in Tsarskoye Selo near Leningrad, in which everything, from a small thing to walls, was made of carved amber.

Resin is a valuable raw material for the chemical industry. How is sap prepared? In forests specially designated for this purpose, turpentine preparers - scavengers make two rows of inclined cuts, called bottoms. The resin flows down the bottoms into the receiver - a small vessel, fixed at the bottom. If the incisions are renewed from time to time, then the resin will flow all summer. Over the summer, up to two kilograms of resin are obtained from one tree.

At rosin-turpentine enterprises, resin is cleaned of litter and distilled with steam. The volatile part of the resin, when cooled, forms turpentine, and the golden, fragile mass remaining after distillation forms rosin. Rosin is used to make paper, make soap, and make paint and varnish. It is necessary in shipbuilding, leather and rubber industries, as well as for the production of sealing wax and linoleum. The violin, cello and other bowed instruments could not play without rosin.

Turpentine

Other component resin - turpentine is used as a solvent for paints and varnishes, rubber and various resins. Synthetic camphor is produced from it. In the textile industry, chintz fabrics are etched with turpentine before drawing a pattern on them, and paints are diluted.

Pine wood is of great value. Moderately strong, light and soft, drying wood has always found the widest application.

Pine wood

Pine is a sound breed. In a freshly cut tree, the core is slightly pinkish, but as the wood dries, it darkens and gradually acquires a brown-red hue. The core of the branches is colored red-brown. The sapwood of the pine is wide, with a yellowish or light pink tinge. The core rays are difficult to distinguish on the end section, even through a magnifying glass. But they are clearly visible in the form of golden shiny spots on a radial cleavage. Pine splits well not only in the radial, but also in the tangential direction. The ability of pine to split well is used in the manufacture of shreds, tesas and cooperage staves. By splitting pine blanks along the fibers, folk craftsmen created wood chips of amazing beauty. Thin strips of wood chips were also used for weaving baskets and boxes. The core rays visible on the surface of the wood gave the products a unique shimmering sheen.

In pine, like in most conifers, annual layers are clearly visible. Each layer has two parts. The light and wide part is formed in spring and early summer, and the narrow and darker part is formed in late summer and autumn. The early and late parts of the annual layer differ not only in color. The early part is looser and softer, while the later part is more dense, hard and resinous. Given these properties, craftsmen have found ways to enhance the decorative effect of pine and other coniferous wood. Slightly burning the surface of the wood with a soldering or gas burner, a kind of negative texture pattern is obtained due to the fact that the loose early layers, burning faster, become darker than the later ones. After a longer firing and subsequent processing with metal brushes, the surface of the wood acquires a relief texture.

On a well-polished pine end, especially in the dark late part of the annual ring, it is easy to see resin passages in the form of light spots through a magnifying glass. On longitudinal sections, they form dark dashes. The late part of the annual layer contains more resin than the early part. Many properties of wood depend on the width of annual rings. Wide grain wood is soft, light and light, while narrow grain wood is dense, hard, dark and heavy. Masters call wide-layered wood myandovaya, and small-layered wood - ore, for its red-brown color. The most valuable is ore wood with moderate resin content.

In the southern regions of Russia, depending on the degree of resinity, two varieties of pine were distinguished - tar and dry chips, or butt. A heavily pitched pine was called tar, and one that contained a minimum amount of resin was called a dry-sliver. The rafters of the timber knew very well that dry chips can be fused, but tar cannot be - if not immediately, then somewhere along the way it will sink. Tar is heavy, water does not hold it, but it is strong and durable: a sunken tree can lie at the bottom of a river for decades. Therefore, such a resinous pine went to where it was supposed to withstand dampness: to buildings in swampy places, moorings and piers, bridges, parts of wooden ships. The carpenters tried to lay three or four crowns of tar in the log house first, because they are closest to damp earth. Perhaps that is why the lower crowns of the buildings of ancient Novgorod have been preserved, having lain for centuries in the damp earth.

In carpentry, highly resinous pine was rarely used. It stains and stains poorly. If you begin to plan or saw, you will suffer, the resin sticks to the metal. It is dangerous to put lacquered and painted products from such pine somewhere near the stove or in the sun. Under the action of heat, the resin in the resin bags melts, and the varnish coating warps and peels off. But if, nevertheless, it is necessary to use resinous pine in carpentry, then before finishing it, it must be deresined with special compounds. Where increased requirements are not imposed on the strength of the product, a dry chip was used. It accepts mordant and stains well, it is easy to cut and plan.

In the forest, pine reaches technical maturity by 80-100 years. At this age, it is cut down for the needs of the national economy. In ship groves, trees are up to 40 m high and about half a meter in diameter. A debarked cylindrical tree trunk is the simplest and only constructive element in peasant buildings. But Russian carpenters learned how to knit logs without a single nail so ingeniously that sometimes they cut down not only huts and outbuildings, but also gigantic structures of complex shape. In 1669, near Moscow, in the village of Kolomenskoye, it was cut down from selected pine logs royal palace, which is a complex architectural complex. Logs for construction were harvested in winter, when the trees contain a minimum amount of moisture, which means they crack less. The palace has not survived to this day, but this grandiose structure can be judged from the drawings and memories of eyewitnesses. The wooden palace had 270 large rooms and three thousand windows. The palace amazed not only by its grandiose size, but also by the fabulous splendor of wooden buildings. No wonder contemporaries called him the "eighth diva" - after the seven famous wonders of the world.

They do not lose their attractiveness and decorativeness throughout the year, and, as a rule, live longer than many hardwoods. They are an excellent material for creating compositions thanks to various form crown and needle color. The most widely used in professional and amateur landscaping are coniferous shrubs such as junipers, yew, thuja; from wood - pine, larch, spruce. Therefore, information about their main diseases seems to be relevant. The issue of treating conifers is especially acute in the spring, when you have to deal with burning, winter desiccation and infectious diseases on plants weakened after winter.

First of all, it should be mentioned non-communicable diseases, caused by a negative effect on the growth and development of coniferous plants adverse conditions environment. Although conifers are demanding on high humidity soil and air, excessive moisture associated with natural waterlogging, rising groundwater levels, spring floods and heavy autumn precipitation, leads to yellowing and necrotic needles. The same symptoms very often appear due to lack of moisture in the soil and low air humidity.

Tui, spruce, yew are very sensitive to drying out of the roots, therefore, immediately after planting, it is recommended to mulch their near-stem circles with peat and grass cut from lawns, if possible, maintain mulching throughout the entire time of their growth, and water regularly. The most drought-resistant are pines, thujas and junipers. In the first year after planting, it is advisable to spray young plants with water in the evening hours and shade them during the hot period. The vast majority of conifers are shade-tolerant; when grown in open sunny places, they may lag behind in growth, their needles may turn yellow and even die off. On the other hand, many of them cannot stand strong shading, especially light-requiring pines and larches. To protect the bark from sunburn, it can be whitewashed with lime or special whitewash. in early spring or at the end of autumn.

The condition and appearance of plants largely depend on the availability of nutrients and the balance of their ratios. The lack of iron in the soil leads to yellowing and even whitening of the needles on individual shoots; with a lack of phosphorus, young needles acquire a red-violet hue; with a nitrogen deficiency, plants grow noticeably worse, become chlorotic. The best growth and development of plants occurs on drained and well-cultivated soils provided with nutrients. Slightly acidic or neutral soil is preferred. It is recommended to fertilize with special fertilizers intended for coniferous plants. In suburban areas, conifers may suffer from frequent visits by dogs and cats, causing an excessive concentration of salts in the soil. On thuja and juniper in such cases, shoots with red needles appear, subsequently drying out.

Low temperatures in winter and spring frosts cause freezing of the crown and roots, while the needles become dry, acquire a reddish color, die off, and the bark cracks. The most winter-hardy are spruces, pines, fir, arborvitae, junipers. The branches of coniferous plants can break off from the necklace and snow break in winter.

Many conifers are sensitive to air pollution from harmful industrial and automotive gaseous impurities. This is manifested, first of all, by yellowing, starting from the ends of the needles and their falling off (dying off).

Conifers are rarely severely affected infectious diseases, although in some cases they can suffer greatly from them. Young plants are generally less resistant to a complex of non-infectious and infectious diseases their resistance increases with age.

Types of soil-dwelling fungi genera Python(pitium) And Rhizoctonia(rhizoctonia) lead roots of seedlings to decay and die off often cause significant losses of young plants in schools and containers.

The causative agents of tracheomycotic wilt are most often anamorphic fungi. Fusarium oxysporum, which are soil pathogens. Affected roots turn brown, mycelium penetrates into vascular system and fills it with its biomass, which stops the access of nutrients, and the affected plants, starting from the upper shoots, wither. The needles turn yellow, redden and fall off, and the plants themselves gradually dry out. Seedlings and young plants are most affected. The infection persists in plants, plant debris and spreads with infected planting material or infected soil. The development of the disease contributes to: stagnant water in low areas, lack of sunlight.

Healthy planting material should be used as a protective measure. Timely remove all dried plants with roots, as well as affected plant residues. For preventive purposes, short-term soaking of young plants with an open root system is carried out in a solution of one of the preparations: Baktofit, Vitaros, Maxim. At the first symptoms, the soil is shed with a solution of one of the biological products: Fitosporin-M, Alirin-B, Gamair. For the purpose of prevention, the soil is shed with Fundazol.

Gray mold (rot) affects the aerial parts of young plants, especially in unventilated areas with a strong thickening of plantings and insufficient lighting. Affected shoots become gray-brown, as if covered with a layer of dust.

In addition to these diseases, which are widespread on hardwoods, there are diseases that are characteristic only for conifers. First of all, they are shute, the causative agents of which are some types of ascomycete fungi.

real schütte Lophodermium seditiosum- one of the main causes of premature fall of pine needles. Mostly young plants are affected, incl. V open field nurseries, and weakened trees, which can lead to their death due to heavy fall of needles. During spring and early summer, the needles turn brown and fall off. In autumn, small yellowish dots are noticeable on the needles, gradually growing and turning brown, later black dotted fruiting bodies - apothecia are formed on the dead, crumbling needles - apothecia, with which the fungus is preserved.

Common Schutte Pine, which has similar symptoms and development cycle causes Lophodermium pinastri. In autumn or more often in the spring of the next year, the needles turn yellow or become reddish-brown and die off. Then, the fruiting bodies of the fungus are formed on it in the form of small black strokes or dots, blackening and increasing by autumn. Thin dark transverse lines appear on the needles. Dispersion of spores and infection of needles contributes moderately warm weather, drizzling rain and dew. Weakened plants in nurseries and cultures up to 3 years of age and self-sowing pines are more often affected and die.

Called by a fungus Phlacidium infestans, which affects mainly pine species. It is especially harmful in snowy areas, where it sometimes completely destroys the renewal of Scots pine.

It develops under snow cover and develops relatively quickly even at temperatures around 0 degrees. Mycelium grows from needle to needle and often further to neighboring plants. After the snow melts, dead needles and often shoots turn brown and die. Diseased plants are covered with grayish mycelial films that quickly disappear. During the summer, the needles die off, becoming reddish-red, later light gray. It crumbles, but almost does not fall off. At the twisted pine ( Pinus contorta) dead needles are more reddish than those of Scots pine. By autumn, apothecia become visible, like small dark dots scattered over the needles. Ascospores from these are spread by air currents onto living pine needles just before they are usually covered with snow. The development of the fungus is favored by drizzling rains, snowfall and melting in autumn, mild snowy winters, and long spring.

Brown Shutte, or brown snow mold of conifers affects pines, fir, spruces, cedars, junipers, is caused by a fungus Herpotrichia nigra. It occurs more often in nurseries, young stands, self-sowing and young undergrowth. This disease manifests itself in early spring after the snow has melted, and the primary infection of needles with bag spores occurs in the fall. The disease develops under snow at a temperature not lower than 0.5 ° C. The lesion is detected after the snow has melted: on the brown dead needles, a black-gray cobweb coating of mycelium is noticeable, and then dotted fruiting bodies of the pathogen fungus. The needles do not fall off for a long time, thin branches die off. The development of the disease is facilitated by high humidity, the presence of depressions in the sown areas, and the thickening of plants.

Signs of defeat juniper schütte(causative agent - fungus Lophodermium juniperinum) appear at the beginning of summer on last year's needles, which acquire a dirty yellow or brown color and do not crumble for a long time. From the end of summer, round black up to 1.5 mm fruiting bodies are visible on the surface of the needles, in which marsupial sporulation of the fungus persists in winter. The disease develops intensively on weakened plants, in humid conditions, it can lead to plant death.

Protective measures against schütte include the selection of planting material that is resistant in origin, giving the plants as much resistance as possible, timely thinning, and the use of fungicidal sprays. Shaded plants are most susceptible to the disease. The harmfulness of shyutte increases with high snow cover and its long-term melting. In forests and parks, instead of natural regeneration, planting of plants of the required origin is recommended. Planted plants are more evenly distributed over the area, making it more difficult for mycelium to infect one plant from another, in addition, they quickly reach a height above the critical level. In those areas where schütte damages Scotch pine, you can use lodgepole pine or European spruce, which is extremely rarely affected. Only healthy planting material should be used. It is recommended to remove fallen diseased needles and cut off dried branches in a timely manner.

Fungicidal treatments must be used in nurseries. Spraying with copper and sulfur preparations (for example, Bordeaux mixture, Abiga-Peak or HOM, lime-sulfur decoction) in early spring and autumn effectively reduces the development of diseases. When the disease manifests itself in a strong degree in summer time spraying is repeated.

Of particular importance for conifers are rust diseases, caused by fungi of the Basidiomycota department, class Uredinomycetes, affecting the needles and bark of shoots, virtually all of their pathogens are heterogeneous, and from conifers they pass to other plants, causing their defeat. Let us describe some of them.

Cone rust, spruce spinner. On inside spruce scales, which is an intermediate host of rust fungus Puccinia strumareolatum, rounded dusty dark brown aetiopustules appear. Cones are wide open, hanging for several years. The seeds are inconsistent. Sometimes shoots are bent, the disease in this form is called spruce spinner. The main host is bird cherry, on the leaves of which small round light purple uredinio-, then black teliopustules appear.

Summons a Rusty Miscellaneous Fungus Melampsora pinitorqua. The aecial stage develops on the pine, as a result of which its shoots bend S-shaped, the top of the shoot dies off. Aspen is the main host. In summer, small yellow urediniopustules form on the underside of the leaves, spores from which cause mass infection of the leaves. Then, by autumn, black teliopustules are formed, in the form of which the fungus overwinters on plant debris.

Rust pine needles cause several species of the genus Coleosporium. It mainly affects biconiferous species of the genus Pinus, is found everywhere in their ranges, mainly in nurseries and young stands. The eciostage of the fungus develops in spring on pine needles. Yellow vesicle-shaped aetsiopustules are arranged in disorder on both sides of the needles, uredio- and teliospores are formed on coltsfoot, ragwort, sow thistle, bellflower and others. herbaceous plants. With a strong spread of the disease, the needles turn yellow prematurely and fall off, and the plants lose their decorative effect.

Miscellaneous mushroom Cronartium Ribicola causes pine spinner(five-coniferous pines) , or columnar rust of currant. First, the infection of the needles occurs, gradually the fungus spreads into the bark and wood of the branches and trunks. Resin is observed in the affected areas, and aesiopustules appear in the form of yellow-orange vesicles from the ruptures of the cortex. Under the influence of the mycelium, a thickening is formed, which eventually turns into open wounds, the overlying part of the shoot dries up or bends. Currant is an intermediate host, gooseberries can rarely be affected, numerous pustules form on the underside of their leaves in the form of small columns, orange, then brown.

Mushrooms of the genus Gymnosporangium (G. comfusum, G. juniperinu, G. sabinae), pathogens juniper rust affect cotoneaster, hawthorn, apple, pear, quince, which are intermediate hosts. In spring, the disease develops on their foliage, causing the formation of yellowish outgrowths (pustules) on the underside of the leaves, and round orange spots with black dots are noticeable on the top (aecial stage). From the end of summer, the disease passes to the main host plant - juniper (teliostage). From autumn and early spring, yellow-orange gelatinous masses of sporulation of the pathogen fungus appear on its needles and branches. Fusiform thickenings appear on the affected parts of the branches, and the death of individual skeletal branches begins. On the trunks, more often on the root neck, swellings and swells form, on which the bark dries out and shallow wounds open. Over time, the affected branches dry out, the needles turn brown and crumble. The infection persists in the affected juniper bark. The disease is chronic, almost incurable.

Rust of birch, larch - Melampsoridium betulinum. Small yellow pustules appear on the underside of birch and alder leaves in spring, yellowing, shoot growth decreases. In the larch, which is the main host, the needles turn yellow in summer.

As protective measures against rust diseases it is possible to recommend spatial isolation from affected plants that have a common causative agent of the disease. So, you should not grow poplar and aspen next to pines, five-needle pines should be isolated from blackcurrant plantings. Cutting out affected shoots, increasing resistance through the use of microfertilizers and immunostimulants will reduce the harmfulness of rusts.

causative agents drying of juniper branches there may be several mushrooms: Cytospora pini, Diplodia juniperi, Henderson notha, Phoma juniperi, Phomopsis juniperovora, Rhabdospora sabinae. Drying of the bark and the formation of numerous brown and black fruiting bodies on it are observed. The needles turn yellow and fall off, the branches of the bushes dry out. The infection persists in the bark of affected branches and unharvested plant debris. The spread is facilitated by dense plantings and the use of infected planting material.

Tui can often also appear drying, drying of shoots and branches, caused more often by the same fungal pathogens. A typical manifestation is yellowing and falling of leaves from the ends of the shoot, browning of the young growth of branches; in humid conditions, sporulation of fungi is noticeable on the affected parts.

The causative agent of which is a fungus Pestalotiopsis funerea causes necrosis of the bark of branches and browning of the needles. On the affected tissues, olive-black sporulation of the fungus is formed in the form of separate pads. With a strong drying of the branches in hot weather, the pads dry up and take on the appearance of crusts. With an abundance of moisture, a grayish-black mycelium develops on the affected needles and bark of the stems. Affected branches and needles turn yellow and dry out. The infection persists in the affected plant debris and in the bark of drying branches.

Sometimes appears on juniper plants biorelloma cancer. Its causative agent is a fungus Biatorella difformis, is the conidial stage of the marsupial fungus Biatoridina pinastri. With mechanical damage to the branches, over time, pathogenic microorganisms begin to develop in the bark and wood, causing necrosis of the bark. The fungus spreads in the tissues of the bark, the bark turns brown, dries, cracks. The wood gradually dies off and longitudinal ulcers form. Over time, rounded fruiting bodies are formed. The defeat and death of the bark leads to the fact that the needles turn yellow and dry out. The infection persists in the bark of the affected branches.

Pathogen juniper nectar crayfish is a marsupial Nectria cucurbitula, with conidial stage Zythia cucurbitula. Numerous brick-red sporulation pads up to 2 mm in diameter are formed on the surface of the affected bark; over time, they darken and dry out. The development of the fungus causes the death of the bark and bast of individual branches. The needles turn yellow and fall off, the affected branches and entire bushes dry up. The infection persists in the bark of affected branches and plant debris. The spread of infection is facilitated by dense plantings and the use of infected planting material.

In recent years, many cultures, incl. conifers, mushrooms of the genus Alternaria. Pathogen juniper Alternariosis is a mushroom Alternaria tenuis. On the needles affected by it, which becomes brown, a velvety black coating appears on the branches. The disease manifests itself when plantings are thickened on the branches of the lower tier. The infection persists in the affected needles and bark of branches and in plant debris.

To combat desiccation and Alternaria, you can use preventive spraying of plants in spring and autumn with a Bordeaux mixture, Abiga-Peak, and copper oxychloride. If necessary, in the summer, spraying is repeated every 2 weeks. The use of healthy planting material, timely pruning of affected branches, disinfection of individual wounds and all cuts with a solution of copper sulphate, and smearing with oil paint on natural drying oil significantly reduce the prevalence of diseases.

larch cancer causes marsupial fungus Lachnellulawillkommii. Its mycelium spreads in the bark and wood of larch branches during its spring and autumn growth dormancy. The following summer, new bark and wood are built up around the wound. As a preventive protective measure, it is recommended to plant resistant species larches, grow them in favorable conditions, do not thicken, avoid frost damage.

On the stems of conifers, some types of fungi can settle tinder fungus, forming rather large fruiting bodies on the bark, annual and perennial, causing cracking of the bark, as well as rot of roots and wood. For example, pine wood affected by a root sponge is purple at first, then white spots appear on it, which turn into voids. Wood becomes cellular, sieve.

Tui stem rot is often caused by tinder fungi: pine sponge Porodaedalea pini, causing variegated-red rot of the trunk and tinder fungus Schweinitz - Phaeolus schweinitzii, which is the causative agent of brown central fissured root rot. In both cases, fruiting bodies of the fungus are formed on the rotten wood. In the first case, they are perennial, woody, the upper part is dark brown, up to 17 cm in diameter; in the second mushroom, annual fruiting bodies in the form of flat hats, often on stalks, are arranged in groups. Affected plants gradually die, and unharvested dried plants and their parts are the source of infection.

It is necessary to cut out diseased, damaged, dried branches in a timely manner, cut off the fruiting bodies of tinder fungi. Wound injuries are cleaned and treated with putty or paint based on drying oil. Use healthy planting material. It is possible to carry out preventive spraying of plants in spring and autumn with a Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes. Be sure to uproot the stumps.