Monsoons of temperate latitudes on the map. Trade winds and monsoons. Western winds of temperate latitudes

Windiness in modern vocabulary is synonymous with impermanence, changeability. But the trade winds completely break this statement. Unlike breezes, seasonal monsoons, and even more so winds caused by weather cyclones, they are constant. How are the trade winds formed and why do they blow in a strictly defined direction? Where did this word "trade wind" come from in our language? Are these winds so constant and where are they localized? You will learn about this and much more from this article.

The meaning of the word "trade winds"

In the days of the sailing fleet, the wind was of paramount importance for navigation. When it always blew steadily in the same direction, one could hope for a successful outcome of a dangerous journey. And the Spanish navigators dubbed such a wind "viento de pasade" - conducive to movement. The Germans and the Dutch included the word "pasade" in their nautical vocabulary navigational terms (Passat and passaat). And in the era of Peter the Great, this name also penetrated into the Russian language. Although in our high latitudes trade winds are rare. The main place of their "habitat" is between the two tropics (Cancer and Capricorn). Trade winds are observed and further from them - up to the thirtieth degree. At a considerable distance from the equator, these winds lose their strength and are observed only in large open spaces, over the oceans. There they blow with a force of 3-4 points. Off the coast, the trade winds transform into monsoons. And further from the equator, winds generated by cyclonic activity give way.

How trade winds are formed

Let's do a little experiment. Put a few drops on the ball. Now let's spin it like a top. Look at the drops. Those of them, which are closer to the axis of rotation, remained motionless, and located on the sides of the "spinning tops" spread in the opposite direction. Now imagine that the ball is our planet. It spins from west to east. This movement creates opposite winds. When the point is located close to the poles, it makes a smaller circle per day than the one located at the equator. Therefore, the speed of its movement around the axis is slower. Air currents do not arise from friction with the atmosphere in such subpolar latitudes. Now it is clear that the trade winds are the steady winds of the tropics. At the equator itself, the so-called calm strip is observed.

Direction of the trade winds

Drops on the ball are easy to see that they spread in the opposite direction of rotation. This is called But to say that the trade winds are winds blowing from east to west would be wrong. In practice, the air masses deviate from their main vector to the south. The same thing happens, only in a mirror image, on the other side of the equator. That is, in the Southern Hemisphere, the trade winds blow from the southeast to the northwest.

Why is the equator so attractive to air masses? In the tropics, as is known, a constant area of ​​high pressure is established. And at the equator, on the contrary, low. If we answer the children's question, where does the wind come from, then we will state a common natural history truth. Wind is the movement of air masses from layers with high pressure to an area with a lower one. The periphery of the tropics in science is called “Horse latitudes”. From there, the trade winds blow at a gallop into the "Calm Strip" above the equator.

Constant wind speed

So, we understood the distribution area of ​​the trade winds. They form in both at a latitude of 25-30° and fade near the calm zone around 6 degrees. The French believe that the trade winds are the "correct winds" (vents alizes), very convenient for sailing. Their speed is small, but constant (five to six meters per second, sometimes it reaches 15 m/s). However, the power of these air masses is so great that they form trade winds. Born in hot regions and these winds contribute to the development of deserts such as the Kalahari, Namib and Atacama.

Are they permanent?

Over the continents, the trade winds collide with local winds, sometimes changing their speed and direction. For example, in the Indian Ocean, due to the special configuration of the coast South-East Asia And climatic characteristics, trade winds turn into seasonal monsoons. As you know, in summer they blow from the cool sea towards the heated land, and in winter - vice versa. However, the statement that the trade winds are the winds of tropical latitudes is not entirely true. In the Atlantic, for example, in the Northern Hemisphere, they blow in winter and spring within 5-27 ° N, and in summer and autumn 10-30 ° N. This strange phenomenon was given a scientific explanation by John Hadley, a British astronomer, back in the 18th century. The windless band does not stand on the equator, but moves after the Sun. Thus, by the date when our star is at its zenith over the Tropic of Cancer, the trade winds are moving north, and in winter - south. The constant winds are not the same in strength. The Southern Hemisphere trade wind is more powerful. He almost does not meet on his way obstacles in the form of land. There it forms the so-called "roaring" fortieth latitudes.

Trade winds and tropical cyclones

To understand the mechanics of typhoon formation, you need to understand that two constant winds blow in each hemisphere of the Earth. Everything that we have described above refers to the so-called lower trade winds. But the air, as you know, cools when climbing to a height (on average, one degree every hundred meters of ascent). Warm masses are lighter and rush upwards. Cold air tends to sink down. Thus, in upper layers atmosphere there are opposite trade winds. blowing in the Northern Hemisphere from the southwest, and below the equator - from the northwest. inside the trade winds sometimes changes the stable direction of the two layers. There is a zigzag twisting of warm, moisture-saturated and cold air masses. In some cases, tropical cyclones gain hurricane strength. All the same direction vector inherent in the trade winds carries them to the west, where they unleash their destructive force on coastal areas.

The general circulation of the atmosphere includes trade winds, westerly winds of moderate latitudes, easterly (katabatic) winds of the polar regions, and monsoons.

Wind is caused by differences in atmospheric pressure. Since there are relatively constant belts on the Earth, they also depend on them. prevailing winds(also called permanent, predominant, dominant or predominant).

Air masses moving with steady winds move in a certain order. They also create a complex system of air currents on a scale the globe. It is called the general circulation of the atmosphere (from the Latin word circulation- rotation).

Between the atmospheric pressure belts of the earth, relatively stable prevailing winds, or winds of prevailing directions, are formed.

trade winds

Among constant winds the most famous - trade winds.

trade winds - winds that are stable throughout the year, directed from tropical latitudes to equatorial latitudes and generally have an easterly direction.

The trade winds are formed in a hot thermal zone and blow from an area of ​​high pressure in the region of 30 ° N. sh. and 30°S sh. towards the equator - areas with lower pressure (Fig. 31). If the Earth did not rotate, then the winds in the Northern Hemisphere would blow exactly from north to south. But due to the rotation of the Earth, the winds deviate from the direction of their movement: in the Northern Hemisphere - to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere - to the left. This phenomenon is called the Coriolis effect - after the name of the French scientist, and it manifests itself in relation not only to winds, but also, for example, sea currents and erosion of the corresponding coasts. major rivers(in the Northern Hemisphere - right, in the Southern - left).

The Northern Hemisphere trade wind is a northeasterly wind, and the Southern Hemisphere trade wind is a southeasterly wind.

The trade winds blow at a fairly high speed, about 5-6 m / s, and weaken, converging near the equator - a calm zone is formed there. The trade winds over the Ocean are distinguished by a special constancy. This was noted by seafarers of the past, who sailed on sailing ships and were very dependent on the winds. It is believed that the name "trade wind" comes from the Spanish vientedepasada, which means "the wind that favors the move." Indeed, in the days of the sailing fleet, they helped to travel from Europe to America.

Western winds of temperate latitudes

From the area high blood pressure hot belt, winds blow not only towards the equator, but also in the opposite direction - towards temperate latitudes, where the belt of low pressure is also located. These winds, like the trade winds, are deflected by the rotation of the Earth (the Coriolis effect). In the Northern Hemisphere they blow from the southwest, and in the Southern Hemisphere from the northwest. Therefore these winds are called westerly winds of temperate latitudes or western carry(Fig. 31).

We are constantly confronted with the western transfer of air masses in our latitudes in Eastern Europe. With the western winds, most often comes to us sea ​​air temperate latitudes from the Atlantic. In the Southern Hemisphere of latitude, where westerly winds form over the giant continuous surface of the Ocean and reach tremendous speed, they are called "roaring forties". material from the site

Eastern (katabatic) winds of the polar regions

Eastern (katabatic) winds of the polar regions blow towards low pressure belts of temperate latitudes.

Monsoons

Steady winds are often referred to as monsoons. Monsoons arise due to the uneven heating of land and ocean in summer and winter. The land area is much larger in the Northern Hemisphere. Therefore, the monsoons are well expressed here on the eastern coasts of Eurasia and North America, where in the middle latitudes there is a significant contrast in the warming of land and ocean. A special variety is the tropical monsoons that dominate South and Southeast Asia.

Unlike other prevailing winds, monsoons are seasonal winds. They change direction twice a year. The summer monsoon blows from the ocean to the land and brings moisture (rainy season), while the winter monsoon blows from land to the ocean (dry season).

On this page, material on the topics:

• Prevailing winds at the equator

• What are monsoons? in what directions do they blow?

• What are constant winds called?

• They helped make the journey from Europe to America they are called

• On the map, mark the trade winds, the eussons, and the winds of temperate latitudes

Questions about this item:

Trade winds and monsoons

If, observing the direction of the wind in the equatorial regions of Africa, you make a map, then the two most common types of wind roses will appear on it:

a) roses with a clearly defined predominance of the wind direction of one or more points. Such roses are characteristic of most of the mainland, where both trade winds and monsoon air currents are noted;

b) roses, reflecting almost all known wind directions, combined with a large number of calms. These roses characterize the variability of wind direction in the equatorial and subequatorial zones.

What are the trade winds and monsoons? Monsoons are air currents that form over the surface of the ocean and head towards the coast; As a rule, monsoons carry moist air masses. The trade winds are dry winds that occur over the surface of the ocean, but not over the continents.

On the January wind map, the area located in the Congo stands out. There are weak and unstable winds with a large number of calms. The northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea is throughout the year under the influence of the monsoon, which has a predominantly southern and southwestern direction. At the same time, in winter (in January), the monsoon is somewhat less pronounced than in other seasons. According to meteorological observations, the wind from the sea is 47% with a fairly high percentage of calm - 28%. The opposite eastern coast of equatorial Africa is in the zone of action of the Indian monsoon, which reaches its maximum power in January.

In July, the wet monsoon enters the mainland from the Gulf of Guinea. Near east coast Africa, from the side of the Indian Ocean, the southeast trade wind penetrates far into the mainland, which in the extreme east of Africa (the Somali peninsula) takes a southwesterly direction and subsequently merges with the Indian summer monsoon. The direction of the wind in the monsoon, especially in the equatorial part of the mainland, is very stable.

In October, the position of air masses, which determine the main distribution of currents and wind directions, generally coincides with April. There are differences only in the number of calms, since the autumn average monthly wind speeds are usually less than the spring ones, and weak winds are a frequent occurrence here.

In the Congo basin, weak wind speeds are noted: less than 2 m / s. This can be explained by the hollow terrain. In addition, the Congo basin coincides in its geographical position with the area of ​​high pressure, located south of the equatorial calm zone, which enhances the effect of wind weakening and puts this area on a par with the famous "horse latitudes", which are characterized by frequent calm.

During the monsoons, sometimes deep tropical cyclones occur, which have tremendous destructive power. A tropical cyclone is an unstoppable filling of a zone of low atmospheric pressure. Ascending air currents in the low pressure zone lead to the condensation of huge masses of water vapor, the release of a large amount of heat, which in turn enhances the upward movement of the wind. The formation of cyclones occurs on the tropical front - the boundary zone between the trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres or between the trade winds and monsoons. In the initial stages, tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure. Only a part of them subsequently turns into a cyclone with a hurricane force of wind. When the differences in air density are small, an ordinary wind arises, but the greater the difference, the stronger the wind. In the center of the cyclone, a relatively stable zone of complete calm appears, moving over the surface of the Earth. It is located in the center of the crushing winds revolving around it and is called the "eye". On the way of such cyclones, catastrophic floods were repeatedly observed due to prolonged and intense downpours (with daily amounts up to 400-500 mm), hurricane winds up to 50-60 m/s, a continuous veil of large clouds, covering the entire sky and dropping to 50 -200 m above ground level. And, of course, in such a meteorological situation, there is always an increased relative humidity air. Although such conditions rarely occur, they are nevertheless of great danger, since they cause disasters and lead to destruction over vast areas.

Strong dry winds, which often cause dust storms, also cause great trouble to the inhabitants of equatorial Africa. On the territory of West Africa, these are the winds, called harmatan. During a storm, the air is so saturated with the smallest dust particles that visibility is significantly reduced even within a radius of several meters.

Types of winds

Breeze - wind blowing from the coast to the sea and from the sea to the coast; in the first case it is called a coastal breeze, and in the second - a sea breeze.

Monsoon is a periodic wind that changes its direction depending on the season. Monsoons are observed mainly in the tropical zone.

Trade winds - winds blowing with a fairly constant force of three or four points; their direction is not always kept constant, but varies, however, within narrow limits.

In folk beliefs, it is endowed with the properties of a demonic creature. The power of the Wind, its destructive (along with hail , storm, blizzard) or a beneficial force (similar to rain or sunbeams) makes it necessary to appease the Wind: gently talk to him, “feed” and even make a sacrifice to him. The division of the Winds into “good” ones (for example, such as “holy air” - a favorable, tail Wind) and into “evil” ones, the most striking embodiment of which is a whirlwind, is also characteristic. .

In Slavic beliefs, the Wind lives in places far away, mysterious and unattainable. This is a dense forest, and an uninhabited island in the ocean, foreign lands on the other side of the sea, a steep, high mountain, etc. In the southern Russian regions, the Wind was imagined as an angry old man who lives "beyond the sea."

In accordance with the Indo-European views on the Wind as the "breath of the Earth", various abysses, pits and caves were considered to be its places of residence. According to the ideas of the southern Slavs, such caves and abysses are guarded by flying snakes, a one-eyed witch or a blind old man, unsuccessfully trying to close the hole from which the Wind comes out.

Winds can obey a higher deity: in the Word of Igor's Campaign "Winds -" Stribog's grandchildren " . According to Russian beliefs, there are many winds, but there are four main ones (corresponding to the four cardinal points); they "sit in the corners of the earth", the eldest among them is called the "vortex chieftain": all the others obey him, he also sends Winds and whirlwinds to blow wherever he wants. In the northern Russian tradition, the “wind king”, “moisy wind”, “Luk wind”, as well as “Sedorikha” - the north wind are known. In the Vologda bylichka it is said that the twelve winds are chained to a rock in the middle of the ocean; breaking off the chain, they fall to the ground.

The idea of ​​the Wind as animated, moving along air The essence was also expressed in the desire of a person to invite, to call the Wind in those cases when it is necessary for economic and other needs (when winnowing the grain, for the operation of mills, etc.). The most common way to call the Wind in a calm was considered a whistle, less often - singing. To cause a fair wind, it was customary for Russian sailors, especially Pomors, to whistle. Women of the coastal Pomeranian villages went out to the sea in the evening "Pray for the wind not to be angry" helped their loved ones at sea. Standing facing the east, they sang to the desired east wind with a request to "pull" and promised him "boil porridge and bake pancakes". In the Ryazan province, in order to evoke the wind when winnowing the grain, the old women blew with all their might in the direction from which they were waiting for him, and waved their hands, showing him the right direction. Among the Belarusians, the miller had to be able to “forbid the wind”: in particular, to call it in a lull, throwing handfuls of flour from the top of the mill.

A gift or sacrifice to the Wind is found among all Slavs. The wind was "fed" with bread, flour, cereals, meat, the remains of festive dishes; Slovenes threw ashes from the bones of an animal, giblets towards the Wind. To soothe strong wind, in Croatia and Bosnia burned pieces of clothing, old shoes. In eastern Poland, inviting Wind during the heat, he was promised to give the girl, calling her by name: "Blow, breeze, blow, we'll give you Anusya" and so on.

The appearance of the Wind is often associated with the common Slavic ideas about the Wind as the location of souls and Demons. The soul (in the form of breath, breath) was identified with air, wind, whirlwind. It was believed that the souls of great sinners fly with the Wind; strong Wind means someone's violent death. According to Polish and Slovak beliefs, the moans of the gallows are heard in the howling Wind. Belarusians believe that a cold wind blows from the side where the man drowned. The wind on the day of commemoration of the dead among the Kashubians means the cry of the soul. According to Ukrainian beliefs, the appearance of the "walking" dead is accompanied by gusts of wind. In the Vologda province, it was believed that a quiet breeze arises from the breath of angels, and a stormy breeze is the result of the action of devilish forces. V. accompanies the appearance of such demons as the pitchfork among the southern Slavs, the “flyer” and the “vitrenitsa”, the “vetrenik” - in the Carpathians, the witch , hell - among the eastern and western Slavs.

According to other ideas, the Wind appears because the "devil" plays the willow pipe, the Wind's assistants blow into the bellows, the blacksmiths inflate the bellows, the trees collapse, the sea waves rise, etc. To prevent the Wind, various prohibitions are observed: you cannot beat the ground with a stick, a whip, destroy an anthill, burn an old broom , blow on the fire at Christmas, curse the Wind and more.

"Evil" Winds are sources of disease. The most terrible are the spirits-Winds that attack people and cause epilepsy, a mental disorder. According to the beliefs of the southern Slavs, "wild" and "mad" winds cause rabies in people and animals. They carry various diseases and small, quiet breezes: “red”, “white”, “blue”, “yellow”, etc.

Along with the breath of the Wind, not only an infection, an epidemic, but also damage spreads. For example, according to Russian beliefs, healers and sorcerers spoil people with slander, a potion, or even like this: “they let it go in the wind.”

In Poland, they said about the enchantress that she casts spells on the Wind, as if "sowing".

To get rid of illness, spoilage, etc. in conspiracies and spells, the motif of the departure of "evil spirits" along with the Wind is used, for example, among Belarusians: “Let’s go, hira (sickness, illness, trash), wind up the wind!” Similar "appeals" to the disease are known among the Bulgarians: "The wind brought you, the wind carried you". And, on the contrary, it is impossible to allow the wind to blow away the straw on which the dead man lay; you can’t dry baby diapers in the wind, otherwise the memory or thoughts of the child will fly away with the wind.

Monsoons(French mousson, from Arabic mausim - season), stable seasonal air transfers earth's surface and in the lower part of the troposphere. Characterized by sharp changes in direction from winter to summer and from summer to winter, manifested over vast areas of the Earth. In each of the seasons, one direction of the wind noticeably prevails over the others, and when the season changes, it changes by 120-180 °. M. cause a sharp change in weather (dry, slightly cloudy to wet, rainy, or vice versa). For example, over India there is a summer (wet) southwestern monsoon and a winter (dry) northeastern monsoon. Transitional relatively short periods with variable winds are observed between monsoons.

M. have the greatest stability and wind speed in some areas of the tropics (especially in equatorial Africa, countries of South and Southeast Asia and in the Southern Hemisphere up to the northern parts of Madagascar and Australia). In a weaker form and in limited areas, M. are also found in subtropical latitudes (in particular, in the south. mediterranean sea and in North Africa, in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, in East Asia, in South America, in South Africa and Australia). M. are also noted in some areas of middle and high latitudes (for example, on Far East, in the south of Alaska, along the northern outskirts of Eurasia). In a number of places, there is only a tendency towards the formation of M., for example, there is a seasonal change in the prevailing wind directions, but the latter are characterized by less intra-seasonal stability.

Monsoon air currents, like all manifestations of the general circulation of the atmosphere, are due to the location and interaction of areas of low and high atmospheric pressure (cyclones and anticyclones). The specificity is that with M. mutual arrangement these areas persist for a long time (during the whole season of the year), violations of this arrangement correspond to interruptions of the monsoon. In those regions of the Earth where cyclones and anticyclones are characterized by rapid movement and frequent change, monsoons do not occur. The vertical power of monsoon currents in the tropics is 5-7 km, in winter - 2-4 km, above there is a general air transport characteristic of the corresponding latitudes (eastern - in the tropics, western - in higher latitudes).

The main cause of M. are seasonal movements of areas of atmospheric pressure and wind associated with changes in the flow solar radiation and, as a consequence, with differences in the thermal regime on the Earth's surface. From January to July, areas of low atmospheric pressure near the equator and the poles, as well as 2 zones of subtropical anticyclones in each hemisphere, shift to the north, and from July to January - to the south. Along with these planetary atmospheric pressure zones, the associated wind zones also move , also having global dimensions, - the equatorial zone westerly winds, easterly drifts in the tropics (trade winds), westerly winds of temperate latitudes. M. are observed in those places on the Earth that during one of the seasons are located inside one such zone, and in the opposite season of the year - inside the neighboring one, and where, in addition, the wind regime during the season is quite stable. Thus, the distribution of M. in general terms is subject to the laws of geographical zoning.

Another reason for the formation of M. is the uneven heating (and cooling) of the sea and large land masses. For example, over the territory of Asia in winter there is a tendency to a greater frequency of anticyclones, and in summer - cyclones, in contrast to the adjacent waters of the oceans. Due to the presence of a huge continent in the north, equatorial westerly winds in the Indian Ocean basin in summer penetrate far into South Asia, forming the summer southwest monsoon. In winter, these winds give way to the northeast trade wind (winter monsoon). In extratropical latitudes, due to stable winter anticyclones and summer cyclones over Asia, monsoons are also observed in the Far East - within the USSR (summer - southern and southeastern, winter - northern and northwestern) and on the northern outskirts of Eurasia (in summer, the predominance of northeast, in winter - south and southwest winds).

3) Australia

2) Africa 4) Antarctica

II. South America is washed by...

1) Indian Ocean from the west, Atlantic - from the east

2) Atlantic - from the east, Pacific - from the west

3) Quiet - from the east, Atlantic - from the west

4) Atlantic - from the east, Indian - from the west

III. In the central part of South America intersects ...

1) Northern Tropic

2) Equator

3) Southern Tropic

4) the Antarctic Circle

IV. In places of uplift of the South American platform,...

1) lowlands

2) plateaus

3) high mountains

4) medium high mountains

V. The greatest contrast and diversity of relief is observed in ...

1) South America

3) Australia

4) Antarctica

VI. The action of the internal forces of the Earth is most intense within ...

1) Brazilian Plateau

2) Guiana Plateau

3) Andes mountains

4) Amazonian lowland

VII. Most low temperatures July peculiar... mainland

VIII. Moisture for most of the mainland comes from ... the ocean

2) Atlantic

3) Indian

4) Arctic

IX. Humid air is brought to most of the mainland ...

2) monsoons

3) trade winds

4) westerly winds of temperate latitudes

X. The formation of large river systems is facilitated by ... the mainland

1) soils and vegetation

2) vegetation and climate

3) climate and relief

4) relief and fauna

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
2. What are the coordinates of the easternmost point in Africa?
A) 16° S 3°E
B) 10°N 51°E
B) 51°N 11 E
D) 16°N 3°W
3. What type of climate is indicated on the map by hatching?
A) subequatorial
B) Tropical desert
B) tropical humid
D) Equatorial
4. Which country is indicated on the map by a contour line?
A) Congo
B) Egypt
B) Somalia
D) Ethiopia
5. What conclusion about the climate of Africa is fashionable to draw on the basis of the fact that the mainland is crossed by the equator and both tropics?
A) Africa receives a large amount of heat all year round.
B) Africa is in the zone of the trade winds
C) Africa has tropical and equatorial climatic zones.
D) All of the above
6. What researcher made a great contribution to the study of Africa - discovered the Victoria Falls, studied Lake Nyasa?
A) Vasco da Gama B) V.V. Juncker C) D. Livingston D) N.I. Vavilov
7. What is located north of the East African Plateau?
A) Cape Mountains B) Dragon Mountains C) Mount Kilimanjaro D) Ethiopian Highlands
8. There are more in South and East Africa than in North:
A) Oil B) Phosphorites C) Uranium ores D) Gas
9. In subequatorial belt Northern hemisphere in Africa precipitation falls:
A) Throughout the year B) in summer C) in winter D) in September and March
10. In the tropical latitudes of southern Africa, more precipitation falls along the east coast than along the west coast, since there:
A) moist equatorial air masses act
B) a cold current cools the air and contributes to the formation of precipitation
C) monsoons in the southern hemisphere during the summer
D) the trade winds bring wet air from the Indian Ocean
11. The most full-flowing river in Africa, full-flowing throughout the year, does not form a delta, these are:
A) Nile B) Congo C) Zambezi D) Niger
12. What is the deepest lake in Africa?
A) Victoria B) Nyasa C) Tanganyika D) Chad
13. What plant or animal is not typical for the savanna zone?
A) Hippopotamus B) Gorilla C) Acacia D) Baobab
14. What peoples live in northern Africa?
A) Arab peoples B) Bushmen C) Negroids D) Pygmies
15. Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population?
A) Egypt
B) South Africa
B) Algeria
D) Nigeria

1) below the norm;

b) 760 mm Hg; 2) normal;

c) 860 mm Hg; 3) above the norm.

Difference between the highest and lowest air temperatures

called:

a) pressure; b) air movement; c) amplitude; d) condensation.

3. The reason for the uneven distribution of solar heat on the Earth's surface

is:

a) distance from the sun b) sphericity;

V) different power layer of the atmosphere;

4. Atmospheric pressure depends on:

a) the force of the wind b) wind direction; c) air temperature difference;

d) relief features.

The sun is at its zenith at the equator:

Ozone layer is located in:

a) the troposphere; b) the stratosphere; c) mesosphere; d) exosphere; e) thermosphere.

Fill in the gap: the air shell of the earth is - _________________

8. Where is the least power of the troposphere observed:

a) at the poles; b) in temperate latitudes; c) at the equator.

Put the heating steps in the correct order:

a) air heating; b) the sun's rays; c) heating of the earth's surface.

At what time in the summer, when the weather is clear, is the highest temperature observed

air: a) at noon; b) before noon; c) after noon.

10. Fill in the gap: when climbing mountains Atmosphere pressure…, for every

10.5 m per .... mm Hg

Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Narodnaya. (Find the height of the peaks on

map, take BP at the foot of the mountains conditionally for 760 mm Hg)

During the day, the following data was recorded:

max t=+2'C, min t=-8'C; Determine the amplitude and average daily temperature.

Option 2

1. At the foot of the mountain, blood pressure is 760 mm Hg. What will be the pressure at an altitude of 800 m:

a) 840 mm Hg. Art.; b) 760 mm Hg. Art.; c) 700 mm Hg. Art.; d) 680 mm Hg. Art.

2. Average monthly temperatures are calculated:

a) by the sum of average daily temperatures;

b) dividing the sum of average daily temperatures by the number of days in a month;

c) from the difference in the sum of temperatures of the previous and subsequent months.

3. Match:

pressure indicators

a) 760 mm Hg Art.; 1) below the norm;

b) 732 mm Hg. Art.; 2) normal;

c) 832 mm Hg. Art. 3) above the norm.

4. The reason for the uneven distribution of sunlight over the earth's surface

is: a) distance from the Sun; b) the sphericity of the Earth;

c) a powerful layer of the atmosphere.

5. Daily amplitude is:

A) total temperature indicators during the day;

b) the difference between the highest and lowest air temperatures in

during the day;

c) temperature change during the day.

6. What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure:

a) a hygrometer; b) barometer; c) rulers; d) a thermometer.

7. The sun is at its zenith at the equator:

8. The layer of the atmosphere where everything happens weather conditions:

a) the stratosphere; b) troposphere; c) ozone; d) mesosphere.

9. Atmospheric layer that does not transmit ultraviolet rays:

a) troposphere; b) ozone; c) stratosphere; d) mesosphere.

10. At what time in summer in clear weather is the lowest air temperature observed:

a) at midnight b) before sunrise; c) after sunset.

11. Calculate the blood pressure of Mount Elbrus. (Find the height of the peaks on the map, HELL at the foot

take the mountains conditionally for 760 mm Hg. Art.)

12. At an altitude of 3 km, the air temperature = - 15 ‘C, which is equal to the air temperature at

Earth's surface:

a) + 5'C; b) + 3'C; c) 0'C; d) -4'C.

landforms

4. What does the geography of continents and oceans study

5. Hypotheses of the origin of continents and oceans

6.determine geographical coordinates extreme points australia

7.History of the discovery of Antarctica

8. describe on the map the major river systems of South America

9.describe climate zone

10. Patterns geographical envelope

11. Systematic belts of the earth

12. determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland Africa

13history of discovery and exploration of Central Asia

14describe the northern the arctic ocean

15 Determine the length of Africa from north to south

16climatic maps features of the distribution of heat and moisture on the surface of the earth

17African reserves

18Describe the Amazon River

19physical and geographical characteristics of the Pacific Ocean

20value of natural resources (mineral, climatic, water, land, biological)

21show the seas around the mainland Eurasia

22 main types of air masses their influence on climate

23necessity international cooperation in the use of nature

24description of the river nile according to plan

25permanent winds and conditions for their formation

26characteristics of the countries of southern Europe

27describe the population of mainland australia

28waters of the oceans

29peculiarities of nature uk

30determine the geographical coordinates of Italy

31natural areas of africa

32the future of the oceans

34determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland Eurasia

35originality organic world Australia

36formations of currents and their types

37description of italy according to plan

38changing the nature of the mainland South America under the influence of man

39describe any natural area

40determine the length of the mainland of Australia from west to east in kilometers

41maps - the second language of geography

42inland waters of Eurasia

43determine the geographical coordinates of the extreme points of the mainland South America

45nature of antarctica

46Australian relief features

47 seas washing the mainland north america

48human land development

49 mainland and oceanic crust

50show on political map

51peculiarities of the nature of Antarctica

52change in nature under the influence economic activity human

53characteristics of the Don River according to the plan

54natural complexes of land and ocean

56modern exploration of the continent antarctica

57show on the map large lithospheric plates

58the role of the atmosphere in the life of the earth

59features of geographic oceania

60characteristics of a learned traveler (optional)

61climatic zones of the earth

62 location of mineral deposits on mainland south america

63characteristic of the atlantic ocean

64geographical shell is ours common Home

65ocean relief

66describe geographical position mainlandSouth America according to plan

listed winds are constant? Write your answer as a sequence of letters in alphabetical order. a) monsoons b) breezes c) westerly winds d) trade winds...