What are the climate zones? §9. Climate zones of the Earth Climate zones on the map of the hemispheres

The air temperature here is constant (+24° -26°C); at sea, temperature fluctuations can be less than 1°. The annual precipitation is up to 3000 mm, and in the mountains equatorial belt precipitation can fall up to 6000 mm. More water falls from the sky than evaporates, so there are many wetlands and dense rain forests- jungle. Remember the adventure films about Indiana Jones - how difficult it is for the main characters to make their way through the dense vegetation of the jungle and escape from the crocodiles who adore muddy waters small forest streams. All this is the equatorial belt. To its climate big influence provided by the trade winds, bringing here abundant precipitation from the ocean.

Northern: Africa (Sahara), Asia (Arabia, southern Iranian Plateau), North America (Mexico, Western Cuba).

Southern: South America (Peru, Bolivia, Northern Chile, Paraguay), Africa (Angola, Kalahari Desert), Australia (central part of the continent).

In the tropics, the state of the atmosphere over the continent (earth) and the ocean is different, therefore continental tropical climate and oceanic tropical climate.

The oceanic climate is similar to the equatorial climate, but differs from it in less cloudiness and stable winds. Summers over the oceans are warm (+20-27°C), and winters are cool (+10-15°C).

Over the land-tropics (mainland tropical climate) region is dominated by high pressure, so rain is a rare guest here (from 100 to 250 mm). This type of climate is characterized by very hot summers (up to +40°C) and cool winters (+15°C). The air temperature can change dramatically during the day - up to 40°C! That is, a person can languish from the heat during the day and shiver from the cold at night. Such changes lead to the destruction of rocks, creating a mass of sand and dust, which is why dust storms are frequent here.

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This type of climate, just like the tropical one, forms two zones in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, which form over the territories temperate latitudes(from 40-45° North and South latitude to the Arctic Circle).

There are many cyclones in the temperate zone, causing the weather to become capricious and produce either snow or rain. In addition, westerly winds blow here, which all year round bring precipitation. Summers in this climate zone are warm (up to +25°-28°C), winters are cold (from +4°C to -50°C). Annual precipitation ranges from 1000 mm to 3000 mm, and in the center of the continents it is only up to 100 mm.

In the temperate climate zone, unlike the equatorial and tropical ones, the seasons are clearly defined (that is, you can build snowmen in winter and swim in a river in summer).

Temperate climate is also divided into two subtypes - marine and continental.

Marine dominates the western parts North America, South America and Eurasia. It is formed by westerly winds blowing from the ocean to the mainland, so summers here are quite cool (+15 -20°C) and warm winter(from +5°C). Precipitation brought by westerly winds falls all year round (from 500 to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm).

Continental predominates in central regions continents. Cyclones penetrate here less frequently, so there are warmer and drier summers (up to +26°C) and more Cold winter(down to -24°C), and the snow lasts a very long time and melts reluctantly.

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Polar belt

It dominates the territory above 65°-70° latitude in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, therefore it forms two zones: Arctic and Antarctic. The Polar Belt has a unique feature - the Sun does not appear here at all for several months (polar night) and does not go below the horizon for several months (polar day). Snow and ice reflect more heat than they receive, so the air is very cool and the snow does not melt for most of the year. Since a high pressure area is forming here, there are almost no clouds, the winds are weak, and the air is saturated with small ice needles. The average summer temperature does not exceed 0°C, and in winter it ranges from -20° to -40°C. Rain falls only in the summer in the form of tiny droplets - drizzle.

Between the main climatic zones there are transitional zones, which have the prefix “sub” in their names (translated from Latin as “under”). Here air masses change with the seasons, coming from neighboring belts under the influence of the Earth's rotation.

a) Subequatorial climate. In summer, all climatic zones shift to the north, so equatorial air masses begin to dominate here. They shape the weather: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), average air temperature +30°C. Even in the spring the sun reaches its zenith and burns mercilessly. In winter, all climatic zones shift to the south, and tropical air masses begin to dominate in the subequatorial zone; winter is cooler than summer (+14°C). There is little precipitation. Soils after summer rains They dry out, so in the subequatorial zone, unlike the equatorial zone, there are few swamps. The territory of this climatic zone is favorable for human life, which is why many centers of civilization are located here.

The subequatorial climate forms two zones. The northern ones include: the Isthmus of Panama ( Latin America), Venezuela, Guinea, the Sahel desert belt in Africa, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, all of Indochina, Southern China, part of Asia. TO southern zone include: the Amazonian lowland, Brazil (South America), central and eastern Africa and the northern coast of Australia.

b) Subtropical climate. Here tropical air masses predominate in summer, and in winter - air masses of temperate latitudes, which determines the weather: hot, dry summers (from +30°C to +50°C) and relatively cold winters with precipitation, and no stable snow cover is formed.

c) Subpolar climate. This climate zone is located only on the northern edges of Eurasia and North America. In summer, humid air masses come here from temperate latitudes, so summers here are cool (from +5°C to +10°C) Despite the a large number of precipitation, evaporation is low, since the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is small and the earth does not warm up well. Therefore, in the subpolar climate in northern Eurasia and North America there are many lakes and swamps. In winter, cold arctic air masses come here, so winters are long and cold, temperatures can drop to -50°C.

The weather in certain parts of our planet is always determined by the climatic zone. There are few of them, but in each hemisphere one or another natural area has its own characteristics. Now we will look at the main climatic zones of our planet and transitional ones, and note their main features and position.

A few general words

Our planet, as you know, consists of land and water. In addition, these two components have different structures (on land there may be mountains, lowlands, hills or deserts, the ocean can have a cold or warm current). That is why the impact that the Sun has on the Earth with the same intensity is displayed completely differently in various areas. Such interaction caused the formation of the main climatic zones of the world and the transitional ones that lie between them. The first ones have large area, characterized by stable weather conditions. The latter stretch in narrow stripes parallel to the equator, and the temperature in their different areas can be very diverse.

Main natural areas

For the first time, geographers identified the main climatic zones of the planet in the mid-19th century, and then they were predominantly descriptive. From then until today there have been four of them: polar, temperate, tropical and equatorial. In addition, it is important to highlight that scientists now divide the polar climate into two different zones- Arctic and Antarctic. The fact is that the Earth's poles are not symmetrical, and therefore the weather in each of these areas is different. In the north, oddly enough, the climate is milder; vegetation is even found in the polar regions, as the snow cover melts in the summer. You won’t find such phenomena in the south, and seasonal temperature fluctuations there exceed 60 degrees. Below is a list of the world belts, by looking at which you can quickly navigate to their location.

Equatorial climate over land

The location of this natural zone is the northern part of South America; countries Central Africa and the Congo River basin, as well as the upper Nile; most of the Indonesian archipelago. Each of these places has a very humid climate. The annual rainfall here is 3000 mm or more. For this reason, many areas that fall within the zone of equatorial cyclones are covered with swamps. Comparing all other climatic zones and regions of our world with the equator, we can say with complete confidence that this is the most wet zone. It is worth noting that in summer it rains here much more often than in winter. They fall out in the form of short-term and very heavy downpours, the consequences of which dry up in minutes, and the sun warms the earth again. There are no seasonal temperature fluctuations here - throughout the year the thermometer stays between 28-35 above zero.

Marine equatorial climate

The strip that stretches along the equator across the ocean is called the dynamic minimum zone. The pressure here is as low as over land, which provokes a huge amount of precipitation - over 3500 mm per year. Among other things, such humid climatic zones and areas above the waters are characterized by clouds and fogs. Very thick air masses form here due to the fact that both the air and, in fact, the water surface are filled with moisture. The currents are warm everywhere, due to which the water evaporates very quickly and its natural circulation occurs constantly. Temperature stays within +24 - +28 degrees without interseasonal fluctuations.

Tropical zone over land

Let us immediately note that the main climatic zones of our world are very different from each other, and this does not depend on how close they are to each other. A striking example This is done by the tropics, which, in fact, are not so far from the equator. This natural zone is divided into two parts - North and South. In the first case, it occupies a significant part of Eurasia (Arabia, southern Iran, extreme points Europe in the Mediterranean), North Africa, and Central America (mainly Mexico). In the second, these are the territories of some states of South America, the Kalahari Desert in Africa and the central part of the Australian mainland. There is a dry and hot climate with very sharp temperature changes. The amount of precipitation per year is 300 mm, cloudiness, fog and rain are extremely rare. Summer is always very hot - over +35 degrees, and in winter the temperature drops to +18. The temperature fluctuates just as sharply within a day - during the day it can be as much as +40, and at night it will be only +20. Very often monsoons fly over the tropics - strong winds that destroy rocks. That is why so many deserts have formed in this zone.

Tropics over the oceans

The table of climate zones of the world gives us the opportunity to understand that over the ocean the tropics have slightly different characteristics. It is more humid here, but also cooler, it rains more often and the winds blow more strongly. The amount of precipitation per year is 500 mm. The average summer temperature is +25 degrees, and the average winter temperature is +15. Currents are also considered a feature of the oceanic tropical climate. Cold waters run along the western coasts of America, Africa and Australia, which is why it is always cooler and drier here. And the eastern shores are washed warm waters, and here there is more rain and the air temperature is much higher.

Largest natural area: temperate climate. Features over land

The main climatic zones of the planet cannot be imagined without temperate zone, which dominates most of Eurasia and This area is characterized by seasonal changes - winter, spring, summer, autumn, during which humidity and temperature fluctuate significantly. Conditionally continental zone divided into two subtypes:

Polar regions of the Earth

High pressure zones are located in the far north and far south of our planet. In the first case, this is the waters of the Arctic Ocean and all the islands located there. In the second case, this is Antarctica. A map of the world's climate zones often shows us both zones as identical in their weather conditions areas. In fact, there is a difference between them. In the North, annual temperature fluctuations are approximately 40 degrees. In winter, the temperature drops to -50, and in summer it warms up to +5. In Antarctica, the temperature difference is as much as 60 degrees, in winter the frosts here are extremely severe -70 or more, and in summer the thermometer does not rise above zero. A characteristic phenomenon for both poles is polar day and night. In summer, the sun does not go beyond the horizon for several months, and in winter, accordingly, does not appear at all.

Transitional climate zones of the planet

These natural areas are located between the main ones. Despite this, they have their own characteristics that make them stand out from the general background. Typically, such transition zones are places where milder weather, normal humidity and moderate winds. Transitional climate zones were discovered at the end of the 19th century, their classification remains unchanged to this day. Every schoolchild knows their names - subequatorial, subtropical and subpolar. Now we will look at each of them.

Brief overview of transitional natural zones

• Subequatorial climate. Characterized by seasonal changes in weather. In winter, the wind direction brings tropical air masses here. Therefore, there is very little precipitation, the air becomes cooler, and the clouds dissipate. In summer, the wind direction changes and equatorial cyclones come here. Due to this, a huge amount of precipitation falls - 3000 mm, and it becomes very hot.
• Subtropical. It is located between the tropics and temperate latitudes. The situation is similar here. In summer, winds blow from the tropics, making it very hot and sunny. In winter, cyclones arrive from temperate latitudes, it becomes cold, sometimes snowing, but no permanent cover is formed.
• Subpolar climate. Dynamic minimum zone, with high humidity and very low temperatures- more than -50. It is noteworthy that in the subpolar zone it occupies mainly land, and in the South it is a continuous water area in the Antarctic region.

What are the climate zones in Russia?

Our country is located in the Northern Hemisphere and at the same time in the Eastern. The climate here begins to form in the waters of the Arctic Ocean and ends on the shores of the Black Sea, in the Caucasus. Now we will list all the names of the main climatic zones that are found in Russia: Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical. Most of the country's territory is occupied by a temperate zone. It is conventionally divided into four types: moderate and monsoon. Humidity levels and temperature changes depend on how deep the continent is. geographical feature. In general, the state is characterized by the presence of all four seasons, hot and dry summers and cold winter, with permanent snow cover.

Conclusion

The characteristics of a particular climate on the planet largely depend on the relief over which it is located. North of the Earth in to a greater extent covered by land, therefore a zone of the so-called dynamic maximum has formed here. There is always low precipitation, strong winds and large seasonal temperature fluctuations. The main climatic zones of the northern hemisphere are the polar zone, temperate, and tropical. In the south of the planet, most of the territory is occupied by water. The climate here is always more humid, temperature changes are less. Most of the countries here are located in subequatorial latitudes, tropics and subtropics. The temperate zone covers only a small area of ​​land in South America. Also, a significant part of the land is occupied by the Antarctic zone, which is located above the continent of the same name.

Main questions. What is a climate zone? What climate features are characteristic of each climate zone? What influence do climatic conditions have on population distribution?

Climatic (Greek klimatos - inclination) differences on Earth are directly related to the inclination of the sun's rays to earth's surface. Climatic zoning is manifested in the location of climatic zones (Fig. 1) Climatic zones are territories that are continuous or interruptedstopa strip encircles the Earth. They differ from each other in temperature, atmospheric pressure, air masses, prevailing winds, amount and regime of precipitation. They stretch from west to east and replace each other from the equator to the poles. Stand out basic And transitional climatic zones. In the main climatic zones, one type of air mass dominates throughout the year. In transitional climate zones there are 2 types of air masses. They change with the seasons. The distribution of temperatures and precipitation within the belts is also influenced by other factors: the proximity of oceans, warm and cold currents, and topography. Therefore, within climate zones there are large differences and climatic regions are distinguished. Each of them has a certain type of climate.

Basic climatic zones correspond to the distribution of four main types of air masses: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate, Arctic and Antarctic climatic zones (think about their names).

Between the main belts there are transitional climatic zones: two subequatorial, two subtropical, subarctic and subantarctic. Their name depends on the dominant types of air masses, and the prefix “sub” (lat. sub - under) indicates a minor role in the general atmospheric circulation system. For example, subequatorial means located near the equatorial. Air masses in the transition zones change with the seasons: in winter, the air masses of the main belt adjacent to the pole predominate, and in summer, from the equator. (rice.).

Equatorial belt formed in the equator region between 5° south. latitude - 10° north w. During the year, equatorial air masses predominate here. There are always high temperatures and large amounts of precipitation. Average monthly temperatures range from –+25 to +28 °C. Precipitation is 1500-3000 mm per year. This belt is the wettest part of the earth's surface. This is explained by the high position of the Sun above the horizon throughout the year and rising air currents characteristic of the low pressure belt.

For subequatorial belts(approximately up to 20° N and S latitude) two seasons are characteristic: summer is dominated by equatorial air and very humid, and in winter - tropical air and very dry. In winter, the rays of the Sun fall at right angles in the Southern Hemisphere and therefore tropical The air mass enters this zone from the north and dry weather sets in. Winter is not much colder than summer. The average air temperature in all months ranges between +20 - +30°C. The annual precipitation on the plains is up to 1000-2000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountains - up to 6000-10000 mm. Almost all precipitation falls in summer. (Remember how trade winds influence climate formation).

Tropical zones stretched from 20 to 30° N. and S. on both sides of the tropics. Remember why in tropical latitudes ah the air descends and high pressure prevails? Continental tropical air dominates here all year round. Therefore, the climate in the central regions of the continents is hot and dry. The prevailing winds are trade winds. The average temperature of the warmest month is +30 - +35°C, the coldest month is not lower than +10°C. The cloud cover is insignificant, and there is little precipitation far from the oceans, no more than 50-150 mm per year. Their number increases in the eastern parts of the continents, which are influenced by warm currents and trade winds blowing from the ocean. In the west and in the center of the continents the climate is dry and desert. (Determine by climate map differences in the climate of the marginal and central regions of the tropical zone in Africa).

Subtropical zones(30-40°N and S) are formed under the influence of tropical air masses in summer and moderate ones in winter. Summer is dry, hot, with average temperature the warmest month is about 30°C. Winter is humid and warm, but short-term drops in temperature are possible. Snow falls very rarely. This Mediterranean climate. (Explain why on the eastern coasts of the continents the climate subtropical monsoon, with hot, rainy summers and cool, dry winters?). In the central parts of the continents the climate subtropical continental, with hot and dry summers and relatively cold winters with little precipitation.

Temperate zones stretch in temperate latitudes from 40 to 60° N. and S. They get much less solar heat compared to previous climate zones. Throughout the year, moderate air masses dominate here, but arctic and tropical air penetrates. In the west, westerly winds prevail, in the east of the continents - monsoons. The climate of the temperate zone is varied due to the influence of various climatic factors on its territory. A large annual amplitude of air temperature (in summer - +22 - 28°C, and in winter - -22 - 33°C) is typical for the territories of the central part of the continent. It increases as you move deeper into the continents. Similarly, depending on the location of the territory in relation to the ocean and the topography, different amounts of precipitation fall. In winter it snows. On the western coasts of the continents the climate nautical, with relatively warm and humid winters, cool and cloudy summers, and high rainfall. On the eastern coasts - monsoon climate with cold, dry winters and not hot, rainy summers, but in inland areas - continental climate.

IN subarctic (subantarctic) Arctic (Antarctic) air dominates in winter, and in summer - air masses of temperate latitudes (Determine the geographical location of the belts on the map). Winter is long, with average winter temperatures down to -40 °C. Summer (winter in the southern hemisphere) is short and cold, with an average temperature no higher than + 10°C. The annual precipitation is small (300-400 mm), and evaporation is even less. The air is damp, heavily cloudy.

About a quarter of the population globe lives in a temperate climate zone.Only 5% of the world's population lives in a tropical desert climate.

1. Point to physical map world climate zones. 2.Fill out the table " Climate zones Earth": name of the climate zone, geographical location, prevailing air masses, climate features (temperature, precipitation). *3. In what climate zone is Belarus located? Name the main features of the climate, drawing on knowledge about your area. **4.Which climatic zone (region) has the most favorable conditions for people’s recreation and health? Justify your answer.

Climatology (from “climate” and “logy”) is a science that studies issues of climate formation, description and classification of the world’s climates, and anthropogenic influences on climate.

Meteorology (from the Greek metéōros, atmospheric and celestial phenomena) is the science of the structure and properties of the earth’s atmosphere and events occurring in it physical processes. A significant part of meteorologists is engaged in modeling weather forecasts, climate, and atmospheric research.

Climate zones of the Earth

In Russia and in the territory former USSR The classification of climate types created in 1956 by the famous Soviet climatologist B.P. Alisov was used. This classification takes into account the characteristics of atmospheric circulation. According to this classification, there are four main climatic zones for each hemisphere of the Earth: equatorial, tropical, temperate and polar (in the northern hemisphere - Arctic, in the southern hemisphere - Antarctic). Between the main zones there are transitional zones - subequatorial belt, subtropical, subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic). In these climatic zones, in accordance with the prevailing circulation of air masses, four types of climate can be distinguished: continental, oceanic, climate of the western coasts and climate of the eastern coasts (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Climatic zones

As can be seen from the analysis of the map, the names of the belts correspond to their geographical location, so it's easy to remember their name.

The main climatic zones correspond to the distribution of four types of air masses (see Table 1).

Table 1. Types of air masses

Equatorial belt

This type of permanent belt is located in the equator region. It is considered to be the only belt that is torn into several parts. Throughout the year, it is under the influence of one air mass, which is also called equatorial.

The main characteristics of the belt: heat (temperature from 20°C), large amounts of precipitation - up to 7000 mm per year, high humidity. The natural zone of this belt is humid forests, which are home to many poisonous animals and plants.

The equatorial belt includes the Amazon Lowland, which is located in South America, the Greater Sunda Islands and equatorial Africa(see Fig. 2).

Tropical and subtropical zones

The tropical type of climate zone is characteristic of tropical latitudes. In the tropics, the weather will depend on the height of the sun above the horizon. The tropical zone is characterized by sharp changes in temperature - from cold to hot. Tropical zones are dominated by the tropical zone, high pressure, and downward air movement. In summer the air is very hot. In winter the air is cooler. Tropical air masses are dry. Rain is a rare occurrence on the land plains. There are few of them over the ocean.

For this reason it natural area presented in the form of semi-deserts and deserts, plant and animal world of which is very scarce (see Fig. 3). The tropical zone is typical for Mexico, North Africa, Caribbean Islands, for southern Brazil and central Australia.

The subtropical zone is located between temperate and tropical zones. They separate the southern and northern subtropical zones. In summer, tropical heat reigns here, which is characterized by dryness, and in winter a moderate cold air mass prevails.

The subtropical zone is located in North America (USA), it is characteristic of southern Japan, North Africa and the Great Chinese Plain. And in the southern hemisphere, the subtropical zone is occupied by the north of New Zealand, the south of Australia and the south of Africa.

Temperate zone

The main characteristic of this belt is that the temperature of one air mass varies by season: cold winter, hot summer, spring and autumn can be clearly distinguished. The temperate zone is characterized by negative temperatures. Temperate air and westerly winds prevail in temperate zones. It is much colder here than in the tropics. There is a lot of precipitation, but it is unevenly distributed

The temperate zone is located over a large territory of Europe, the northern USA, Canada, Russia, and Great Britain. He reaches out to Far East and northern Japan.

Arctic and Antarctic climate zones

In the Arctic and Antarctic belts Arctic air predominates throughout the year. Snow and ice surfaces well reflect the sun's rays, which fall here at an angle close to 180°. Therefore, the temperature and humidity here are very low, only in some places in summer months The thermometer rises to +5°C. In Antarctica, temperatures in winter (in August) sometimes reach -71°C, and in the warmest months they only rise to -20°C. There is little precipitation at the poles.

Bibliography

MainI

1. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: Textbook for general education. uch. / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Savelyeva, V.P. Dronov, series “Spheres”. – M.: Education, 2011.

2. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: atlas, “Spheres” series.

Additional

1. N.A. Maksimov. Behind the pages of a geography textbook. – M.: Enlightenment.

1. Russian geographical society ().

3. Tutorial by geography ().

4. Gazetteer ().

The Earth is very diverse for the reason that the planet heats up unevenly, and also falls unevenly. precipitation. Climate classification began to be proposed back in the 19th century, around the 70s. Moscow State University professor B.P. Alisova spoke about 7 climate types that make up their own climate zone. In her opinion, only four climatic zones can be called basic, and three zones are transitional. Let's look at the main characteristics and features of climate zones.

Types of climate zones:

Here, equatorial air masses predominate throughout the year. At a time when the sun is directly above the belt, and these are the days of spring and autumn equinox, it is hot in the equatorial belt, the temperature reaches approximately 28 degrees above zero. The water temperature does not differ much from the air temperature, about 1 degree. There is a lot of precipitation here, about 3000 mm. Evaporation is low here, so there are a lot of wetlands in this belt, as well as a lot of dense rain forests, due to swampy soil. Precipitation in these areas of the equatorial belt is brought by trade winds, that is, rainy winds. This type of climate is located over the north of South America, over the Gulf of Guinea, over the Congo River and the upper Nile, as well as over almost the entire Indonesian archipelago, over part of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, which are located in Asia and over the shores of Lake Victoria, which is located in Africa.

This type of climate zone is located simultaneously in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. This type of climate is divided into continental and oceanic tropical climates. The mainland is located above larger territory areas of high pressure, therefore, there is little precipitation in this belt, approximately 250 mm. Summers are hot here, so the air temperature rises to 40 degrees above zero. In winter, the temperature does not drop below 10 degrees above zero.

There are no clouds in the sky, so this climate is characterized by cold nights. Daily temperature changes are quite large, so this contributes to high destruction of rocks.

Due to the great decay of rocks, a huge amount of dust and sand is formed, which further forms sandstorms. These storms pose a potential danger to humans. The western and eastern parts of the continental climate differ greatly. Since cold currents flow along the western coast of Africa and Australia, and therefore the air temperature here is much lower, there is little precipitation, approximately 100 mm. If you look East Coast, then they flow here warm currents Therefore, the air temperature is higher and there is more precipitation. This area is quite suitable for tourism.

Oceanic climate

This type of climate is a little similar to, the only difference is that there is less cloudiness and strong, stable winds. The summer air temperature here does not rise above 27 degrees, and in winter it does not fall below 15 degrees. The period for precipitation here is mainly summer, but there is very little of it, approximately 50 mm. This arid area is summer time filled with tourists and guests of coastal cities.

Precipitation here occurs frequently and occurs throughout the year. This happens under the influence western winds. In summer, the air temperature does not rise above 28 degrees, and in winter it reaches –50 degrees. There is a lot of precipitation on the coasts - 3000 mm, and in the central regions - 1000 mm. Vivid changes appear with the changing seasons of the year. The temperate climate is formed in two hemispheres - northern and southern and is located above a moderate latitude. The area of ​​low pressure prevails here.

This type of climate is divided into subclimates: marine and continental.

Marine subclimates predominate in western North America, Eurasia and South America. The wind is brought from the ocean to the mainland. From this we can conclude that summers here are cool (+20 degrees), but winters are relatively warm and mild (+5 degrees). There is a lot of precipitation - up to 6000 mm in the mountains.
Continental subclimate - predominates in the central regions. There is less precipitation here, since cyclones practically do not pass here. In summer the temperature is approximately +26 degrees, and in winter it is quite cold -24 degrees with heavy snow cover. In Eurasia, a continental subclimate is clearly expressed only in Yakutia. Winters here are cold with little rainfall. This is because in the interior of Eurasia, the areas are least exposed to the influence of the ocean and oceanic winds. On the coast, under the influence of large amounts of precipitation, the frost is softened in winter, and the heat is moderated in summer.

There is also one, which predominates in Kamchatka, Korea, northern Japan, and parts of China. This subtype is expressed by frequent changes in monsoons. Monsoons are winds that, as a rule, bring rain to the mainland and always blow from the ocean to land. Winters here are cold due to cold winds, and summers are rainy. Rains or monsoons are brought here by winds from Pacific Ocean. On Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka there is quite a bit of precipitation, approximately 2000 mm. Air masses throughout the temperate climate are only moderate. Due to high humidity On these islands, with 2000 mm of precipitation per year for an unaccustomed person, acclimatization in this area is necessary.

Polar climate

This type of climate forms two zones: Antarctic and. Polar air masses dominate here all year round. During the polar night, in this type of climate, the sun is absent for several months, and during the polar day, it does not go away at all, but shines for several months. The snow cover here never melts, and ice and snow, which radiate heat, carry constant cold air into the air. Here the strength of the winds is weakened and there are no clouds at all. There is catastrophically little precipitation here, but particles resembling needles are constantly flying in the air. The maximum precipitation here is 100 mm. In summer the air temperature does not exceed 0 degrees, and in winter it reaches –40 degrees. In summer, periodic drizzle predominates in the air. When traveling to this area, you may notice that your face tingles a little with frost, so the temperature seems higher than it actually is.

All the types of climates discussed above are considered basic, because here the air masses correspond to these belts. There are also intermediate types of climates, which have the prefix “sub” in their names. In these types of climates, air masses change characteristically during the coming seasons. They move from nearby belts. Scientists explain this by the fact that when the Earth moves around its axis, climate zones shift alternately, now to the south, now to the north.

Intermediate types of climates

Here, in the summer, equatorial masses arrive, and in winter time tropical masses dominate. There is a lot of precipitation only in summer period- approximately 3000 mm, but despite this, the sun here is merciless and the air temperature reaches +30 degrees all summer. Winter is cool.

This climate zone has good ventilation and drainage. The air temperature here reaches +14 degrees and in terms of precipitation, there is very little in winter. Good dehumidification soils do not allow water to stagnate and form, as in. This type of climate makes it possible to settle. Here are states that are populated to the limit by people, for example, India, Ethiopia, Indochina. Many cultivated plants grow here, which are exported to various countries. In the north of this belt are Venezuela, Guinea, India, Indochina, Africa, Australia, South America, Bangladesh and other states. In the south are the Amazon, Brazil, northern Australia and the center of Africa.

Tropical air masses predominate here in summer, and in winter they come here from temperate latitudes and carry large amounts of precipitation. Summers are dry and hot, and temperatures reach +50 degrees. Winters are very mild with a maximum temperature of -20 degrees. Low precipitation, approximately 120 mm.

The west has a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and rainy winters. This area is different in that it receives slightly more rainfall. Approximately 600 mm of precipitation falls here per year. This area is favorable for resorts and people's lives in general.

Crops grown here include grapes, citrus fruits and olives. Here they prevail monsoon winds. In winter it is dry and cold, and in summer it is hot and humid. The precipitation here is approximately 800 mm per year. Through the forest, monsoons blow from the sea to the land and carry precipitation with them, and in winter the winds blow from the land to the sea. This type of climate is pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere and eastern Asia. Vegetation grows well here thanks to the abundant rainfall. Also, thanks to the abundant rains, agriculture is well developed here, which gives life to the local population.

Subpolar climate type

Summers here are cool and humid. The temperature rises to +10, and precipitation is approximately 300 mm. There is more precipitation on mountain slopes than on plains. The swampiness of the territory indicates that the territory is poorly weathered, and there are also a large number of lakes. Winters here are quite long and cold, with temperatures reaching -50 degrees. The boundaries of the poles do not run smoothly, which is precisely what indicates the uneven heating of the Earth and the diversity of the relief.

Antarctic and climate zones

Arctic air dominates here, and the snow crust does not melt. In winter, the air temperature reaches -71 degrees below zero. In summer, temperatures can only rise to -20 degrees. There is very little precipitation here.

In these climatic zones, air masses change from arctic, which predominate in winter, to moderate air masses, which predominate in summer. Winter here lasts 9 months, and it is quite cold, since on average the air temperature drops to -40 degrees. In summer, on average, the temperature is around 0 degrees. For of this type The climate has high humidity, which is approximately 200 mm, and fairly low moisture evaporation. The winds here are strong and blow frequently in this area. This type of climate is located on the northern coast of North America and Eurasia, as well as Antarctica and the Aleutian Islands.

In this climate zone, winds from the west prevail over the rest, and monsoons blow from the east. If the monsoons blow, the precipitation that falls depends on how far the area is from the sea, as well as on the topography of the area. The closer to the sea, the more precipitation falls. The northern and western parts of the continents carry a lot of precipitation, while the southern parts have very little. Winter and summer are very different here, and there are also differences in the climate on land and at sea. The snow cover here lasts only a couple of months; in winter the temperature differs significantly from summer temperature air.

The temperate zone consists of four climatic zones: a maritime climate zone (fairly warm winters and rainy summers), a continental climate zone (a lot of precipitation falls in the summer), (cold winters and rainy summers), as well as a climate transitional from the maritime climate zone to the continental one. climatic zone.

and climate zones

In the tropics, hot and dry air usually prevails. Between the winter and summer periods the difference in temperature is large and even very significant. In summer the temperature averages +35 degrees, and in winter +10 degrees. Large temperature differences here occur between day and night temperatures. In the tropical climate there is little precipitation, a maximum of 150 mm per year. On the coasts, there is more precipitation, but not much, since moisture comes to land from the ocean.

In the subtropics, summer air is drier than winter. In winter it is more humid. Summer here is very hot, as the air temperature rises to +30 degrees. In winter, the air temperature rarely drops below zero degrees, so even in winter it is not particularly cold here. When snow falls, it melts very quickly and leaves no snow cover. There is little precipitation here - about 500 mm. There are several climate zones in the subtropics: the monsoon, which brings rain from the ocean to the land and the coast, the Mediterranean, which has a high amount of precipitation, and the continental, which has much less precipitation and is drier and warmer.

and climate zones

The average air temperature is +28 degrees, and its differences from day to night temperatures are insignificant. Quite high humidity and weak winds are typical for this type of climate. The precipitation here is 2000 mm every year. A couple of rainy periods are followed by less rainy periods. The equatorial climate zone is located in the Amazon, on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, Africa, on the Malacca Peninsula, and on the islands of New Guinea.

On both sides of the equatorial climate zone are subequatorial belts. In summer, the equatorial climate prevails here, and in winter it is tropical and dry. This is why there is more precipitation in summer than in winter period. On the slopes of the mountains, precipitation even goes off scale and reaches 10,000 mm per year, and this is all thanks to the heavy rains that prevail here all year round. On average, the temperature is approximately +30 degrees. The difference between winter and summer is greater than in the equatorial climate. The subequatorial climate is located in the highlands of Brazil, New Guinea and South America, as well as in Northern Australia.

Climate types

Today there are three criteria for climate classification:

• according to the characteristics of air mass circulation;
• by the nature of the geographical relief;
• according to climatic characteristics.

Based on certain indicators The following climate types can be distinguished:

• Solar. It determines the amount of receipt and distribution of ultraviolet radiation over the earth's surface. The determination of solar climate is influenced by astronomical indicators, season and latitude;
• Mountain. Climatic conditions at altitude in the mountains they are characterized by reduced atmospheric pressure and clean air, increased solar radiation and increased precipitation;
• . Dominates in semi-deserts. There are large fluctuations in temperature between day and night, and there is practically no precipitation and there is a rare occurrence once every few years;
• . Very humid climate. It forms in places where there is not enough sunlight, so the moisture does not have time to evaporate;
• Nivalny. This climate is characteristic of areas where precipitation falls mainly in solid form, it settles in the form of glaciers and snow debris, and does not have time to evaporate;
• Urban. The air temperature in the city is always higher than in the surrounding area. Solar radiation comes in reduced quantities, therefore daylight hours are shorter than on natural objects nearby. There are more clouds concentrated over cities and precipitation occurs more often, although in some populated areas Humidity levels are low.

In general, on earth, climatic zones regularly alternate, but they are not always pronounced. In addition, climate features depend on the relief and terrain. In the zone where anthropogenic influence is most pronounced, the climate will differ from the conditions of natural objects. It should be noted that over time, one or another climate zone undergoes changes, changes climate indicators, which leads to changes in ecosystems on the planet.

Main climate zones - video