If the verb is correct, then what is the English ending. Simple Rules for Word Endings in English

Fortunately for learners of English, the number of endings in it is much less than in Russian, Ukrainian and even German. Blame it special structure a language that belongs to the group of analytical, the connection and agreement of words in which is provided with the help of prepositions, conjunctions and word order, and not endings.

ending in English language- this is that part of the word that serves to form, agree with other words and connect words in a phrase and sentence. For example, we all remember very well from school that certain endings help nouns form cases and take on singular and plural forms: table-table-table-table-table and so on. We can observe the same phenomenon with adjectives, with conjugation of verbs, etc.

It is important to remember that the term ending in english, as a rule, is not used, and the “endings” familiar to all of us -s, -es, -ed, -ing will more accurately be called suffixes. This is due to the peculiarities of the evolution of the language, during which it lost its primordially wide variety of proper endings and switched to an analytical way of connecting words. But in the educational literature for non-specialists, this name functions successfully due to its simplicity for perception.

Ending -s/-es

This ending in English has several functions.

First of all, it is used to form the plural forms of nouns:
• car cars,
• trees,
• box-boxes.

The choice between the two endings depends on which letter comes before it. Form

used when preceded by

Ss, -ch, -sh, -x, -z, -o

:
• church-churches,
• tax-taxes,
• potato-potatoes,
• dress-dresses.

The second use of this ending is third person verbs singular V present indefinite tense. The ending is added to verbs that refer to pronouns he, she, it or a noun similar in meaning to them. Eg: he writes (he writes) and my father writes (my dad "he" writes).

Rules for Using Variants

S/-es

in this case the usage is the same as in the first one:
• Mary reads a book every day;
• my brother goes to school every weekday.

Ending -ed

The -ed ending also has two main functions.

Firstly

, it is used to form the simple past tense regular verbs –

past indefinite tense

. To do this, the ending is simply added to the stem of the verb without any options, as is the case with

:
• I believe - I believed
• You translate - you translated
• He listens - he listened

Of course, if the stem of the word ends in e, the additional e is no longer required: believe - believ ed, don't believe eed.

Secondly, this ending is used to convert the verb into the past participle, or the more familiar term for English beginners is “the third form of the verb.”

For regular verbs, formally this formation looks exactly the same as the simple form of the past tense. However, it is used as part of compound tenses:

present perfect, past perfect, future perfect

. For example:
• He has already visited this country;
• John had fixed this TV before I came home.

In addition to the formation of compound tenses, the past participle has a number of specific functions: the formation of a passive voice (the wall is painted), definition with a noun ( she saw the closed door- she saw a closed (what?) door), part compound predicate (Jane felt terrified- Jane "felt terrified") and others.

ending -ing

The third ending in English is used to form two specific forms verb: present participles and gerunds.

The present participle is familiar to language learners, primarily from group tenses.

continuous and perfect continuous

: present, past and future. Eg:
• I am drinking tea now;
• he has been considering this problem all his life;
• they were driving 10 hours yesterday.

In addition, the present participle acts as a definition:
• barking dog - barking dog,
• running boy - running boy,
• singing woman - a singing woman.

The gerund is formally indistinguishable from the present participle. However, this difference can be traced at the level of meaning: the participle gravitates toward the adjective (designation of the attribute of the object - running (what?) Boy), while the gerund is closer to the noun (I enjoy running - I like running).

Thus, despite the small number of endings in the English language, they are functionally very diverse and capable of forming formally identical words of different parts of speech. Therefore, when learning a language, they need to pay special attention and, if necessary, seek help from a specialist.

The apostrophe in English is used for two reasons: to indicate an abbreviation and ownership - something belongs to someone. The rules for using an apostrophe are different depending on the type of word. Apostrophes help make text clearer and shorter.

Steps

Part 1

Use an apostrophe after a proper name to indicate ownership. An apostrophe and an "s" after a proper noun mean that the person, place, or thing owns what follows its name or title. For example, "Mary "s lemons" (Mary's lemons). We know that Mary's lemons belong to "s". Other examples: "China" s foreign policy "( foreign policy China) and "the orchestra" s conductor "(the conductor of the orchestra).

• Indicating ownership can be tricky, and there are exceptions. For example, the phrase "Sunday" s football game "(Sunday Soccer game, literally "Sunday's football game") is technically incorrect (since Sunday cannot possess anything), but both in writing and colloquial speech it is absolutely permissible. “A hard day's work” (hard work, literally “hard day's work”) is also an absolutely correct phrase, despite the fact that a day cannot own anything.

1. Be consistent in using an apostrophe after words ending in "s". When someone's name ends in "s", you can use an apostrophe without the trailing "s" to indicate ownership, but linguists in the Chicago Manual of Style, along with many others, prefer to put the "s" after the apostrophe.

   • Notice the difference in usage:
     • Acceptable: Jones" house (Jones' house); Francis" window (Francis window); Enders "family (Enders family).
     • Preferably: Jones "s house (Jones' house); Francis" s window (Francis's window); Enders's family (Enders family).
   • Whatever style you prefer to use, stick with it. It doesn't matter which option you choose, it's important that you stick with it.

2. Do not use an apostrophe to indicate possession with the pronoun "it".“China's foreign policy” (China's foreign policy) is correct, but let's say the reader already knows that you are talking about China and you replace the name of the country with a pronoun. If you plan to indicate that something belongs to China in this way, you need say "its foreign policy" (his foreign policy), but not "it" s.

   • The reason is to avoid confusion between "its" (his, her) used to indicate ownership, and "it "s" used as an abbreviation for "it is". If you are not sure whether to use an apostrophe or not, try instead of "it" s / its" substitute in the sentence "it is" or "it has". If the phrase changes or loses its meaning, the apostrophe is not needed. For example, the phrase "it is foreign policy" (this is foreign policy) cannot be replaced by the phrase "China's foreign policy" (China's foreign policy), so write "its" without an apostrophe.

3. Use an apostrophe to indicate ownership if the noun is plural. One of the most common mistakes is using an apostrophe to indicate that something belongs not to one person, but to a family. Let's say the Smart family has a boat. To indicate the ownership of the boat, the apostrophe will be used as follows "the Smarts" boat "(Smart's boat), and not" the Smart "s boat" (Smart's boat). Since we're talking about all the members of the Smart family, we're making the family name plural, "Smarts." And since all Smarts (at least presumably) own a boat, we add an apostrophe after the "s".

   • If the last name ends in "s", pluralize it before adding the apostrophe. For example, if you wanted to discuss a family named Williams (Williams family), then in the plural they would become "the Williamses" (Williams). If you wanted to point to their dog, you would say "the Williamses" dog" (Williams dog). If you think that this construction does not sound too smooth - especially with a more complex surname - you can say "the Williams family" ( the Williams family) and "the Williams family" s dog "(the dog of the Williams family).
   • If you are listing all the owners of a particular object, know where to put the apostrophe. For example, if both John and Mary own a cat, you should write it as "John and Mary"s cat" (John and Mary's cat), not "John"s and Mary"s cat". "John and Mary" in in this case are collective noun, and so only one apostrophe is needed.

   Part 2

   Do not use an apostrophe to form a plural

   Part 3

   Use an apostrophe in abbreviations

   1. Use of apostrophes in abbreviations. Sometimes, especially in informal writing, apostrophes are used to indicate that one or more letters in a letter are omitted. For example, the word "don" t" is an abbreviation for "do not", "isn" t "("is not"), "wouldn" t" ("would not"), and "can" t" ("cannot "). You can also abbreviate the verbs "is", "has", and "have". For example, we can write "She" s going to school" instead of "She is going to school", "He" s lost the game" instead of "He has lost the game" or "They" ve gone away" instead of "They have gone away".

      Be careful with "its" and "it "s". Use an apostrophe with the word "it" only when you want to indicate the abbreviation "it is" or "it has". "It" is a pronoun, and pronouns have their own possessive form that doesn't require an apostrophe. For example: “That noise? It's just the dog eating its bone ”(What is this noise? This is a dog chewing on its bone). It may seem complicated, but “its” is formed in the same way as other possessive pronouns: his (him), hers (her), its (his / her), yours (your), ours (our), theirs ( their).

      If you write in cursive, always append the letters after the apostrophe to those before it. For example, if you want to write "she" s, first write "shes" together, and then add an apostrophe.

   • When in doubt, always remember that apostrophes are almost always used with nouns to indicate ownership. Avoid using apostrophes for anything else.
   • In the case of a name ending in "s", linguists from the Chicago Manual of Style recommend adding "s" after the apostrophe: for example, "Charles" s bike "(Charles' bike). If your teacher requires you to adhere to one or another rule, if there are no requirements, just choose your preferred form, but be consistent and stick to the same form throughout a given written work (essays, letters, etc.).
   • The Elements of Style book by W. Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White - handy quick guide in spelling and punctuation. Try to find it on the Internet and use it when writing in English.

Friends, if you have been studying English for some time, then you should have noticed that in the formation of words, tenses of verbs, in various grammatical structures important role play endings.

Today we want to take a closer look at the ending -ed in English, what exactly it does with words and word forms, where it can be applied and how to use it in grammar.

Ending in English -ed helps to form the simple past tense of regular verbs. Of course, you remember these rules: infinitive + ending -ed

• Yesterday I work ed in the garden. - YesterdayIhave workedVkitchen garden.
• Tom stay ed at home last evening. Tom was at home last evening.

The Present Perfect and Past Perfect tenses of regular verbs in English are also formed using the ending -ed:

• Jimhasjustvisit ed us. Jim has just visited us.
• Ann said she had play ed tennis yesterday. - Annasaid, WhatyesterdaysheplayedVtennis.

The same ending is used to form Future Perfect and Future Perfect in the Past, again for regular verbs:

• We will have here ed tomorrow in the morning. - TomorrowTomorningWealreadylet's vote.
• Alex said that he would have prepared ed the test by Friday. — Alexsaid, WhatcooktestToFriday.

It can be concluded that in the formation of past tenses for regular verbs, without ending -ed just not enough.

Passive Voice and ending -ed

The passive voice of irregular verbs, well, just attracts this ending! With the end -ed we form Passive Voice at any time. For example:

• The flowers are plant ed by me. - Flowersplantedme.
• The house was repair ed by my parents. The house was renovated by my parents.
• Tomwillbeinvite ed toourparty. Tom will be invited to our party.

Also, pay attention to infinitive form passive voice:

• Wearehappytobecall ed toyourparty. We are happy that you invited us to your party ( or verbatim : We are happy to be invited to your party.

How to form parts of speech with the ending -ed

This ending also takes part in the formation of parts of speech, mainly adjectives and participles. Pay attention to the following suggestions:

• Tom is depressed ed because ofhis marksTom feels depressed because of his grades.
• They were disappointed ed to learn about itThey were disappointed when they found out about it.
• brown-ey ed - brown-eyed

We read and pronounce words with -ed correctly!

Reading words with such an ending in English is a tricky thing. We bring to your attention reading rules that will help you cope with words with this ending:

• [ d] - after voiced consonants(except [d]) and vowels sounds [b,g,v,D,z,Z,g,m,n,N,l,j,w,r + vowels]:

inform inform— informed reported; informed

borrow ["bOlou] lend- borrowed ["bOloud] lent; borrowed

• [ t] - after voiceless consonants(except [t]) sounds [p,k,f,T,s,S,h,C]:

ask ask— asked asked; asked

place put- placed placed; placed

• [ ID] - after sounds [d] and [t]:

end end ended["endId] finished; finished

invite invite— invited invited; invited We read correctly!

Remember these rules and you will not make mistakes in reading.

Let's sum up, dear readers. Without this ending, the formation of the past tenses of regular verbs is not complete; without this ending, a passive voice cannot be formed; ending - ed participates in the formation of certain parts of speech. Those who have been studying English for a long time are used to it, we wish everyone else to make friends with this ending as soon as possible.

The English language has several distinctive features. One of them is the apostrophe. This little sign sometimes becomes a big problem for students, as many people confuse when to put an apostrophe and when not.

Today we will deal with its use once and for all. In the article you will learn:

• using an apostrophe to indicate ownership

What is an apostrophe in English?

Apostrophe is a superscript comma (").

Although we do not use this sign in Russian, I think you have probably seen it. Many foreign names abbreviated with an apostrophe. For example: d "Artognan instead of de Artognan.

The apostrophe in English is used in 2 cases that can be easily remembered:

1. To show ownership

2. To indicate a gap when abbreviating words

Let's look at each of these use cases in detail.

Using an apostrophe to indicate ownership

We use the apostrophe to show the ownership of an object / person. To do this, we just need to add "s to the word that names the owner.

To test ourselves, we can ask questions to such a word: whose?, whose?, whose?, whose?. For example: the computer (whose?) of Tom, the dress (whose?) of the sister, the ball (whose?) of the dog.

Examples of using apostrophes:

Give me Ann 's copybook.
Give me Anna's notebook.

This is my parent "s car.
This is my parents' car.

I took my friend 's phone.
I took my friend's phone.

Books lie on teacher ’ s desk.
The books are on the teacher's desk.

Heate his sister 's cookies.
He ate his sister's cookies.

When else is an apostrophe used in English?

Also in this rule there are several nuances that you need to remember:

1. Owners are multiple people/animals.

In this case, to the word that stands for them (it will be in the plural), we simply add an apostrophe ("") without the letter s . After all, we have already added the ending -s to such words to form plural form(cat - cats - cats", girl - girls - girls", sister - sisters - sisters", friend - friends - friends").

However, if the word is not formed according to the rules (you can read about such exceptions), then we add "s:

2. Two owners

For example: mother and father, Tom and Peter, Mary and Jane.

There are two options for adding an apostrophe here.

• One item belongs to two people

We add "s" to the last word: mother and father "s, Tom and Peter" s, Mary and Jane "s

mother and father "s car stays in garage.
Mom and Dad's car is in the garage. ( It's about about one car owned by two people)

Tom and Mary "s house is big.
Tom and Mary's house is big. (We are talking about the same house, owned by both Tom and Mary)

• Each owner has his own item that belongs to him

We add "s" to each word: mother "s and father" s, Tom "s and Peter" s, Mary "s and Jane" s

Mother "s and father "s cars stay in garage.
Mom and dad's cars are in the garage. (We are talking about two cars: one belongs to mom, the other to dad)

Tom 's and Mary "s houses are big.
Tom and Mary's houses are big. (We are talking about two different houses that have different owners)

Apostrophe with possessive pronouns in English

We do not add "s to possessive pronouns (her/hers, your/yours, their/theirs), despite the fact that they answer the questions: whose?, whose?, whose?.

Wrong: She lost her "s pen.
That's right: She's lost her pen.

Using an apostrophe to shorten English words

In English, we can abbreviate some words. In such cases, we put an apostrophe (") in place of missing letters.

Here are the main accepted abbreviations:

I am \u003d I "m
You are = you're
He is = he's
I have = I've
I would = I'd
I will = I'll
not = n't

Examples:

He's studying now.
He is studying now.

We're ready.
We are ready.

I "m calling him.
I call him.

They can't leave.
They cannot leave.

I'll translate.
I will translate.

So, an apostrophe is a character in the form of a superscript comma ("). It is used to show ownership or for abbreviation. Now let's practice using it in practice.

Reinforcement task

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. This is my friends wedding.
2. Take Tom's car.
3. This is my dog's ball.
4. We will live in her parents' house.
5. Bring Kate and Peter's laptops.
6. He ate Dasha's apple.
7. Peter's friends will come tomorrow.
8. The phones of John and Mary are on the table.

Leave your answers in the comments below the article.

Ending -s for verbs in English

1. SWIMES
2. he, she, this - 3rd person singular in present simple gets s
3. yyyyyyyyyyyyyy vytfvvffgn hvgcrfvf-kgnbnbghyhreb-klk11d4
4. in the Present Simple in the 3rd person singular (pronouns he, she, it or noun in singular) adds the ending -s,
   If the verb ends in hissing or whistling, -es is added: catch - catches, crash-crashes, pass - passes.
   If the verb ends in -y without another vowel, -y changes to -i+es: try - tries, cry - cries (but play - plays, as there is another vowel before -y)
   The verbs go and do also add -es to themselves: does, goes (do changes the sound)
5. to swim ending s or es
6. The ending -s/-es is added to nouns to form the plural. The ending -s / -es is added to verbs to form the 3rd person singular in the Present Simple (Present Indefinite) form. The rules for adding -s/-es to nouns and verbs are almost the same.
   1. The standard case of adding the ending s to a noun or verb.

   Examples:
   book books
   to look (he/she/it) look s look (he/she/it) looks; 2. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -o or sh, -ch, -x, -ss, -tch,
   then the ending es is added to the word

   Examples:
   addre ss addresses address address;
   bru sh brush es brush brushes;
   cargo cargo es cargo cargo;
   tax taxes
   church churches church churches;
   to pass pass es pass (he/she/it) passes;
   to sma sh smash es to break (he/she/it) breaks;
   to d o does (he/she/it) does;
   to rela x relaxes to relax (he/she/it) relaxes;
   to cat tch catch es to catch (he/she/it) catches;
   to teach teaches to teach (he/she/it) teaches;
   Note that nouns borrowed from other languages ​​that end in
   on o, add the ending -s.

   Examples:
   photo photo s photography photography;
   pian o 2 piano s piano 2 pianos;

   3. If the noun or infinitive of the verb ends in -y with a preceding consonant, then the ending es is added, and y is replaced by -i.

   Examples:
   bab y bab ies baby babies;
   to fl y flies fly (he/she/it) flies;
   Note that if the -y is preceded by a vowel, then the -y is retained and the ending is added
   s.

   Examples:
   key key s key keys;
   to stay stay s stop (he/she/it) stops;
   4. If the noun ends in -f, -fe, then when forming the plural
   -f, -fe are replaced with v and the ending -es is added.
   Examples:
   wife wi ves wife;
   life lives;
   wolf wol ves wolf wolves;
   However, for some nouns ending in -f, -fe, when forming
   there is no plural substitution of f for v. Plural formed only
   by adding the ending s.
   Examples:
   chief chief s chief chiefs;
   hoo f hoofs;
   reef reef s reef reefs;
   roo f - roofs the roof of the roof;
   sa fe safe s safe safes;
   handkerchie f handkerchief s handkerchief handkerchiefs;

7. - when talking about the third person (he, she)
8. In the third person singular. For example, he writes, she smiles, it seems, etc.
9. If the action is performed by a masculine, feminine or neuter person (he, she, it, a dog, a person, a waiter, etc.), then in such cases s is put and even when they use who (who knows? - who knows? for example) . In general, if our verb does not end with em or it (knows, writes, looks), then English ends with s for sure - this is the easiest way to understand when to use
10. Then, when your action is performed by the 3rd person unit. number! He, she, it!!!
    Example: He fucks, she sucks! :))) or He does dirty work every day! (Pay attention to does, the third person singular! in the usual form, this verb looks like this - do!)
    😉