Presentation on the topic of the history of the creation of nuclear weapons. Presentation on the topic of nuclear weapons. Types of nuclear explosions

NUCLEAR WEAPONS TEST

Performed by a student of the F-34 group: Petrovich T.Yu.

Nuclear weapon(or atomic weapon) - a set of nuclear weapons, means of their delivery to the target and controls. Related to weapons mass destruction along with biological and chemical weapons. Nuclear ammunition is an explosive weapon based on the use of nuclear energy released as a result of avalanche-like chain nuclear reaction fission of heavy nuclei and thermonuclear reaction

synthesis of light nuclei.

Operating principle

Nuclear weapons are based on uncontrolled chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei and thermonuclear fusion reactions.

Either uranium-235, or plutonium-239, or, in some cases, uranium-233 are used to carry out a fission chain reaction. Uranium occurs naturally in

the form of two main isotopes - uranium-235 (0.72% of natural uranium) and uranium-238 - everything else (99.2745%). Usually there is also an impurity of uranium-234 (0.0055%), formed by the decay of uranium-238. However, only uranium-235 can be used as a fissile material. In uranium-238, the independent development of a nuclear chain reaction is impossible (which is why it is common in nature). To ensure "functionality" nuclear bomb the content of uranium-235 must be at least 80%. Therefore, in the production of nuclear fuel to increase the proportion of uranium-235, a complex and extremely costly process of uranium enrichment is used. In the United States, the degree of enrichment of weapons-grade uranium (the fraction of the 235 isotope) exceeds 93% and sometimes reaches 97.5%.

An alternative to the process of uranium enrichment is the creation of a "plutonium bomb" based on the isotope plutonium-239, which, in order to increase stability physical properties and improve charge compressibility is usually doped with a small amount of gallium. Plutonium is produced in nuclear reactors in the process of prolonged irradiation of uranium-238 with neutrons.

Types of nuclear explosions

high-altitude and air explosions (in the air)

ground explosion (near the ground)

underground explosion (under the surface of the earth)

surface (near the surface of the water)

underwater (under water)

Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion

When a nuclear weapon is detonated, a nuclear explosion occurs, damaging factors which are:

shock wave

light emission

penetrating radiation

radioactive contamination

electromagnetic pulse(AMY)

People directly exposed to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, in addition to physical damage, experience powerful psychological impact from the terrifying sight of the picture of explosion and destruction. An electromagnetic pulse does not directly affect living organisms, but it can disrupt the operation of electronic equipment.

Who is the real "father"

atomic bomb?

Work on nuclear projects in the USSR and the USA began simultaneously. In August 1942, a secret "Laboratory No. 2" began to work in one of the buildings in the courtyard of Kazan University. Igor Kurchatov was appointed its leader. In August 1942 in the building former school in the town of Los Alamos, New Mexico, a secret "Metallurgical Laboratory" was launched. Robert Oppenheimer was appointed head of the laboratory. It took the Americans three years to solve the problem. In July 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated at the test site, and in August two more bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It took seven years for the birth of the Soviet atomic bomb - the first explosion was carried out at the test site in 1949. The American team of physicists was initially stronger. Only Nobel laureates (12 people) took part in the creation of the atomic bomb. And the only future Soviet Nobel Laureate, who was in Kazan in 1942 and who was invited to take part in the work, Pyotr Kapitsa refused. In addition, a group of British scientists, sent in 1943 to Los Alamos, helped the Americans. However, in Soviet times

it was claimed that the USSR solved its atomic problem completely independently, and Kurchatov was considered the "father" of the domestic atomic bomb.

So Robert Oppenheimer can be called the "father" of bombs created on both sides of the ocean - his ideas fertilized both projects. It is wrong to consider Oppenheimer (as well as Kurchatov) only an outstanding organizer. His main achievements are scientific.

And it was thanks to them that he turned out to be the scientific director of the project to create an atomic bomb.

Julius Robert Oppenheimer

(April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) - American theoretical physicist, professor of physics University of California at Berkeley, member of the US National Academy of Sciences (since 1942). Widely known as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, within the framework of which the first samples of nuclear weapons were developed during the Second World War; because of this, Oppenheimer is often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb". The atomic bomb was first tested in New Mexico in July 1945.

Nuclear weapons testing

nuclear test- a kind of weapon testing. When a nuclear weapon is detonated, a nuclear explosion occurs. The power of a nuclear weapon can be different, respectively, and the consequences of a nuclear explosion.

It is believed that for the development of new nuclear weapons, testing is mandatory. necessary condition. Without testing, it is impossible to develop new nuclear weapons. No simulators on computers and simulators can replace the real test. Therefore, the limitation of testing pursues, first of all, to prevent the development of new nuclear systems those states that already have them, and not allow other states to become possessors of nuclear weapons. However, a full-scale nuclear test is not always required. For example, the uranium bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, did not pass any tests. The "cannon scheme" for detonating the uranium charge was so reliable that tests were not required. On July 16, 1945, the US only tested a bomb in Nevada.

implosion type with plutonium as a charge, similar to the one that was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, because it is more complex

device and there were doubts about the reliability of this scheme. For example, the nuclear weapons of South Africa also had a cannon detonation system, and 6 nuclear charges entered the arsenal of South Africa without any tests.

Test objectives

Development of new nuclear weapons. 75-80% of all tests are done for this purpose

Checking the production cycle. Any copy is taken production process and checked, after which the entire batch enters the arsenal

Testing the effects of nuclear weapons on environment and items: other types of weapons, protective structures, ammunition

Checking the warhead from the arsenal. After a weapon has been tested and entered the arsenal, it is usually not tested. Only inspections and checks that do not require testing are carried out.

Test types

Historically, nuclear testing has been divided into four categories based on where it is conducted and in what environment:

atmospheric;

transatmospheric;

Underwater;

Underground.

Since the entry into force of the Three Environment Test Limitation Treaty in 1963, most of the testing has been carried out underground by signatory countries.

Underground testing is carried out in two ways:

detonation of a charge in a vertical mine. This method is most often used to create new weapon systems.

detonation of a charge in a horizontal shaft-tunnel.

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Introduction

In the history of mankind, individual events become epochal. The creation of atomic weapons and their use was caused by the desire to rise to a new level in mastering the perfect method of destruction. Like any event, the creation of atomic weapons has its own history. . .

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Topics for discussion

The history of the creation of nuclear weapons. Prerequisites for the creation of atomic weapons in the United States. Tests of atomic weapons. Conclusion.

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At the very end of the 20th century, Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered the phenomenon of radioactivity. 1911-1913. Opening atomic nucleus Rutherford and E. Rutherford. Since the beginning of 1939, a new phenomenon has been studied immediately in England, France, the USA and the USSR. E.Rutherford

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Finishing spurt 1939-1945.

In 1939 the Second World War began. In October 1939, the first government committee for atomic energy. In Germany In 1942, failures on the German-Soviet front led to a reduction in work on nuclear weapons. The United States began to lead in the creation of weapons.

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Test of atomic weapons.

On May 10, 1945, a committee to select targets for the first nuclear strikes met at the Pentagon in the United States.

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Tests of atomic weapons.

On the morning of August 6, 1945, there was a clear, cloudless sky over Hiroshima. As before, the approach of two American planes from the east caused no alarm. One of the planes dived and threw something, then both planes flew back.

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Nuclear Priority 1945-1957.

The dropped object on a parachute slowly descended and suddenly exploded at an altitude of 600m above the ground. The city was destroyed with one blow: out of 90 thousand buildings, 65 thousand were destroyed. Out of 250 thousand inhabitants, 160 thousand were killed and wounded.

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Nagasaki

A new attack was planned for 11 August. On the morning of August 8, the weather service reported that target No. 2 (Kokura) on August 11 would be covered by clouds. And so the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. This time, about 73 thousand people died, another 35 thousand died after much torment.

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Nuclear weapons in the USSR.

On November 3, 1945, the Pentagon received report No. 329 on the selection of the 20 most important targets on the territory of the USSR. In the United States, a plan for war was ripe. The start of hostilities was scheduled for January 1, 1950. The Soviet nuclear project lagged behind the American one by exactly four years. In December 1946, I. Kurchatov launched the first nuclear reactor in Europe. But be that as it may, the USSR had an atomic bomb, and on October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite Earth. Thus, the beginning of the Third World War was prevented! I. Kurchatov

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Conclusion.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki are a warning for the future! According to experts, our planet is dangerously oversaturated with nuclear weapons. Such arsenals are fraught with a huge danger for the entire planet, and not for individual countries. Their creation absorbs huge material resources that could be used to fight diseases, illiteracy, poverty in a number of other regions of the world.

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Presentation on the topic: "Nuclear weapons" Student of grade 9 GBOU secondary school No. 1465 Eistreich Dmitry Physics teacher Kruglova L.Yu.

Nuclear weapons - a set of nuclear weapons, means of their delivery to the target and controls; refers to weapons of mass destruction along with biological and chemical weapons.

Classification of nuclear weapons "Nuclear" - single-phase or single-stage explosive devices in which the main energy output comes from the nuclear fission reaction of heavy nuclei (uranium or plutonium) with the formation of lighter elements. 1. Two pieces of uranium-235 or plutonium-239; 2. Source of primary neutrons; 3. Fuse. "V hydrogen or thermonuclear" - two-phase or two-stage explosive devices in which two successively develop physical process, localized in various areas space: at the first stage, the main source of energy is the fission reaction of heavy nuclei, i.e. an atomic bomb, and on the second - fission reactions and thermonuclear fusion of light nuclei. LiD is lithium deuteride, which includes deuterium and lithium-6 isotope; A is the atomic bomb.

Atomic bomb The mass of each of the pieces of uranium or plutonium is less than the critical one. After shooting one piece of radioactive material into another, total weight substance exceeds the critical, and the bomb explodes. The first atomic bomb was tested by the United States in New Mexico in 1943. The temperature at the epicenter of the explosion is K, the pressure rises to atm, resulting in a powerful destructive shock wave. The power of the first nuclear explosion was 20 kt.

When a nuclear weapon is detonated, a nuclear explosion occurs, the damaging factors of which are: shock wave light radiation penetrating radiation radioactive contamination electromagnetic pulse (EMP) x-ray radiation

The tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are the only two examples in human history combat use nuclear weapons. Implemented armed forces United States at the end of World War II. At 8:15 am on August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was destroyed in an instant by the explosion of the American atomic bomb. On August 9, 1945 at 11:02 am, three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, a second bomb destroyed Nagasaki. About 140,000 people died in Hiroshima then, and about 74,000 in Nagasaki. Over the following years, tens of thousands more died due to the effects of radiation exposure. Many of those who survived the explosion (called "hibakusha" in Japanese) are still suffering from its effects.

Nuclear explosion

HYDROGEN BOMB hydrogen bomb. The thermonuclear charge is a solid substance lithium deuteride LiD. In addition to deuterium, it contains an isotope of lithium-6. An atomic bomb is used as a fuse. First, the bomb explodes. It is accompanied by a sharp increase in temperature, electromagnetic radiation, as well as a powerful neutron flux. As a result of the reaction, tritium is formed:.

The presence of deuterium and tritium at high temperature the explosion of an atomic bomb initiates a thermonuclear reaction: This reaction gives the main release of energy in the explosion of a hydrogen bomb. The nuclear fission reaction energy (per nucleon) is 0.9 MeV, the nuclear fusion energy is 17.6 MeV.

If the body of the bomb is made from natural uranium-238, then fast neutrons will cause a new chain uncontrolled fission reaction in it. There will be a third phase of the explosion of the hydrogen bomb. In a similar way, it is possible to create a thermonuclear explosion of practically unlimited power.

The first hydrogen bomb RDS-6s is the first Soviet hydrogen bomb developed by a group of scientists led by A. D. Sakharov and Yu. B. Khariton. Work on the bomb began in 1945. Tested at the Semipalatinsk test site on August 12, 1953. Power - 400 kt, efficiency - 15-20%. RDS-6s - single-stage hydrogen, implosion type, bomb. Subsequently, the bomb was modernized, instead of tritium, stable lithium-6 hydride was used in its charge, the RDS-27 explosion power was 250 kt (November 6, 1955).

The first hydrogen bomb On November 1, 1952, the United States detonated the first thermonuclear charge (a prototype of a hydrogen bomb) on the Eniwetok Atoll (Marshall Islands in pacific ocean). Thermonuclear reactions in natural conditions flow only in the bowels of the Sun and stars. The idea of ​​​​creating a hydrogen bomb belongs to American scientists, participants in the Manhattan Project, who created and tested the world's first atomic bomb in 1945 at the Alamogordo test site in southern New Mexico (USA).

Nuclear Weapons as a Threat to Mankind Nuclear weapons are weapons of enormous destructive power, posing a threat to the existence of mankind. A thermonuclear explosion with a power of 20 Mt destroys all life at a distance of up to 140 km from its epicenter. Therefore, it is vital international treaties on prohibition nuclear testing and on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki victims

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Foreword The creation of the Soviet atomic bomb ( military unit nuclear project USSR) - history fundamental research, development of technologies and their practical implementation in the USSR, aimed at creating weapons of mass destruction using nuclear energy. The events were stimulated to a large extent by the activities in this direction of scientific institutions and the military industry of Western countries, including Nazi Germany, and later the United States.

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The background of the Soviet project It included: Works until 1941 The role of the activities of the Radium Institute Work in 1941-1943: a) Foreign intelligence information b) Launch of the atomic project

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Work until 1941 In 1930-1941, work was actively carried out in the nuclear field. In this decade, fundamental radiochemical research was also carried out. Since the beginning of the 1920s, work has been intensively developed at the Radium Institute and at the first Fiztekh. Academician V. G. Khlopin was considered an authority in this area. Also a serious contribution was made by the employees of the Radium Institute: G. A. Gamov, I. V. Kurchatov and L. V. Mysovsky. Soviet project supervised by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR V. M. Molotov. In 1941, with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War nuclear studies were classified

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The Role of the Radium Institute The chronology of research carried out by the employees of the Radium Institute in Leningrad shows that work in this direction has not been completely curtailed. Back in 1938, the first laboratory of artificial radioactive elements in the USSR was created here. Under the chairmanship of V. G. Khlopin, the Uranium Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences was formed, in 1942, during the evacuation of the institute, A. P. Zhdanov and L. V. Mysovsky opened the new kind nuclear fission - the complete collapse of the atomic nucleus under the action of multiply charged particles of cosmic rays. The Radium Institute was entrusted with the development of a technology for separating eka-rhenium (Z = 93) and eka-osmium (Z = 94) from neutron-irradiated uranium. By 1949, the amount of plutonium necessary for testing nuclear weapons had been produced.

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Work in 1941-1943 Foreign intelligence information: As early as September 1941, intelligence information began to arrive in the USSR about secret intensive research work carried out in the UK and the USA aimed at developing methods for using atomic energy for military purposes and creating atomic bombs of huge destructive strength. In May 1942, the leadership of the GRU informed the USSR Academy of Sciences of the presence of reports of work abroad on the problem of using atomic energy for military purposes. Soviet intelligence had detailed information about the work on the creation of an atomic bomb in the United States, coming from specialists who understood the danger of a nuclear monopoly or sympathetic to the USSR

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Work in 1941-1943 Launch of the atomic project: On September 28, 1942, a month and a half after the launch of the Manhattan Project, GKO Resolution No. 2352ss "On the organization of work on uranium" was adopted. The order provided for the organization for this purpose at the USSR Academy of Sciences of a special laboratory of the atomic nucleus, the creation of laboratory facilities for the separation of uranium isotopes and the conduct of a complex of experimental work.

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Work on the creation of an atomic bomb On February 11, 1943, GKO resolution No. 2872ss was adopted on the start practical work to build the atomic bomb. On April 12, 1943, Academician A. A. Baikov, vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, signed an order on the creation of Laboratory No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences. I.V. was appointed Head of the Laboratory. Kurchatov. GKO Decree No. 5582ss of April 8, 1944 obliged the People's Commissariat chemical industry to design in 1944 a shop for the production of heavy water and a plant for the production of uranium hexafluoride; supply Laboratories No. 2 in 1944 with tens of tons of high-quality graphite blocks. I.V. A. A. KURCHATOV BAIKOV

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Post-war period On August 20, 1945, to manage the atomic project, the State Defense Committee created a Special Committee with emergency powers, headed by L.P. Beria. Under the Special Committee was created executive agency- The first main department under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (PGU). Also during 1945, hundreds of German scientists who were related to nuclear issue. This greatly accelerated the creation of the bomb. L.P. BERIA

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The first Soviet atomic bomb RDS-1 (the so-called "product 501") was created in the former KB-11 under the scientific supervision of Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov and Yuli Borisovich Khariton. She constructively resembled American bomb"Fat Man". The design of the RDS-1 bomb was a plutonium aviation atomic bomb of a characteristic "drop-shaped" shape with a mass of 4.7 tons, a diameter of 1.5 m and a length of 3.3 m. The explosion occurred at exactly the scheduled time, subsequently its power was estimated in 22 kilotons.The US nuclear monopoly has sunk into oblivion, Soviet Union won the right to exist. RDS-1

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Tests Successful testing of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at the constructed test site in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan. It was kept secret. On September 3, 1949, an aircraft of the US Special Meteorological Intelligence Service took air samples in the Kamchatka region, and then American specialists found isotopes in them, which indicated that a nuclear explosion had been carried out in the USSR. The explosion of the first Soviet nuclear device at the Semipalatinsk test site on August 29, 1949. 10 hours 05 minutes.

Presentation on the topic "Atomic bomb"

Bystrov Kirill

Grade 11 MOU Sukromlenskaya secondary school, Torzhok district.

Tver region

Teacher: Mikhailov S.B.

Atomic bomb

A single-phase or single-stage explosive device in which the main energy output comes from the nuclear fission reaction of heavy nuclei (uranium-235 or plutonium) with the formation of lighter elements.

The atomic bomb is a nuclear weapon.

Classification of atomic bomb charges by power:

• up to 1 kt - ultra-small;
• 1 - 10 kt - small;
• 10 - 100 kt - medium;
• 100-1000 ct - large;
• over 1 Mt - super-large.

Atomic bomb device

An atomic bomb includes a number of different components. As a rule, there are two main elements of this type weapons: body and automation system.

The case contains a nuclear charge and automation, and it is he who performs a protective function in relation to various types of influence (mechanical, thermal, and so on). And the role of the automation system is to ensure that the explosion occurs at a clearly defined time, and not earlier or later. The automation system consists of such systems as: emergency detonation; protection and cocking; power supply; detonation and detonation sensors.

The history of the creation of the atomic bomb

The history of the creation of the atomic bomb, and in particular weapons, begins in 1939, with the discovery made by Joliot-Curie. It was from that moment that scientists realized that a uranium chain reaction could become not only a source of enormous energy, but also a terrible weapon. And so, the device of the atomic bomb is based on the use of nuclear energy, which is released during a nuclear chain reaction.

The latter implies the process of fission of heavy nuclei or the synthesis of light nuclei. As a result, the atomic bomb is a weapon of mass destruction, due to the fact that in the shortest period of time a huge amount of intranuclear energy is released in a small space.

First atomic bomb test

The first test of an atomic weapon was carried out by the US military on July 16, 1945, at a place called Almogordo, which showed the full power of atomic energy. After that, the atomic bombs available to the US forces were loaded onto a warship and sent to the shores of Japan. The refusal of the Japanese government from a peaceful dialogue made it possible to demonstrate in action the full power of atomic weapons, the victims of which were the city of Hiroshima first, and a little later Nagasaki.

And just four days later, military base The United States immediately left two aircraft with dangerous goods on board, the targets of which were Kokura and Nagasaki. From the atomic bomb in Nagasaki in the first days, 73 thousand people died. the list has already been added to 35 thousand people.

• shock wave ( the speed of propagation of a shock wave in a medium exceeds the speed of sound in this medium)
• light emission ( power is many times greater than the power of the sun's rays)
• penetrating radiation
• radioactive contamination
• electromagnetic pulse (EMP) (disables equipment and devices)
• x-rays

shock wave

Main striking

factor of a nuclear explosion.

Represents

region of sharp compression

environment, spreading

in all directions from the place

supersonic explosion

speed.

light emission

A stream of radiant energy, including visible,

ultraviolet and

infrared rays.

Spreads almost

instantly and lasts

dependencies

from nuclear power

explosion up to 20s.

electromagnetic pulse

A short-term electromagnetic field that occurs during the explosion of a nuclear weapon as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted during a nuclear explosion with the atoms of the environment.

The action of the atomic bomb

After the explosion, a bright flash will occur, turning into a fiery sphere, which, as it cools, turns into a nuclear mushroom cap. Next comes light emission. The pressure of the shock wave at the boundary of the fire sphere with its maximum development is 7 atmospheres (0.7 MPa), regardless of power, the air temperature in the wave is about 350 degrees, and in combination with light radiation, objects at the boundary of the sphere can heat up to 1200 degrees during an explosion with power in 1 megaton.

In the case of a person, heat will spread throughout the body. The light makes clothes even tighter, welding them to the body. The duration of the flash depends on the power of the explosion, from about one second at one kiloton to forty seconds at fifty megatons; one megaton will shine for ten seconds, twenty kilotons (Hiroshima) for three seconds. The shock wave can go before the end of the glow.

• Soviet intelligence had information about work on the creation of the atomic bomb in the United States coming from atomic physicists who sympathize with the USSR, in particular Klaus Fuchs. This information was reported Beria Stalin. However, it is believed that the letter of the Soviet physicist addressed to him in early 1943 was of decisive importance. Flerova who managed to explain the essence of the problem popularly. As a result 11 February 1943 a resolution was adopted GKO about the beginning of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General leadership was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the State Defense Committee V. M. Molotova, who, in turn, appointed the head of the atomic project I. Kurchatova(his appointment was signed 10th of March). The information received through intelligence channels facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.

• On November 6, 1947, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, V. M. Molotov, made a statement regarding the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has long ceased to exist." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already discovered the secret of atomic weapons, and they had these weapons at their disposal. The scientific circles of the United States of America accepted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians could master atomic weapons not earlier than 1952.

• U.S. spy satellites have located the exact location of Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, contradicting Moscow's claims that tactical weapons have been transferred there.

• The successful test of the first Soviet atomic bomb was carried out on August 29, 1949 at the built test site in Semipalatinsk regions of Kazakhstan. On September 25, 1949, the newspaper " Is it true» posted a message TASS"in connection with the statement of US President Truman on the conduct of an atomic explosion in the USSR":

"Nuclear Club"

An informal name for a group of countries with nuclear weapons. It includes the USA (since 1945), Russia (originally the Soviet Union: since 1949), Great Britain (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), Pakistan (1998) and North Korea (2006). Israel is also considered to have nuclear weapons.

The "old" nuclear powers of the USA, Russia, Great Britain, France and China are the so-called. nuclear five - that is, states that are considered "legitimate" nuclear powers under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The remaining countries with nuclear weapons are called "young" nuclear powers.

In addition, several states that are members of NATO and other allies have or may have US nuclear weapons on their territory. Some experts believe that in certain circumstances these countries can use it.