Atmospheric circulation. The movement of air masses in the atmosphere The transfer of various air masses, their movement is called

moving air masses should lead, first of all, to smoothing of baric and temperature gradients. However, on our rotating planet with different heat capacity properties of the earth's surface, different heat reserves of land, seas and oceans, the presence of warm and cold ocean currents, polar and continental ice the processes are very complex and often the contrasts of the heat content of various air masses not only do not smooth out, but, on the contrary, increase.[ ...]

The movement of air masses above the Earth's surface is determined by many reasons, including the rotation of the planet, the uneven heating of its surface by the Sun, the formation of zones of low (cyclones) and high (anticyclones) pressure, flat or mountainous terrain, and much more. In addition, at different heights, the speed, stability and direction of air flows are very different. Therefore, the transfer of pollutants entering different layers of the atmosphere proceeds at different rates and sometimes in other directions than in the surface layer. With very strong emissions associated with high energies, pollution falling into high, up to 10-20 km, layers of the atmosphere can move thousands of kilometers within a few days or even hours. Thus, the volcanic ash thrown out by the explosion of the Krakatau volcano in Indonesia in 1883 was observed in the form of peculiar clouds over Europe. Radioactive fallout of varying intensity after tests of particularly powerful hydrogen bombs fell out almost on the entire surface of the Earth.[ ...]

The movement of air masses is the wind resulting from the difference in temperature and pressure in different regions planet, affects not only the physical and chemical properties of the air itself, but also the intensity of heat transfer, changes in humidity, pressure, chemical composition air, reducing or increasing the amount of pollution.[ ...]

The movement of air masses can be in the form of their passive movement of a convective nature or in the form of wind - due to the cyclonic activity of the Earth's atmosphere. In the first case, the settlement of spores, pollen, seeds, microorganisms and small animals is ensured, which have special adaptations for this - anemochores: very small sizes, parachute-like appendages, etc. (Fig. 2.8). All this mass of organisms is called aeroplankton. In the second case, the wind also carries aeroplankton, but over much longer distances, while it can also carry pollutants to new zones, etc.[ ...]

The movement of air masses (wind). As is known, the reason for the formation of wind flows and the movement of air masses is the uneven heating of different parts of the earth's surface, associated with pressure drops. The wind flow is directed towards lower pressure, but the rotation of the Earth also affects the circulation of air masses on a global scale. In the surface layer of air, the movement of air masses affects all meteorological factors. environment, i.e. on the climate, including the regimes of temperature, humidity, evaporation from the surface of land and sea, as well as plant transpiration.[ ...]

ANOMALOUS CYCLONE MOVEMENT. The movement of a cyclone in a direction sharply divergent from the usual, i.e., from the eastern half of the horizon to the western or along the meridian. A.P.C. is associated with the anomalous direction of the leading flow, which in turn is due to the unusual distribution of warm and cold air masses in the troposphere.[ ...]

AIR MASS TRANSFORMATION. 1. A gradual change in the properties of the air mass during its movement due to changes in the conditions of the underlying surface (relative transformation).[ ...]

The third reason for the movement of air masses is dynamic, which contributes to the formation of areas high pressure. Due to the fact that the most heat comes to the equatorial zone, air masses rise up to 18 km here. Therefore, intensive condensation and precipitation in the form of tropical showers are observed. In the so-called "horse" latitudes (about 30° N and 30° S), cold dry air masses, descending and heating adiabatically, intensively absorb moisture. Therefore, in these latitudes, the main deserts of the planet naturally form. They mainly formed in the western parts of the continents. The westerly winds coming from the ocean do not contain enough moisture to transfer to the descending dry air. Therefore, there is very little rainfall.[ ...]

The formation and movement of air masses, the location and trajectories of cyclones and anticyclones have great importance for making weather forecasts. A synoptic map provides a visual representation of the state of the weather at the moment over a vast territory.[ ...]

WEATHER TRANSFER. The movement of certain weather conditions along with their "carriers" - air masses, fronts, cyclones and anticyclones.[ ...]

In a narrow border strip separating air masses, frontal zones (fronts) arise, characterized by an unstable state of meteorological elements: temperature, pressure, humidity, wind direction and speed. Here, with exceptional clarity, the most important principle in physical geography of the contrast of media is manifested, which is expressed in a sharp activation of the exchange of matter and energy in the zone of contact (contact) of different properties. natural complexes and their components (F. N. Milkov, 1968). The active exchange of matter and energy between air masses in the frontal zones is manifested in the fact that it is here that the origin, movement with a simultaneous increase in power and, finally, the extinction of cyclones take place.[ ...]

Solar energy causes planetary movements of air masses as a result of their uneven heating. Grandiose processes of atmospheric circulation arise, which are of a rhythmic nature.[ ...]

If in a free atmosphere with turbulent movements of air masses this phenomenon does not play a noticeable role, then in a stationary or low-moving indoor air, this difference should be taken into account. In close proximity to the surface of various bodies, we will have a layer with a certain excess of negative air ions, while the surrounding air will be enriched with positive air ions.[ ...]

Non-periodic weather changes are caused by the movement of air masses from one geographical area to another in common system atmospheric circulation.[ ...]

Thanks to the fact that high altitudes velocities of air masses reach 100 m/s, ions moving in a magnetic field can be displaced, although these displacements are insignificant compared to the transfer in the flow. It is important for us that in the polar zones, where the lines of force magnetic field The earth closes on its surface, the distortion of the ionosphere is very significant. The number of ions, including ionized oxygen, in upper layers the atmosphere of the polar zones is reduced. But the main reason for the low ozone content in the region of the poles is the low intensity of solar radiation, which falls even during the polar day at small angles to the horizon, and is completely absent during the polar night. In itself, the screening role of the ozone layer in the polar regions is not so important precisely because of the low position of the Sun above the horizon, which excludes the high intensity of UV radiation of the surface. However, the area of ​​polar "holes" in ozone layer is a reliable indicator of changes in total atmospheric ozone.[ ...]

Translational horizontal movements water masses, associated with the movement of significant volumes of water over long distances, are called currents. Currents are generated by various factors, such as wind (i.e. friction and pressure of moving air masses on the water surface), changes in the distribution of atmospheric pressure, uneven distribution of density sea ​​water(i.e., the horizontal pressure gradient of waters of different densities at the same depths), the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun. The nature of the movement of masses of water is also significantly influenced by secondary forces, which themselves do not cause it, but manifest themselves only in the presence of movement. These forces include the force that arises due to the rotation of the Earth - the Coriolis force, centrifugal forces, friction of the waters on the bottom and coasts of the continents, internal friction. The distribution of land and sea, the topography of the bottom and the outlines of the coasts have a great influence on sea currents. Currents are classified mainly by origin. Depending on the forces that excite them, the currents are combined into four groups: 1) frictional (wind and drift), 2) gradient-gravitational, 3) tidal, 4) inertial.[ ...]

Wind turbines and sailing ships are propelled by the movement of air masses due to heating it by the sun and creating air currents or winds. 1.[ ...]

MOTION CONTROL. The formulation of the fact that the movement of air masses and tropospheric disturbances mainly occurs in the direction of the isobars (isohypses) and, consequently, the air currents of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.[ ...]

This, in turn, may lead to a violation of the movement of air masses near industrial areas located next to such a park and increased air pollution.[ ...]

Most weather phenomena depend on whether air masses are stable or unstable. With stable air, vertical movements in it are difficult, with unstable air, on the contrary, they develop easily. The stability criterion is the observed temperature gradient.[ ...]

Hydrodynamic, closed type with adjustable air cushion pressure, with pulsation dampener. Structurally, it consists of a body with a lower lip, a collector with a tilting mechanism, a turbulator, an upper lip with a mechanism for vertical and horizontal movement, mechanisms for fine adjustment of the outlet slot profile with the ability to automatically control the transverse profile of the paper web. The surfaces of the parts of the box that come into contact with the mass are carefully polished and electropolished.[ ...]

The potential temperature, in contrast to the molecular temperature T, remains constant during dry adiabatic movements of the same air particle. If in the process of moving the air mass its potential temperature has changed, then there is an inflow or outflow of heat. Dry adiabat is a line equal value potential temperature.[ ...]

The most typical case of dispersion is the movement of a gas jet in a moving medium, i.e., during the horizontal movement of air masses of the atmosphere.[ ...]

The main reason for short-period OS oscillations, according to the concept put forward in 1964 by the author of the work, is the horizontal movement of the ST axis, which is directly related to the movement of long waves in the atmosphere. Moreover, the direction of the wind in the stratosphere over the place of observation does not play a significant role. In other words, short-term OS fluctuations are caused by a change in air masses in the stratosphere above the observation site, since these masses separate ST.[ ...]

On the state of the free surface of reservoirs due to large area their mirrors are strongly influenced by the wind. The kinetic energy of the air flow is transferred to the masses of water through friction forces at the interface between two media. One part of the transferred energy is spent on the formation of waves, and the other part is used to create a drift current, i.e. progressive movement of the surface layers of water in the direction of the wind. In reservoirs of limited size, the movement of water masses by a drift current leads to a distortion of the free surface. At the windward coast, the water level drops - a wind surge occurs, at the leeward coast the level rises - a wind surge occurs. At the Tsimlyansk and Rybinsk reservoirs, level differences of 1 m or more were recorded near the leeward and windward shores. With a long wind, the skew becomes stable. Masses of water that are brought to the leeward coast by a drift current are diverted in the opposite direction by a near-bottom gradient current.[ ...]

The results obtained are based on solving the problem for stationary conditions. However, the considered scales of the terrain are relatively small and the time of movement of the air mass ¿ = l:/u is small, which allows us to limit ourselves to the parametric consideration of the characteristics of the oncoming air flow.[ ...]

But the icy Arctic creates difficulties in agriculture not only because of cold and long winters. Cold, and therefore dehydrated arctic: air masses do not warm up during spring-summer movement. The higher the temperature, the more! moisture is needed to saturate it. I. P. Gerasimov and K. K. Mkov noted that “at present, a simple increase in the ice cover of the Arctic Basin causes. . . zas; in Ukraine and the Volga region” 2.[ ...]

In 1889 from the shores North Africa A huge cloud of locusts flew across the Red Sea to Arabia. The movement of insects lasted the whole day, and their mass amounted to 44 million tons. V.I. Vernadsky regarded this fact as evidence great strength living matter, an expression of the pressure of life, striving to capture the entire Earth. At the same time, he saw in this a biogeochemical process - the migration of elements included in the biomass of the locust, a completely special migration - through the air, over long distances, not consistent with the usual mode of movement of air masses in the atmosphere.[ ...]

Thus, the main factor determining the speed of katabatic winds is the temperature difference between the ice cover and the atmosphere 0 and the angle of inclination of the ice surface. The movement of the cooled air mass down the slope of the ice dome of Antarctica is enhanced by the effects of the fall of the air mass from the height of the ice dome and the influence of baric gradients in the Antarctic High. Horizontal baric gradients, being an element of the formation of katabatic winds in Antarctica, contribute to an increase in the outflow of air to the periphery of the continent, primarily due to its supercooling near the surface of the ice sheet and the slope of the ice dome towards the sea.[ ...]

The analysis of synoptic maps is as follows. According to the information plotted on the map, the actual state of the atmosphere at the time of observation is established: the distribution and nature of air masses and fronts, the location and properties of atmospheric disturbances, the location and nature of clouds and precipitation, temperature distribution, etc. for given conditions of atmospheric circulation. By compiling maps for different periods, you can follow them for changes in the state of the atmosphere, in particular, for the movement and evolution of atmospheric disturbances, the movement, transformation and interaction of air masses, etc. The presentation of atmospheric conditions on synoptic maps provides a convenient opportunity for information about the state of the weather.[ . ..]

Atmospheric macroscale processes studied with the help of synoptic maps and which are the cause of the weather regime over large geographic areas. This is the emergence, movement and change in the properties of air masses and atmospheric fronts; the emergence, development and movement of atmospheric disturbances - cyclones and anticyclones, the evolution of condensation systems, intramass and frontal, in connection with the above processes, etc.[ ...]

Until aerial chemical treatment is completely excluded, it is necessary to make improvements in its application by the most careful selection of objects, reducing the likelihood of "demolitions" - movements of sawing air masses, controlled dosage, etc. For primary care in clearings by using herbicides, it is advisable to more use typological diagnostics of cuttings. Chemistry is a powerful means of forest care. But it is important that chemical care does not turn into poisoning of the forest, its inhabitants and visitors.[ ...]

In the nature around us, water is in constant motion - and this is just one of the many natural cycles of substances in nature. When we say “movement”, we mean not only the movement of water as a physical body (flow), not only its movement in space, but, above all, the transition of water from one physical state to another. In Figure 1 you can see how the water cycle works. On the surface of lakes, rivers and seas, water under the influence of the energy of sunlight turns into water vapor - this process is called evaporation. In the same way, water evaporates from the surface of the snow and ice cover, from the leaves of plants and from the bodies of animals and humans. Water vapor with warmer air flows rises to the upper atmosphere, where it gradually cools and again turns into a liquid or turns into a solid state - this process is called condensation. At the same time, water moves with the movement of air masses in the atmosphere (winds). From the resulting water droplets and ice crystals, clouds are formed, from which, in the end, rain or snow falls on the ground. Water returned to earth in the form of precipitation flows down the slopes and collects in streams and rivers that flow into lakes, seas and oceans. Part of the water seeps through the soil and rocks, reaches groundwater and groundwater, which also, as a rule, have a runoff into rivers and other water bodies. Thus, the circle closes and can be repeated in nature indefinitely.[ ...]

SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY. Meteorological discipline, which took shape in the second half of the XIX century. and especially in the 20th century; the doctrine of atmospheric macroscale processes and weather forecasting based on their study. Such processes are the emergence, evolution and movement of cyclones and anticyclones, which are closely related to the emergence, movement and evolution of air masses and fronts between them. The study of these synoptic processes is carried out with the help of a systematic analysis of synoptic maps, vertical sections of the atmosphere, aerological diagrams and other auxiliary means. The transition from a synoptic analysis of circulation conditions over large areas of the earth's surface to their forecast and to the forecast of weather conditions associated with them is still largely reduced to extrapolation and qualitative conclusions from the provisions of dynamic meteorology. However, in the last 25 years, the numerical (hydrodynamic) forecast of meteorological fields has been increasingly used by numerically solving the equations of atmospheric thermodynamics on electronic computers. See also the weather service, weather forecast and a number of other terms. Common synonym: weather forecast.[ ...]

The case of jet propagation analyzed by us is not typical, since there are very few calm periods in almost any area. Therefore, the most typical case of scattering is the movement of a gas jet in a moving medium, i.e., in the presence of a horizontal movement of atmospheric air masses.[ ...]

It is obvious that simply the air temperature T is not a conservative characteristic of the heat content of the air. So, with a constant heat content of an individual volume of air (turbulent mole), its temperature can vary depending on the pressure (1.1). Atmosphere pressure, as we know, decreases with height. As a result, vertical movement of air leads to changes in its specific volume. In this case, the work of expansion is realized, which leads to changes in the temperature of air particles even in the case when the processes are isentropic (adiabatic), i.e. there is no heat exchange of an individual mass element with the surrounding space. Changes in the temperature of the air moving vertically will correspond to dry diabatic or wet diabatic gradients, depending on the nature of the thermodynamic process.

— important factor climate formation. It is expressed by moving various types air masses.

air masses- These are the moving parts of the troposphere, differing from each other in temperature and humidity. Air masses are maritime And continental.

Maritime air masses form over the oceans. They are wetter than continental ones that form over land.

In different climatic zones Earth is formed by its air masses: equatorial, tropical, temperate, arctic And Antarctic.

Moving, air masses retain their properties for a long time and therefore determine the weather of the places where they arrive.

Arctic air masses formed over the North Arctic Ocean(in winter - and over the north of the continents of Eurasia and North America). They are characterized by low temperature, low humidity and high air transparency. Intrusions of arctic air masses into temperate latitudes cause a sharp cooling. At the same time, the weather is mostly clear and partly cloudy. When moving deep into the mainland to the south, the arctic air masses are transformed into dry continental air of temperate latitudes.

Continental arctic air masses form over icy arctic(in its central and eastern parts) and over the northern coast of the continents (in winter). Their features are very low temperatures air and low moisture content. The invasion of continental arctic air masses on the mainland leads to severe cooling in clear weather.

Marine arctic air masses are formed in warmer conditions: over ice-free waters with higher air temperature and high moisture content - this is the European Arctic. Intrusions of such air masses on the mainland in winter even cause warming.

An analogue of the Arctic air of the Northern Hemisphere in the Southern Hemisphere are Antarctic air masses. Their influence extends to a greater extent to the adjacent sea surfaces and rarely to the southern margin of the mainland of South America.

Moderate(polar) air is the air of temperate latitudes. Moderate air masses penetrate the polar, as well as subtropical and tropical latitudes.

Continental temperate air masses in winter usually bring clear weather with severe frosts, and in summer - quite warm, but cloudy, often rainy, with thunderstorms.

marine temperate air masses are transported to the continents westerly winds. They are distinguished by high humidity and moderate temperatures. In winter, temperate maritime air masses bring cloudy weather, heavy rainfall and thaws, and in summer - great cloudiness, rains and temperature drops.

tropical air masses are formed in tropical and subtropical latitudes, and in summer - in continental regions in the south of temperate latitudes. Tropical air penetrates into temperate and equatorial latitudes. Heat - common feature tropical air.

Continental tropical air masses are dry and dusty, and maritime tropical air masses- high humidity.

equatorial air, originating in the region of the Equatorial Depression, very warm and humid. In the summer in the Northern Hemisphere, the equatorial air, moving northward, is drawn into the circulation system of the tropical monsoons.

Equatorial air masses formed in equatorial zone. They are distinguished high temperatures and humidity throughout the year, and this applies to air masses that form both over land and over the ocean. Therefore, equatorial air is not divided into marine and continental subtypes.

The entire system of air currents in the atmosphere is called general circulation of the atmosphere.

atmospheric front

Air masses are constantly moving, changing their properties (transforming), but rather sharp boundaries remain between them - transition zones several tens of kilometers wide. These border areas are called atmospheric fronts and are characterized by an unstable state of temperature, air humidity, .

The intersection of such a front with the earth's surface is called atmospheric front line.

When an atmospheric front passes through any area, the air masses change over it and, as a result, the weather changes.

Frontal precipitation is typical for temperate latitudes. In the zone of atmospheric fronts, extensive cloud formations with a length of thousands of kilometers arise and precipitation occurs. How do they arise? The atmospheric front can be considered as the boundary of two air masses, which is inclined to the earth's surface at a very small angle. Cold air is next to warm air and above it in the form of a gentle wedge. In this case, warm air rises up the cold air wedge and cools, approaching saturation. Clouds form from which precipitation falls.

If the front moves towards the retreating cold air, warming occurs; such a front is called warm. cold front, on the contrary, it moves towards the territory occupied by warm air (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Types of atmospheric fronts: a - warm front; b - cold front

Due to the following factors:

Force of baric gradient (pressure gradient);

Coriolis force;

geostrophic wind;

gradient wind;

Friction force.

baric gradient leads to the fact that the wind that occurs due to the movement of air in the direction of the baric gradient from an area of ​​​​higher pressure to an area of ​​\u200b\u200bmore low pressure. Atmospheric pressure is 1.033 kg/cm², measured in mm Hg, mB and hPa.

A change in pressure occurs when air moves due to its heating and cooling. main reason the transfer of air masses - convective currents - the rise of warm air and its replacement from below by cold air (vertical convection flow). Encountering a layer of high-density air, they spread, forming horizontal convection currents.

Coriolis force- repulsive force. Occurs when the Earth rotates. Under its action, the wind deviates in the Northern Hemisphere - to the right, in the Southern - to the left, i.e. in the North deviates to the east. Closer to the poles, the deflecting force increases.

geostrophic wind.

IN temperate latitudes the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force are balanced, while air does not move out of the area high blood pressure into the lower region, and flows between them parallel to the isobars.

gradient wind- This Roundabout Circulation air parallel to the isobars under the influence of centrifugal and centripetal forces.

The effect of friction force.

Air friction about earth's surface breaks the balance between the force of the horizontal baric gradient and the Coriolis force, slows down the movement of air masses, changes their direction so that the air flow does not move along isobars, but crosses them at an angle.

With height, the effect of friction is weakened, the deviation of the wind from the gradient increases. The change in wind speed and direction with height is called Ekman spiral.

The average long-term wind spiral near the Earth is 9.4 m/s, it is maximum near Antarctica (up to 22 m/s), sometimes gusts reach 100 m/s.

With height, the wind speed increases and reaches hundreds of m/s. The direction of the wind depends on the pressure distribution and the deflecting effect of the Earth's rotation. In winter, the winds are directed from the mainland to the ocean, in summer - from the ocean to the mainland. Local winds are called breeze, foehn, bora.

The general circulation of the atmosphere is the circulation of air masses that extends throughout the planet. They are carriers of various elements and energy throughout the atmosphere.

Intermittent and seasonal placement of thermal energy causes air currents. This leads to different heating of the soil and air in various areas.

That is why solar influence is the founder of the movement of air masses and atmospheric circulation. air traffic on our planet are completely different - reaching several meters or tens of kilometers.

The simplest and most understandable scheme for the circulation of the atmosphere of the ball was created many years ago and is used today. The movement of air masses is invariable and non-stop, they move around our planet, creating a vicious circle. The speed of movement of these masses is directly related to solar radiation, interaction with the ocean and the interaction of the atmosphere with the soil.

Atmospheric movements are caused by the instability of the distribution of solar heat throughout the planet. The alternation of opposite air masses - warm and cold - their constant jumping up and down, forms various circulation systems.

Heat is generated by the atmosphere in three ways - using solar radiation, with the help of steam condensation and heat exchange with the ground cover.

Humid air is also important for saturating the atmosphere with heat. Plays an important role in this process tropical zone Pacific Ocean.

Air currents in the atmosphere

(Air currents in the Earth's atmosphere)

Air masses differ in their composition, depending on the place of origin. Air flows are divided into 2 main criteria - continental and sea. Continental ones form above the soil cover, so they are little moistened. Marines, on the other hand, are very wet.

The main air currents of the Earth are the trade winds, cyclones and anticyclones.

The trade winds form in the tropics. Their movement is directed towards the equatorial territories. This is due to pressure differences - at the equator it is low, and in the tropics it is high.

(Trade winds (trade winds) are displayed in red on the diagram)

The formation of cyclones occurs above the surface warm waters. Air masses move from the center to the edges. Their influence is characterized by heavy rainfall and strong winds.

Tropical cyclones act over the oceans in equatorial territories. They form at any time of the year, causing hurricanes and storms.

Anticyclones form over continents where humidity is low, but there is a sufficient amount of solar energy. Air masses in these streams move from the edges to the central part, where they heat up and gradually decrease. That is why cyclones bring clear and calm weather.

Monsoons are variable winds that change direction seasonally.

Secondary air masses, such as typhoons and tornadoes, tsunamis, are also distinguished.

In the atmosphere, these are pressure drops in the layers of the atmosphere, of which there are several above the earth. At the bottom, the greatest density and saturation with oxygen is felt. When a gaseous substance rises as a result of heating, a rarefaction occurs below, which tends to be filled with neighboring layers. So winds and hurricanes arise due to daytime and evening temperature differences.

Why is wind needed?

If there was no reason for the movement of air in the atmosphere, then the vital activity of any organism would cease. The wind helps plants and animals reproduce. It moves clouds and is the driving force in the water cycle on Earth. Thanks to climate change, the area is cleared of dirt and microorganisms.

A person can survive without food for about several weeks, without water for no more than 3 days, and without air for no more than 10 minutes. All life on Earth depends on oxygen moving along with air masses. The continuity of this process is supported by the sun. The change of day and night leads to fluctuations in temperature on the surface of the planet.

In the atmosphere, there is always a movement of air pressing on the surface of the Earth with a pressure of 1.033 g per millimeter. A person practically does not feel this mass, but when it moves horizontally, we perceive it as wind. In hot countries, the breeze is the only relief from the growing heat in the desert and steppes.

How is wind formed?

The main reason for the movement of air in the atmosphere is the displacement of layers under the influence of temperature. physical process associated with the properties of gases: change their volume, expand when heated and narrow under the influence of cold.

The main and additional reason for the movement of air in the atmosphere:

• Temperature changes under the influence of the sun are uneven. This is due to the shape of the planet (in the form of a sphere). Some parts of the Earth warm up less, others more. A difference in atmospheric pressure is created.
• Volcanic eruptions dramatically increase the air temperature.
• Heating of the atmosphere as a result of human activity: fumes from cars and industry increase the temperature on the planet.
• Cooled oceans and seas cause air to move at night.
• Explosion atomic bomb leads to rarefaction in the atmosphere.

The mechanism of movement of gaseous layers on the planet

The reason for the movement of air in the atmosphere is the uneven temperature. The layers heated from the surface of the Earth rise upwards, where the density of the gaseous substance increases. A chaotic process of redistribution of masses begins - the wind. Heat is gradually given off to neighboring molecules, which also leads them into oscillatory-translational motion.

The reason for the movement of air in the atmosphere is the relationship between temperature and pressure in gaseous substances. The wind continues until the initial state of the planet's layers is balanced. But such a condition will never be achieved, due to the following factors:

• Rotational and translational motion of the Earth around the Sun.
• Inevitable unevenness of the heated parts of the planet.
• The activities of living beings directly affect the state of the entire ecosystem.

In order for the wind to completely disappear, it is necessary to stop the planet, remove all life from the surface and hide it in the shadow from the Sun. Such a state can occur with the complete death of the Earth, but the forecasts of scientists are still comforting: this is expected by humanity in millions of years.

strong sea wind

Stronger movement of air in the atmosphere is observed on the coasts. This is due to the uneven heating of the soil and water. Less heated rivers, seas, lakes, oceans. The soil heats up instantly, giving off heat to the gaseous substance above the surface.

The heated air rushes up sharply, and the resulting rarefaction tends to fill up. And since the air density above the water is higher, it is formed towards the coast. This effect is especially well felt in hot countries in daytime. At night, the whole process changes, there is already a movement of air towards the sea - a night breeze.

In general, a breeze is a wind that changes direction twice a day to opposite directions. Monsoons have similar properties, only they blow in the hot season from the sea, and in the cold seasons - towards the land.

How is wind determined?

The main reason for the movement of air in the atmosphere is the uneven distribution of heat. The rule is true in all situations in nature. Even a volcanic eruption first heats the gaseous layers, and only then the wind rises.

You can check all processes by installing weather vanes, or, more simply, flags that are sensitive to air flow. The flat shape of a freely rotating device does not allow it to be across the wind. It tries to turn in the direction of movement of the gaseous substance.

Often the wind is felt by the body, by the clouds, by the smoke of the chimney. It is difficult to notice its weak flows, for this you need to wet your finger, it will freeze from the windward side. You can also use a light piece of cloth or a balloon filled with helium, so the flag is raised on the masts.

wind power

Not only the reason for the movement of air is important, but also its strength, determined on a ten-point scale:

• 0 points - wind speed in absolute calm;
• up to 3 - weak or moderate flow up to 5 m / s;
• from 4 to 6 - strong wind speed of about 12 m / s;
• from 7 to 9 points - speed up to 22 m / s is announced;
• from 8 to 12 points and above - is called a hurricane, even demolishes roofs from houses, buildings collapse.

or tornado?

The movement causes mixed currents of air. The oncoming flow is not able to overcome the dense barrier and rushes up, penetrating the clouds. Having passed clots of gaseous substances, the wind falls down.

Often there are conditions when there is a twisting of flows, gradually intensifying by suitable winds. The tornado is gaining strength and the wind speed is such that a train can easily soar into the atmosphere. North America is the leader in the number of such events per year. Tornadoes cause millions of losses for the population, they carry away a large number of lives.

Other wind generation options

Strong winds can erase any formations from the surface, even mountains. The only type of non-temperature reason for the movement of air masses is a blast wave. After the operation of the atomic charge, the speed of movement of the gaseous substance is such that it demolishes multi-ton structures like dust particles.

strong flow atmospheric air occurs when large meteorites fall or breaks earth's crust. Similar phenomena are observed during tsunamis after tremors. The melting of polar ice leads to similar conditions in the atmosphere.