21.09.2019

Dshk machine gun decoding 12.7 1938. Heavy machine guns dshk and dshkm. Sights, shooting at different types of targets

On February 26, 1939, by a decree of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a 12.7-mm easel machine gun of the 1938 model DShK (“Degtyareva-Shpagin large-caliber”) of the system of V. A. Degtyarev with a drum receiver of the belt of the system of G. S. Shpagin was adopted. The machine gun was adopted on the universal machine of the I.N. Kolesnikov with a detachable wheel drive and a folding tripod. During the years of the Great Patriotic War The DShK machine gun was used to combat air targets, lightly armored vehicles of the enemy, his manpower at long and medium ranges, as armament of tanks and self-propelled guns. At the end of World War II, designers K. I. Sokolov and A. K. Norov carried out a significant modernization of the heavy machine gun. First of all, the power mechanism was changed - the drum receiver was replaced by a slider one. In addition, manufacturability has been improved, the mount of the machine gun barrel has been changed, and a number of measures have been taken to increase survivability. The reliability of the system has been improved. The first 250 modernized machine guns were produced in February 1945 at a factory in Saratov. In 1946, the machine gun was put into service under the designation “12.7 mm machine gun mod. 1938/46, DShKM. The DShKM immediately became a tank anti-aircraft machine gun: it was installed on tanks of the IS, T-54 / 55, T-62 series, on the BTR-50PA, modernized ISU-122 and ISU-152, special vehicles on a tank chassis.
Since the differences between the 12.7 mm machine gun mod. 1938, DShK and modernized machine gun mod. 1938/46 DShKM consists mainly in the device of the feed mechanism, we will consider these machine guns together.
Machine gun automation and operates by removing powder gases through a transverse hole in the barrel wall, with long stroke gas piston. The closed-type gas chamber is fixed under the barrel and is equipped with a three-hole pipe regulator. Along the entire length of the barrel, transverse ribbing is made for better cooling; a single-chamber active muzzle brake is mounted on the muzzle of the barrel. The barrel bore is locked when the bolt lugs are pulled apart. The DShK barrel was equipped with an active type muzzle brake, which was subsequently replaced by a flat brake of an active type as well (such a muzzle brake was also used on the DShK. and for tank modifications became the main).
The leading link of automation is the bolt carrier. A gas piston rod is screwed into the bolt frame in front, and a drummer is attached to the rack in its rear part. When the bolt approaches the breech breech, the bolt stops, and the bolt carrier continues to move forward, the drummer rigidly connected to it moves forward with its thickened part forward relative to the bolt and spreads the bolt lugs, which are included in the corresponding recesses receiver. The reduction of the lugs and the unlocking of the shutter is carried out by the bevels of the figured seat of the bolt carrier when it moves backward. extraction spent cartridge case provides a bolt ejector, the cartridge case is removed from the weapon down through the bolt frame window, using a spring-loaded rod reflector mounted at the top of the bolt. The reciprocating mainspring is put on the gas piston rod and closed with a tubular casing. In the butt plate there are two spring shock absorbers that soften the impact of the bolt carrier and the bolt at the rearmost point. In addition, shock absorbers give the frame and bolt an initial return speed, thereby increasing the rate of fire. The reloading handle, located at the bottom right, is rigidly connected to the bolt frame and is small in size. The reloading mechanism of the machine gun mount interacts with the reload handle, but the machine gunner can directly use the handle, for example, by inserting a cartridge into it with the bottom of the cartridge case.
The shot is fired with the shutter open. The trigger mechanism allows only automatic fire. It is put into action trigger lever, hinged on the butt plate of the machine gun. The trigger mechanism is assembled in a separate housing and is equipped with a lever non-automatic fuse that blocks the trigger lever (the front position of the flag) and prevents spontaneous lowering of the sear.
The impact mechanism is powered by a reciprocating mainspring. After locking the bore, the bolt frame continues to move forward, in the extreme forward position it hits the clutch, and the drummer hits the striker mounted in the bolt. The sequence of operations of rearing the lugs and hitting the striker eliminates the possibility of firing if the barrel bore is not completely locked. To prevent the bolt frame from rebounding after being hit in the extreme forward position, a “delay” is mounted in it, including two springs, a yoke and a roller.

DShKM machine gun incomplete disassembly: 1 - barrel with gas chamber, front sight and muzzle brake; 2 - bolt carrier with a gas piston; 3 - shutter; 4 - lugs; 5 - drummer; 6 - wedge; 7 - butt pad with buffer; 8 - body trigger; 9 - cover and base of the receiver and feed drive lever; 10 - receiver.

Cartridge supply - tape, with the left supply of a metal link tape. The tape consists of open links and fits into a metal box attached to the installation bracket. The visor of the box serves as a feed tray for the tape. The drum receiver DShK was actuated from the handle of the bolt carrier moving backward, it bumped into the fork of the swinging feeder lever and turned it. The pawl at the other end of the lever turned the drum 60°, which pulled the tape. Extraction of the cartridge from the link of the tape - in the lateral direction. In the DShKM machine gun, the slide type receiver is mounted on top of the receiver. The slider with feed fingers is driven by a toggle lever rotating in a horizontal plane. The crank arm, in turn, is driven by a swing arm with a fork at the end. The latter, as in the DShK, is driven by the bolt carrier handle.
By flipping the slider crank, you can change the ribbon feed direction from left to right.
The 12.7-mm cartridge has several options: with an armor-piercing bullet, armor-piercing incendiary, sighting-incendiary, sighting, tracer, armor-piercing incendiary tracer (used against air targets). The sleeve does not have a protruding rim, which made it possible to apply a direct feed of the cartridge from the tape.
For shooting at ground targets, a folding frame sight is used, mounted on a base on top of the receiver. The sight has worm gears for installing the rear sight and introducing lateral corrections, the frame is equipped with 35 divisions (up to 3500 m in 100) and is tilted to the left to compensate for bullet derivation. The pin front sight with a fuse is placed on a high base in the muzzle of the barrel. When firing at ground targets, the dispersion diameter at a distance of 100 m was 200 mm. The DShKM machine gun is equipped with a collimator anti-aircraft sight, which facilitates aiming at a high-speed target and allows you to see the aiming mark and the target with equal clarity. The DShKM, which was mounted on tanks as an anti-aircraft gun, was equipped with a K-10T collimator sight. The optical system of the sight formed an image of the target and a target reticle projected onto it with rings for firing with lead and divisions of the protractor.

DShK (Index GRAU - 56-P-542) - easel heavy machine gun chambered for 12.7 × 108 mm. Developed on the basis of the design of the DK heavy machine gun. In February 1939, the DShK was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm heavy machine gun Degtyarev - Shpagin model 1938".

DShK machine gun – video

With the start in 1925 of work on a machine gun with a caliber of 12-20 millimeters, it was decided to create it on the basis of light machine gun magazine-fed to reduce the mass of the created machine gun. Work began in the design bureau of the Tula Arms Plant on the basis of a 12.7-mm Vickers cartridge and on the basis of the German Dreyse machine gun (P-5). The design bureau of the Kovrov Plant was developing a machine gun based on the Degtyarev light machine gun for more powerful cartridges. A new 12.7 mm cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet was created in 1930, and at the end of the year the first prototype was assembled. heavy machine gun Degtyarev with a Kladov disk magazine with a capacity of 30 rounds. In February 1931, after testing, preference was given to the DK ("Large-caliber Degtyarev") as easier to manufacture and lighter. DK was put into service, in 1932 the production of a small series was at the plant. Kirkizha (Kovrov), however, in 1933 they fired only 12 machine guns.

Military tests did not live up to expectations. In 1935, the production of the Degtyarev heavy machine gun was stopped. By this time, a version of the DAK-32 had been created with a Shpagin receiver, but tests of 32-33 showed the need to refine the system. Shpagin in 1937 redid his version. A drum feed mechanism was created that did not require significant changes to the machine gun system. The machine gun, which has a belt feed, passed field tests on December 17, 1938. On February 26 of the following year, by a decision of the Defense Committee, they were adopted under the designation “12.7-mm easel machine gun mod. 1938 DShK (Degtyarev-Shpagin large-caliber) "which was installed on universal machine Kolesnikov. Work was also underway on the DShK aircraft installation, but it soon became clear that a special large-caliber aviation machine gun.

The work of machine gun automation was carried out due to the removal of powder gases. The closed-type gas chamber was located under the barrel, and was equipped with a pipe regulator. The barrel along the entire length had ribs. The muzzle was equipped with a single-chamber active type muzzle brake. By diluting the lugs of the bolt to the sides, the bore was locked. The ejector and reflector were assembled in the shutter. A pair of spring shock absorbers of the butt plate served to soften the impact of the moving system and give it an initial roll impulse. The reciprocating mainspring, which was put on the gas piston rod, actuated the percussion mechanism. The trigger lever was blocked by a safety lever mounted on the butt plate (setting the fuse - forward position).

Food - tape, supply - on the left side. Loose tape, having semi-closed links, was placed in a special metal box, fixed on the left side of the machine arm. The bolt carrier handle actuated the DShK drum receiver: while moving backward, the handle bumped into the fork of the swinging feeder lever and turned it. The pawl located at the other end of the lever turned the drum 60 degrees, the drum, in turn, pulled the tape. There were four cartridges in the drum at the same time. During the rotation of the drum, the cartridge was gradually squeezed out of the tape link and fed into the receiving window of the receiver. Moving forward shutter picked it up.

The folding frame sight, used for firing at ground targets, had a notch up to 3.5 thousand m in 100 m increments. The machine gun marking included the manufacturer's stamp, year of manufacture, serial number (series designation - two-letter, serial number of the machine gun). The stamp was placed in front of the butt plate on top of the receiver.

During operation with the DShK, three types of anti-aircraft sights were used. The annular remote sight of the 1938 model was intended to destroy air targets flying at speeds up to 500 km / h and at a distance of up to 2.4 thousand meters. The sight of the 1941 model was simplified, the range was reduced to 1.8 thousand meters, however possible speed the target being destroyed increased (according to the "imaginary" ring, it could be 625 kilometers per hour). The sight of the 1943 model of the year was of the foreshortening type and was much easier to use, but allowed firing at various target courses, including pitching or diving.

The Kolesnikov universal machine of the 1938 model was equipped with its own loading handle, had a removable shoulder pad, a cartridge box bracket, and a rod-type vertical aiming mechanism. Ground targets were fired from a wheeled course, while the legs were folded. For firing at air targets, the wheel drive was separated, and the machine was laid out in the form of a tripod.

A 12.7-mm cartridge could have an armor-piercing bullet (B-30) of the 1930 model, an armor-piercing incendiary (B-32) of the 1932 model, sighting and incendiary (PZ), tracer (T), sighting (P), armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet (BZT) of the 1941 model was used against anti-aircraft targets. The armor penetration of the B-32 bullet was 20 millimeters normal from 100 meters and 15 millimeters from 500 meters. The BS-41 bullet, with a tungsten carbide core, was capable of penetrating 20 mm armor plate at an angle of 20 degrees from a range of 750 meters. The dispersion diameter during firing at ground targets was 200 millimeters at a distance of 100 meters.

The machine gun began to enter the troops in the 40th year. In total, in 1940, plant No. 2 in Kovrov produced 566 DShKs. In the first half of 1941 - 234 machine guns (in total, in 1941, with a plan of 4 thousand DShK, about 1.6 thousand were received). In total, as of June 22, 1941, the units of the Red Army had about 2.2 thousand heavy machine guns.

The DShK machine gun from the first days of the Second World War proved to be excellent as anti-aircraft weapon. So, for example, on July 14, 1941, on the Western Front in the Yartsevo region, a platoon of three machine guns shot down three German bombers, in August, near Leningrad, in the Krasnogvardeisky region, the Second Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Battalion destroyed 33 enemy aircraft. However, the number of 12.7 mm machine gun mounts was clearly not enough, especially given the significant enemy air superiority. As of September 10, 1941, there were 394 of them: in the Oryol zone air defense- 9, Kharkov - 66, Moscow - 112, on the Southwestern Front - 72, Southern - 58, Northwestern - 37, Western - 27, Karelian - 13.

Since June 1942, the staff of the anti-aircraft artillery regiment of the army included a DShK company, which was armed with 8 machine guns, and from February 43, their number increased to 16 pieces. The anti-aircraft artillery divisions of the RVGK (zenad) formed since November 42 had one such company in the regiment of small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery. Since the spring of 1943, the number of DShKs in zenad has decreased to 52 units, and according to the 44th state updated in the spring, zenad had 48 DShKs and 88 guns. In 1943, small-caliber regiments were introduced into the cavalry, mechanized and tank corps. anti-aircraft artillery(16 DShK and 16 guns).

US infantrymen firing DShKM on Romanian URO VAMTAC during joint US-Romanian maneuvers, 2009

Usually anti-aircraft DShK used by platoon, often introduced into medium-caliber anti-aircraft batteries, using them to cover against air attacks from low altitudes. Anti-aircraft machine gun companies, armed with 18 DShKs, were introduced into the state of rifle divisions at the beginning of 1944. During the entire war, the loss of heavy machine guns amounted to about 10 thousand pieces, that is, 21% of the resource. This was the smallest percentage of losses in the entire system of small arms, but it is comparable to losses in anti-aircraft artillery. This already speaks of the role and place of heavy machine guns.

In 1941, with the approach of German troops to Moscow, backup plants were identified in case plant No. 2 stopped producing weapons. The production of DShK was delivered in the city of Kuibyshev, where 555 fixtures and machine tools were transferred from Kovrov. As a result, during the war, the main production was in Kovrov, and in Kuibyshev - "backup".

In addition to easel, used self-propelled units with DShK - mainly M-1 pickups or GAZ-AA trucks with a DShK machine gun installed in the back in anti-aircraft position on the machine. Anti-aircraft light tanks on the T-60 and T-70 chassis further prototypes have not advanced. The same fate befell the integrated installations (although it should be noted that the built-in 12.7-mm anti-aircraft installations were used to a limited extent - for example, they served in the air defense of Moscow). The failures of the installations were associated, first of all, with the power supply system, which did not allow changing the direction of the tape feed. But the Red Army successfully used 12.7-mm American quad mounts of the M-17 type based on the M2NV Browning machine gun.

The "anti-tank" role of the DShK machine gun, which received the nickname "Dushka", was insignificant. The machine gun was used to a limited extent against light armored vehicles. But the DShK became a tank one - it was the main armament of the T-40 (amphibious tank), BA-64D (light armored car), in the 44th year, a 12.7-mm turret anti-aircraft gun was installed on the heavy tank IS-2, and later on heavy self-propelled guns. Anti-aircraft armored trains were armed with DShK machine guns on tripods or pedestals (during the war, up to 200 armored trains operated in the air defense forces). DShK with a shield and a folded machine could be dropped to partisans or landing forces in a UPD-MM parachute bag.

The fleet began to receive DShKs in 1940 (there were 830 of them at the beginning of the Second World War). During the war, the industry transferred 4018 DShKs to the fleet, another 1146 were transferred from the army. In the navy, anti-aircraft DShKs were installed on all types of ships, including mobilized fishing and transport ships. They were used on a twin single pedestal, tower, turret installations. Pedestrian, rack and tower (paired) installations for DShK machine guns, adopted for service navy, developed by I.S. Leshchinsky, designer of plant No. 2. The pedestal installation allowed for circular firing, vertical guidance angles ranged from -34 to +85 degrees. In 1939 A.I. Ivashutich, another Kovrov designer, developed a twin pedestal mount, and later the DShKM-2, which appeared later, gave a circular fire. The vertical guidance angles ranged from -10 to +85 degrees. In 1945, the twin deck installation 2M-1, which has an annular sight, was adopted. The twin turret mount DShKM-2B, created in TsKB-19 in 1943, and the ShB-K sight made it possible to conduct circular fire at vertical guidance angles from -10 to +82 degrees.

For boats of various classes, open twin turrets MSTU, MTU-2 and 2-UK were created with pointing angles from -10 to +85 degrees. The "sea" machine guns themselves differed from the base sample. So, for example, in the turret version, a frame sight was not used (only an annular one with a front sight was used), the bolt carrier handle was lengthened, and the hook was changed for the cartridge box. The differences between machine guns for twin mounts were in the design of the butt plate with the frame handle and trigger lever, the absence of sights, and fire control.

The German army, which did not have a full-time heavy machine gun, willingly used the captured DShK, which received the designation MG.286 (r).

At the end of the Second World War, Sokolov and Korov carried out a significant modernization of the DShK. The changes primarily affected the power supply system. In 1946, a modernized machine gun under the DShKM brand was put into service. The reliability of the system has increased - if at the DShK according to the specifications 0.8% delays were allowed during firing, then at the DShKM this figure was already 0.36%. The DShKM machine gun has become one of the most widespread in the world.

With the start in 1925 of work on a machine gun with a caliber of 12-20 millimeters, it was decided to create it on the basis of a magazine-fed light machine gun in order to reduce the mass of the machine gun being created. Work began in the design bureau of the Tula Arms Plant on the basis of a 12.7-mm Vickers cartridge and on the basis of the German Dreyse machine gun (P-5). The design bureau of the Kovrov Plant was developing a machine gun based on the Degtyarev light machine gun for more powerful cartridges. A new 12.7-mm cartridge with an armor-piercing bullet was created in 1930, and at the end of the year the first experimental heavy machine gun Degtyarev with a Kladov disk magazine with a capacity of 30 rounds was assembled. In February 1931, after testing, preference was given to the DK ("Large-caliber Degtyarev") as easier to manufacture and lighter. DK was put into service, in 1932 the production of a small series was at the plant. Kirkizha (Kovrov), however, in 1933 they fired only 12 machine guns.

Experimental installation of the DShK machine gun

Military tests did not live up to expectations. In 1935, the production of the Degtyarev heavy machine gun was stopped. By this time, a version of the DAK-32 had been created with a Shpagin receiver, but tests of 32-33 showed the need to refine the system. Shpagin in 1937 redid his version. A drum feed mechanism was created that did not require significant changes to the machine gun system. The machine gun, which has a belt feed, passed field tests on December 17, 1938. On February 26 of the following year, by a decision of the Defense Committee, they were adopted under the designation “12.7-mm easel machine gun mod. 1938 DShK (Degtyarev-Shpagin large-caliber) "which was installed on the Kolesnikov universal machine. Work was also underway on the DShK aircraft installation, but it soon became clear that a special heavy-caliber aircraft machine gun was needed.

Heavy machine gun DShK 12.7, machine gun in position for firing at ground targets

Heavy machine gun DShK 12.7, machine gun in position for anti-aircraft fire, search wheels removed. Machine gun from the collection of TsMAIVVS in St. Petersburg

During operation with the DShK, three types of anti-aircraft sights were used. The annular remote sight of the 1938 model was intended to destroy air targets flying at speeds up to 500 km / h and at a distance of up to 2.4 thousand meters. The sight of the 1941 model was simplified, the range decreased to 1.8 thousand meters, but the possible speed of the target being destroyed increased (in the "imaginary" ring it could be 625 kilometers per hour). The sight of the 1943 model of the year was of the foreshortening type and was much easier to use, but allowed firing at various target courses, including pitching or diving.

large-caliber DShKM machine gun 12.7 model 1946

The machine gun began to enter the troops in the 40th year. In total, in 1940, plant No. 2 in Kovrov produced 566 DShKs. In the first half of the year 41 - 234 machine guns (in total, in 1941, with a plan of 4 thousand DShKs, about 1.6 thousand were received). In total, as of June 22, 1941, the units of the Red Army had about 2.2 thousand heavy machine guns.

From the first days of the Second World War, the DShK machine gun proved to be excellent as an anti-aircraft weapon. So, for example, on July 14, 1941, on the Western Front in the Yartsevo region, a platoon of three machine guns shot down three German bombers, in August, near Leningrad, in the Krasnogvardeisky region, the Second Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Battalion destroyed 33 enemy aircraft. However, the number of 12.7 mm machine gun mounts was clearly not enough, especially given the significant enemy air superiority. As of September 10, 1941, there were 394 of them: in the Orel air defense zone - 9, Kharkov - 66, Moscow - 112, on the South-Western Front - 72, Southern - 58, North-Western - 37, Western - 27, Karelian - 13.

Crew members torpedo boat TK-684 of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet posing against the background of the aft turret of a 12.7-mm DShK machine gun

Since June 1942, the staff of the anti-aircraft artillery regiment of the army included a DShK company, which was armed with 8 machine guns, and from February 43, their number increased to 16 pieces. The anti-aircraft artillery divisions of the RVGK (zenad) formed since November 42 had one such company in the regiment of small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery. Since the spring of 1943, the number of DShKs in zenad has decreased to 52 units, and according to the 44th state updated in the spring, zenad had 48 DShKs and 88 guns. In 1943, regiments of small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery (16 DShK and 16 guns) were introduced into the cavalry, mechanized and tank corps.

Typically, anti-aircraft DShKs were used in platoons, often introduced into medium-caliber anti-aircraft batteries, using them to cover against air attacks from low altitudes. Anti-aircraft machine gun companies, armed with 18 DShKs, were introduced into the state of rifle divisions at the beginning of 1944. During the entire war, the loss of heavy machine guns amounted to about 10 thousand pieces, that is, 21% of the resource. This was the smallest percentage of losses in the entire system of small arms, but it is comparable to losses in anti-aircraft artillery. This already speaks of the role and place of heavy machine guns.

Anti-aircraft installation (three 12.7-mm DShK machine guns) in the center of Moscow, on Sverdlov Square (now Teatralnaya). The Metropol Hotel is visible in the background.

In addition to easel, self-propelled guns with DShK were used - mainly M-1 pickups or GAZ-AA trucks with a DShK machine gun installed in the body in anti-aircraft position on the machine. Anti-aircraft light tanks on the T-60 and T-70 chassis did not advance further than the prototypes. The same fate befell the integrated installations (although it should be noted that the built-in 12.7-mm anti-aircraft installations were used to a limited extent - for example, they served in the air defense of Moscow). The failures of the installations were associated, first of all, with the power supply system, which did not allow changing the direction of the tape feed. But the Red Army successfully used 12.7-mm American quad mounts of the M-17 type based on the M2NV Browning machine gun.

Anti-aircraft gunners of the armored train "Zheleznyakov" (armored train No. 5 of the Coastal Defense of Sevastopol) with 12.7-mm DShK heavy machine guns (machine guns mounted on naval bollards). 76.2-mm guns of 34-K ship turrets are visible in the background

The "anti-tank" role of the DShK machine gun, which received the nickname "Dushka", was insignificant. The machine gun was used to a limited extent against light armored vehicles. But the DShK became a tank one - it was the main armament of the T-40 (amphibious tank), BA-64D (light armored car), in the 44th year, a 12.7-mm turret anti-aircraft gun was installed on a heavy tank IS-2, and later on heavy self-propelled guns. Anti-aircraft armored trains were armed with DShK machine guns on tripods or pedestals (during the war, up to 200 armored trains operated in the air defense forces). DShK with a shield and a folded machine could be dropped to partisans or landing forces in a UPD-MM parachute bag.

The fleet began to receive DShKs in 1940 (there were 830 of them at the beginning of the Second World War). During the war, the industry transferred 4018 DShKs to the fleet, another 1146 were transferred from the army. In the navy, anti-aircraft DShKs were installed on all types of ships, including mobilized fishing and transport ships. They were used on a twin single pedestal, tower, turret installations. The pedestal, rack and tower (paired) installations for DShK machine guns, adopted by the Navy, were developed by I.S. Leshchinsky, designer of plant No. 2. The pedestal installation allowed for circular firing, vertical guidance angles ranged from -34 to +85 degrees. In 1939 A.I. Ivashutich, another Kovrov designer, developed a twin pedestal mount, and later the DShKM-2, which appeared later, gave a circular fire. The vertical guidance angles ranged from -10 to +85 degrees. In 1945, the twin deck installation 2M-1, which has an annular sight, was adopted. The twin turret mount DShKM-2B, created in TsKB-19 in 1943, and the ShB-K sight made it possible to conduct circular fire at vertical guidance angles from -10 to +82 degrees.

Soviet tankers of the 62nd Guards Heavy Tank Regiment in a street fight in Danzig. The DShK heavy machine gun mounted on the IS-2 tank is used to destroy enemy soldiers armed with anti-tank grenade launchers

The German army, which did not have a full-time heavy machine gun, willingly used the captured DShK, which received the designation MG.286 (r).

The Dnieper is being crossed. The calculation of the DShK heavy machine gun supports those crossing with fire. November 1943

Technical characteristics of the DShK heavy machine gun (model 1938):
Cartridge - 12.7x108 DShK;
The mass of the "body" of the machine gun - 33.4 kg (without tape);
The total weight of the machine gun - 181.3 kg (on the machine, without a shield, with a tape);
The length of the "body" of the machine gun - 1626 mm;
Barrel weight - 11.2 kg;
Barrel length - 1070 mm;
Rifling - 8 right-handed;
The length of the rifled part of the barrel - 890 mm;
starting speed bullets - from 850 to 870 m / s;
Muzzle energy of a bullet - from 18785 to 19679 J;
Rate of fire - 600 rounds per minute;
Combat rate of fire - 125 rounds per minute;
Sighting line length - 1110 mm;
Sighting range for ground targets - 3500 m;
Sighting range for air targets - 2400 m;
Reach in height - 2500 m;
Power system - metal tape (50 rounds);
Machine type - universal wheel-tripod;
The height of the line of fire in the ground position - 503 mm;
The height of the line of fire in anti-aircraft position - 1400 mm;
Pointing angles:
- horizontally in the ground position - ± 60 degrees;
- horizontally in the anti-aircraft position - 360 degrees;
- vertically in the ground position - +27 degrees;
- vertically in the anti-aircraft position - from -4 to +85 degrees;
Transition time from traveling position in combat for anti-aircraft fire - 30 seconds;
Calculation - 3-4 people.

A Soviet soldier fires at a firing range from a 12.7 mm DShK anti-aircraft heavy machine gun mounted on an ISU-152 self-propelled gun

Based on the article by Semyon Fedoseev "Machine guns of the Second World War"

DShK(Dektyarev-Shpagin Large-caliber) - Soviet machine gun of 12.7 mm caliber developed by designers Degtyarev and Shpagin. In February 1939, the DShK was adopted by the Red Army under the designation "12.7 mm heavy machine gun DShK model 1938". The mass production of the DShK was launched in 1940-41. The cartridge used is 12.7x108 mm DShK. Ammunition was carried out from a box with a tape for 50 rounds, the feed was on the left. The machine gun has a fairly high rate of fire, which determines the effectiveness of fire on fast-moving targets.

According to the experience of the war, the machine gun was modernized (the design of the tape feed unit, the barrel mount were changed), and in 1946 it was adopted by the Soviet Army under the designation DShKM. Various sights could be attached to the machine gun: frame, ring, collimator, as well as various flame arresters, muzzle brakes. The machine gun was or is in service with over 40 armies of the world, and is still used in many conflicts around the world. At present, in the Russian army, the DShK and DShKM machine guns are almost completely replaced by the Utyos and Kord heavy machine guns, which are more advanced and modern.

Cartridge 12.7X108 in comparison with other cartridges (from left to right: 5.45X39, 7.62X39, 7.62X54)

Cartridge 12.7X108 in comparison with other large-caliber cartridges

DShK model 1938

Vehicles equipped with these weapons

IS-2 (1944), IS-3, IS-4M
ISU-122, ISU-122S, ISU-152
T-54 (1947) , T-54 (1951) , T-55A , T-44-100 , Type 62 (USSR)

Main characteristics

The composition of the tapes

Cartridges used in DShK: BZ - armor-piercing incendiary, T - tracer, MDZ - instantaneous incendiary, BZT - armor-piercing incendiary tracer, BZ (MKS) - armor-piercing incendiary with a ceramic-metal core.

The purpose and features of different types of bullets in the game: Aviation ammunition

Ribbons for ZSU GAZ DShK

Ribbon	Compound
Standard	BZ-T-MDZ
BZ	BZ(MKS)-BZT-BZ(MKS)-BZT
B	BZ(MKS)-BZ(MKS)-BZT
BZT	BZT-BZT-BZ(MKS)

Ribbon Standard (for turret and coaxial machine guns DShK on tanks and self-propelled guns) - composition: BZT-MDZ-BZT-BZ (MKS)

DShKM model 1945

Anti-aircraft installation in the back of a truck (three 12.7 mm DShK machine guns) in the center of Moscow, on Sverdlov Square (now Teatralnaya). The Metropol Hotel is visible in the background.

Comparison with analogues

The widely used American machine gun Browning M2 (12.7 mm) can be compared with the DShK machine gun. The M2 is inferior in penetration (because it does not have cartridges with a ceramic-metal core, like the DShK), in the rate of fire, and the muzzle energy of the bullet. However, the M2 is superior in the number of rounds in the box (minimum 100, maximum 200 for ZSU), the barrel is longer, the penetration of BZ and BZT cartridges is a couple of millimeters higher. In terms of reload speed, they are the same.
The French machine gun Hotchkiss Mle.1930 is inferior to the DShK in rate of fire (450 rpm), penetration, number of loaded cartridges (30 in a box magazine). But Hotchkiss is superior to the DShK in reload speed, caliber (13.2 mm).

Use in combat

The DShK machine gun perfectly penetrates with BZ (MKS) cartridges, but you should remember about the quickly running out of 50 rounds of ammunition. Lightly armored vehicles are vulnerable to DShK cartridges (ZSU, light-medium tanks and self-propelled guns), but it is advisable to study them as well weak spots(for example, sides, stern, trunk). Machine gun bullets can also point at the enemy to allies, and prevent the enemy from seeing. Against aircraft, it makes sense to use the MDZ cartridge (explosive, with explosives inside).

Advantages and disadvantages

The DShK machine gun (12.7 mm) is quite good in the game, it allows you to fight both lightly armored vehicles and aircraft. It has good armor penetration and rate of fire. Although the machine gun is not without its shortcomings compared to other counterparts.

Advantages:

Good rate of fire.
The 12.7 mm machine gun is capable of fighting not only unarmored vehicles and aircraft, but also lightly armored vehicles.
An excellent penetrating and at the same time incendiary cartridge with a ceramic-metal core BZ (MKS).
Explosive cartridges MDZ.

Flaws:

Long cooldown (10.4 sec).
Small applied belt (50 rounds)

Historical reference

ShVAK 12.7 mm

12.7 mm ShVAK machine gun on an anti-aircraft rack of Ershov, Ivanov, Chernyshev in the back of a GAZ-AA truck

Aviation DNA: Synchronized Wing

Winged DShKA 1938

Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev (1879/1880 - 1949) - Russian and Soviet designer small arms. Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of four Stalin Prizes.

Georgy Semyonovich Shpagin (1897-1952) - Soviet designer of small arms. Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Cavalier of 3 Orders of Lenin.

The task to create the first Soviet heavy machine gun was issued to an experienced and well-known gunsmith Degtyarev in 1929. Less than a year later, he presented his 12.7 mm machine gun for testing, and since 1932, small-scale production of a machine gun under the designation DK began. Troop tests of the DK and additional field tests in 1934 showed that the machine gun was of little use for fighting fast-moving targets due to the low rate of fire. Although the rate of fire reached quite acceptable 360-400 rds / min, the practical rate of fire did not exceed 200 rds / min, which was associated with heavy and bulky magazines. Experimented with different machines and different box magazines, but they had even less capacity. The DAK-32, which was intended for both fixed wing installations and turrets, repeated the "land" version of the DK with all its shortcomings, the main of which was the rate of fire of only 300 rounds / min, which was absolutely insufficient for aviation, and a decent weight of 35.5 kg.

In 1934, the production of DC was suspended, and in 1935 it was stopped. To a large extent, B.G. contributed to stopping work on improving the Degtyarev heavy machine gun. Shpitalny, who promised I.V. Stalin machine gun with the best performance based on the aviation ShKAS - 12.7-mm machine gun ShVAK. However, the fate of the 12.7-mm ShVAK did not work out. Partly due to the complexity of the design inherited from ShKAS, partly due to the impossibility of using a standard 12.7x108 cartridge in ShVAK automatics. As a result, in parallel with the Degtyarev cartridge, a ballistically identical cartridge for ShVAK 12.7x108R with a protruding rim was put into production. Apparently, “at the top” nevertheless considered it inexpedient to issue two types of cartridges in parallel, preferring the more versatile and convenient in automatics without rims, and the release of 12.7-mm ShVAKs in 1936 was turned in favor of the 20-mm air gun.

Meanwhile, the need for a universal heavy machine gun was still very relevant. Fortunately, V.A. Degtyarev for 1935 - 1936 managed to bring his offspring to acceptable characteristics. To increase the survivability of parts and the rate of fire, a spring-loaded buffer of the bolt frame was introduced into the machine gun, which increased the rolling speed of the mobile system, which required the introduction of an anti-bounce device to prevent the frame from rebounding after a blow in the extreme forward position. A serious problem remained the development of the power supply system of the machine gun. In 1937, Georgy Shpagin significantly improved his version of the tape receiver, creating a drum feed mechanism for a metal one-piece tape in sections of 50 cartridges of the original design. In April 1938, the belt-fed machine gun was successfully tested; on December 17, it passed field tests. And on February 26, 1939, the model was put into service under the designation "12.7-mm easel machine gun of the 1938 model DShK" (Degtyarev - Shpagin large-caliber) ". The machine gun was considered as a means of combating air targets, light armored vehicles, as well as enemy manpower and firing points in shelters. The machine gun began to enter the troops in 1940.

In the same 1938, they were developed on the basis of the "land" DShK - the aviation TsKB-2-3835 in versions of the wing-mounted DShKA and the synchronous-wing DNA with tape power, as well as the turret DShTA (DShAT) for the 30-round Kladov drum magazine. Work on aviation versions in addition to V.A. Degtyarev and G.S. Shpagin was led by K.F. Vasiliev, G.F. Kubynov, S.S. Bryntsev, S.A. Smirnov. Structurally identical to each other, aircraft machine guns were made with a high degree unification with the DShK machine gun. The difference was a higher rate of fire - 750-800 rounds / min, which was achieved by using a loose metal tape with a smaller pitch between the links - 34 mm instead of 39 mm for the one-piece DShK tape. Characteristically, Degtyarev also insured himself by developing versions both for the regular cartridge 12.7x108 and for the ShVAK-ovsky 12.7x108R cartridge.

Unlike the DShK machine gun, its aviation versions had the ability to quickly change the barrel. The feed of the tape on the winged DShKA and synchronous DNA versions of the machine gun was carried out on the left side, although in serial versions a change in the direction of feed of the tape would certainly have been provided. By the end of 1938, the DNA synchronous machine gun, and apparently this version was given the highest priority, successfully passed field tests, with little to no remarks. But then chance intervened in the fate of this interesting weapon. Just in the autumn of 1938, a series of factory and field tests passed the UB aircraft machine gun, a young and practically unknown designer M.E. Berezina, showing exclusively high performance, good survivability and reliability of its automation. Using the same loose belt of "DK" cartridges, it fired faster, was lighter and technologically simpler. There is a legend that at the beginning of 1939, at a meeting with Stalin, where promising types of weapons were considered, the question of a new aviation heavy machine gun came up. Stalin, puffing on his pipe, looking into the eyes of V.A. Degtyarev, asked: "So which machine gun is better, yours or Comrade Berezin?" To which Degtyarev, without hesitation, replied that "comrade Berezin's machine gun is better."

The result is known. Our aviation received, perhaps, the best aviation machine gun in the world in its class. Well, Degtyarev got a "land" niche. Large-caliber DShK in various modifications was in service in the USSR for many decades, and after its collapse in the armed forces again formed states. And even now it is often found all over the world.

The DShK was used by the USSR from the very beginning of World War II in all directions and went through the entire war. It was used as an infantry, from different machines, massively put on trucks - for air defense. The DShK was the main armament of the T-40 (amphibious tank), LB-62 and BA-64D (light armored vehicles), experimental ZSU T-60, T-70, T-90. In 1944, a 12.7-mm turret anti-aircraft gun with a DShK was installed on a heavy tank IS-2, and later on heavy self-defense vehicles for self-defense in case of attacks from the air and from the upper floors in urban battles. Anti-aircraft armored trains were armed with DShK machine guns on tripods or pedestals (during the war, up to 200 armored trains operated in the air defense forces). DShK with a shield and a folded machine could be dropped to partisans or landing forces in a UPD-MM parachute bag.

The fleet began to receive DShKs in 1940 (there were 830 of them at the beginning of the Second World War). During the war, the industry transferred 4018 DShKs to the fleet, another 1146 were transferred from the army. In the navy, anti-aircraft DShKs were installed on all types of ships, including mobilized fishing and transport ships. They were used on a twin single pedestal, tower, turret installations. The pedestal, rack and tower (paired) installations for DShK machine guns, adopted by the Navy, were developed by I.S. Leshchinsky, designer of plant No. 2. The pedestal installation allowed for circular firing, vertical guidance angles ranged from -34 to +85 degrees. In 1939 A.I. Ivashutich, another Kovrov designer, developed a twin pedestal mount, and later the DShKM-2, which appeared later, gave a circular fire. The vertical guidance angles ranged from -10 to +85 degrees. In 1945, the twin deck installation 2M-1, which has an annular sight, was adopted. The twin turret mount DShKM-2B, created in TsKB-19 in 1943, and the ShB-K sight made it possible to conduct circular fire at vertical guidance angles from -10 to +82 degrees.

In 1945-46, the troops were armed with the already modernized DShKM. As an anti-aircraft machine gun, the DShKM was installed on T-10, T-54, T-55, T-62 tanks and other combat vehicles. And in the IS-4M and T-10 tanks, it was paired with the main gun. In the version for installation on armored vehicles, the machine gun has the name DShKMT or briefly DShKT. After the end of the Second World War, the DShK machine gun was used in almost all local conflicts.

Unofficial, affectionate nicknames among the troops - "Dushka", "Dashka", "Degtyar".
Work was underway on the DShK aircraft installation, but it soon became clear that the Berezin (UB) machine gun was better suited for aviation use in terms of some characteristics.
The German army did not have a full-time heavy machine gun, so captured DShKs were used with pleasure, which received the designation MG.286 (r).

Media

Anti-aircraft turret with two DShKs on a Soviet Project 1124 armored boat in the game

Gas-AAA with DShK in the game

ISU-152 with anti-aircraft DShKM in the game

The drum mechanism for feeding cartridges at the DShK of the 1938 model

Anti-aircraft DShKM on a tank with a gunner

ZSU T-90 (based on the T-70 tank) with two DShK machine guns, in the museum of the UMMC Verkhnyaya Pyshma

Anti-aircraft and twin DShK of the IS-4 tank (Kubinka Museum)

DShK 1938 with armored shield

Well aware of the importance of heavy machine guns for equipping armored personnel carriers, combat boats and ground fortifications in order to destroy armored and air targets, as well as to suppress enemy machine-gun points, the Soviet military command in the late twenties gave the corresponding task to the designer V. A. Degtyarev. On the basis of his light machine gun DP 1928, he designed a model of a heavy machine gun, called DK. In 1930, a prototype caliber 12.7 mm was presented for testing.

armor-piercing incendiary bullet B-32 for cartridge 12.7*108

The larger the caliber and muzzle velocity of the bullet, the higher its overall penetration ability. However, the mass of weapons and their rate of fire are also closely related. If it is required to achieve a higher initial velocity of a bullet with a larger caliber, then the mass of the weapon must also increase. This has economic implications. Moreover, since the details larger mass have a large inertia, the rate of fire decreases.
Taking into account all these factors, it was necessary to find best option. Such a compromise at that time was the caliber
12.7 mm. The US military has gone the same way. Already at the end of the First World War, they adopted a .50 caliber machine gun. In the course of modernization on its basis in 1933, the Browning M2 NV heavy machine gun was created. Eleven years later, a machine gun of the Vladimirov KPV system appeared in the Soviet Union. He had an even larger caliber -14.5 mm.

Cartridges 12.7 for DShK

Degtyarev chose for his machine gun a domestic cartridge for a tank gun M 30, which had dimensions of 12.7x108. In 1930, such cartridges were produced with armor-piercing, and since 1932 with armor-piercing incendiary bullets. Subsequently, they underwent modernization and received the name M 30/38.
The Degtyarev prototype of the 1930 model was equipped with a frame sight designed for shooting up to 3500 m at ground targets, as well as a round sight with crosshairs at a distance of up to 2400 m for air and fast moving ground targets. Ammunition was fed from a 30-round disk magazine. The barrel was threaded to the body and could be replaced. The recoil force was reduced with the help of a muzzle brake. A special machine was created for the machine gun.

Metal one-piece machine-gun belt with a capacity of 50 rounds for a machine gun DShK (Degtyarev-Shpagin large-caliber) arr. 1938

Machine-gun belt with a capacity of 10 rounds each for the DShKM machine gun.

In comparative shooting tests with other machine guns, including the predecessor of the later regular American Browning machine gun, the Soviet model showed promising results. The initial velocity of the bullet was 810 m / s, the rate of fire was from 350 to 400 rds / min. At a distance of 300 m, a bullet, when it hit the target at an angle of 90 °, pierced 16 mm steel armor. The testing committee recommended some design changes, such as changing the cartridge feed mechanism from disk to belt. The machine gun was approved for military trials, and in 1931 a trial batch of 50 units was ordered.
How many of these machine guns were made - it was not possible to establish exactly. Information in the Soviet literature about small-scale production concerns not only this sample, but also its second modification, which appeared in the late thirties. According to these data, until June 22, 1941, the troops received total about 2000 heavy machine guns of 12.7 mm caliber. Samples of the DK model, released before 1935, among them were hardly more than a thousand.

DShK 1938 on an anti-aircraft machine

Degtyarev did not manage to eliminate the shortcomings identified during the tests, in particular, the weak maneuverability of the machine gun and the too low rate of fire. It took too long to redirect a ground machine gun to air targets, since the machine gun developed was imperfect. The low rate of fire depended on the work of a bulky and heavy cartridge feed mechanism.
G.S. Shpagin took up the alteration of the feed mechanism from the disk store to the tape, as a result of which the rate of fire increased significantly, and I.N. Kolesnikov improved the machine developed by him, which made it possible to speed up and simplify the redirection of the machine gun from ground to air targets.
The improved model passed all the tests in April 1938 and was accepted into service on February 26, 1939. Starting next year, it began to be delivered to the troops. Weapons of this type proved to be excellent during the Second World War as a means of destroying ground, water and air targets. It not only was not inferior to other machine guns of this class, but also surpassed them.
In 1940, 566 such machine guns were delivered to the army, and in the first half of the next year, another 234. As of January 1, 1942, the troops had 720 serviceable heavy machine guns DShK 1938, and on July 1 - over 1947. By January 1, 1943, this figure had grown to 5218, and a year later - to 8442. These facts allow us to draw conclusions about the growth in production during the war.
At the end of 1944, the machine gun was somewhat modernized, the supply of cartridges was improved, and the wear resistance of some parts and assemblies was increased. The modification received the designation DShK 1938/46.
This modification of the DShK machine gun was used in Soviet army until the 1980s. Also, the DShK machine gun was used in foreign armies, for example, Egypt, Albania. China, East Germany and Czechoslovakia, Indonesia, Korea, Cuba, Poland, Romania, Hungary and even Vietnam. The modification produced in China and Pakistan was called Model 54. It has a caliber of 12.7 mm or .50.
The DShK 1938 heavy machine gun works on the principle of using the energy of powder gases, has an air-cooled barrel and a rigid bolt-to-barrel grip. Gas pressure can be adjusted. A special device holds the bolt so that when moving forward it does not hit the base of the barrel. The latter is equipped with radial cooling fins almost along its entire length. The flame arrester has a considerable length.
The practical rate of fire is 80 rds/min, and the theoretical rate of fire is 600 rds/min. Cartridges are fed from a metal tape using a special drum device. During rotation, the drum moves the tape, captures cartridges from it and feeds it into the machine gun mechanism, where the bolt sends them into the chamber. The tape is designed for 50 rounds of type M 30/38. Shooting is carried out in bursts.
The sighting device consists of an adjustable sight and a protected front sight. The length of the sight line is 1100 mm. The sight can be installed at a distance of up to 3500 m. There is a special sight for hitting air targets, developed in 1938, and modernized 3 years later. Although the optimal firing range is indicated as 2000 m, the machine gun can successfully hit manpower at a distance of up to 3500 m, air targets up to 2400 m and armored vehicles up to 500 m. At this distance, the bullet penetrates 15 mm armor.

DShK 1938 on an anti-aircraft machine

Various designs were used as machines. To combat ground and air targets, the already mentioned special Kolesnikov machine with a circular view was used. When placed on a wheeled machine with or without a protective shield, the machine gun was mainly used to destroy armored vehicles. After removing the wheels, the machine could be transformed into a tripod anti-aircraft.
During the war, machine guns of this type were also installed on self-propelled carriages, on trucks, railway platforms, on heavy tanks, ships and boats. Twin or quadruple installations were often used. Often they were supplied with a searchlight-seeker.
Characteristics: heavy machine gun DShK 1938
Caliber, mm...........................................................................................12.7
Muzzle velocity (Vq), m/s.......................................................850
Weapon length, mm .......................................................................... 1626
Rate of fire, rds / min .......................................................... 600
Ammunition supply ................................. metal tape
for 50 rounds
Weight in an unloaded state without a machine, kg ........... 33.30
Mass of the wheeled machine, kg .............................................. 142.10
Weight of the full tape, kg .............................................................. 9.00
Cartridge ..................... 12.7x108
Barrel length, mm .............................................................................. 1000
Grooves/Direction....................................................................4/p
Sighting range, m ........................................... 3500
Effective firing range, m..................................2000*
* Optimal distance.

DShK 1938 on an anti-aircraft machine

DShKM machine gun in incomplete disassembly: 1 - barrel with gas chamber, front sight and muzzle brake; 2 - bolt carrier with a gas piston; 3 - shutter; 4 - lugs; 5 - drummer; 6 - wedge; 7 - recoil pad with buffer; 8 - trigger housing; 9 - cover and base of the receiver and feed drive lever; 10 - receiver.