Normal atmospheric air pressure. Atmospheric pressure and our well-being. Symptoms of health problems at high and low atmospheric pressure

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Variability and influence on weather

On the earth's surface Atmosphere pressure varies from place to place and over time. Particularly important are non-periodic changes in atmospheric pressure that determine the weather, associated with the emergence, development and destruction of slow-moving regions high pressure(anticyclones) and relatively fast moving huge eddies (cyclones), in which low pressure prevails. Fluctuations in atmospheric pressure at sea level have been noted within 641 - 816 mmHg Art. (inside the tornado the pressure drops and can reach 560 mmHg).

Atmospheric pressure decreases as altitude increases, since it is created only by the overlying layer of the atmosphere. The dependence of pressure on height is described by the so-called. barometric formula.

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Man is part of nature. It constantly influences each of us. The more time passes, the more weather-sensitive people appear. Today there are approximately 4 billion such people living on the planet. The factor that most strongly influences a person’s health and well-being is atmospheric pressure, or rather its norm. What atmospheric pressure is considered normal depends on geographical location the area where a person spends most of the time.

What is atmospheric pressure?

The Earth is habitable due to a number of factors. The first of these is the availability of breathing air. Our planet, like a dome, is covered with an atmosphere consisting of many layers, each of which performs a specific important function. The air mass exerts constant pressure on everything that is on Earth, including humans, so it is so important to know what its norm is. Every day, each of us withstands a load of approximately 15,000 kg. We do not feel this burden due to the unique structure of our body. But he can't always cope natural phenomena. Sometimes an imbalance occurs in the organ system of the human body, and then a person becomes dependent on changes in atmospheric pressure.

Atmospheric pressure, which is the norm for a person living in middle lane Russia, is 750-760 mmHg. This is the indicator at which most people do not feel any discomfort in their health.

Any deviation of a person’s atmospheric pressure from the norm by 5-10 units or higher will be painfully accepted by our body.

Atmospheric pressure measurement

To measure the normal atmospheric pressure for a person, a specially designed device is used - a barometer. Science has established that the force of atmospheric pressure per 1 sq.cm. surface of the Earth, corresponds to the height of the mercury column of 760 mm. This indicator was taken as the norm of atmospheric pressure for humans. If the barometer reading is above this mark, it is customary to talk about increased pressure from normal. If the atmospheric pressure is below normal for a person, then it is considered low. Barometer readings in different parts of the planet differ due to differences in relief, temperature, etc.

The normal atmospheric pressure for a person is measured in mm of mercury (mmHg). Other units may be used, such as pascals (Pa). An indicator of 760 mmHg will be equal in this case to 101325 Pa. However, in ordinary life, measuring normal atmospheric pressure for humans in pascals has not taken root. Any weather forecast informs us about the state of atmospheric pressure using mmHg.

What is weather sensitivity?

Many people have so-called weather sensitivity. This is a peculiar reaction of the body to a change in the normal atmospheric pressure for a person. May be expressed, depending on the presence of various health problems, in the appearance of irritability, pain in the various parts body, a general decrease in performance, insomnia. A change in normal atmospheric pressure for a person can manifest itself in mental disorders, for example, a state of anxiety, depression, unreasonable fear.

According to statistics, during sudden changes in weather, even the number of offenses and accidents in transport, as well as man-made disasters, grows several times.

The human body is a kind of chemical laboratory that works normally at the appropriate standard of atmospheric pressure for a person. As soon as these conditions change in any direction, the body reacts with painful manifestations. He lacks something, for example, oxygen. Or vice versa, there is something in excess.

The causes of weather sensitivity are not only health problems, but also poor lifestyle choices. Sedentary activity, poor nutrition with subsequent acquisition of excess weight, and stress play a big role.

The influence of human atmospheric pressure

In the vessels and cavities of the human body there are specific receptors that are very sensitive to any changes in atmospheric pressure standards for humans. For example, people with musculoskeletal disorders always “predict” weather changes by aching joints. Hypertensive patients due to headaches in the temples, etc.

The well-being of heart patients also worsens with changes in normal atmospheric pressure for humans. They feel pain in the heart and head, rapid heartbeat and other unpleasant symptoms.

High atmospheric pressure forces the human body to equalize the imbalance that has arisen. How does this happen? By reducing blood pressure. At the same time, the vessels relax, the speed of blood flow changes. Malaise, headaches, and stuffy ears occur. With increased atmospheric pressure, changes occur in chemical composition blood, in particular, the level of leukocytes, the main fighters against infections and viruses, decreases.

Low atmospheric pressure creates conditions for the body similar to climbing a mountain. Under such conditions, there is a deficiency of oxygen, and, consequently, the brain and other organs suffer from hypoxia. The person feels difficulty breathing, pain in the temporal region, and pressure in the head.

Scientists have discovered the dependence of atmospheric pressure on air temperature. With warming, atmospheric pressure decreases. This is unfavorable for hypotensive patients and asthmatics.

With the onset of cold weather and the establishment of clear weather, the norm becomes high. Hypertension sufferers, allergy sufferers, and kidney sufferers.

The most dangerous thing is a sharp increase in atmospheric pressure (by 1 mmHg in 2-3 hours). The patient sharply feels negative symptoms and feels very bad. It is imperative to monitor your blood pressure and immediately take the medications prescribed by your doctor.

A person cannot influence the weather, but he can help himself survive difficult periods.

The first thing you should do as much as possible is to reduce physical activity.

Secondly, consult with your doctor about prescribing normal medications for those who are particularly hard-pressed by weather changes.

The optimal combination of weather indicators for a person is as follows:

• Atmospheric pressure is normal - 760 mm Hg.
• Air temperature is the norm 18-20 ͦ C.
• Humidity is normal 50-55%.

At different points on the Earth, the pressure rate may be different. Recorded fluctuations at sea level are 641-816 mmHg. The average value is exactly 760 mmHg at 20 degrees Celsius. This does not mean that for every person this reading should be equal to the norm. If a person was born and raised in the mountains, the normal numbers for him will naturally be different. Climbing into the mountains will reduce the altitude by about 13% for every kilometer.

The average atmospheric pressure for St. Petersburg, located in northwestern Russia, is only 748 mmHg.

It is time that can greatly influence a patient’s barometric pressure. At night it is higher than during the day. That is why most attacks in heart patients occur at night.

Since 1982, a standard pressure of 100 kPa has been adopted.

Naturally, what to choose for yourself ideal conditions impossible. How many people, so many problems. Everyone is concerned about certain disturbances, so it is important to prepare yourself and your body for weather changes and take care of your health.

Atmospheric pressure is the force with which a column of air presses on a certain unit area of ​​the Earth. It is often measured in kilograms per square meter, and from there they are transferred to other units. By to the globe atmospheric pressure varies - it depends on geographical location. Normal, habitual blood pressure is extremely important for the human body to function properly. You need to understand what atmospheric pressure is normal for a person, and how its changes can affect well-being.

When you rise to a height, the atmospheric pressure decreases, and when you go down, it increases. Also, this indicator may depend on the time of year and humidity in a particular area. In everyday life it is measured using a barometer. It is customary to indicate atmospheric pressure in millimeters of mercury.

The ideal atmospheric pressure is considered to be 760 mmHg, but in Russia and most of the planet in general, this figure is far from this ideal.

The normal force of air pressure is considered to be that at which a person feels comfortable. Moreover, for people from different places habitats in which normal well-being is maintained will be different. A person usually gets used to the indicators of the area in which he lives. If a resident of the highlands moves to the lowlands, he will experience discomfort for some time and gradually get used to the new conditions.

However, even at a permanent place of residence, atmospheric pressure can change. This usually happens with changing seasons and sudden changes in weather. In this case, people with a number of pathologies and congenital weather dependence may experience discomfort, and old diseases may begin to worsen.

It is worth knowing how you can improve your condition if there is a sharp drop or increase in atmospheric pressure. You don’t have to immediately run to the doctor - there are home techniques that have been tested by many people that can help you start feeling better.

Important! It is worth noting that people sensitive to change weather conditions, you should be more careful when choosing places to spend your vacation or move.

What indicator is considered normal for a person?

Many experts say: normal pressure for a person the figure will be 750–765 mmHg. It is easiest to adapt to indicators within these limits. For most people living on plains, small hills, and lowlands, they will be suitable.

It is worth noting that the most dangerous thing is not increased or decreased indicators, but their sudden change. If changes happen gradually, most people won't notice them. A sudden change can lead to negative consequences: Some people may faint during a sharp climb uphill.

Pressure norm table

IN different cities countries, the indicators will be different - this is the norm. Usually detailed weather reports tell you whether the atmospheric pressure is above or below normal. this moment time. You can always calculate the norm for your place of residence yourself, but it is easier to refer to ready-made tables. For example, here are the indicators for several cities in Russia:

It is worth noting that for some cities and regions large pressure drops are normal. Locals They are usually well adapted to them; only a newcomer will feel unwell.

Important! If weather dependence occurs suddenly and has never been observed before, you should consult a doctor - this may indicate heart disease.

Effect on the body

For people with certain medical conditions and increased sensitivity to weather changes, pressure changes can negatively affect them, in some cases limiting their ability to work. Experts note: women are slightly more likely than men to react to weather changes.

People have different reactions to changes. Some people feel slight discomfort that easily goes away on their own after some time. Others require special medications to avoid exacerbation of any disease that may occur due to changing weather conditions.

The following groups of people are most prone to negative experiences during pressure changes:

1. WITH various diseases lungs, which include bronchial asthma, obstructive and chronic bronchitis.
2. With heart and vascular diseases, especially hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, and other disorders.
3. With brain diseases, rheumatic pathologies, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially osteochondrosis.

It is also believed that changes in weather conditions provoke allergy attacks. Fully healthy people the changes usually have no significant effect.

People with weather dependence experience headaches, drowsiness, fatigue, and pulse irregularities that are not observed with normal conditions. In this case, it is advised to consult a doctor to exclude the development of diseases of the heart and nervous system.

In addition to headaches and fatigue, people with various diseases may experience discomfort in the joints, changes in blood pressure, numbness in the lower extremities, and muscle pain. In case of exacerbation of chronic diseases, you should take medications prescribed by your doctor.

What to do if you are weather dependent

If increased sensitivity to changing weather conditions is present, but there are no diseases leading to it, then the following recommendations will help you cope with unpleasant sensations.

In the morning it is advised to take a contrast shower, then drink a cup good coffee to keep yourself in good shape. It is recommended to drink more tea during the day. Better - green with lemon. It will be useful to do exercises, several times a day.

Towards evening it is advised to relax. Herbal teas and decoctions with honey, valerian infusion and other mild sedatives will help with this. It is recommended to go to bed early and eat less salty foods during the day.

Man is far from being the king of nature, but rather its child, an integral part of the universe. We live in a world where everything is strictly interconnected and subordinated to a single system.

Everyone knows that the Earth is surrounded by dense air mass, which is commonly called the atmosphere. And any object, including the human body, is “pressed” by an air column having a certain weight. Scientists have experimentally established that every square centimeter of the human body is exposed to atmospheric pressure weighing 1.033 kilograms. And if you carry out simple mathematical calculations, it turns out that the average person is under pressure of 15,550 kg.

The weight is colossal, but, fortunately, completely imperceptible. This may be due to the presence of dissolved oxygen in human blood.
What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on humans? Let's talk a little more about this.

Atmospheric pressure standard

Doctors, when talking about what atmospheric pressure is considered normal, indicate a range of 750....760 mmHg. Such a scatter is quite acceptable, since the planet’s topography is not perfectly flat.

Meteor dependence

Doctors say that some people's bodies are able to adapt to any conditions. They don’t even care about such serious tests as long-distance flights on an airplane from one climate zone to another.

At the same time, others, without leaving their apartment, feel the approach of changes in the weather. This can manifest itself in the form of severe headaches, unexplained weakness, or constantly wet palms, for example. Such people are more often diagnosed with diseases of the blood vessels and endocrine system.

It is especially difficult when atmospheric pressure makes a sharp jump in a short time. According to statistics, the majority of people whose bodies react so violently to changes in atmospheric pressure are women living in major cities. Unfortunately, the harsh rhythm of life, overcrowding, and the environment are not the best companions for health.

If desired, you can get rid of addiction. You just need to show persistence and consistency. Everyone knows the methods. These are the basics healthy image life: hardening, swimming, walking-running, healthy eating, adequate sleep, elimination bad habits, weight loss.

How does our body react to increased atmospheric pressure?

Atmospheric pressure (normal for humans) is ideally 760 mmHg. But this figure is very rarely maintained.

As a result of the increase in pressure in the atmosphere, clear weather sets in and there are no sudden changes in humidity and air temperature. The body of hypertensive and allergic patients actively reacts to such changes.

In city conditions, in calm weather, gas pollution naturally makes itself felt. The first to feel this are patients who have problems with the respiratory organs.

An increase in atmospheric pressure also affects the immune system. Specifically, this is expressed in a decrease in leukocytes in the blood. A weakened body will not easily cope with infections.

Doctors advise:

Start your day with light morning exercises. Take a contrast shower. For breakfast, give preference to foods high in potassium (cottage cheese, raisins, dried apricots, bananas). Don't indulge in large meals. Don't overeat. This day is not the best for great physical effort and expression of emotions. When you come home, rest for an hour, do routine household chores, and go to bed earlier than usual.

Low atmospheric pressure and well-being

Low atmospheric pressure, how much is it? To answer the question, we can conditionally say if the barometer readings are lower than 750 mmHg. But it all depends on the region of residence. In particular, for Moscow the figures are 748-749 mmHg. are the norm.

Among the first to feel this deviation from the norm are “heart patients” and those who have intracranial pressure. They complain about general weakness, frequent migraines, lack of oxygen, shortness of breath, as well as pain in the intestines.

Doctors advise:

Bring yours back to normal arterial pressure. Reduce physical activity. Add ten minutes of rest to every working hour. Drink fluids more often, preferring green tea with honey. Drink morning coffee. Take herbal tinctures indicated for heart patients. Relax in the evenings under a contrast shower. Go to bed earlier than usual.

How changes in humidity affect the body

Low air humidity of 30–40 percent is not beneficial. It irritates the nasal mucosa. Asthmatics and allergy sufferers are the first to feel this deviation. In this case, moisturizing the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx with a slightly salted aqueous solution can help.

Frequent precipitation naturally increases air humidity to 70 - 90 percent. This also has a negative impact on health.
High air humidity can cause exacerbation of chronic kidney and joint diseases.

Doctors advise:

Change the climate to a dry one if possible. Reduce the time you spend outside in wet weather. Go for a walk in warm clothes. Remember the vitamins

Atmospheric pressure and temperature

The optimal temperature for a person in a room is no higher than +18. This is especially true in the bedroom.

How does the mutual influence of atmospheric pressure and oxygen develop?

In the event of an increase in air temperature and a simultaneous decrease in atmospheric pressure, people with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases suffer.

If the temperature decreases and the atmospheric pressure increases, it becomes worse for hypertensive patients, asthmatics and those who have problems with the stomach and genitourinary system.

In the event of a sharp and repeated temperature fluctuation in the body, unacceptable a large number of histamine, the main trigger of allergies.

Good to know

Now you know what normal atmospheric pressure is for a person. This is 760 mmHg, but the barometer records such indicators very rarely.

It is also important to remember that the change in atmospheric pressure with altitude (at the same time it rapidly decreases) occurs quite sharply. It is precisely because of this difference that a person climbing a mountain very quickly can lose consciousness.

In Russia, atmospheric pressure is measured in mmHg. But international system takes pascals as the unit of measurement. In this case, normal atmospheric pressure in pascals will be equal to 100 kPa. If we convert our 760 mmHg. in pascals, then the normal atmospheric pressure in pascals for our country will be 101.3 kPa.

Any gas that is part of the atmosphere is characterized by density, temperature and pressure. If you enclose it in a vessel, it will put pressure on the walls of this vessel, because the gas molecules move and create pressure, acting on the walls of the vessel with a certain force. The speed of movement of molecules in a vessel can be increased with increasing temperature, then the pressure will also increase. Any point in the atmosphere or surface of the Earth is characterized by a certain amount of atmospheric pressure. This value will be equal to the weight of the overlying air column.

Definition 1

Atmosphere pressure is the pressure of the atmosphere per unit area of ​​the earth's surface.

The units of measurement for atmospheric pressure are grams per sq. cm, and normal pressure is considered to be $760$ mm Hg. column or $1,033$ kg/cm sq. This value is considered to be one atmosphere.

Note 1

As a result of constant movement, the mass of air in one place or another changes and where there is more air, the pressure increases. Air movement is associated with temperature changes - air heated from the earth's surface expands and rises, spreading to the sides. The result is a decrease in pressure at the Earth's surface.

The air above the cold surface cools, condenses, becomes heavy and sinks down - the pressure increases. The earth's surface heats up unevenly, and this leads to the formation of different areas of atmospheric pressure, which have strictly latitudinal zonation in distribution.

The continents and oceans on Earth are unevenly distributed, they receive and give away differently solar heat, so the belts are high and low pressure distributed over the surface in uneven stripes. In addition, as a result of the inclination of the earth's axis to the orbital plane, the Northern and Southern hemispheres receive different quantities heat.

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These features led to the formation of several atmospheric pressure belts on the planet:

• Low pressure at the equator;
• High pressure in the tropics;
• Low pressure over mid-latitudes;
• High pressure over the poles.

The pressure distribution on the surface is shown in geographical maps special conventional sign which is called isobar.

Definition 2

Isobars- These are lines connecting points on the earth's surface with the same pressure.

The weather and climate of a particular area are very closely related to atmospheric pressure. Cloudless, windless, dry weather is characteristic of high atmospheric pressure and, conversely, low pressure is accompanied by cloudiness, precipitation, winds, and fog.

Discovery of atmospheric pressure

The fact that air presses on ground objects has been noticed by people since ancient times. The pressure produced wind, which moved sailing ships and turned the wings of windmills. But it was not possible for a long time to prove that air has its own weight, and only in $ XVII $ the weight of air was proven with the help of an experiment carried out by an Italian E. Torricelli. The experiment was preceded by an incident in the palace of the Duke of Tuscany in $1640, who planned to build a fountain. The water for the fountain had to come from a lake located nearby, but above $32$ feet, i.e. $10.3$ m it did not rise. Torricelli conducted a series of long experiments, as a result of which it was proven that air has weight, and the pressure of the atmosphere is balanced by a column of water of $32$ feet.

In $1643, Mr. Torricelli, together with V. Viviani, conducted an experiment to measure atmospheric pressure using a tube sealed at one end and filled with mercury. The tube was lowered into the vessel, which also contained mercury, with the non-sealed end down, and the column of mercury in the tube dropped to the level of $760$ mm - this was the level of mercury in the vessel.

There remains a free surface in the vessel, which is subject to atmospheric pressure. After the column of mercury in the tube decreases, a void remains above the mercury - the pressure of the column of mercury in the tube at the level of the surface of the mercury in the vessel should be equal to atmospheric pressure. The height of the column in millimeters above the free surface of the mercury measures the atmospheric pressure directly in millimeters of mercury. Torricelli's pipe became the first mercury barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure.

Column of air from sea level to upper limit atmosphere presses on a one-centimeter area with the same force as a weight weighing $1\kg\33 g. $ All living organisms do not feel this pressure, because it is balanced by their internal pressure. The internal pressure of living organisms does not change.

Change in atmospheric pressure

With altitude, atmospheric pressure changes and begins to fall. This happens because gases are highly compressible. Highly compressed gas has a higher density and exerts more pressure. With distance from the Earth's surface, the compression of gases weakens, the density decreases, and, consequently, the pressure that they can produce. Pressure decreases by $1$ millimeter of mercury for every $10.5$ m rise.

Example 1

Atmospheric pressure at an altitude of $2200$ m above sea level is $545$ mmHg. Determine the pressure at an altitude of $3300$ m. Solution: with altitude, atmospheric pressure decreases by $1$ mm of mercury every $10.5$ m, therefore, Determine the difference in heights: $3300 – 2205 = 1095$ m Find the difference in atmospheric pressure: $1095 \ m \div 10.5 = 104.3$ mmHg column We determine the atmospheric pressure at an altitude of $3300 \ m\div 545 \ mm \ – 104.3 \ mm \ = 440.7 $ mm Hg. pillar Answer: atmospheric pressure at an altitude of $3300$ m is $440.7$ mmHg.

Atmospheric pressure also changes during the day, i.e. has its own diurnal cycle. At maximum temperature during the day, atmospheric pressure goes down, and at night, when the air temperature becomes lower, the pressure increases. In this course of pressure one can see two maximums(about $10$ and $22$ hours) and two minimums(about $4$ and $16$ hours). These changes are very clearly manifested in tropical latitudes, where daily fluctuations are $3$-$4$ mbar. Violation of the correct daily variation of pressure in the tropics indicates the approach of a tropical cyclone.

Note 2

The change in pressure during the day is associated with air temperature and depends on its changes. Yearly changes depend on the heating of continents and oceans in summer period and their cooling in winter time. In summer, an area of ​​low pressure is created on land, and the area high blood pressure over the ocean.

The influence of atmospheric pressure on the human body

The processes occurring in the atmosphere have a significant impact on the human body, which is forced to reconfigure its biological systems. A significant part of people react strongly to changes in atmospheric pressure, with a decrease in which the pressure in human arteries drops. As atmospheric pressure increases, blood pressure also increases, so often in clear, dry, hot weather, many people experience headaches.

Healthy people tolerate annual fluctuations in atmospheric air easily and imperceptibly, but patients feel worse, experience angina attacks, a feeling of fear, and sleep disturbances.

The skin and mucous membranes react to atmospheric pressure. As pressure increases, irritation of their receptors increases and, as a result, the oxygen content in the blood decreases. Exacerbation of bronchial asthma is associated with increased atmospheric pressure. A rapid decrease in atmospheric pressure can lead to the development of pathological phenomena in the human body associated with oxygen starvation of tissues and, above all, the brain.

A person cannot influence the weather, but helping oneself survive this period is not at all difficult. In case of sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, it is necessary to reduce the physical stress on your body as much as possible and use appropriate medications.