Presentation on the topic "nuclear weapons". Nuclear weapons and damaging factors of a nuclear explosion Damaging effects of penetrating radiation

Definition Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction with explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, isotope nuclei helium

Among modern means In armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the enemy’s means of mass destruction, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy buildings and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also provide a strong moral and psychological impact to the enemy and thereby create a side using nuclear weapons, favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war.

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. Features of the damaging effect nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by TNT equivalent, i.e. such amount of TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear ammunition by power is conventionally divided into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt) and extra-large (over 1 Mt).

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and in water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: airborne, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

This is an explosion produced at an altitude of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Severe radioactive contamination of the area occurs only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Contamination of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, electromagnetic pulse. During an airborne nuclear explosion, the soil in the area of ​​the epicenter swells. Radioactive contamination of the area, affecting fighting troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas where neutron munitions are used, induced activity is generated in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause injury (irradiation) to personnel.

An aerial nuclear explosion begins with a short-term blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (in a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flow of gamma radiation and neutrons, which are formed during the chain reaction, spreads from the explosion zone into the environment. nuclear reaction and in the process of decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear fission. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the influence of instantaneous gamma radiation, atoms are ionized environment, which leads to the emergence of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are usually called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the charge material turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of hot gases of the luminous region, trying to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up fire ball, much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises upward. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching maximum height The cloud, under the influence of air currents, is transported over long distances, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the surface of the earth, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

Ground (above-water) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column is connected to the explosion cloud from the moment of formation. Characteristic feature A ground (above-water) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.

Ground-based (above-water) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater is formed on the surface of the earth and severe radioactive contamination of the area both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosion waves occur in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (underwater) and characterized by the release large quantity soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fission fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosion waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a crater in the ground and severe radioactive contamination of the area. There is no light emission or penetrating radiation. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a plume (column of water), a base wave formed when the plume (column of water) collapses.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosion waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the area and atmosphere. In a comolet explosion, the main damaging factor is seismic blast waves.

Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it that the luminous area of ​​the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal objects. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (scattering explosion products), electromagnetic pulse, ionization of the atmosphere (at altitude over 60 km).

Cosmic nuclear explosion Cosmic explosions differ from stratospheric explosions not only in the values ​​of the characteristics of the physical processes accompanying them, but also in the physical processes. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, resulting in a luminescent air glow that lasts for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic pulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and distribution of the energy share of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation – 35%; penetrating radiation – 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse –1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined injuries to personnel. Weapons, equipment and fortifications They fail mainly due to the impact of the shock wave.

Shock wave Shock wave (SW) area sharply compressed air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat them to high temperature(several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents a shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock wave front. The shock front is followed by a region of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the speed of propagation of shock waves is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the speed of wave propagation quickly decreases. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

Shock wave The shock wave of medium-power ammunition travels: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second in 4 s; fifth in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; excess pressure in the front of the shock wave movement and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

Shock wave The impact of shock waves on people can be direct and indirect. With direct impact, the cause of injury is an instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow, leading to fractures, damage internal organs, rupture of blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are affected by flying debris from buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

Shock wave With excess pressure kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf/cm 2), unprotected people can receive minor injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to shock waves with excess pressure kPa leads to moderate damage: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often with fatal, are observed at excess pressure above 100 kPa.

Shock wave The degree of damage to various objects by a shock wave depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, cracks and trenches, reducing this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts 2-3 times; shelters by 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people and fire of flammable materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is the light pulse.

Light radiation Light impulse is the amount of energy in calories incident on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of radiation during the entire glow time. The weakening of light radiation is possible due to its screening by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. Thus, thick light weakens the light pulse by A-9 times, rare light by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) curtains by 10 times.

Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the area. Any barrier that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and prevents burns.

Penetrating Radiation Penetrating radiation is the flow of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the area of ​​a nuclear explosion. Its duration of action is s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, and in the explosion of neutron weapons, % of Y-radiation. Lethal effect penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

Penetrating radiation Y radiation photon radiation (with photon energy J) arising from a change energy state atomic nuclei, nuclear transformations or particle annihilation.

Penetrating radiation Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave, carrying energy. In the air it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

Penetrating radiation The main parameter characterizing penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation, dose and radiation dose rate, for neutrons, flux and flux density. Permissible doses of radiation to the population in war time: single dose for 4 days 50 R; multiple times during the day 100 R; during the quarter 200 R; during the year 300 RUR.

Penetrating radiation As radiation passes through environmental materials, the radiation intensity decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half weakening, i.e. such a thickness of material, passing through which radiation decreases by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete 10 cm, soil 14 cm, wood 30 cm. Civil defense structures are used as protection against penetrating radiation, which weaken its effect from 200 to 5000 times . A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.GO

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of air, terrain, water areas and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 °C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, towards which a dust column rises (that’s why the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and radioactive substances fall out of it.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These radioactive substances, when located on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which is actually a damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (based on the effect on people), radiation dose rate, radiation level (based on the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radiation levels at the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are 8, 80, 240, 800 rad/h, respectively. Most of the radioactive fallout, causing radioactive contamination of the area, falls from the cloud within an hour after a nuclear explosion.

Electromagnetic pulse An electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a set of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration of action is several milliseconds. The main parameters of EMR are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and failure of electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

Electromagnetic pulse In ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of the electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against electromagnetic pulses is shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that arises when nuclear weapons are used in areas of destruction. The source of nuclear destruction is the territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass casualties and death of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility, energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has at its border an excess pressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility, energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of continuous rubble in populated areas. The forest is completely destroyed.

Zone of severe destruction The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the shock wave front from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utility, energy and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and continuous rubble in populated areas and forests, the preservation of shelters and most anti-radiation shelters of the basement type.

Zone of medium destruction Zone of medium destruction with excess pressure from 20 to 30 kPa. Characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal debris, continuous fires, preservation of utility and energy networks, shelters and most anti-radiation shelters.

Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and moderate destruction of buildings and structures. The source of damage in terms of the number of dead and injured may be comparable to or greater than the source of damage during an earthquake. Thus, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll was up to people.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Personnel of economic facilities and the population entering zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (exposure) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Degree of radiation sickness Radiation dose, disease-causing, glad peopleanimals Mild (I) Moderate (II) Severe (III) Extremely severe (IV)More than 600More than 750 Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the radiation dose

Exposure to ionizing radiation In the context of military operations with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories may be in zones of radioactive contamination, and the irradiation of people may become widespread. To avoid overexposure of facility personnel and the public under such conditions and to increase the sustainability of facility operation National economy In conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible radiation doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days 100 rad; b) 90 days 200 rad; systematic irradiation (during the year) 300 rad.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Rad (rad, abbreviated from the English radiation absorbed dose), an off-system unit of absorbed dose of radiation; it is applicable to any type of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g. A dose of 1 rad = 2.388 × 10 6 cal/g = 0.01 J/kg.

Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT is a unit of equivalent radiation dose in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by the conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, the weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. Currently, the sievert is increasingly replacing the obsolete physical equivalent of the X-ray (PER).

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Slide captions:

Modern means of destruction and their damaging factors. Measures to protect the population. The presentation was prepared by life safety teacher Gorpenyuk S.V.

Checking homework: Principles of organizing civil defense and its purpose. Name the tasks of civil defense. How is civil defense managed? Who is the Head of Civil Defense at the school?

First nuclear weapon test in 1896 French physicist Antoine Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactive radiation. On the territory of the United States, in Los Alamos, in the desert expanses of New Mexico, the American nuclear center. On July 16, 1945, at 5:29:45 local time, a bright flash lit up the sky over the plateau in the Jemez Mountains north of New Mexico. A distinctive mushroom-shaped cloud of radioactive dust rose 30,000 feet. All that remains at the explosion site are fragments of green radioactive glass, into which the sand has turned. This was the beginning of the atomic era.

WMD Chemical weapon Nuclear weapons Biological weapons

NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND THEIR DAMAGING FACTORS Issues studied: Historical data. Nuclear weapon. Characteristics of a nuclear explosion. Basic principles of protection from the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion.

In the early 40s. In the 20th century, the physical principles of a nuclear explosion were developed in the United States. The first nuclear explosion was carried out in the United States on July 16, 1945. By the summer of 1945, the Americans managed to assemble two atomic bombs, called “Baby” and “Fat Man”. The first bomb weighed 2,722 kg and was filled with enriched Uranium-235. “Fat Man” with a charge of Plutonium-239 with a power of more than 20 kt had a mass of 3175 kg. History of the creation of nuclear weapons

The first test in the USSR atomic bomb carried out in August 1949. at the Semipalatinsk test site with a capacity of 22 kt. In 1953, the USSR tested a hydrogen, or thermonuclear, bomb. The power of the new weapon was 20 times greater than the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, although they were the same size. In the 60s of the 20th century, nuclear weapons were introduced into all types of the USSR Armed Forces. In addition to the USSR and the USA, nuclear weapons appear: in England (1952), in France (1960), in China (1964). Later, nuclear weapons appeared in India, Pakistan, North Korea, in Israel. History of the creation of nuclear weapons

NUCLEAR WEAPONS are explosive weapons of mass destruction based on the use of intranuclear energy.

The structure of an atomic bomb The main elements of nuclear weapons are: body, automation system. The housing is designed to accommodate a nuclear charge and automation system, and also protects them from mechanical, and in some cases, thermal effects. The automation system ensures the explosion of a nuclear charge at a given point in time and eliminates its accidental or premature activation. It includes: - a safety and cocking system, - an emergency detonation system, - a charge detonation system, - a power source, - a detonation sensor system. The means of delivery of nuclear weapons can be ballistic missiles, cruise and anti-aircraft missiles, aviation. Nuclear ammunition is used to equip aerial bombs, landmines, torpedoes, and artillery shells (203.2 mm SG and 155 mm SG-USA). Various systems were invented to detonate an atomic bomb. The simplest system is an injector-type weapon, in which a projectile made of fissile material impacts the target, forming a supercritical mass. The atomic bomb launched by the United States on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, had an injection-type detonator. And it had an energy equivalent of approximately 20 kilotons of TNT.

Atomic bomb device

Nuclear weapons delivery vehicles

Nuclear explosion Light radiation Radioactive contamination of the area Shock wave Penetrating radiation Electromagnetic pulse Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

The (air) shock wave is an area of ​​strong pressure spreading from the epicenter of the explosion - the most powerful damaging factor. Causes destruction over a large area, can “flow” into basements, cracks, etc. Protection: shelter. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

Its action lasts for several seconds. The shock wave travels a distance of 1 km in 2 s, 2 km in 5 s, 3 km in 8 s. Shock wave injuries are caused both by the action of excess pressure and by its propelling action (velocity pressure) caused by the movement of air in the wave. Personnel, weapons and military equipment located on open area, are affected mainly as a result of the projectile action of the shock wave, and objects large sizes(buildings, etc.) - due to excess pressure.

2. Light emission: lasts several seconds and causes severe fires in the area and burns to people. Protection: any barrier that provides shade. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

The light emitted by a nuclear explosion is visible, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, lasting for several seconds. For personnel, it can cause skin burns, eye damage and temporary blindness. Burns occur from direct exposure to light radiation on exposed skin (primary burns), as well as from burning clothing in fires (secondary burns). Depending on the severity of the injury, burns are divided into four degrees: first - redness, swelling and soreness of the skin; the second is the formation of bubbles; third - necrosis of the skin and tissues; fourth - charring of the skin.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion: 3. Penetrating radiation is an intense flow of gamma particles and neutrons, lasting for 15-20 seconds. Passing through living tissue, it causes rapid destruction and death of a person from acute radiation sickness in the very near future after the explosion. Protection: shelter or barrier (layer of soil, wood, concrete, etc.) Alpha radiation consists of helium-4 nuclei and can be easily stopped by a sheet of paper. Beta radiation is a stream of electrons that can be protected from by an aluminum plate. Gamma radiation has the ability to penetrate denser materials.

The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by the magnitude of the radiation dose, i.e., the amount of radioactive energy absorbed by a unit mass of the irradiated environment. A distinction is made between exposure dose and absorbed dose. Exposure dose is measured in roentgens (R). One roentgen is a dose of gamma radiation that creates about 2 billion ion pairs in 1 cm3 of air.

Reduction of the damaging effect of penetrating radiation depending on the protective environment and material

4 . Radioactive contamination of the area: occurs in the wake of a moving radioactive cloud when precipitation and explosion products fall out of it in the form of small particles. Protection: personal protective equipment (PPE). Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

In areas where there is radioactive contamination, it is strictly prohibited:

5 . Electromagnetic pulse: occurs for a short period of time and can disable all enemy electronics (aircraft on-board computers, etc.) Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion:

On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east (one of them was called Enola Gay) at an altitude of 10-13 km did not cause alarm (since they appeared in the sky of Hiroshima every day). One of the planes dived and dropped something, and then both planes turned and flew away. The dropped object slowly descended by parachute and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600 m above the ground. It was the Baby bomb. On August 9, another bomb was dropped over the city of Nagasaki. The total loss of life and the scale of destruction from these bombings are characterized by the following figures: 300 thousand people died instantly from thermal radiation (temperature about 5000 degrees C) and the shock wave, another 200 thousand were injured, burned, or exposed to radiation. On an area of ​​12 sq. km, all buildings were completely destroyed. In Hiroshima alone, out of 90 thousand buildings, 62 thousand were destroyed. These bombings shocked the whole world. This event is believed to have started the race nuclear weapons and the confrontation between the two political systems of that time at a new qualitative level.

Atomic bomb "Little Man", Hiroshima Types of bombs: Atomic bomb "Fat Man", Nagasaki

Types of nuclear explosions

Ground explosion Air explosion High altitude explosion Underground explosion Types of nuclear explosions

the main way to protect people and equipment from a shock wave is shelter in ditches, ravines, hollows, cellars, and protective structures; Any barrier that can create a shadow can protect you from the direct action of light radiation. It is also weakened by dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, and snowfall. Shelters and anti-radiation shelters (PRU) almost completely protect people from the effects of penetrating radiation.

Measures to protect against nuclear weapons

Measures to protect against nuclear weapons

Questions for consolidation: What is meant by the term “WMD”? When did nuclear weapons first appear and when were they used? Which countries officially have nuclear weapons today?

Fill out the table “Nuclear weapons and their characteristics”, based on the textbook data (pp. 47-58). Homework: Damaging factor Characteristic Duration of exposure after the moment of explosion Units of measurement Shock wave Light radiation Penetrating radiation Radioactive contamination Electromagnetic pulse

Law of the Russian Federation “On Civil Defense” dated February 12, 1998 No. 28 (as amended by Federal Law dated October 9, 2002 No. 123-FZ, dated June 19, 2004 No. 51-FZ, dated August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ). Law of the Russian Federation “On martial law” dated January 30, 2002 No. 1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 26, 2007 No. 804 “On approval of the regulations on civil defense in the Russian Federation.” Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 23, 1996 No. 1396 “On the reorganization of the headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations into the management bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations.” Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2005 No. 999 “On approval of the procedure for creating non-standard emergency rescue units.” Guidelines on the creation, preparation, and equipment of NASF - M.: Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2005. Methodological recommendations to authorities local government on the implementation of Federal Law dated October 6, 2003 No. 131-FZ “On general principles local self-government in the Russian Federation" in the field of civil defense, protection of the population and territories from emergencies, ensuring fire safety and safety of people on water bodies. Manual on organizing and maintaining civil defense in an urban area (city) and at an industrial facility of the national economy. Magazine "Civil Defense" No. 3-10 for 1998. Responsibilities officials GO organizations. Textbook “Life Safety. 10th grade ", A.T. Smirnov et al. M, "Enlightenment", 2010. Thematic and lesson planning for life safety. Yu.P. Podolyan, 10th grade. http://himvoiska.narod.ru/bwphoto.html Literature, Internet resources.

Definition Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction with explosive action, based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones, for example, isotope nuclei helium

Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - they are the main means of defeating the enemy. Nuclear weapons make it possible to destroy the enemy’s means of mass destruction, inflict heavy losses on him in manpower and military equipment in a short time, destroy buildings and other objects, contaminate the area with radioactive substances, and also provide a strong moral and psychological impact to the enemy and thereby create a side using nuclear weapons, favorable conditions for achieving victory in the war.

Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, narrower concepts are used, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use fission chain reactions), thermonuclear weapons. The characteristics of the damaging effect of a nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.

Devices designed to carry out the explosive process of releasing intranuclear energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear weapons is usually characterized by TNT equivalent, i.e. such amount of TNT in tons, the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of a given nuclear weapon. Nuclear ammunition by power is conventionally divided into: ultra-small (up to 1 kt), small (1-10 kt), medium (kt), large (100 kt - 1 Mt) and extra-large (over 1 Mt).

Types of nuclear explosions and their damaging factors Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be carried out: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and in water. In accordance with this, explosions are distinguished: airborne, ground (surface), underground (underwater).

This is an explosion produced at an altitude of up to 10 km, when the luminous area does not touch the ground (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Severe radioactive contamination of the area occurs only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Contamination of the area along the trail of the cloud does not have a significant impact on the actions of personnel.

The main damaging factors of an air nuclear explosion are: air shock wave, penetrating radiation, light radiation, electromagnetic pulse. During an airborne nuclear explosion, the soil in the area of ​​the epicenter swells. Radioactive contamination of the area, which affects the combat operations of troops, is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In areas where neutron munitions are used, induced activity is generated in the soil, equipment and structures, which can cause injury (irradiation) to personnel.

An aerial nuclear explosion begins with a short-term blinding flash, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (in a ground explosion), which is a source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful flow of gamma radiation and neutrons, which are formed during a nuclear chain reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge fission, spreads from the explosion zone into the environment. Gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the influence of instantaneous gamma radiation, ionization of environmental atoms occurs, which leads to the emergence of electric and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short duration of action, are usually called the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion.

At the center of a nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the charge material turns into a high-temperature plasma that emits X-rays. The pressure of gaseous products initially reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of hot gases of the luminous region, trying to expand, compresses the adjacent layers of air, creates a sharp pressure drop at the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave that propagates from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up the fireball is much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises upward. In this case, a mushroom-shaped cloud is formed containing gases, water vapor, small particles of soil and a huge amount of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching its maximum height, the cloud is transported over long distances by air currents, dissipates, and radioactive products fall to the surface of the earth, creating radioactive contamination of the area and objects.

Ground (above-water) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous area touches the surface of the earth (water), and the dust (water) column is connected to the explosion cloud from the moment of formation. A characteristic feature of a ground-based (above-water) nuclear explosion is severe radioactive contamination of the area (water) both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the direction of movement of the explosion cloud.

Ground-based (above-water) nuclear explosion During ground-based nuclear explosions, an explosion crater is formed on the surface of the earth and severe radioactive contamination of the area both in the area of ​​the explosion and in the wake of the radioactive cloud. During ground and low air nuclear explosions, seismic explosion waves occur in the ground, which can disable buried structures.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced underground (underwater) and characterized by the release of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (fission fragments of uranium-235 or plutonium-239). The damaging and destructive effect of an underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic explosion waves (the main damaging factor), the formation of a crater in the ground and severe radioactive contamination of the area. There is no light emission or penetrating radiation. Characteristic of an underwater explosion is the formation of a plume (column of water), a base wave formed when the plume (column of water) collapses.

Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion The main damaging factors of an underground explosion are: seismic explosion waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the area and atmosphere. In a comolet explosion, the main damaging factor is seismic blast waves.

Surface nuclear explosion A surface nuclear explosion is an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it that the luminous area of ​​the explosion touches the surface of the water. The main damaging factors of a surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive contamination of the water area and coastal zone.

The main damaging factors of an underwater explosion are: an underwater shock wave (tsunami), an air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the water area, coastal areas and coastal objects. During underwater nuclear explosions, the ejected soil can block the riverbed and cause flooding of large areas.

High-altitude nuclear explosion A high-altitude nuclear explosion is an explosion produced above the boundary of the Earth's troposphere (above 10 km). The main damaging factors of high-altitude explosions are: air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas flow (scattering explosion products), electromagnetic pulse, ionization of the atmosphere (at altitude over 60 km).

Cosmic nuclear explosion Cosmic explosions differ from stratospheric ones not only in the values ​​of the characteristics of the physical processes accompanying them, but also in the physical processes themselves. The damaging factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; x-ray radiation; ionization of the atmosphere, resulting in a luminescent air glow that lasts for hours; gas flow; electromagnetic pulse; weak radioactive contamination of the air.

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion The main damaging factors and distribution of the energy share of a nuclear explosion: shock wave - 35%; light radiation – 35%; penetrating radiation – 5%; radioactive contamination -6%. electromagnetic pulse –1% Simultaneous exposure to several damaging factors leads to combined injuries to personnel. Weapons, equipment and fortifications fail mainly due to the impact of the shock wave.

Shock wave Shock wave (SW) is a region of sharply compressed air, spreading in all directions from the center of the explosion at supersonic speed. Hot vapors and gases, trying to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to high pressures and densities and heat them to a high temperature (several tens of thousands of degrees). This layer of compressed air represents a shock wave. The front boundary of the compressed air layer is called the shock wave front. The shock front is followed by a region of rarefaction, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the center of the explosion, the speed of propagation of shock waves is several times higher than the speed of sound. As the distance from the explosion increases, the speed of wave propagation quickly decreases. At large distances, its speed approaches the speed of sound in air.

Shock wave The shock wave of medium-power ammunition travels: the first kilometer in 1.4 s; the second in 4 s; fifth in 12 s. The damaging effect of hydrocarbons on people, equipment, buildings and structures is characterized by: velocity pressure; excess pressure in the front of the shock wave movement and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).

Shock wave The impact of shock waves on people can be direct and indirect. With direct impact, the cause of injury is an instant increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow, leading to fractures, damage to internal organs, and rupture of blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are affected by flying debris from buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.

Shock wave With excess pressure kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf/cm 2), unprotected people can receive minor injuries (minor bruises and contusions). Exposure to shock waves with excess pressure kPa leads to moderate damage: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, severe dislocations of the limbs, damage to internal organs. Extremely severe injuries, often fatal, are observed at excess pressure above 100 kPa.

Shock wave The degree of damage to various objects by a shock wave depends on the power and type of explosion, mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which the explosion occurred, the terrain and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the effects of hydrocarbons, the following should be used: trenches, cracks and trenches, reducing this effect by 1.5-2 times; dugouts 2-3 times; shelters by 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); terrain (forest, ravines, hollows, etc.).

Light radiation Light radiation is a stream of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a luminous area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, its strength is such that, despite its short duration, it can cause burns to the skin (skin), damage (permanent or temporary) to the organs of vision of people and fire of flammable materials of objects. At the moment of formation of a luminous region, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main damaging factor of light radiation is the light pulse.

Light radiation Light impulse is the amount of energy in calories incident on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of radiation during the entire glow time. The weakening of light radiation is possible due to its screening by atmospheric clouds, uneven terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. Thus, thick light weakens the light pulse by A-9 times, rare light by 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) curtains by 10 times.

Light radiation To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, and the protective properties of the area. Any barrier that can create a shadow protects against the direct action of light radiation and prevents burns.

Penetrating Radiation Penetrating radiation is the flow of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the area of ​​a nuclear explosion. Its duration of action is s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons make up approximately 30%, and in the explosion of neutron weapons, % of Y-radiation. The damaging effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism, leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and technology.

Penetrating radiation Y radiation is photon radiation (with photon energy J), which occurs when the energy state of atomic nuclei changes, nuclear transformations, or during the annihilation of particles.

Penetrating radiation Gamma radiation is photons, i.e. electromagnetic wave carrying energy. In the air it can travel long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with atoms of the medium. Intense gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal tissues. Dense and heavy materials such as iron and lead are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.

Penetrating radiation The main parameter characterizing penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation, dose and radiation dose rate, for neutrons, flux and flux density. Permissible doses of radiation to the population in wartime: single dose for 4 days 50 R; multiple times during the day 100 R; during the quarter 200 R; during the year 300 RUR.

Penetrating radiation As radiation passes through environmental materials, the radiation intensity decreases. The weakening effect is usually characterized by a layer of half weakening, i.e. such a thickness of material, passing through which radiation decreases by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y-rays is reduced by 2 times: steel 2.8 cm thick, concrete 10 cm, soil 14 cm, wood 30 cm. Civil defense structures are used as protection against penetrating radiation, which weaken its effect from 200 to 5000 times . A pound layer of 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.GO

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radioactive contamination of air, terrain, water areas and objects located on them occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion. At a temperature of approximately 1700 °C, the glow of the luminous region of a nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud, towards which a dust column rises (that’s why the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of the wind, and radioactive substances fall out of it.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Sources of radioactive substances in the cloud are fission products of nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes formed as a result of the action of neutrons on the ground (induced activity). These radioactive substances, when located on contaminated objects, decay, emitting ionizing radiation, which is actually a damaging factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: radiation dose (based on the effect on people), radiation dose rate, radiation level (based on the degree of contamination of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of damaging factors: radioactive contamination during an accident with the release of radioactive substances, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation during a nuclear explosion.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) Radiation levels at the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are 8, 80, 240, 800 rad/h, respectively. Most of the radioactive fallout, causing radioactive contamination of the area, falls from the cloud within an hour after a nuclear explosion.

Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is a set of electric and magnetic fields resulting from the ionization of atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. Its duration of action is several milliseconds. The main parameters of EMR are currents and voltages induced in wires and cable lines, which can lead to damage and failure of electronic equipment, and sometimes to damage to people working with the equipment.

Electromagnetic pulse In ground and air explosions, the damaging effect of the electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against electromagnetic pulses is shielding of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical equipment.

The situation that arises when nuclear weapons are used in areas of destruction. A source of nuclear destruction is a territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, there have been mass casualties and deaths of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility, energy and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects.

Zone of complete destruction The zone of complete destruction has at its border an excess pressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa and is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), complete destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility, energy and technological networks and lines, as well as parts of civil defense shelters, the formation of continuous rubble in populated areas. The forest is completely destroyed.

Zone of severe destruction The zone of severe destruction with excess pressure at the shock wave front from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: massive irretrievable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, complete and severe destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utility, energy and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and continuous rubble in populated areas and forests, the preservation of shelters and most anti-radiation shelters of the basement type.

Zone of medium destruction Zone of medium destruction with excess pressure from 20 to 30 kPa. Characterized by: irretrievable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and severe destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal debris, continuous fires, preservation of utility and energy networks, shelters and most anti-radiation shelters.

Zone of weak destruction The zone of weak destruction with excess pressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and moderate destruction of buildings and structures. The source of damage in terms of the number of dead and injured may be comparable to or greater than the source of damage during an earthquake. Thus, during the bombing (bomb power up to 20 kt) of the city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, most of it (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll was up to people.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Personnel of economic facilities and the population entering zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation sickness. The severity of the disease depends on the dose of radiation (exposure) received. The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the radiation dose is shown in the table on the next slide.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Degree of radiation sickness Radiation dose causing disease in a number of people and animals Light (I) Moderate (II) Severe (III) Extremely severe (IV) More than 600 More than 750 Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness on the magnitude of the radiation dose

Exposure to ionizing radiation In the context of military operations with the use of nuclear weapons, vast territories may be in zones of radioactive contamination, and the irradiation of people may become widespread. To avoid overexposure of facility personnel and the public under such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of national economic facilities in conditions of radioactive contamination in wartime, permissible radiation doses are established. They are: with a single irradiation (up to 4 days) 50 rad; repeated irradiation: a) up to 30 days 100 rad; b) 90 days 200 rad; systematic irradiation (during the year) 300 rad.

Exposure to ionizing radiation Rad (rad, abbreviated from the English radiation absorbed dose), an off-system unit of absorbed dose of radiation; it is applicable to any type of ionizing radiation and corresponds to a radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by an irradiated substance weighing 1 g. A dose of 1 rad = 2.388 × 10 6 cal/g = 0.01 J/kg.

Exposure to ionizing radiation SIEVERT is a unit of equivalent radiation dose in the SI system, equal to the equivalent dose if the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation, multiplied by the conditional dimensionless factor, is 1 J/kg. Since different types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, the weighted absorbed dose of radiation, also called equivalent dose, is used; it is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose by multiplying it by the conventional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission on X-ray Protection. Currently, the sievert is increasingly replacing the obsolete physical equivalent of the X-ray (PER).

Shock wave Shock wave Light radiation Light radiation Penetrating radiation Penetrating radiation Radioactive contamination Radioactive contamination Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic pulse The damaging factors of a nuclear explosion are:

Shock wave This is the main damaging factor. Most of the destruction and damage to buildings and structures, as well as mass casualties of people, are usually caused by its impact. This is the main damaging factor. Most of the destruction and damage to buildings and structures, as well as mass casualties of people, are usually caused by its impact. REMEMBER: Protection from a shock wave can be provided by depressions in the area, shelters, basements and other structures. REMEMBER: Protection from a shock wave can be provided by depressions in the area, shelters, basements and other structures.

Light radiation This is a stream of radiant energy, including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. It is formed by the hot products of a nuclear explosion and hot air, spreads almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 seconds.

The strength of light radiation is such that it can cause burns on the skin, damage to the eyes (temporary blindness), and fire of flammable materials and objects. REMEMBER: any barrier that can create a shadow can protect you from the direct effects of light radiation. It is also weakened by dusty (smoky) air, fog, rain, and snowfall.

This is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion. The impact of this damaging factor on all living beings is the ionization of atoms and molecules of the body, which leads to disruption of the vital functions of its individual organs, damage to the bone marrow, and the development of radiation sickness. This is a stream of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion. The impact of this damaging factor on all living beings is the ionization of atoms and molecules of the body, which leads to disruption of the vital functions of its individual organs, damage to the bone marrow, and the development of radiation sickness. Penetrating radiation

On the morning of August 6, 1945, three American aircraft, including the American B-29 bomber, carrying on board a 12.5 km atomic bomb called “Baby”. Having reached a given altitude, the plane launched a bombing mission. A fireball formed after the explosion. Houses collapsed with a terrible roar, within a radius of 2 km. caught fire. People near the epicenter literally evaporated. Those who survived received terrible burns. People rushed to the water and died a painful death. Later, a cloud of dirt, dust and ash with radioactive isotopes descended on the city, dooming the population to new victims. Hiroshima burned for two days. The people who arrived to help its residents did not yet know that they were entering a zone of radioactive contamination, and this would have fatal consequences. Hiroshima.

Nagasaki. Three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, on August 9, the city of Kokura, the center of Japanese military production and supply, was to share its fate. But because bad weather The city of Nagasaki was the victim. An atomic bomb with a power of 22 km, called “Fat Man,” was dropped on it. This city was destroyed in half. Unprotected people received burns even within a radius of 4 km.

According to the UN: In Hiroshima, 78 thousand people died at the time of the explosion, and in Nagasaki, 27 thousand. Japanese documentary sources produce much larger figures - 260 thousand and 74 thousand people, respectively, taking into account subsequent losses from the explosion. In Hiroshima, 78 thousand people died at the time of the explosion, and in Nagasaki, 27 thousand. Japanese documentary sources produce much larger figures - 260 thousand and 74 thousand people, respectively, taking into account subsequent losses from the explosion. This is what the misuse of nuclear energy leads to. This is what the misuse of nuclear energy leads to.

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The presentation on the topic “Nuclear weapons and their damaging factors” can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: life safety. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 10 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Nuclear weapon

Completed by: life safety teacher Savustyanenko Viktor Nikolaevich G. Novocherkassk MBOUSOSH No. 6

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Damaging factors

Shock wave Light radiation Ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation) Radioactive contamination of the area Electromagnetic pulse

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Shock wave

The main damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. It is an area of ​​sharp compression of the medium, spreading in all directions from the explosion site at supersonic speed.

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Light radiation

A stream of radiant energy including visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. It spreads almost instantly and lasts up to 20 seconds, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion.

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Electromagnetic pulse

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with atoms of the environment.

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Depending on the type of nuclear charge, we can distinguish:

thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during a thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from lighter ones, and a nuclear charge is used as a fuse for a thermonuclear reaction; neutron weapon- a low-power nuclear charge, supplemented by a mechanism that ensures the release of most of the explosion energy in the form of a stream of fast neutrons; its main damaging factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.

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Soviet intelligence had information about work on creating an atomic bomb in the United States, which came from nuclear physicists who sympathized with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria to Stalin. However, it is believed that the letter from the Soviet physicist Flerov addressed to him at the beginning of 1943, who was able to explain the essence of the problem popularly, was of decisive importance. As a result, on February 11, 1943, the State Defense Committee adopted a decree to begin work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General management was entrusted to the deputy chairman of the State Defense Committee V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed head nuclear project I. Kurchatov (his appointment was signed on March 10). Information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

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On November 6, 1947, USSR Foreign Minister V.M. Molotov made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that “this secret has long ceased to exist.” This statement meant that Soviet Union has already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and he has these weapons at his disposal. The scientific circles of the United States of America accepted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could master atomic weapons no earlier than 1952. American reconnaissance satellites have discovered the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, contradicting claims by Moscow, which denies that tactical weapons were deployed there.

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