Basic measures for protection against incendiary weapons. An incendiary weapon of a potential enemy and protection against it. Use of incendiary substances

Under incendiary weapons understand incendiary substances and their means combat use. It is intended to destroy personnel, destroy and damage weapons, equipment, structures and other objects. Incendiary substances include petroleum-based incendiary compositions, metallized incendiary mixtures, incendiary mixtures and thermite compositions, ordinary (white) and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, as well as a mixture self-igniting in air based on triethylene aluminum.

The following incendiary compositions are used to equip incendiary ammunition.

Napalms– viscous and liquid mixtures prepared on the basis of petroleum products. When they burn, temperatures up to 1200 °C are reached.

Pyrogels– metallized mixtures of petroleum products with the addition of powdered or in the form of magnesium shavings and other substances. The combustion temperature of pyrogens reaches 1600 °C.

Thermite and thermite compounds– a powdered mixture of iron and aluminum oxide, pressed into briquettes. Sometimes other substances are added to this mixture. Thermite combustion temperature reaches 3000 °C. A burning thermite mixture can burn through sheets of steel.

White phosphorus– a waxy toxic substance that spontaneously ignites and burns in air, reaching temperatures up to 1200°C.

Electron– an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements. It ignites at a temperature of 600 °C and burns with a dazzling white and blue flame, reaching temperatures up to 2800 °C. Electron is used to make casings for aircraft incendiary bombs.

The means of combat use of incendiary substances include incendiary bombs of various calibers, aircraft incendiary tanks, artillery incendiary shells, flamethrowers, fire mines, hand incendiary grenades and cartridges various types.

The most reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons is achieved through the use of fortifications. To increase their resistance to fire, open elements of wooden structures are covered with earth, coated with fire-retardant coatings, and fire breaks are created in the slopes of trenches and trenches.

For short-term protection from incendiary weapons, personnel can use personal protective equipment, as well as overcoats, peacoats, jackets, and raincoats.

If you receive burns, bandages soaked in water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate should be applied to the affected area.

To protect armored vehicles, it is necessary to tear out trenches and pit-type shelters and use natural shelters (ravines, recesses, etc.). In addition, a tarp thrown over it, covered with earth or covered with mats of green branches and fresh grass can serve as good protection.

RADIATION, CHEMICAL EVENTS
AND BIOLOGICAL PROTECTION, THE ORDER OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION
IN SUBORDINATE DEPARTMENT

Radiation, chemical and biological protection of the unit is organized by the commander in full during combat, both with and without the use of weapons mass destruction.

Radiation, chemical, biological reconnaissance conducted to obtain data on the radiation, chemical and biological conditions. It is carried out using radiation, chemical and biological reconnaissance instruments and visually. The main method of reconnaissance in all types of combat is observation. The radiation, chemical and biological observation post consists of two or three observers, one of whom is appointed senior. The post is provided with NBC reconnaissance and surveillance devices, a large-scale map or diagram of the area, an observation log, a compass, a clock, communications and warning signals. The RCB observation post conducts continuous observation and reconnaissance in the specified area, at a set time, and also during each artillery and air raid, turns on radiation and chemical reconnaissance devices and monitors their readings.

If radioactive contamination is detected (radiation dose rate 0.5 rad/h and above), the senior post (observer) immediately reports to the commander who posted the post and, on his instructions, gives the signal: “Radiation danger.”

When a chemical contamination is detected, the observer gives the signal: “Chemical alarm” and immediately reports to the commander who set up the post. The observation results are recorded in the radiation, chemical and biological observation log.

Radiation control carried out to determine the combat effectiveness of personnel and the need for special processing of the unit. It is carried out using military dose meters (dosimeters) and radiation and chemical reconnaissance instruments. The main task of radiation monitoring is to determine the radiation doses of personnel and the degree of contamination of personnel, weapons and military equipment with radioactive substances.

The following technical means of radiation monitoring are used: military dose meters for military radiation monitoring; individual dose meters (dosimeters) for individual exposure monitoring. Dose meters are usually worn in the chest pocket of the uniform.

Military units (units) are provided with technical means for monitoring exposure at the rate of one military dose meter per department, crew and equal units.

The issuance, taking (reading) of readings, charging (recharging) of military dose meters is carried out in units by direct commanders (chiefs) or persons appointed by them, and recording of radiation doses is carried out by persons appointed by order of the commander of the military unit.

Taking (reading) readings from military dose meters and charging (recharging) them are carried out, as a rule, once a day.

The time for taking (reading) readings and charging (recharging) is set by the commander of the military unit (headquarters) taking into account the specific situation. After each reading (reading), ready-to-use military dose meters are returned to the military personnel to whom they are assigned.

Chemical control(chemical contamination control) is organized and carried out to determine the need and completeness of special treatment (degassing) of weapons and military equipment, structures and terrain, and to establish the possibility of personnel acting without protective equipment. Chemical control is carried out using chemical reconnaissance (control) devices by specially trained departments (crews) of units to establish the presence of chemical agents in the areas (on routes) of their operations, detect contamination of standard (service) weapons and military equipment, materiel and water sources, determine the degree the danger of their infection for the personnel of the unit.

Warning of personnel about the immediate threat and the beginning of the use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy, as well as notification of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, is carried out by uniform and permanent signals established by the senior commander, which are communicated to all personnel.

Upon receipt of a warning signal, personnel continue to perform assigned tasks and transfer their protective equipment to the “ready” position.

When inflicted by an enemy nuclear strike In the event of an explosion, personnel take protective measures: when in combat vehicles, they close hatches, doors, loopholes, blinds and turn on the protection system against weapons of mass destruction; when in open vehicles, he must bend down, and when located outside the vehicles, he must quickly take available shelter nearby or lie on the ground with his head in the direction opposite to the explosion. After the shock wave passes, the personnel continue to perform their assigned tasks.

Upon warning signals about radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, personnel operating on foot or in open vehicles, without stopping the performance of assigned tasks, immediately put on personal protective equipment when they are in closed mobile objects not equipped with a system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, – only respirators (gas masks), and in facilities equipped with this system, closes hatches, doors, loopholes, blinds and turns on this system. Personnel located in shelters include a collective protection system. At the “Radiation Hazard” signal, personnel put on respirators (gas masks), and at the “Chemical Alert” signal, they put on gas masks.

Timely and skillful use of individual and collective protective equipment, the protective properties of the terrain, equipment and other objects is achieved by: constant monitoring of their availability and serviceability; advance preparation and training of personnel in the use of these means in various situations; correct definition the time of transferring personal protective equipment to the “combat” position and their removal; determining the regime and operating conditions of protection systems against weapons of mass destruction, weapons and military equipment and the procedure for using objects equipped with filter-ventilation devices.

Special processing consists of carrying out sanitary treatment of personnel, decontamination, degassing and disinfection of weapons, military equipment, protective equipment, uniforms and equipment. Depending on the situation, the availability of time and the funds available in the unit, special processing can be carried out partially or in full.

Partial special treatment includes partial sanitization of personnel, partial decontamination, decontamination and disinfection of military equipment. Such processing is organized by the unit commander directly in combat formations, without ceasing to perform the assigned task. It is carried out immediately after infection with toxic substances and biological means, and in case of contamination with radioactive substances - during the first hour directly in the contamination zone and repeats after leaving this zone.

Partial sanitary treatment of personnel consists of:

in removing radioactive substances from open areas of the body, uniforms and protective equipment by rinsing with water or wiping with tampons, and from uniforms and protective equipment, in addition, by shaking them out;

in the neutralization (removal) of toxic substances and biological agents on open areas of the body, individual areas of uniform and protective equipment using individual anti-chemical bags.

Partial decontamination, degassing and disinfection of weapons, military equipment and transport consists of removing radioactive substances by sweeping (wiping) the entire surface of the object being treated and in disinfecting (removing) toxic substances and biological agents from areas of the surface of the objects being treated with which personnel come into contact when performing the assigned task. tasks.

Partial special processing is carried out by crews (crews) using personnel equipment located in the units.

After partial special treatment, personal protective equipment is removed (in case of contamination with radioactive substances - after leaving the contaminated area, and in case of infection with toxic substances and biological agents - after complete special treatment).

Aerosol counteraction to enemy reconnaissance and weapons control systems carried out in the unit using smoke bombs and grenades, unified smoke grenade launch systems (system 902) and thermal smoke equipment.

To camouflage platoon combat operations, it is advisable to assign two or three soldiers in each squad with 10–12 hand smoke grenades or 3–5 smoke bombs for each.

On the battlefield, smoke grenades and small smoke bombs are carried in duffel bags. A box with fuses and graters is placed on top of the checkers. Carry fuses in pockets prohibited as friction can cause them to catch fire and cause severe burns. Checkers with lids can be carried with the fuses inserted and the lids closed. The supply standards for aerosol products are indicated in table. 6.

Before and after the use of aerosol weapons, the soldiers allocated to set up the aerosol screen act as arrows (numbers of crews, crews).

The intervals between aerosol foci when setting up aerosol curtains must be: in case of frontal wind - up to 30 m; with oblique wind – 50–60 m; with a flank wind – 100-150 m.

Chapter 7
Incendiary weapons and protection from It
7.1 Concept of incendiary weapons
Incendiary weapon– these are incendiary ammunition and substances, as well as the means of delivering them to the target.

Incendiary substance– a special selected substance or mixture of substances that can ignite, burn steadily and ensure maximum manifestation of the damaging factors of incendiary weapons during combat use.

All modern incendiary substances, depending on their composition, are divided into three main groups: incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products, metallized incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products, and incendiary mixtures based on thermite.

A special group of incendiary substances consists of ordinary and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, and a self-igniting mixture based on triethylene aluminum.

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products are divided into unthickened (liquid) and thickened (viscous).

Unthickened incendiary mixtures are prepared from gasoline, diesel fuel and lubricating oils. They ignite well and are used from backpack flamethrowers.

Thickened incendiary mixtures are viscous, gelatinous substances consisting of gasoline or other liquid fuel mixed with various thickeners. They were called napalm. They are a viscous mass that adheres well to various surfaces and resembles appearance rubber glue. The color of the mass ranges from pink to brown depending on the thickener.

Napalm is highly flammable, but burns with a combustion temperature of 1100-1200 0 C and a duration of 5-10 minutes. In addition, napalm B has increased adhesion even to wet surfaces and, when burned, emits toxic fumes that cause irritation to the eyes and respiratory system. It is also lighter than water, which allows it to burn on its surface.

Metallized mixtures based on petroleum products (pyrogels) are a type of napalm mixtures with the addition of aluminum, magnesium powders or heavy petroleum products (asphalt, fuel oil) and some types of flammable polymers.

In appearance, it is a thick mass with a grayish tint, burning with flashes with a combustion temperature of up to 1600 0 C, a burning time of 1-3 minutes.

Pyrogels are distinguished by the quantitative content of the combustible base. When light metals (sodium) are added to napalm, the mixture is called "super napalm", which spontaneously ignites on a target, especially water or snow.

Thermite compounds are powdery mixtures of iron and aluminum oxide. Their compositions may include barium nitrate, sulfur, and binders (varnishes, oils). The ignition temperature is 1300 0 C, the combustion temperature is 3000 0 C. burning thermite is a liquid mass that does not have an open flame, burning without air access. Capable of burning through sheets of steel, duralumin, melting metal objects. Used to equip incendiary mines, shells, small-caliber bombs, hand-held incendiary guarantors and checkers.

White phosphorus is a solid, waxy substance that ignites spontaneously in air and burns to produce thick, acrid white smoke. The ignition temperature is 34 0 C, the combustion temperature is 1200 0 C. It is used as a smoke-forming substance, as well as an igniter for napalm and pyrogel in incendiary ammunition.

Plasticized phosphorus - a mixture of white phosphorus with a viscous solution synthetic rubber. It is pressed into granules, which, when broken, are crushed, acquiring the ability to stick to vertical surfaces and burn through them. It is used in smoke ammunition (aircraft bombs, shells, mines, hand grenades) as an igniter in incendiary bombs and fire mines.

Electron is an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements. Ignition temperature 600 0 C, combustion temperature 2800 0 C burns with a dazzling white or bluish flame. Used for the manufacture of casings for aircraft incendiary bombs.

Self-igniting incendiary mixture - consists of polyisobutylene and triethylene aluminum (liquid fuel).

Means of using incendiary substances:

In the Air Force - incendiary aerial bombs, incendiary tanks, cassettes;

IN ground forces ah - artillery shells, mines, tank, self-propelled, backpack flamethrowers, incendiary grenades, fire mines.

Incendiary aircraft munitions are divided into napalm (fire) incendiary bombs and incendiary cassettes and cassette launchers.

Napalm bombs are thin-walled, made of steel and aluminum alloys with a thickness of (0.5 - 0.7 mm) filled with napalm.

Napalm bombs that do not have stabilizers and an explosive projectile are called - tanks. They are used on fighter-bombers and attack aircraft.

Aviation cassettes (create fires on large areas) are disposable shells containing from 50 to 600-800 small-caliber incendiary bombs and a device that ensures their dispersion. Used in aircraft and helicopter aviation.

Artillery incendiary ammunition is used in multi-barrel rocket launchers (made from thermite, electron, napalm, phosphorus).

Backpack flamethrowers, the action of which is based on the release of a fire mixture through compressed air.

The four-barreled 66-mm rocket launcher M 202A1 has, in addition to an incendiary grenade, a cumulative and a chemical grenade loaded with a CS toxic substance. Firing range up to 730m.

Rifle incendiary bullets - designed primarily to destroy manpower, as well as to ignite engines, fuel and flammable materials. Firing range – 120m.

An incendiary smoke cartridge is an individual infantry weapon and is designed to combat manpower and armored vehicles. It is loaded with a mixture of powdered phosphorus and magnesium. Flame temperature 1200 0 C, throwing range 100m, effective 50-60m. When burning, a large amount of smoke is released.

Fire bombs - designed to destroy manpower, equipment, as well as to strengthen explosive and non-explosive obstacles.

7. 2 Protection from incendiary weapons
Basic measures to protect against incendiary weapons in the department are: identifying the enemy’s preparation for the use of incendiary weapons; fortification equipment of the area, taking into account the provision of protection against incendiary weapons; use of protective and camouflage properties of the terrain; fire prevention measures; use of personal protective equipment and protective properties of equipment; rescue work in affected areas; localization and extinguishing of fires.

Detecting enemy preparation to use incendiary weapons determined by external signs: enemy soldiers have tanks with flexible hoses and special protective clothing; fire hoses protruding from the towers or hulls of tanks, armored personnel carriers and differing from the barrels of standard cannons or machine guns; the presence of fire mixture tanks on tanks or armored personnel carriers.

Fortification equipment of the area taking into account the provision of protection against incendiary weapons, ensures effective protection of personnel, equipment and other materiel from damage by incendiary weapons. The most reliable protection is provided by closed structures: shelters, dugouts, ceilings, trench sections.

Additional equipment of fortifications in the interests of protection against incendiary weapons includes: installation of various ceilings, awnings, canopies. Protective ceilings are made of non-flammable or hard-to-burn materials and covered with a layer of soil at least 10-15 cm thick to prevent burning incendiary substances from entering the structures. The exits are equipped with level thresholds, and the canopies are inclined towards the parapet. Entrances to shelters are covered with mats made of non-combustible materials. The spread of fire along the trenches is prevented by the installation of fire breaks every 25-30 m.

To protect weapons and military equipment from incendiary weapons, canopies covered with soil are installed over the shelters, and the sides are covered with shields treated with coatings. You can cover the equipment with tarpaulins, sandbags placed on the frame, which are quickly discarded when hit by incendiary weapons.

Using the protective and camouflaging properties of the terrain weakens the impact of incendiary weapons on personnel, weapons, military equipment and material resources. When performing assigned tasks, being on the march and positioning on site, the squad personnel must skillfully use the camouflage properties of the terrain, ravines, hollows, beams, underground workings, caves and other natural shelters.

Fire prevention measures are aimed at completely or partially eliminating the causes of the occurrence and development of fires and include: production of coatings for coating wooden structures; cleaning the area where the separation is located from dry grass and dead wood; equipment of clearings with a width equal to 1-2 tree heights; reconnaissance of water sources; fire control equipment; checking and preparing fire extinguishing equipment of standard equipment.

For coating of fortifications the following are used:

In summer 1) - thickly diluted clay - one volume, sand - five to six volumes, lime dough - one volume; 2) – thickly diluted clay – four volumes, sawdust – four volumes, lime dough – one volume; 3) – liquid clay – five volumes, gypsum – one volume, sand – seven volumes, lime paste – one volume;

In winter, the following are used: snow-brush floors, as well as a solution of lime and chalk.

Thickly diluted coatings are applied with a spatula or by hand, liquid coatings are applied with a brush. The thickness of the layer of coatings is 0.5 - 1 cm, along with coatings, protective paints of the PKhVO type are used, 1-2 mm thick, applied in a double layer.

The use of personal protective equipment and the protective properties of equipment In the event of a threat of massive use of incendiary weapons, it is carried out as follows: protective raincoats are worn in the “ready” position, and overcoats are put on over the equipment, fastened to the top hook, which are quickly discarded when incendiary substances hit them. Tanks, RHM, BRDM, and fortifications provide reliable protection against incendiary weapons.

An effective means of fire extinguishing is the fire-fighting equipment system installed on the RHM and BRDM. This system includes several cylinders with fire extinguishing agent, temperature sensors and other devices. If a fire occurs inside the facility, a light signal is given and the fire-fighting equipment system is automatically activated.

Combat vehicles can also be covered with mats coated with clay solutions. In addition, military equipment is equipped with fire extinguishing equipment and pre-prepared water, sand, and turf.

In the event of the use of incendiary weapons, the squad personnel quickly take their places in the equipment, sealing it. If an incendiary substance gets on the equipment, it is tightly closed with any available means.

Rescue work in affected areas begin immediately after the enemy uses incendiary weapons and consists of: rescuing personnel; evacuation of those affected by medical institutions; saving military equipment and materiel from fire.

The rescue of the squad personnel consists of searching for the injured, putting out incendiary substances and sunburned uniforms on them, taking the injured to a safe place and providing them with first aid, which begins with extinguishing the incendiary mixture with a raincoat or protective raincoat. Extinguishing incendiary substances is carried out by covering the victims with an overcoat, pouring abundant water on them, or covering them with earth or sand. In the absence of extinguishing means, the flame is knocked out by rolling on the ground.

After extinguishing, areas of uniforms and linen are cut and partially removed. Residues of extinguished incendiary substances are not removed from burned skin, as this is painful and can lead to infection of the burned surface. A bandage moistened with water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate or a regular bandage from an individual dressing bag is applied to the affected area.

For large burns, victims are sent to medical centers.

The rescue of weapons, military equipment and materiel consists of timely evacuation in compliance with precautionary measures, and if necessary, covered with tarps, covered with sand or earth. It must be remembered that extinguished incendiary substances can easily ignite from fire sources, and if they contain phosphorus, they can spontaneously ignite. Therefore, extinguished pieces of incendiary substances must be carefully removed from the affected object and burned in a specially designated place.

Localization and extinguishing of fires is carried out in cases where they threaten the personnel of the department, the armament of military equipment and materiel, or interfere with the solution of assigned tasks.

Fire localization– this is a limitation of the spread of combustion. Extinguishing a fire – stopping the burning. To extinguish a fire, all available means are used (water, fire extinguishers, sand, soil, earth, snow). When localizing and extinguishing fires, the department acts quickly, decisively, skillfully, and strictly adheres to safety requirements.

Under incendiary weapons understand incendiary substances and means of their combat use. It is intended to destroy personnel, destroy and damage weapons, military equipment, structures and other objects. TO incendiary substances include incendiary compositions based on petroleum products, metallized incendiary mixtures, incendiary mixtures and thermite compositions, ordinary (white) and plasticized phosphorus, alkali metals, as well as a mixture based on triethylene aluminum, which is self-igniting in air.

The following incendiary compositions are used to equip incendiary ammunition.

Napalms- viscous and liquid mixtures prepared on the basis of petroleum products. When they burn, temperatures up to 1200 0 C are reached.

Pyrogels- metallized mixtures of petroleum products with the addition of powdered or in the form of magnesium shavings and other substances. The combustion temperature of pyrogens reaches 1600 °C.

Thermite and thermite compounds- a powdered mixture of iron and aluminum oxide, pressed into briquettes. Sometimes other substances are added to this mixture. Thermite combustion temperature reaches 3000 0 C. The burning thermite mixture is capable of burning through sheets of steel.

White phosphorus- a waxy toxic substance that spontaneously ignites and burns in air, reaching temperatures up to 1200 ° C.

Electron - an alloy of magnesium, aluminum and other elements. It ignites at a temperature of 600 0 C and burns with a dazzling white and blue flame, reaching temperatures up to 2800 0 C. Electron is used to make the casings of aviation incendiary bombs.

The means of combat use of incendiary substances include incendiary bombs of various calibers, aircraft incendiary tanks, artillery incendiary shells, flamethrowers, land mines, hand incendiary grenades and various types of cartridges.

The most reliable protection of personnel from incendiary weapons is achieved through the use of fortifications. To increase their resistance to fire, open elements of wooden structures are covered with earth, coated with fire-retardant coatings, and fire breaks are created in the slopes of trenches and trenches.

For short-term protection from incendiary weapons, personnel can use personal protective equipment, as well as overcoats, peacoats, jackets, and raincoats.

If you receive burns, bandages soaked in water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate should be applied to the affected area.

To protect armored vehicles, it is necessary to tear out trenches and pit-type shelters and use natural shelters (ravines, recesses, etc.). In addition, a tarp thrown over it, covered with earth or covered with mats of green branches and fresh grass can serve as good protection.

PLAN-OUTLINE

TOPIC: Enemy incendiary weapons and protection against them.

Lesson questions:

1. Characteristics and properties of incendiary substances. a brief description of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus.

2. The concept of volumetric explosion ammunition.

3. Use of incendiary substances.

4. The damaging effect of incendiary substances on personnel, weapons, equipment, protection against them.

1. Characteristics and properties of incendiary substances. Brief description of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus.

1.1. Characteristics and properties of incendiary substances

Incendiary weapon- these are incendiary substances and means of their combat use.

Incendiary weapons are designed to destroy enemy personnel, destroy their weapons and military equipment, material reserves, and also to create fires in combat areas.

The main damaging factor of incendiary weapons is the release of thermal energy and combustion products toxic to humans.

1.2. Brief characteristics of incendiary substances: napalm, pyrogel, thermite, white phosphorus

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm)

Incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (napalm) can be unthickened or thickened (viscous). This is the most mass appearance incendiary mixtures with burn and incendiary effects. Unthickened incendiary mixtures are prepared from gasoline, diesel fuel or lubricating oils. Thickened mixtures are viscous, gelatinous substances consisting of gasoline or other liquid hydrocarbon fuel mixed in certain proportions with various thickeners (both flammable and non-flammable).

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels)

Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) consist of petroleum products with additives of powdered or shavings of magnesium or aluminum, oxidizing agents, liquid asphalt and heavy oils. The introduction of combustible metals into the mixture increases the combustion temperature and gives these mixtures a burning ability.

Napalms and pyrogels have the following basic properties:

Adhere well to various surfaces of weapons, military equipment, uniforms and the human body;

Easily flammable and difficult to remove and extinguish;

When burning, temperatures reach 1000-1200ºС for napalms and 1600-1800°С for pyrgels.

Napalms burn due to oxygen in the air; combustion of pyrgels occurs both due to oxygen in the air and due to the oxidizing agent included in their composition (most often salts of nitric acid).

Napalms are used to equip tank, mechanized and backpack flamethrowers, aircraft bombs and tanks, as well as various types of fire mines. Pyrogels are used to equip incendiary aviation ammunition of small and medium caliber. Napalms and pyrogens are capable of causing severe burns to personnel, setting fire to equipment, and also creating fires in the area, in buildings and structures. Pyrogels, in addition, are capable of burning through thin sheets of steel and duralumin.

Termites and termite compounds

When thermites and thermite compositions burn, thermal energy is released as a result of the interaction of the oxides of one metal with another metal. The most widely used are iron-aluminum thermite compositions containing oxidizing agents and binding components. Thermites and thermite compounds, when burned, form liquid molten slag with a temperature of about 3000°C. The burning thermite mass is capable of melting elements of weapons and military equipment made of steel and various alloys. Thermite and thermite compositions burn without air access and are used to equip incendiary mines, shells, small-caliber bombs, hand-held incendiary grenades and bombs.

White phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorus

White phosphorus is a solid, poisonous, waxy substance that spontaneously ignites in air and burns to release large quantity acrid white smoke. The combustion temperature of phosphorus is 1200°C.

Plasticized white phosphorus is a mixture of white phosphorus with a viscous solution of synthetic rubber. Unlike ordinary phosphorus, it is more stable during storage; when ruptured, it is crushed into large, slowly burning pieces. Burning phosphorus causes severe, painful burns that take a long time to heal. It is used in artillery shells and mines, aircraft bombs, and hand grenades. As a rule, incendiary-smoke-producing ammunition is filled with white phosphorus and plasticized white phosphorus.

2. The concept of volumetric explosion ammunition

Volumetric explosion munitions, which appeared in the 1960s, will remain one of the most destructive non-nuclear munitions in this century.

The principle of their operation is quite simple: the initiating charge detonates a container with a flammable substance, which instantly forms an aerosol cloud when mixed with air; this cloud is detonated by a second detonating charge. Approximately the same effect is obtained with a household gas explosion.

Modern volumetric explosion ammunition is most often a cylinder (its length is 2-3 times its diameter) filled with a flammable substance for spraying at an optimal height above the surface.

After the ammunition is separated from the carrier at an altitude of 30-50 m, the brake parachute located in the tail of the bomb opens and the radio altimeter is activated. At a height of 7-9 m, an explosion of a conventional explosive charge occurs. In this case, the thin-walled body of the bomb is destroyed and the liquid explosive sublimes (the recipe is not given). After 100-140 milliseconds, the initiating detonator, located in a capsule attached to the parachute, explodes and the fuel-air mixture explodes.

In addition to the powerful destructive effect, volumetric explosion ammunition produces a colossal psychological effect. For example, during Operation Desert Storm, British special forces, carrying out a mission behind Iraqi troops, accidentally witnessed the use of a volumetric explosion bomb by the Americans. The effect of the charge had such an effect on the usually calm British that they were forced to break radio silence and broadcast information that the Allies had used nuclear weapons.

Volumetric explosion ammunition is 5-8 times stronger than conventional explosives in terms of shock wave strength and has colossal lethality, but at present they cannot replace conventional explosives, all conventional shells, aerial bombs and missiles for the following reasons:

Firstly, volumetric explosion ammunition only has one damaging factor- shock wave. They do not and cannot have a fragmentation, cumulative effect on a target;

Secondly, the brisance (i.e. the ability to crush, destroy an obstacle) of a cloud of fuel-air mixture is very low, because they use a “combustion” type explosion, while in many cases a “detonation” type explosion is required and the ability of the explosive to crush the element being destroyed. In a “detonation” type explosion, the object in the explosion zone is destroyed and broken into pieces because the rate of formation of explosion products is very high. In a “combustion” type explosion, the object in the explosion zone, due to the fact that the formation of explosion products occurs more slowly, is not destroyed, but is thrown away. Its destruction in this case is secondary, i.e. occurs during the process of being thrown away due to collision with other objects, the ground, etc.;

Thirdly, a volumetric explosion requires a large free volume and free oxygen, which is not required for the explosion of conventional explosives (it is contained in the explosive itself in a bound form). That is, the phenomenon of a volumetric explosion is impossible in airless space, in water, in soil;

Fourthly, for the operation of volumetric explosion ammunition big influence influenced by weather conditions. At strong wind In heavy rain, the fuel-air cloud either does not form at all or is greatly dispersed;

Fifthly, it is impossible and impractical to create small-caliber volumetric explosion ammunition (less than 100 kg bombs and less than 220 mm shells).

3. Use of incendiary substances

For combat use of incendiary substances the following are used:

In the air force - incendiary bombs and incendiary tanks;

In the ground forces - artillery incendiary shells and mines, tank, mechanized, jet and backpack flamethrowers, incendiary grenades, checkers and cartridges, fire mines.

Incendiary aircraft munitions

Incendiary aircraft munitions are divided into two types:

Incendiary bombs filled with incendiary substances such as pyrogel and thermite (small and medium calibers);

Incendiary bombs (tanks) filled with incendiary compounds such as napalm.

Small caliber incendiary bombs are intended for fire destruction of wooden buildings, warehouses, railway stations, forest areas (in the dry season) and other similar targets. Along with the incendiary effect, small-caliber bombs in some cases can also have a fragmentation effect. They create fires in the form of burning small pieces of incendiary mixture within a radius of 3-5 m. The burning time of the main mass is 2-3 minutes. Bombs have a penetrating effect and are capable of penetrating into wooden buildings, vulnerable equipment such as airplanes, helicopters, radar stations, etc.

Medium caliber incendiary bombs designed to be destroyed by fire industrial enterprises, city buildings, warehouses and other similar objects. When they explode, they create fires in the form of separate burning pieces of incendiary mixture scattered within a radius of 12-250 m. The burning time of the bulk of the mixture pieces is 3-8 minutes.

Incendiary aircraft tanks designed to destroy manpower, as well as to create fires in the area and in populated areas. The capacity of the tanks, depending on the caliber, is 125-400 liters; they are equipped with napalm. By design, these are thin-walled lightweight spherical-shaped tanks made of aluminum or steel alloys. When meeting an obstacle, the incendiary tank creates a volumetric zone of continuous fire for 3-5 seconds; In this zone, living forces receive severe burn injuries. The total area of ​​the continuous fire zone is 500-1500 m2, depending on the caliber. Individual pieces of incendiary mixture can be scattered over an area of ​​3000-5000 m2 and burn for up to 3-10 minutes.

Artillery incendiary (incendiary-smoke-producing) ammunition are used to set fire to wooden buildings, warehouses for fuel and lubricants, ammunition and other flammable objects. They can also be used to defeat manpower, weapons and equipment. Incendiary-smoke-producing ammunition is represented by shells and mines of various calibers, filled with white and plasticized white phosphorus. When ammunition explodes, phosphorus is scattered over a radius of up to 15-20 m, and a cloud of white smoke is formed at the explosion site.

Along with phosphorus ammunition barrel artillery in service probable enemy consists of incendiary unguided rocket, designed to destroy manpower and used using a portable launcher with a single rail mounted from a shipping container or from a multi-barrel launcher transported on a vehicle. The volume of incendiary substance (napalm) in the rocket is 19 liters. A salvo from a 15-barrel launcher hits manpower over an area of ​​more than 2000 m2 .

Flamethrower weapons of ground forces of potential enemy armies

The principle of operation of all jet flamethrowers is based on the ejection of a jet of burning mixture by pressure of compressed air or nitrogen. When ejected from the barrel of a flamethrower, the jet is ignited by a special ignition device.

Jet flamethrowers are designed to destroy personnel located openly or in various types of fortifications, as well as to set fire to objects with wooden structures.

For backpack flamethrowers different types are characterized by the following basic data: the amount of fire mixture is 12-18 liters, the flamethrowing range of the unthickened mixture is 20-25 m, the thickened mixture is 50-60 m, the duration of continuous flamethrowing is 6-7 s. The number of shots is determined by the number of incendiary devices (up to 5 short shots).

Mechanized flamethrowers on the chassis of a light tracked amphibious armored personnel carrier, they have incendiary mixture tanks of 700-800 liters, a flamethrowing range of 150-180 m. Flamethrowing is carried out in short shots, the duration of continuous flamethrowing can reach 30 seconds.

Tank flamethrowers, being the main armament of tanks, are installed on medium tanks. The reserve of incendiary mixture is up to 1400 liters, the duration of continuous flamethrowing is 1-1.5 minutes or 20-60 short shots with a firing range of up to 230 m.

Jet flamethrower. The US Army is armed with a 4-barreled 66-mm jet flamethrower M202-A1, designed for firing at single and group targets, fortified combat positions, warehouses, dugouts and manpower at distances of up to 700 m with explosive incendiary rocket ammunition with a warhead , equipped with a self-igniting mixture in the amount of 0.6 kg in one shot.

Hand incendiary grenades

Standard samples of incendiary weapons of the army of a potential enemy are hand incendiary grenades of various types, equipped with thermite or other incendiary compounds. The maximum range when throwing by hand is up to 40 m, when shooting from a rifle 150-200 m; burning duration of the main composition is up to 1 min. To destroy various materials and materiel that ignite at high temperatures, a number of armies have adopted incendiary bombs and cartridges, depending on their purpose, equipped with various incendiary compositions that have high temperature combustion.

Fire bombs

In addition to service weapons, incendiaries made from local materials are widely used. These primarily include various explosive devices - fire mines. Fire bombs are various metal containers (barrels, cans, ammunition boxes, etc.) filled with viscous napalm. Such land mines are installed in the ground along with other types of engineering barriers. To detonate fire mines, push- or pull-action fuses are used. The radius of damage during an explosion from a fire mine depends on its capacity, the power of the explosive charge and reaches 15-70 m.

4. Damaging effect of incendiary substances on personnel, weapons, equipment, protection against them

The damaging effect of incendiary substances is expressed in the burn effect in relation to the skin and respiratory tract of a person; in a burning action in relation to flammable materials of clothing, weapons and military equipment, terrain, buildings, etc.; in igniting action in relation to flammable and non-flammable materials and metals; in heating and saturating the atmosphere closed premises toxic and other combustion products harmful to human habitation; in a demoralizing moral and psychological effect on manpower, reducing its ability to actively resist.

To protect personnel from the damaging effects of incendiary weapons, the following are used:

Closed fortifications (dugouts, shelters, etc.);

Tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, covered special and transport vehicles;

Personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin;

Summer and winter uniforms, short fur coats, padded jackets, raincoats and capes;

Natural shelters: ravines, ditches, pits, underground workings, caves, stone buildings, fences, sheds;

Various local materials (wooden panels, flooring, mats of green branches and grass).

Fortifications: shelters, dugouts, under-parapet niches, blocked cracks, blocked sections of trenches and communication passages are the most reliable protection of personnel from the effects of incendiary weapons.

Tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers with tightly closed hatches, doors, loopholes and blinds provide reliable protection for personnel from incendiary weapons; vehicles covered with conventional awnings or tarpaulins provide only short-term protection, as the coverings quickly catch fire.

Personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin (gas masks, general protective raincoats, protective stockings and gloves), and summer and winter uniforms, sheepskin coats, padded jackets, trousers, raincoats are short-term means of protection. If burning pieces of incendiary mixture come into contact with them, they must be discarded immediately.

Summer clothing provides virtually no protection from incendiary mixtures, and its intense burning can increase the degree and size of burns.

Timely and skillful use of the protective properties of weapons, military equipment, individual and collective protective equipment significantly reduces lethal effect incendiary weapons and ensures the safety and protection of personnel when operating in fire zones.

In all cases of combat activity of troops in conditions of the use of incendiary weapons, personnel use personal protective equipment. Timely and correct use personal protective equipment provides reliable protection from the direct effects of incendiary substances at the time of their use by the enemy.

If the combat situation allows, it is first recommended to immediately leave the fire zone, if possible to the windward side.

A small amount of burning incendiary mixture that gets on your uniform or open areas of the body can be extinguished by tightly covering the burning area with a sleeve, a hollow jacket, damp earth or snow.

It is impossible to remove a burning incendiary mixture by wiping, as this increases the burning surface, and therefore the area of ​​damage.

If a large amount of burning incendiary mixture hits the victim, it is necessary to cover him tightly with a jacket, raincoat, general-arms protective raincoat, and pour plenty of water on him. Extinguishing burning incendiary mixtures on weapons, military equipment, fortifications and materiel is carried out: with a fire extinguisher, by covering with earth, sand, silt or snow, by covering with tarpaulin, burlap, raincoats, by knocking down the flame with freshly cut branches of trees or deciduous shrubs.

Fire extinguishers are reliable means of extinguishing fires. Earth, sand, silt and snow are quite effective and easily accessible means for extinguishing incendiary mixtures. Tarpaulins, burlap and raincoats are used to extinguish small fires.

Extinguishing a large amount of incendiary mixture with a continuous stream of water is not recommended, as this can lead to scattering (spreading) of the burning mixture.

An extinguished incendiary mixture can easily ignite again from a fire source, and if it contains phosphorus, it can spontaneously ignite. Therefore, extinguished pieces of incendiary mixture must be carefully removed from the affected object and burned in a specially designated place or buried.

To protect weapons and military equipment from incendiary weapons, the following are used:

Trenches and shelters equipped with ceilings;

Natural shelters ( forested areas, beams, hollows);

Tarpaulins, awnings and covers;

Coverings made from local materials; service and local fire extinguishing means.

Tarpaulins, awnings and covers protect against incendiary substances for a short time, therefore, when weapons and military equipment are located on site, they are not fastened (not tied) and when burning incendiary substances come into contact with them, they are quickly thrown to the ground and extinguished.

Study questions 1. 2. 3. 4. General information about incendiary weapons. Classification, damaging properties of incendiary weapons and means of use. The impact of incendiary weapons on weapons, military equipment and fortifications and personnel. Methods of protecting personnel, weapons, military equipment and fortifications from incendiary weapons. Characteristics of fire extinguishing means of standard equipment and the procedure for using them.

Literature: n n n Protection against weapons of mass destruction and chemical support for a company (platoon) in battle. M.: Voenizdat, 1988. – P. 277 -191 Instructions for protection from environmental protection. M.: Voenizdat, 1987. Grabovoy N.D., Kadyuk V.K. Incendiary weapons and protection against them. M.: Military Publishing House, 1987. – P. 3 -46, 114 -148.

1st study question General information about incendiary weapons. Classification, damaging properties of incendiary weapons and means of use.

n Incendiary weapons are means for destroying enemy personnel and military equipment, the action of which is based on the use of incendiary substances. The defense includes incendiary ammunition and fire mixtures, as well as means of delivering them to the target. n Incendiary agent is a specially selected substance or mixture of substances that can ignite, burn steadily and create a high temperature.

Classification of incendiary substances Incendiary substances Based on liquid petroleum products Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) Viscous thermite compositions Composition: Gasoline and other types of fuel with the addition of thickeners M-1, M-2. M-1 thickener consists of a mixture of aluminum salts, oleic, naphthenic and palmetic acids. M-2: M-1 with the addition of dehydrated silica gel. Combustion temperature 1100 -12000 C Napalm with the addition of metal powders of magnesium, aluminum, heavy petroleum products (asphalt, fuel oil) Powdered mixture of iron and aluminum oxide with the addition of binders (varnishes, oils) Combustion temperature 16000 C Combustion temperature 30000 C

n White phosphorus is used as a smoke-forming agent, as well as an igniter for napalm and pyrogel. In air it ignites spontaneously and burns vigorously, releasing large amounts of thick, acrid white smoke. The combustion temperature of phosphorus is 1200 C. White phosphorus is a toxic substance. Its lethal dose when ingested is 0.1 mg/l. n Plasticized phosphorus is a mixture of ordinary white phosphorus with a viscous solution of synthetic rubber. Plasticized phosphorus has adhesion to various objects, is stable during storage and burns slowly, causing severe burns. It is used in smoke ammunition and as an igniter in incendiary bombs and landmines. n “Electron” - magnesium alloy (96%), aluminum (3%), binding components (1%).

Means of using incendiary substances Incendiary aviation ammunition: Incendiary bombs; Incendiary cassettes; Artillery incendiary ammunition Fire bombs Flamethrowers Thermite bombs, grenades Cassette launchers; Incendiary tanks (from 125 to 420 l) Armor-piercing incendiary bullets

2nd educational question The impact of incendiary weapons on weapons, military equipment and fortifications and personnel.

The impact of exposure on personnel, weapons, military equipment, fortifications On personnel 1st degree burns - redness and swelling of the tissue occurs. A burn wound does not form. Grade 2 – characterized by the formation of blisters, the skin around the blisters is swollen. After 3-4 days, the blisters fall off, forming wounds. Stage 3 – skin coagulation occurs. Healing occurs within 1-2 months. 4th degree - deep wounds form at the site of burns that are not capable of self-healing. Fortifications include those structures that are built from flammable materials or have flammable structural elements. Destruction occurs as a result of the ignition of cool clothes, the spread of fire due to the ingress of pieces of pollutants or the flow of burning napalm. On military equipment: It catches fire and fails. Equipment located outside the fire zone can be ignited by burning flakes or spray of napalm. The effectiveness of using napalm against armored vehicles depends significantly on whether the vehicle is in motion or standing still, and whether the vehicle's hatches are closed or open.

3rd educational question: Methods of protecting personnel, weapons, military equipment and fortifications from incendiary weapons.

Protection against incendiary weapons Protection against explosive weapons is organized with the goal of preventing or maximally weakening its impact on personnel, military equipment and weapons. The main measures for protection against air defense: timely detection of the enemy’s preparation for the use of incendiary weapons; fortification equipment of the area, taking into account the provision of protection from environmental protection; fire prevention measures.

Methods of protection against incendiary weapons for Personnel n. Fortifications; n. Combat vehicles; n. APE, uniform; n. Natural shelters (ravines, ditches, sheds, stone buildings, tree crowns) n. Available means (shields, floorings, masks of green branches) Techniques n. Trenches and shelters; n. Natural shelters (ravines, excavations); n. Tarpaulins, covers, awnings; n. Available means (mats made of grass, reeds, brushwood, coated with special compounds; n. Sheet iron; n. Standard and improvised fire extinguishing means. Fortifications n. Falling asleep n. Covering with earth; fire retardant; n. The use of difficult-to-burn camouflage agents; n. Equipment of wells for collecting pollutants; n. Installation of fire breaks; n. Provision of fire extinguishing means.

Characteristics of fire extinguishing agents Name Charge (composition) Purpose Fire extinguishing on an armored object OP-5 Cylinders with thermal extinguishing composition, temperature sensors, pipelines. Alkaline and acid solution OU-2 (5, 8) Carbon dioxide OU-25 (80, 400) Carbon dioxide Extinguishing aircraft, tanks, cars, electrical installations OA-1 (OA-3) Ethyl bromide Extinguishing fires, electrical installations OUB-3 (7) Bromide ethyl and carbon monoxide OP-1 (10) Powder SI-2 (silica gel, saturated with freon) PPO Foam extinguishing of flammable liquids and materials Extinguishing engines, electrical installations, etc. except Also Extinguishing sodium, live electrical installations, incendiary substances