The climate is continental tropical. Temperate continental climate Variety of Earth's climates

Continental climate

a set of climate properties determined by the influence large areas land on the atmosphere and climate-forming processes. The main differences in the climate of the continents and oceans are due to the peculiarities of their accumulation of heat. The surfaces of the continents quickly and strongly heat up during the day and in summer and cool down at night and in winter. Over the oceans, this process is slowed down because water masses in the warm time of the day and year accumulate in deep layers a large number of heat, which is gradually returned to the atmosphere in cold weather. Therefore, air temperature and other climate characteristics change (from day to night and from summer to winter) over the continents more than over the oceans (see Continental climate, Maritime climate). moving air masses leads to the spread of the influence of the oceans on the climate of the adjacent parts of the continents and to the reverse effect of the continents on the climate of the oceans. Thus, the climate may have more or less continentality (or oceanicity), which can be expressed quantitatively; most often, K. k. is considered as a function of the annual amplitude of air temperature.

Lit.: Khromov S.G., On the issue of climate continentality, “Izv. Vses. geographical society”, 1957, v. 89, c. 3; Rubinshtein E. S., On the influence of the distribution of oceans and land on the globe, ibid., 1953, v. 85, c. 4.

S. P. Khromov.

Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Continental climate" is in other dictionaries:

climate continentality- The degree to which the climate is influenced by the continent, the opposite of oceanic ... Geography Dictionary

continentality- and, well. continental, adj. Continental property. BAS 1. Due to the continentality and dryness of the climate in Siberia, special electrical phenomena are noticed here even in houses. VO 1888 4 12. Compared with the climate of the corresponding latitudes of the European ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

To be deleted|May 29, 2008 Forest-vegetation zones (Natural zones of Russia) Wide zoning is observed in the distribution of heat and moisture on the Earth's surface. Therefore, vegetation and soils are also distributed zonally, forming a system sequentially ... Wikipedia

Steppe in the west of the country ... Wikipedia

- (other Greek κλίμα (genus p. κλίματος) slope) long-term weather regime, characteristic of the area due to its geographical location... Wikipedia

Ural Urals (cf. Kaz. Aral and Mong. Aral island) is a geographical region in Russia, stretching between the East European and West Siberian plains. The main part of this region is the Ural mountain system ... Wikipedia

Andes- (Andes) Description mountain system Andes, vegetation and animal world Information about the description of the Andes mountain system, flora and fauna Contents Contents Classification general description mountain system of the Andean Cordillera Geological ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor

The Soviet Union occupies almost 1/6 of the inhabited land area of ​​22,403.2 thousand km2. It is located in Europe (approx. 1/4 of the territory of the country is the European part of the CCCP) and Asia (over 3/4 of the Asian part of the CCCP). Hac. 281.7 million people (as of Jan 1, 1987). Capital Moscow. CCCP... Geological Encyclopedia

Africa. I. General information Regarding the origin of the word "Africa" ​​among scientists there are great disagreements. Two hypotheses deserve attention: one of them explains the origin of the word from the Phoenician root, which, with a certain ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Most of Russia is in the temperate zone climate zone. At the same time, the seasons have clear boundaries, and solar activity varies greatly from month to month. The temperature regimes of winter and summer are strikingly opposite. For meteorological convenience, the most extensive climatic zone of the country is divided into four sections: continental, temperate continental, sharply continental and monsoon.

Climate of the temperate zone of Russia

In our country temperate zone located between the 40th and 65th parallels. When moving from west to east, the average annual precipitation and temperature regimes of temperate latitudes are differentiated.

(Map-scheme of climatic zones of Russia)

The main feature that unites this territory is the pronounced division of the year into four alternating seasons. The entire area of ​​the climatic zone is subject to the action of moderate air masses, the humidity of which is increased, and Atmosphere pressure reduced. Medium winter temperature-7 - -12 o C, in summer the air warms up to an average of +15 - +20 o C.

IN comparative table presents the average data for the last 10 years of observations for temperature regime in different climatic zones of the temperate zone.

Continental

The continental climate of temperate latitudes dominates in Western Siberia. The formation of weather in this zone is controlled by continental air masses. Cold Arctic currents move from north to south, and tropical air masses move into the northernmost parts of the forest belt. Under such action of winds, about 600 mm of precipitation falls in the north, and less than 400 mm in the southern regions.

temperate continental

The most stable type of temperate climate is temperate continental. In our country, it is represented in the European part. hallmarks such climate zone are a considerable distance from the seas and oceans, small clouds, high speed wind. On formation weather conditions strongly influenced by Atlantic air masses high humidity. They are relatively warm in winter and cool in summer.

Heterogeneity natural areas(from the taiga to the steppe) determines the different moisture content of the territories. In the north and north-west of the site, excessive moisture indicators are noted, and the eastern and south-eastern borders are characterized by insufficient moisture.

sharp continental

sharp continental temperate climate found in areas far from the oceans. On the territory of Russia, it is inherent Eastern Siberia. IN summer months the air warms up insufficiently, a large amount of precipitation falls. winter period protracted, with frequent frosts. In severe frosts, a small amount of snow falls, so the soils freeze deeply, and in some northern parts, permafrost zones remain.

Monsoon continental

Monsoon climate is common in the southern regions Far East. A feature of this type of climate is the strong dependence of weather conditions on the circulation of monsoons (seasonal winds). In winter, when the mainland cools and atmospheric pressure rises, dry cool air moves towards the ocean. In summer, on the contrary, due to the warming of the mainland, air masses move from the ocean to land, bringing with them a cold snap and an abundance of precipitation.

Russian climatologist Vladimir Koeppen defined the humid continental climate as a climate region characterized by large differences in seasonal temperatures. As defined by Köppen in 1900, areas with a humid continental climate experience warm, hot summers that are often humid, as well as sometimes very cold winters. In addition, precipitation in such climatic regions tends to be evenly distributed throughout the year. The coolest month has average temperatures around -3ºC, while at least four months have average temperatures of 10ºC or higher. However, an area experiencing a humid continental climate need not be arid or semi-arid. According to the Köppen system, the humid continental climate is divided into subtypes Dfa, Dfb, Dwa and Dwb, which are also called semi-boreal.

Humid continental climate designation

The climate regime, which is determined by average climatological characteristics over a period of 30 years, uses a three-letter code. The first letter code always starts with capital letter D. The following capital letter: f - does not correspond to any of the classifications; s - dry summer; and w - dry winter. last letter: a - means the warmest month, the average values ​​of which are above 22º С; b - does not meet the requirements of "a", but characterizes four months above 10º C.

Areas that experience a humid continental climate

Humid continental climate occurs somewhere between 30º and 60º northern latitude in the northeast and central regions Asia, Europe and North America. Since the Southern Hemisphere has a larger oceanic territory, as well as greater maritime moderation, as a result, a humid continental climate is practically not found in this region. Thus, the humid continental climate, together with the continental subarctic climate, are phenomena that are mainly experienced by regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Humid continental climates in places like Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Scandinavia rely heavily on maritime influence, experiencing freezing winters and relatively cool summers. The American Midwest and Southern Siberia have more extreme humid continental climates, experiencing very cold winters and hotter summer highs compared to maritime regions. In areas such as Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the humid continental climate is characterized by both strong subarctic and subtropical air masses, but is primarily seasonal. For example, Cold winter or hot and humid summers.

Precipitation in a humid continental climate

Precipitation in humid continental climates comes either from frontal cyclones or from convection showers that occur when tropical maritime air moves northward behind the receding polar front. Before such connecting activity, a large number of regions experience a special maximum of precipitation in summer. However, it is not uncommon to find more uniform patterns. Early summer events include severe tornadoes and thunderstorms, especially when the polar front is at the southern edge of the area. On the other hand, winter precipitation mostly occurs in snowy form, with one to four months of continuous snow cover in most regions, especially in the north. Most often, snow begins to fall in combination with strong winds emanating from a heavy frontal cyclone, leading to a snowstorm.

Vegetation in a humid continental climate

By definition, the type of vegetation that thrives in a humid continental climate is forests. which are well adapted to this type climate regime, include coniferous, deciduous, temperate, temperate evergreen forests and temperate grasslands. In the wetter areas of the humid continental climatic regions, vegetation such as fir, spruce, oak and pine is present, and in autumn season Many deciduous trees are shedding their leaves.

A temperate continental climate is formed only in the Northern Hemisphere. this climate is typical both for the east and for the eastern mountain ranges of Yakutia and Magadan region. It is most pronounced and The mountain ranges separate the narrow western coast with a maritime climate from the inland regions with a continental climate. Unlike North America, Europe is open to free entry sea ​​air With . This is facilitated not only by the dominant temperate latitudes the transfer of air masses from the west, but also the relief, the strong indentation of the coasts and deeply protruding into the land and, their and bays. As the Atlantic air moves deeper into the mainland, it turns into continental, and the climate becomes more severe. Temperatures in January: 0°C, -3°C in Warsaw, -1°C in Moscow, -19°C.

IN winter months cooling occurs earth's surface and air, which is the reason for the formation of the Asian (Siberian) anticyclone, when the air is cooled to an average of -30, -40°C. Asian covers the entire Eastern and Western Siberia, and , and at times extends to southeastern Europe, therefore, even in January it is -3 ° С, i.e., as in Warsaw, which is located 1000 km to the north.

Due to the smaller size of North America and the frequent passage of the winter Canadian anticyclone is less stable compared to the Asian one. Winters are less severe here, and the severity of winters does not increase towards the center of the mainland, as in Asia, but even decreases somewhat due to frequent intrusions of tropical air from the bay. Frequent winter cyclones lead to sharp fluctuations in temperature, especially in northern Europe, and. For example, in Moscow in January it can change over several days by more than 10°. Thaws can change severe frosts(up to -30° and below). In winter, precipitation falls in the form of snow and sets in, which protects against deep freezing and creates a supply of moisture in the spring. A stable one is formed to the east of, and its maximum height reaches 90 cm in the eastern regions of Europe and in Western Siberia.

In summer, as in winter, temperate sea air penetrates, but at this time of the year it is colder than the air that was previously on the mainland. In addition, Arctic air often comes from the north in summer. However, a large number solar heat in summer, it quickly warms up the cold ones entering the mainland of Eurasia, which turn into warm continental ones. Summers are usually warm, average monthly temperature in July in Berlin +18.3°; in Warsaw +19°; in Moscow + 18.1°; in Novosibirsk +18.7°; over all Eurasia - from + 16 to + 22 ° С. Annual changes from 300 to 800 mm, on windward slopes - more than 2000 mm. Most of them fall in the summer. In Eurasia, rainfall decreases from west to east, North America- vice versa. In the southeast of Europe and in the southern regions of the Asian belt, where precipitation is less than 400 mm, possible evaporation exceeds precipitation and natural moisture is insufficient. Droughts often occur here.