Atlas of tree species. Computer identification of trees and shrubs in spring and summer. The tallest tree is Hyperion

EcoGuide: Guide to Ecosystems
EcoGuide: Guide to Ecosystems

Computer atlas-identifier of trees and shrubs in the middle zone of the European part of Russia
in the autumn-winter period
(determinant for buds and shoots in a leafless state)

Determinant represents computer program, which "produces" a list of defining morphological features, characteristic of all objects of the given Atlas-determinant. In this determinant, 16 signs () are used as determinants.

To work with the determinant, the user needs to select features (in any order) and answer options (feature values) - referring to his object (naturally, it should be in front of the researcher). In this case, on the right side of the screen, a list of all species included in the Determinant database will always be visible. With each answer, the number of species in this list will decrease until it comes to two or three, or ideally one.

Textbook, or Handbook of Plant Morphology, contains information about the morphological structure of the objects included in the guide. With regard to this determinant, the reference book includes information about shoot morphology And kidney morphology(see for example the sample below),

Computer identification of woody plants Can purchase in our non-commercial online store.
There you can purchase colored laminated key tables: trees in summer and trees in winter, shrubs in summer and shrubs in winter, and similar graphic dichotomous determinants-walkers: trees in summer , shrubs in summer , trees in winter and shrubs in winter .

Application.

List of woody plant species included in the guide:
(species are listed in alphabetical order)

Full descriptions and thumbnail images of all species included in this guide can be viewed/downloaded in sections Abstracts And Nature Ecosystem site.

Computer identification of woody plants Can purchase in our non-commercial online store.
There you can purchase colored laminated key tables: trees in summer and trees in winter, shrubs in summer and shrubs in winter, and similar graphic dichotomous determinants-walkers: trees in summer , shrubs in summer , trees in winter and shrubs in winter .

List of defining features and their meanings:

Norway spruce and Scots pine are the best known conifers. Cedar pine grows in Siberia. People often call her Siberian cedar. Larch is different from others coniferous trees soft, falling needles for the winter. Fir - similar to spruce, but the needles of the fir are flat, with two rows of stripes below. When we hear the name "maple", we imagine a tree with large, beautifully carved leaves.

Norway spruce And Scotch pine- the most famous coniferous trees.

Cedar pine grows in Siberia. In the people it is often called the Siberian cedar.

Larch differs from other coniferous trees in soft needles falling for the winter.

Fir- it looks like a spruce, but the needles of a fir are flat, they have two rows of stripes from below.

When we hear the title maple", imagine a tree with large, beautifully carved leaves. However, there is Tatar maple with oval leaves with small protrusions, American maple, in which each leaf consists of 3 or 5 individual leaflets.

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This atlas-identifier of plants is almost unique. Firstly, it is for children, and secondly, it contains only the most famous and popular plants that a child encounters in life. The question invariably arises, what is the name of this grass or this flower, and, often, parents cannot answer the child's question. Now the student can find the answer himself. The plants in the atlas are conveniently located by growth, and if the plant of interest grows in our home, most likely it should be looked for in the "house plants" section and so on. A key atlas is also required for preparation homework around the world for grades 1,2, 3 and 4 for students under the programs Perspective and School of Russia, where Pleshakov's textbooks are used.

Atlas-determinant of indoor plants

Houseplants are plants designed to beautify our living space, they are beautiful and stay that way. all year round. In fact, these are plants tropical countries, where the whole year is warm and the plant does not need to "fall asleep" or wither in the fall. True, in nature they grow much larger in size. Such herbs and flowers settled in our pots on the windows. Some of them have beautiful leaves, and some delight us with their bright flowers.

Plants with beautiful leaves

Aloe, asparagus, aspidistra, aucuba, begonia, dracaena, tradescantia (zebrina), kalanchoe, saxifrage, coleus, ivy, sansevier (pike tail), coffee tree, lemon, spurge, monstera, chamerops palm, scindapsus, sedum, crassula, ficus , date palm, chlorophytum, cyperus, cissus (room grapes).

More than 300 species of aloe are known, most of them grow in the wild - in Africa, South America, Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula. The height of individual representatives of the species reaches 15 meters. In the wild, aloe blooms. The bush shoots out a long arrow from the rosette of its fleshy leaves, at the end of which a spike-shaped flower with tubular petals blooms.

Numerous representatives of the genus asparagus are perennial herbs, shrubs and lianas. Their stems are thin and flexible, leaf-like shoots, resembling needles, act as leaves. From a distance it seems that the branches are fluffy and resemble feathers. Asparagus flowers are light, small, after flowering, red berries are formed. Asparagus is an unpretentious plant.

This evergreen plant is native to East Asia. Aspidistra is shade-loving. The name is translated into Russian as "pointer to snakes". In the shaded cool places where it grows in nature, snakes often live, and the gray curved rhizome of the aspidistra also resembles a snake. The popular name of the plant is "friendly family".

Its evergreen shrubs with reddish-brown flowers and leathery, neatly tufted leaves are native to China, the Himalayas, Korea and Japan. Due to its indescribable beauty, ease of breeding and care, the plant is very quickly and widely distributed in the culture of Russia. Aucuba has an original color of leaves that are strewn yellow spots as if sprinkled with gold. For this reason, the aucuba has received the popular name of the golden tree. For reproduction, you need 2 plants - male and female.

Begonia. In the 17th century, during an expedition to the island of Haiti, the French monk Plushier discovered and described an unfamiliar plant, which he named after the governor of the island and flower collector Michel Begon, begonia. The colorful and bright leaves of this plant are so varied that it can sometimes be difficult to determine that it is a begonia. There are many varieties of begonias with different leaf colors. However, these plants are characterized by a creeping rhizome, creeping on the surface or located shallow underground and small, pale pink flowers.

is a beautiful evergreen shrub native to Africa. It also grows in the Canary Islands, where there are even legends associated with it: for example, one of them says that the Dragon Tree (this is the second name for dracaena) grew from a drop of blood of a fantastic animal - a dragon. Indeed, the plant has reddish juice. It looks like a palm tree with a bare trunk formed after the lower leaves have dried. The plant is quite unpretentious.

came to us from distant America. The famous botanist John Tradescant brought this wonderful plant together with his son, John Jr. This plant was named after them. Tradescantia is the most popular and easy to care for indoor plant. The main decoration of the plant are its amazing leaves.

They grow on straight shoots of great length, with numerous branches that form a lush bush. The color of the leaves can be green, silver, with purple tint. The flowers are small, different shades. Some varieties of tradescantia have original striped leaves, such plants are called zebrina.

originally became a resident of window sills not for beauty, but for beneficial features. It was used by the natives as a healer and savior from thirst in a sultry climate, hence its second name came from - the tree of life. The leaves of almost all species of this plant are thick and fleshy, and the stems are both creeping and erect. In care unpretentious. On the leaves of Kalanchoe, small new plants with a stem and roots are formed, which fall to the ground and grow into new plants.

IN natural environment it can be found in China and Japan. In nature, the saxifrage grows on rocky embankments, in rock crevices and among lowland meadows. The plant is interesting in that it produces long tendrils with a shoot of a new plant at the end, the shoot takes root and a new plant grows from it away from the mother.

Coleus (nettle). In nature, there are about 60 species of this plant. Coleus is blooming, but its flowers are so inconspicuous that they do not carry any decorative interest, although they smell very pleasant. But its leaves have a very spectacular bright and variegated color. The leaves are similar in shape to a nettle leaf, but they are not as prickly. Coleus is unpretentious, although it is thermophilic and photophilous. In winter, with a sharp drop in temperature, it can shed its leaves. It is propagated by seeds and cuttings.

Ivy (chedera). Climbing evergreen plant, reaching a length of thirty meters in nature. About fifteen species of ivy are known, growing in the subtropics of Europe, Asia, Africa and both Americas, mainly in shady moist forests. Ivy has been known to mankind since time immemorial: among the ancient Greeks it was an emblem of fun and love, poets wore ivy wreaths at celebrations and feasts. Evergreen ivy was also popular as medicinal plant. The stems of the plant are long, creeping, with antennae. Decorative ivy has more than 100 varieties that differ in size, shape of leaves and their colors. At home, ivy does not bloom, but in nature it has small yellow flowers.

Sansevier (pike tail) takes its pedigree roots where there are scarce and comesti soils of Sri Lanka, countries Central Africa, Asia, India and Madagascar. The plant has been known since the 18th century, it received its name in honor of the Neapolitan prince Sanseviero, who made a great contribution to the development of the science of botany. This is one of the most enduring indoor plants. The sansevier has ground creeping shoots and shallow roots, so they can be planted in a flat dish. Sansevieria vary in leaf color, length, and rosette shape. Its color is influenced by sunlight, the more it is, the brighter the stripes on the leaves are. In nature, sansevera blooms, the flowers are small, white, collected in a panicle.

From left to right: 1-coffee tree, 2-lemon, 3-spurge, 4-monstera, 5-chamerops palm, 6-scindapsus, 7-sedum, 8-crassus, 9-ficus, 10-date palm, 11-chlorophytum, 12-cyperus, 13-cissus (room grapes).

indoor flowers

Abutilon, balsam, upstart, geranium (pelargonium), hippeastrum, gloxinia, hydrangea, calla, calceolaria, Chinese rose, clivia, bluebells, Amazon lily, passionflower, saintpaulia, fuchsia, cyclamen, cacti (zygocactus, prickly pear).

In the wild, it can be found in Asia and Africa. The flower is completely unpretentious, blooms almost constantly. Among the people, he received many other names, such as: light, evergreen, touchy, Vanka-wet. Its fleshy leaves with wavy edges are green-reddish, green or bronze in color. Drops of liquid can form at the tips of the leaves with increasing humidity, which is why the people call this plant Vanka-wet. Balsam flowers are in the axils of the leaves. The color of the flowers is varied. So, you can find varieties with pink, red, white, orange, purple flowers, and they can also have spots or stripes.

Geranium or Pelargonium long and firmly occupied many window sills as an unpretentious and beautiful plant. The scientific name of pelargonium is Greek for "stork" or "crane". This unusual name the plant received because of the fruits, long, like a bird's beak. There are more than 400 types of geraniums in the world, which can be found almost all over the world. Large geranium flowers have 5 correctly arranged small flowers. They can be terry and smooth, among the shades there are white, red, purple and blue geraniums. The smell of geranium is sharp and recognizable.

Hippeastrum. In translation, the name of the flower sounds like "Cavalry Star". This plant is native to tropical Africa and America. Breeders have created more than 2,000 different varieties of hipperastrums, differing in flower size and petal color. Hippeastrum has a large fleshy bulb and broadly linear leaves, reaching a length of 50-70 cm. Flowers on a long straight stem are collected in an umbrella of 2-3 pieces, the flowers are large and brightly colored: from white to dark red. Hippeastrum is a photophilous plant.

In the wild, calla lilies are found in South Africa and most often grows near water bodies or in swampy places. Often the root and some of the shoots are in the water. Heart-shaped calla leaves are located on very long petioles and have enough big size. Their color is either green or variegated, while the spots have a cream or white tint. Shoots are erect, at the top of one flower. The inflorescence has the shape of an ear, as if wrapped in a veil, the length of which is approximately 15 centimeters. It comes in yellow, pink, white, cream, purple. Calla loves warmth and moisture.

- This is the most common genus of Cactus plants. This family contains about 300 species. Prickly pear considers South America to be its homeland, but recently it has taken root well on the warm southern coast. Crimean peninsula. This cactus has fleshy shoots and spines all over its surface. blooming cactus large flowers pink or yellow shades. After the plant fades, a fruit appears - a berry, poured, having a pleasant sweet taste. They are also called "Indian figs" - which can be eaten.

Abutilon (indoor maple) has a length of up to 2 m. It blooms from spring to autumn. Flowers numerous, hanging down.

Amazon lily (eucharis) originally from South America. The name eucharis means "pleasant, lovely". This plant has large white, fragrant flowers.

Gloxinia (synningia) also imported from South America. The plant has large flowers and velvety leaves.

Calceolaria grows up to half a meter in height. Its flowers are like shoes and appear in the spring. The name translates as "shoe-like". homeland of the plant South America.

Saintpaulia (Ozambara violet) originally from Africa, from the Usambara mountains. Blooms almost all year with numerous flowers. And its leaves are fleshy, covered with hairs.

Fuchsia notable for flowers that hang down like earrings. Fuchsia is native to South America. This plant blooms all summer.

Aquarium Plant Guide

1-vallisneria, 2-cabomba, 3-cryptocorina, 4-hornwort, 5-pistia, 6-richcia, 7-rotala, 8-sitnag, 9-elodea.

Plants live not only on land, but also in water. In our aquariums, they not only serve as decoration, but also give off oxygen, which is necessary for the respiration of fish, serve as their refuge, and also as food for some fish. In their structure, algae differ from other plants. Their body is not divided into root, stem and leaves, but is represented by a thallus.

Elodea (hornwort)- the most popular aquarium plant. It is unpretentious and grows well. Floats in the water column. Widespread in many water bodies.

Lives naturally in warm waters. She has long thalli, twisted into a spiral and coming from the ground.

It has long thalli, dissected towards the ends into smaller ones, like dill. Grows in the ground. She hails from America.

From tropical Asia, its thallus is thin, branched. Grows from the ground.

Algae, similar to bushes of thin tall grass. You can meet it in nature in swamps and along the banks of reservoirs.

Conferva. Unlike other algae, it does not take root at the bottom of the aquarium, but floats on the surface of the water. It is found everywhere in the water bodies of Russia.

Pistia (water salad) also floats on the surface. Its thalli are quite large, about the size of a palm. The homeland of the plant is Africa.

Atlas-determinant of ornamental plants of the flower garden

Plants with colorful flowers: crocus (saffron), evening, primrose, daisy, iris, tulip, tobacco, lily, astilbe, sweet pea, petunia, kosmeya, zinnia, Turkish carnation, dicentra, columbine, salvia, nasturtium, pansies, mouse hyacinth, delphinium, aconite, phlox, gladiolus, peony, Golden Ball rudbeckia, dahlia, aster, chrysanthemum, marigolds, physalis.

Flowers in shades of yellow: doronicum, narcissus, daylily, calendula, snapdragon, goldenrod (golden rod).

Curly: clematis, echinocystis, parthenocissus, hops.

When summer is gone, the flower beds are painted with all the colors of the rainbow. The asters are blooming. The petals of these beautiful flowers have a wide variety of colors - white, red, pink, purple, yellow. The size of the inflorescences is from very small to large. In some, the flowers are more like colored daisies, in others, fluffy, like chrysanthemums. Bushes are also different depending on the variety: from low and compact to tall. The history of the distribution of many wonderful flowers is like a detective story. So, several centuries ago, China kept the secrets of its plants as a state secret. To get rare seeds, the Europeans went to all sorts of tricks. So, back in the first half of the 18th century, the monk Nicola Incarville from France, who received initial knowledge of botany and a task from the director of the Versailles royal garden, went to preach in China. During his wanderings around the country, he collected and secretly sent seeds to his homeland. various plants. Thus, the seeds of beautiful asters also came to Europe.

. Chrysanthemum, like aster, came to us from the East. The chrysanthemum is similar to the aster, their leaf shape is different: the aster has thin, elongated leaves, while the chrysanthemum has carved leaves, a bit like oak leaves, only much smaller in size. The size and color of these flowers can also be very variable depending on the variety and growing conditions. Chrysanthemums bloom all summer and up late autumn. The plant blooms even when many flowers have already withered after the first frost. The plant is perennial, which means that in the spring chrysanthemums will grow again in the same place.

. Russian name dahlia was given to a flower in honor of the St. Petersburg botanist, geographer and ethnographer I. Georgi. There are several species of this plant, distributed mainly in the mountainous regions of Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia. According to one of the legends, dahlias used to grow only in the royal garden and were protected like the apple of an eye. Once a young gardener stole a flower and planted it under the window of his beloved. The gardener was thrown into prison, but the flower ceased to be a wonderful secret and became available to ordinary people. According to another legend, the dahlia grew when the ground thawed after ice age, at the site of the last extinguished fire. Her appearance has become a kind of symbol of the victory of life and the beginning of a new era.

Dahlia is a tall plant with large lush flowers, larger than a man's fist. And if the petals of a dahlia seem to line up in even rows in height, petal to petal, forming the correct pattern - this dahlia pompon. Its spherical inflorescences reach a diameter of about 7 cm. The difference from other dahlias is clearly visible in the shape of the petals, which are folded into a tube along their entire length. In some varieties, they wrap inward and overlap each other, resembling shingles on a roof. Dahlias may be the most different colors: red, burgundy, pink, yellow, orange, white and even two-tone, in which the edges of the petals are lighter than the centers.

. The homeland of marigolds is America. They have long been used in the rituals of local Indian tribes, as well as to get rid of various diseases. Marigolds came to Europe in the 16th century and were one of the first overseas flowers that appeared in Russia. The Russian name “marigolds” was given to the flowers because of their petals, the surface of which resembles velvet. The British call this plant marigold, which means "Mary's gold", the inhabitants of Germany know it as a student bloom - a flower of a student, and in Ukraine these beautiful flowers are called Chernobrovtsy. For the people of China, these flowers are a symbol of health and longevity, not without reason they are called "flowers of a thousand years." Flower baskets in marigolds of different shades of yellow, brown and orange. The peculiarity of the plant is that its leaves smell stronger than flowers. Marigolds bloom very abundantly from June until the first frost.

. Africa is considered the birthplace of gladioli. The flower got its second name "skewer" from the similarity of narrow long leaves with swords, and the stem itself, tall and straight, resembles a gladiatorial sword. Each gladiolus flower is assembled from six lobes, fused at the base, shaped like a funnel. The color can be very different, from light yellow to dark burgundy, almost black, there are also blue flowers, and even two-tone ones. In ancient treatises, the corms of a flower were said to be healing and magical, capable of curing diseases and protecting against enemies.

Russian expanses are characterized by oak and beech forests. For example, the terraces of Tisza, Borzhava and Latoritsa are characterized by oak-ash floodplain forests (Querceto roboris-Fraxinetum). These forests are affected by the level of groundwater. But the southern territories are covered with oak forests with the participation of southern European species oak.

In addition, oak forests are also common in the uplands. And in several of these forest areas from tens to hundreds of hectares, hornbeam-oak forests (Carpineto-Quercetum roboris) can be recognized. Due to the influence Agriculture the number of oak forest stands has been significantly reduced. An extremely strong change in the germination conditions of most of the remaining oak forests, due to drainage and other land reclamation measures, as well as grazing, leads to their mass drying.

And the optimal conditions for the growth of beech are the altitudinal zone from 350 to 1450 meters above sea level. They are so clean, having a poor understory (undergrowth) and they are called "Fagetum pauper" or "Fagetum nudum". In the grass cover, anemone oak (Anemone nemorosa), female ferns (Athyrium filixfemina) and Austrian shieldwort (D. austriaca), oxalis (Oxalis acetosella) and blackberry rough (Rubus hirtus) are common. Also characterized by high closeness; timber stock - from 400 to 650 m?/ha. Along with them, there are many transitional options up to mixed forests. In the warm lower belts, sessile oak appears as an admixture due to the reduced competitiveness of beech. (Querceto petraeae-Fagetum). Within the beech belt itself, on open limestone massifs or outcrops, depending on the proportion of fine-grained soil, linden is attracted to it.

In addition, the cooling upper belts contribute to the formation of beech stands mixed with fir and spruce. They are even richer than pure ponds. Some photos reach up to 1200 m?/ha. These types of forests are also highly resistant to windbreaks and snowfall. For a long time, beech stands were out of the sphere of economic interest. Large, interconnected massifs belonged to large landowners and were used by them only for private hunting. Only from the beginning of the 19th century did the time come for their large-scale felling, followed by reforestation with spruce.

White acacia

(genus "robinia")

White acacia is often called by its real name - Robinia pseudoacacia. This tree grows 22-27 (33) meters high and up to 120 cm in diameter, lives 220-250 (350) years. The crown is openwork, spreading, rounded, short, sometimes with several separate tiers of branches. The trunk in plantations is relatively straight, highly debranched, but in the wild it is strongly curved and strongly branched. The bark of the trunk is grayish-brown with dark, thick, in old age with deep cracks. The leaves are alternate, compound, pinnate, 12-25 cm long, with 7-19 opposite elliptical leaflets. The flowers are predominantly white, fragrant, collected in multi-flowered drooping racemes 10-20 cm long. It blooms after the leaves bloom, profusely and annually (within 2 weeks). The fruit is a flat, bare, dark brown bean 5-12 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. Seeds (5-15 pieces) ripen in August. The breed is photophilous, thermophilic and heat-resistant. And also fast growing. Acacia is a good honey plant. And due to its unpretentiousness to soil conditions and the ability to give root shoots, it is highly valued in forest reclamation.

birch fluffy

(genus "birch")

Its second name is white. The tree is 17-22 (25) m high and 50-60 cm in diameter. Lives 100-120 years. The crown is elongated-ovoid, of medium density. Thin branches of the first order depart from the trunk almost at a right angle, the shoots do not hang down. The trunk is straight, covered with white bark to the very base. Leaves are 4-6 cm long and 3-5 cm wide, ovate or oval-rhombic with a rounded base, obtusely pointed. Young leaves are fragrant. The fluffy birch is not indifferent to light, therefore it often grows in the 2nd tier of pine and spruce forests. It is very demanding on soil moisture - it does not grow on dry soils. Extremely frost-resistant, so this birch can be seen even in the forest-tundra.

Forest beech

(genus "beech")

The tree is 25-45 m high and 80-100 (160) cm in diameter. It lives 450-500 years. The trunk is straight (sometimes saber-curved from below), full-wood. In young trees, the crown is narrow-conical, peaked, and in old ones - irregular shape. Longitudinal shoots are bare, thin and yellowish-brown. The needles are 1-4 cm long and 1.5 mm wide, light green, with a sharp yellowish tip. Needles appear in March-April, turn yellow and fall off in autumn. Propagated by seeds. Fruits in 15-20 years and repeats every 3-5 years. Very light-loving breed. Relatively frost-resistant and winter-hardy. Windproof, tolerates air pollution well, is not demanding on moisture and soil.

Black alder

(genus "beech")

Alder black is also called sticky. This deciduous tree height 25-30 (35) m, and diameter 60-70 cm. Lives 100-150 (300) years. The crown in youth is dense, cylindrical, and later ovoid or rounded, of medium density. The bark on young trees is smooth, dark gray or greenish gray, and later dark brown, with shallow cracks. The leaves are simple, alternate, obovate, obtuse or blunt-pointed. The length of the leaves is 4-9 cm, and the width is 3-7 cm. The leaves are dark green above and light green below. The fruits are placed in dark brown cones up to 2 cm long, which open at the end of winter. Blooms before the leaves open. This breed frost-resistant and winter-hardy. But demanding on soil fertility. There is a fast growing breed especially in the first 15-20 years.

common hornbeam

(genus "hornbeam")

The tree is 20-25 (30) m high and 60-70 cm in diameter. It lives up to 150-200 (350) years. The crown of the tree is spreading in space, up to 25 meters in diameter, but in plantations it is more compact, long and dense. The trunk is ribbed, often curved. The bark is thin, in young trees silver-gray, smooth, in old trees - dark gray, fissured. The leaves are simple, alternate, oblong-oval or ovate, round or slightly unequal-heart-shaped at the base, doubly dentate at the edges, distinctly marked nerve of 910-15 pairs of veins. The length of the sheet is 5-15 cm, and the width is 3-5 cm. The leaves are dark green above, bare, light green below, slightly lowered along the veins. The common hornbeam blooms in April. And the seeds ripen in September. The fruit is a nutlet up to 9 mm long, flattened, oval, with longitudinal ribs. The breed is generally mild oceanic climate, relatively thermophilic. And demanding on soil fertility. Tolerates drought and even temporary flooding. The root system is predominantly superficial, widely procumbent with anchor roots, making the breed wind-resistant.

Common oak

(genus "oak")

Tree 30-36 (40) meters high and up to 1.5 m in diameter. Lives 400-500 (1500) years. The crown is highly developed, large branched. In youth, obovate or round, in the old - obovate-hip-shaped. The trunk at a young age is often curved, in the old it is well formed. The bark is smooth, shiny, olive-brown in youth and thick (up to 10 cm), deeply fissured, brown-gray or gray in old age. The leaves are simple, alternate, and at the ends of the shoots are collected in bunches, oblong-obovate, 3-7 rounded-lobed, dark green above, shiny, light green below. Acorns oblong, oval. Brown, shiny, on long petioles, 2-3 pieces. Blooms along with the leaves. Productivity is 0.7-2.0 tons / ha. It is well restored by seeds and sprouts from stumps (up to 80-100 years). The root system is taproot, deep (up to 12-15 meters, and sometimes up to 22 m), with strongly developed lateral and anchor roots. Common oak as a forest-forming and forest reclamation species. Forms predominantly mixed stands. Widely used in field-protective afforestation.

northern oak

(genus "oak")

Tree 30-35 meters high and 1.3-1.4 m in diameter. Lives up to 400 years. The crown can be narrow and wide (depending on the planting density). The branches extend from the trunk at almost a right angle. The trunk is straight, highly delimbed. The bark is thin, light gray or dark brown, for a long time smooth, and on old trees in the lower part it has a thickness of 5-7 cm, shallow-fissured, dark brown. Shoots are shiny, as if varnished, red-brown. The leaves are simple, alternate, with 7-11 pointed lobes. Acorns ovoid or almost spherical, up to 3 cm long, with a sharp top, light brown, shiny. As in other types of oak, wines also sit in a cup. Northern oak is moderately demanding in light, but requires an open top. He is a fast growing breed.

Rock Oak

(genus "oak")

A tree 28-35 meters high with a diameter of up to 1 meter. Lives 400-500 years. The crown at a young age is correct, ovoid, with uniformly placed branches and leaves. Trunks in plantations are slender, highly debranched and well pronounced towards the top. The bark is light gray or gray to dark, relatively thick (5-7 cm) and soft, and deeply fissured below. Run naked. Leaves up to 12 cm long and 4-8 cm wide, simple alternate, oblong-obovate, dark green above, shiny, light green below, occasionally covered with hairs. The fruits are acorns, ovoid, 1.5-3.5 cm long, and up to 1.5 cm in diameter. The silvicultural value is similar to that of ordinary oak.

Maple white

(genus "oak")

The tree is 30-37 m high and 90-110 cm thick. It lives 150-200 years. The crown is of medium density, broadly ovoid or tent-shaped, highly raised along the trunk. The trunk is well formed, straight, but at the base, in most cases, saber-shaped curved. The bark is grayish-brown, thin, smooth when young, thick and fissured when old. The leaves are deeply heart-shaped at the base. On the upper side they are dark green, dull and bare, and below they are whitish-green or bluish-green, mostly hairy. It blooms after the leaves open, the flowers are yellow-green, in dense multi-flowered racemes. The fruits are naked lionfish with a spherical seed nest. The wings diverge at an angle of 45-40 degrees and are about 5 cm long. The root system is not deep (up to 1.5 m), without a taproot, compact, branched in the upper soil layer.

Norway maple

(genus "maple")

A tree 25-28 m high and up to 1 meter in diameter. Lives up to 200 (400) years. The crown is dense, wide and low lowered. The leaves are cross-opposite, 6-18 cm long and 8-20 cm wide, heart-shaped and glabrous at the base. Blooms in late April with the leaves blooming. The flowers are collected in corymbose inflorescences, greenish-yellow, melliferous. The root system consists of a shallow tap root and large lateral superficial ones. The breed is shade-loving, frost-resistant, demanding on moisture and soil fertility, cold-resistant, but in harsh winters gives frost cracks.

Aspen

(genus "birch")

Aspen is called trembling poplar. The tree is 25-30 (35) m high and up to 1.3 m in diameter. It lives 90-120 (120) years. The crown is openwork, first ovoid, and then rounded, irregularly shaped, short and with thick branches. The trunk in plantations is straight, cylindrical, highly delimbed. The leaves are simple, alternate, rounded to oval. They are dense, naked, dark green above with yellowish-white veins, bluish below. Aspen flowers in early spring before the leaves open. The fruit is a capsule, ripens in May. Seeds with tufts of hairs. The root system is very branched (up to 20-30 m), pivotal and not deep (up to 1 m). The breed is photophilous, not whimsical to heat and soil, frost-resistant. The breed is fast growing.

Ash

(genus "ash")

The tree is 30-40 m high and up to 120-150 cm in diameter. It lives 300-400 years. The crown in dense plantations is poorly developed, short, narrow and openwork, long, wide. The trunk is straight, highly debranched, with a well-defined apex. The bark in youth is thin, smooth, in old trees it is gray or dark gray to brown, 8 cm thick. The leaves are compound, pinnate, up to 20 cm long, consists of 7-15 almost sessile or oblong-elliptical leaflets. The fruits are oblong yellow-brown achenes, 4-5 cm long, slightly expanded towards the apex, sometimes with a notch at the apex. The seeds at the base of the lionfish are narrowed towards the base. The root system is shallow (up to 2 m), but highly developed and branched, greatly dries up the soil. The breed is demanding on fertility and soil moisture. thermophilic.

Trees are a form of woody plants consisting of a root, trunk and crown. In 2015, there were three trillion trees on our planet. Russia ranks first in their number - 640 billion. But every year, due to climate change and deforestation, their number is decreasing.

Tree classification

Coniferous.

1. Coniferous (evergreen) - these trees belong to the domain - eukaryotes, the kingdom - plants, the department - conifers. They grow in moderate climate zone because they love in moderation warm climate and adequate hydration. The largest number of species is found in the northern hemisphere. Their sizes can range from dwarf to giant.

In the modern world, conifers include woody plants with one trunk and side branches located on it. These are araucaria, pine and cypress trees such as spruce, cypress, juniper, sequoia, yew, kauri, fir, cedar, pine and larch. If a plant has cones in which seeds develop, and the leaves look like long needles, then it can be safely called coniferous.

Araucaria.

Pine.

Cedar

Cypress

It is to coniferous plants that the oldest and tallest trees belong.

The oldest Methuselah tree

This spiny intermountain pine was discovered in 1953 by botanist Edmund Shulman. The approximate age of the tree is 4846 years. It was planted in 2831 BC. To date, this tree is considered alive and it grows in the Inyo National Forest in California (USA) at an altitude of 3000 meters above sea level.

The tallest tree is Hyperion

The height of this tree is 115m. The trunk diameter is 4.84 m. It grows in the US state of California. Approximate age 700 - 800 years. This tree was discovered in 2006 by Chris Atkins and Michael Taylor.

Deciduous.

2. Deciduous (small-leaved and broad-leaved) differ in the shape of the crown, the color of the leaves and the presence of fruits. These include trees such as maple, aspen, linden, ash. Trees are also divided according to the life of the leaves into evergreen and deciduous. Deciduous ones shed their leafy cover closer to winter, and in the spring they again release buds, from which green leaves grow again. Evergreen trees change their leaves gradually at any time of the year.

Types of trees (photos and pictures).

Maple.

Oak.

Chestnut.

Linden.

There are also famous trees among the deciduous trees.

The largest tree is the Hundreds of Horses Chestnut.

One of the oldest chestnut trees in the world is known as Castagno dei cento cavalli. It grows on the east coast of Sicily, eight kilometers from the active crater of Mount Etna. The chestnut entered the Guinness Book of Records as the tree with the largest trunk coverage (in 1780, its circumference was 57.9 m). This tree has one root and several trunks above the ground. If you believe the legend, then Giovanna of Aragon, the Queen of Naples, along with a hundred knights, fell into a thunderstorm. All 100 travelers were then able to hide under this tree. Since then, it has been called Chestnut "hundreds of horses".

Chestnut "hundreds of horses". Collection of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg.

Jean Pierre Huel - French painter and engraver (1735 - 1813)

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