20.06.2020
Warmer in winter and colder in summer. Why is summer much warmer than winter? Winter and summer in different parts of the world
If you are interested in this question, and you are looking for an answer to this question, then after reading this article, you will definitely find the answer.
Why is it so cold in winter?
The temperature in winter does not directly depend on the distance of the planet to the Sun, but on the angle of the Earth. The tilt axis of our planet passes through 2 poles: South and North. While the angle of inclination moves the Northern Hemisphere away from the Sun, the day becomes shorter, the sun's rays fall less on the earth's surface and warm it worse. As a result of such phenomena, winter comes.
Why is it so hot in summer?
In summer, everything happens the other way around - North Pole turns out to be at a very close distance to the Sun, due to this, he gets maximum amount sunlight, the days are getting longer, the air temperature is rising. As a result of such phenomena, summer comes.
Why is summer much warmer than winter? In summer, the sun's rays hit the Earth perpendicularly, due to this, solar energy is more concentrated and warms the soil faster than usual, so it is very hot in summer. In winter, the same rays fall on the earth's surface not perpendicularly, they glide without warming up either the soil or the water. The air does not heat up, it remains cold. In summer, the flow of solar energy is much greater than in winter, then it weakens and becomes smaller.
Line UMK E. V. Saplina. The world (1-4)
The world
Geography
Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?
"Why is it hot in summer?" - this children's question is very relevant, given the time of year. In winter, it will be replaced by another - “Why is it cold in winter?”, Accompanied by an attempt to warm frozen hands through mittens. In our new section "Why" we will regularly answer understandable and plain language to the most interesting questions of preschoolers and schoolchildren.Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter? - this question is asked by both preschoolers and schoolchildren. It would seem, well, what is the difficulty: the tilt of the axis, the rotation of the earth, the Sun ... But when you try to explain to a child, you start to get confused yourself.
The answer to the question: the reason is the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis
Our planet Earth moves around the Sun, and the earth's axis itself is located at an angle to the plane of this movement.
Due to the elliptical shape of the orbit, the distance between the Earth and the Sun varies. The closest point in orbit to the Sun is called perihelion - at this moment the star is about 147 million kilometers away. The farthest is called "aphelion" - 152 million km. A 3% difference in distance results in about a 7% difference in the amount of solar energy that the Earth receives at the time it is in these orbital locations.Around the Sun, the Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit, close to circular, at a speed of about 107,000 km / h in the direction from west to east. The average distance to the Sun is 149,598 thousand km
But the main thing is that it is not the distance that changes, but the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the surface, That's why there are seasons.
If not for this tilt, then the day and night in any place on the Earth would be the same in duration, and during the day the Sun would rise to the same height throughout the year.The axis of the planet forms an angle of 66.56° with the orbital plane. Accordingly, the plane of the equator forms an angle of 23.44° with the plane of the ecliptic.
The tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. Source: wikipedia.org
3 geographic reasons for changing seasons
Seasonal changes in the length of daylight hours: in summer, the days are long and the nights are short; in winter, their ratio is reversed.
Seasonal changes in the height of the noon position of the Sun above the horizon. Summer in temperate latitudes at noon, the Sun is closer to the zenith than in winter, and therefore the same number solar radiation distributed over a smaller area in summer earth's surface.
Seasonal changes in the length of the path of passage of sunlight in the atmosphere affect the degree of their absorption. The Sun, which is low above the horizon, gives less heat and light than the Sun, located high, closer to the zenith, since the sun's rays in the first case overcome a more powerful layer of the atmosphere.
The textbook for grade 2 continues the new integrated course "The World Around". The main goal of the textbook is to give initial information about the Earth and the Cosmos: from the mythological ideas of ancient people to modern scientific ideas. The UMC includes electronic application, posted on the website of the Drofa publishing house, as well as workbook For independent work students and Toolkit containing thematic planning and comments on all topics of the course.
The equator does not move away from the Sun, there is no winter and summer there?
Yes. There are no seasons at the equator, because it is always at the same - and close - distance from the Sun. During the calendar year, the sun's rays at the equator fall on the earth vertically (at a right angle), well warming up the surface and the air above it. In fact, it's always summer there. And the closer to the equator, the longer the summer and the shorter the winter.Contest
This time we will not ask you to calculate something, as it was in the material “Why is the sea salty?”. Send us to social media your “why”: this may be a question that worried you as a child, or maybe a question that a child or student recently asked. Among all the participants, we will choose the 3 most interesting questions and award their authors with book prizes!We are used to the fact that the seasons change. Winter is replaced by spring after it - summer, and there already autumn ... For us, this is a common occurrence.
Temperature change
In winter we get cold. And we are hot in summer. We are eagerly awaiting the arrival of warmth. However, the transition period when the temperature becomes most comfortable for us, as a rule, does not last very long. And the hot dry summer is coming. There is a rather sharp change in temperature.
As a rule, we are busy with our daily activities and do not think about why this is happening. Why is it cold in winter and hot in summer? What causes this change of seasons?
Why is winter cold?
We all know from school years that our Earth revolves around the Sun and around its own axis. Naturally, during the movement, the planet either approaches the Sun, or vice versa - moves away from it.
We have such a stereotype that winter comes when the Earth is at the farthest distance from the source of heat and light. But it is not so. After all, there is another important factor is the tilt axis of the earth.
It passes through the North and South Poles. It turns out that when the angle of inclination moves away from the luminary, the day becomes short, the rays of the Sun seem to glide along a tangent and do not warm up the surface so well. As a result, winter comes to us.
Why is it hot in summer?
In the summer, however, the opposite is true. As soon as the northern part of the Earth is at the closest distance from the Sun, it receives a huge amount of rays, the daylight hours increase, the air temperature rises very quickly, and summer comes.
IN summer time The sun's rays hit the earth's surface almost perpendicularly. Therefore, the energy is more concentrated and heats the ground very quickly. Because it is hot in summer, there is a lot of sun. In winter, the sun's rays seem to glide over the surface, they cannot warm up either the soil or the water. The air remains cold.
It turns out that in summer the flow of energy falling on the earth's surface is much stronger and greater, and in winter it becomes smaller and weaker ... Temperature indicators depend on this. In addition, we know that in summer the length daylight hours much more than in winter time. This means that the Sun has more time to heat the Earth's surface.
Change of seasons by zones
If summer comes in the northern hemisphere, then winter, respectively, in the southern hemisphere, because at that time it is far from the Sun. The same thing happens in the second half of the year: it becomes much warmer and even hot in the southern hemisphere, and winter comes in the northern.
Meanwhile, in different zones of the Earth, completely different climatic conditions. This is due to the proximity or distance from the equator. The closer to it, the hotter the climate, and vice versa, the farther from it, the colder the climatic conditions.
In addition, the weather is influenced by many factors. This is the proximity to the sea, and the height relative to the level of the oceans. Indeed, in the mountains it is quite cool even in summer, and on the peaks even in the heat there is snow.
Of course, the equator is an imaginary line running through the center of the earth. But it is closest to the Sun, regardless of the tilt of our planet's axis. It is for this reason that regions near the equator are constantly languishing from excess amounts of energy. The temperature here does not fall below twenty-four degrees. It's not only hot here in the summer. There is no winter in our understanding at all. The sun's rays fall on the surface near the equator almost at a right angle, which gives the earth's surface in this region the maximum amount of light and heat.
Climate warming
Summer weather always pleases us with warmth, abundance sunny days, day length. However, each season there is an establishment for some time of abnormally hot weather in regions uncharacteristic of such temperatures. This instantly sparks talk of "global warming". Scientists argue a lot about this issue. Some paint downright menacing pictures of the future of this phenomenon. Others see nothing wrong with this. However, everyone is still trying to unravel the cause of this phenomenon. There are a lot of assumptions. But there is no single reliable and correct. That is why it is worth just enjoying the summer warmth and sun, the sea and flowers, the river and hot sand. Because summer goes by so fast. And excessively hot weather can be tolerated, it's worth it. But how many wonderful things await us at this time, nature beckons us to relax and enjoy life.
Simple questions. A book similar to an encyclopedia Antonets Vladimir Aleksandrovich
Why is it cold in winter?
Why is it cold in winter?
I found the correct and strict answer in the second volume of the "Physical Encyclopedia" in the article "Earth": "Rotation around the axis causes a change of day and night, tilt of the axis and rotation around the Sun - a change of seasons."
Indeed, since school days, we know that the Earth revolves around the Sun in a flat, almost circular orbit with a radius of approximately 150 million kilometers. It also rotates around its axis, passing through the North and south pole and inclined with respect to the plane of the orbit at an angle slightly less than 67 degrees. If the axis of rotation of the Earth is tilted with respect to the orbit, then it turns out that the angle of inclination of the incidence of rays on the surface of the Earth changes as it moves along the orbit. It becomes closer to vertical, then further. If the rays fall obliquely, it turns out that the same radiation is distributed over large area. And more directly, this does not happen. Therefore, simply the amount of solar radiation falling on the surface is greater in summer and less in winter.
You may have noticed that it is very hot on the roof in summer. This is because the roof has an angle added to the latitudinal angle, and therefore, in Russian latitudes, the roof is often almost perpendicular to the direction of the sun's rays. That is why it is so hot there.
Thus, it turns out that cold and heat overtake us only because the angle of incidence of the sun's rays changes. If you want to use such rays to heat water in the country, you must put your tank at an angle so that more sun gets there. Moreover, if you make a hill on which you plant, for example, strawberries, it will ripen better. You yourself know that berries are always tastier on a sunny slope.
There are two parallels on Earth, where the Sun once a year is exactly overhead. They are called the Tropics of the North and Tropics of the South - this is approximately the latitude of 23 degrees, and since the tilt of the axis of rotation with respect to the plane of the orbit is 67 degrees, the sum is 90 degrees. That is why at these latitudes there is such a moment when the Sun is directly overhead and objects do not cast shadows. These are very hot places.
Lowering the temperature is the objective cause of the cold. But sometimes we get cold even in summer, when a person says that he is cold, but in fact he feels the heat exchange taking place. If a lot of heat is given off - no matter for what reasons: for example, a person is wet and the wind is blowing on him - then we feel cold.
As a result, it turns out that the rotation of the Earth around the Sun with an inclined axis leads to a change in temperature, but we perceive cold and heat according to the degree of heat transfer. So it's cold in winter because it's really set low temperature, which we feel due to the increase in heat transfer.
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(short correct answer: because the earth's axis is tilted, and therefore much more light falls on one of the hemispheres than on the other, and they smoothly change places after half a year)
Once I was asked this question at an interview (for a programmer).
Despite the fact that I studied at the Physics Department of Moscow State University, I did not know the answer.
So he said: "mmm ... I don't know." They were still surprised, like, no one had ever answered like that before me.
It seems that they didn’t take me there, or didn’t write me later, xs, it was a long time ago.
I came home, began to google, study, and discovered the answer to this seemingly simple, but in fact - just a wonderful and ingenious question in its simplicity.
It turned out that they can be fun to test people: to observe how a person will behave when you ask him this question, and in public, so that others hear, but do not have the opportunity to interfere.
It has long been known that logic does not work for a person: everyone only adjusts and shuffles the facts in such a way as to concoct those answers, decisions and conclusions that best suit him and will not cause him cognitive dissonances that he is wrong, that he is bad, that he is weak, that he was mistaken, that he was deceived, that he was mistaken, and the like.
And the persuasiveness of speech is perceived by others almost entirely on emotions, and not on facts: it doesn’t matter what nonsense the speaker will carry, if at the same time he looks adequate and “respectable”, preferably with a bunch of ranks like “Academician of Such and such Academy” or “Honored Minister of such and such”, and if he seems “confident in his words”, and speak in the style of “I brought you the truth, believe”, if he speaks assertively, and outshine opponents with your charisma, neutralizing their counterarguments with well-known rhetorical tricks and tricks such as allegory, hyperbolization, translation of the topic, transition to personalities, and the like - thousands of them.
So, you ask a person such a question: "Vasily, what do you think, why is there summer and winter?"
At first, a person is usually completely sure that he knows the answer to this question, and begins to answer: "Well, how?! What does it mean why?! Everyone knows this: of course, because the Earth's axis is tilted!".
In principle, this answer already contains all the salt - the words "everyone knows this."
It works here classical system school training: Masha "knows" the answer to the question, Masha gets an A. In fact, the school is the same religious zombie institution, like some kind of parochial theological seminary in the Middle Ages.
A person simply does not perceive the question in such a way.
Instead of "Do you know why Something So-and-so?" he hears "But don't you know how they usually tell us why Something So-and-so?".
That is, for the real state of things, a person takes that virtual reality, which society imposed on him, and at the same time he firmly believes in it, and any doubt in it automatically (society has developed this reflex) considers heresy.
It looks very funny from the outside, for example, when a person’s head is full of delusions that he does not question, and firmly believes in them, and when you try to explain to him something that goes beyond, or something that disputes his beliefs, then the person, in especially neglected cases, immediately begins to demand "facts", and does not want to listen, let alone believe. No wonder they say that the best slave is the one who is completely sure that he is not a slave. And if a person at the same time gets a low level of development (there are such people, just look at today's crazy fascist Ukraine), then he will start attacking you, putting pressure on you, aggressively and zealously protecting his own virtual reality from destruction. For an analogy, imagine a slave who is sure that he is free, and at the same time jealously defends his master-enslaver.
This, of course, is not the fault of man: people are so arranged, it is their nature, and there is nothing shameful in this. And no one is immune from this.
Returning to the question you asked, the fun begins when you answer the interlocutor that he cannot build a normal logical chain from the mantra from the "tilted axis" to the answer to question asked, and that he thus does not know the answer to this question.
Based on the reaction, one can make judgments about the person himself: whether he will behave aggressively in response, whether he will go into a deaf defense, inaccessible to logic, etc. In particularly complex and rare cases, after you reveal the correct answer, the person is so afraid of being wrong that he goes to self-deception, and assures both you and himself that he said so from the very beginning.
Fear of error is programmed into human nature as a protection necessary in the early stages of the development of consciousness, but at the same time it is also one of the main factors hindering human development after passing through. initial stage development.
Regarding the answer to the question...
By intuition, of course, one can assume (and take for granted the noodles that are hung on everyone's ears somewhere) that because one pole, due to the tilt of the Earth, is always further from the Sun than the other, and therefore it is summer in one hemisphere, and winter in the other.
And some people are sure that it is this removal that is the reason for winter and summer. In fact, such a small removal of one pole compared to the other is not able to provide temperature differences (and if there is such a difference, then it is negligibly small).
The thing is that the hemisphere that is tilted outward receives the same light, only at more slippery angles to the surface, while the hemisphere that is tilted inward receives light at angles more steep to the surface of the Earth.
Therefore, one unit of the earth's surface area in the cold hemisphere accounts for less incident sunlight than the same unit of the earth's surface area in the hot hemisphere: for example, the picture below clearly shows that the "blue" part of the world, which falls on the cold hemisphere, is almost two times less than the "yellow" part of the world, which falls on the hot hemisphere - that is why (and for no other reason) it is hot in the hot hemisphere at this time of the year, and cold in the cold at this time of the year.
If you are familiar with the concept of "solid angle" (the same geometric two-dimensional angle, only extended to the concept of three-dimensional space - it turns out such a kind of cone)
, then I will tell you this: the same unit of the earth's surface receives a smaller fraction of light (and, therefore, less heat) in the cold hemisphere, because there the solid angle from the sun to this unit of surface will be smaller; and vice versa, the same unit of the earth's surface area receives a greater share of light (and, therefore, more heat) in the hot hemisphere, because there the solid angle from the sun to this unit of surface will be larger.
If there are astronomers among you who need mathematical formulas, then you can find them on this page: in the "intensity" section, a formula is immediately given that relates the radiation intensity and the solid angle to the site. Here is a formula for you to make my speech pompous and official, and to increase the "persuasiveness" of my reasoning
Because the intensity sunlight is the same at any point in space (this is, by definition, such a property of the intensity of the radiation of a star in astronomy), then the energy transferred sunlight to the surface of the Earth, depends only on the solid angle from the Sun to a unit area of the Earth's surface: the larger the solid angle, the more energy it contains.
To refute the misconception that there is winter and summer, because one hemisphere turns out to be slightly further than the other due to the tilt, you can come up with some clear and obvious rebuttals in the style of "paradoxes".
For example, what is the Earth's orbit around the Sun? Your interlocutor, of course, will answer that, of course, ellipsoidal. And draw an ellipse on paper, so elongated. Where is the Sun located inside this ellipse? Your interlocutor will probably say that in the center (an intuitive answer, this is how we were all drawn in children's books). Ask again if it is exactly there. If he is sure, then notice that, in fact, not in the center, but in one of the foci of the ellipse. If the ellipse is drawn very elongated, then the Sun will be strongly displaced to one side. OK, if the Earth's orbit is a drawn elongated ellipse, and the small difference in distances to each hemisphere due to the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation would have such a strong effect on temperature, then why, when we pass those two points of the ellipse that are closest to the Sun, does not all life on Earth burn up?
In fact, technically, your interlocutor dropped the right phrase: technically it's an approximate ellipse. Although in fact I would say that you can hardly distinguish it from a circle, because the eccentricity of this ellipse is 0.0167, and its largest diameter is 149.60 million kilometers, and the smallest is 149.58 million kilometers, that is, the difference in diameters is only about 20 thousand kilometers, that is, a little more than one tenth of a percent.
The sun is at one of the foci of this kind of ellipse, and therefore slightly shifted to one side.
(in the picture below, the ellipse, apparently for drama, is unnaturally extended in width - do not forget that in fact the Earth's orbit is indistinguishable from a circle by eye)
If we now return to the question you asked your interlocutor about why everything did not burn out at the points of the ellipse that are closest to the Sun, then we can say that we now know that the Earth's orbit is actually a circle, and these points are only 10,000 kilometers closest to the Sun, which is approximately equal to the diameter of the Earth, and therefore not so dramatic. Ok, I have a couple more paradoxes up my sleeve...
Now you can dig into the difference in distances from the Sun to the Earth in summer and winter (see picture). Ask your interlocutor that if his theory is correct, then why in July, that is, when it is summer in our hemisphere, the Earth is further from the Sun, and in January, when we have winter, the Earth, on the contrary, is closer to the Sun?
Further, if you calculate: 152,100,000 km - 147,300,000 km = ~ 5,000,000 km. Five million kilometers - such is the difference in distances from the Earth to the Sun in summer and winter. If your interlocutor claims that the meager difference in distances, given by the tilt of the Earth's axis, somehow affects the temperature, then let's calculate it - it will certainly not be more than the diameter of the Earth, which is 12,742 km. Now compare a distance of ten thousand kilometers, which allegedly creates winter and summer, and a distance of five million kilometers, which, in this case, would freeze everything into permafrost or burn all life. Ten thousand kilometers and five million kilometers. Million Carl!
And one more, last, fact that I noticed from a series of refutations of this false theory, in which everyone sacredly believes: if only distance really played a role, then in this case one of the poles would completely melt every six months, and an oasis would form there.
Here is another link, from an encyclopedia for children.
