Who financed Komsomol organizations in Soviet times. Pioneer organization encyclopedia of our childhood. On the structure of the pioneer organization

There are no other examples in history of such a powerful youth movement as the Lenin Komsomol was. In peacetime and during wars, shoulder to shoulder with the communists, Komsomol members were the first to go into battle, into the virgin lands, to construction sites, into space and led the youth. At each historical milestone, the Komsomol brought forth thousands and thousands of young heroes from its ranks, who glorified it with their exploits. Their example of selfless service to the Motherland, the people will always be in the memory of present and future generations.

And it all began in the distant revolutionary year of 1917 with the creation of socialist unions of working, peasant and student youth. But they were all divided. Therefore, already in 1918, on October 29, the First All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth began its work, which brought together 195 delegates from all over Russia and united disparate youth organizations into a single monolithic Russian Communist Youth Union. Day October 29 and became the birthday of the Komsomol.

After the congress in all regions or, as they were then called, provinces, general meetings of the unions of workers' and peasants' youth were held.

The chronicle of the heroic deeds of the Komsomol is endless. Six orders burn brightly on his banner. This is a nationwide recognition of the merits of the Komsomol to the Motherland. Everyone knew the Komsomol heroes: Lyubov Shevtsova, Oleg Koshevoy, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Alexander Matrosov, Liza Chaikina... Eternal glory and memory to them!

The Komsomol is an organization that shapes a person, his personal qualities. Here the life views of young people were affirmed, here the first experience of social work was acquired. The Komsomol is the foundation that formed the Soviet man. Of course, there was everything in the Komsomol. It was good, it was not so good. There were bureaucratic moments that irritated young people, but these moments were criticized. However, fundamentally, it was a wonderful public organization. The Komsomol formed the worldview in certain coordinates - the Soviet worldview. The Komsomol is youth. Komsomol is the most wonderful memories! The Komsomol is energy, purposefulness, the desire to turn this world around and make it better!

Komsomol is my destiny

Performed by: VIA "Gems" 1918-1928
RKSM was an active participant civil war; he spent three all-Russian mobilization to the front. According to incomplete data, the Komsomol sent more than 75,000 members to the Red Army in 1918-20. In total, up to 200 thousand Komsomol members participated in the struggle of the Soviet people against the interventionists, White Guards and bandits. They fought heroically against the enemies: 19-year-old commander of the 30th division Albert Lapin, future writers Nikolai Ostrovsky and Arkady Gaidar, armored train commander Lyudmila Makiyevskaya, commissars Alexander Kondratiev and Anatoly Popov, leader of the Far Eastern Komsomol Vitaly Banevur and many others. The Komsomol fought selflessly behind enemy lines. In Odessa, the Komsomol underground numbered over 300 people, in Riga - about 200 people, underground Komsomol groups operated in Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar), Simferopol, Rostov-on-Don, Nikolaev, Tbilisi, etc. Many Komsomol members died a heroic death in battles to defend the conquests October revolution. In severe trials, the Komsomol got stronger and grew. Despite the huge sacrifices that he made on the fronts, his number increased 20 times: in October 1918 - 22,100, in October 1920 - 482,000. In commemoration of military merits on the fronts of the Civil War in the period 1919-20 against the troops of the White Guard generals of Kolchak , Denikin, Yudenich, the White Poles and Wrangel, the Komsomol in 1928 was awarded the Order of the Red Banner by a decree of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

Komsomol members of the 20th year

Music: O. Feltsman Lyrics: V. Voinovich
Performed by: V. Troshin 1929-1941
After the Civil War, the Komsomol faced the task of preparing a working peasant youth to peaceful, constructive activity. In October 1920, the 3rd Congress of the RKSM was held. Lenin's speech at the congress on October 2, 1920, "The Tasks of Youth Unions," was the guide for the activities of the Komsomol. Lenin saw the main goal of the Komsomol in "... helping the party to build communism and helping the entire young generation to create a communist society." Komsomol directed all efforts to restore the destroyed during the war years National economy. Boys and girls participated in the restoration of factories in Petrograd, Moscow, the Urals, mines and factories in the Donbass, and the country's railways. In September 1920, the first All-Russian Youth Subbotnik was held. Komsomol members assisted the Soviet government in the fight against speculation, sabotage, and banditry. In 1929, the Komsomol carried out the first mobilization of youth for the new buildings of the 1st Five-Year Plan. More than 200,000 Komsomol members came to the construction sites with vouchers from their organizations. With the active participation of the Komsomol, the Dneproges, the Moscow and Gorky Automobile Plants, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works were built, Railway Turksib and others. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on January 21, 1931, “for the initiative shown in the cause of shock work and socialist competition, ensuring the successful implementation of the five-year plan for the development of the national economy ...” Komsomol was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Far Eastern song

Music: B. Shikhov Lyrics: A. Pomorsky 1929
Performed by: VR&T Big Choir. Execution 1970 1941-1945
A severe test for the entire Soviet people, their young generation was the Great Patriotic War 1941-45. The Komsomol, all Soviet youth, at the call of the Communist Party, came out to fight the Nazi invaders. Already in the first year of the war, about 2 million Komsomol members joined the ranks of the Red Army. Unprecedented courage, bravery, heroism were shown by Komsomol members, young men and women, defending Brest, Liepaja, Odessa, Sevastopol, Smolensk, Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Stalingrad, other cities and regions of the country from the enemy. Only the Komsomol organization of Moscow and the region in the first 5 months of the war sent over 300 thousand people to the front; 90% of the members of the Leningrad organization of the Komsomol fought against the Nazi invaders on the outskirts of the city of Lenin. Fearlessly, young partisans and underground fighters of Belarus, the occupied regions of the RSFSR, Ukraine, and the Baltic states acted behind enemy lines. Partisan detachments consisted of 30-45% Komsomol members. Unparalleled heroism was shown by members of the underground Komsomol organizations - the Young Guard (Krasnodon), the Partisan Spark (Nikolaev region), the Lyudinovo underground Komsomol group, and others. In 1941-45, about 12 million boys and girls joined the Komsomol. Out of 7 thousand Heroes Soviet Union under the age of 30, 3.5 thousand were Komsomol members (of which 60 were twice Heroes of the Soviet Union), 3.5 million Komsomol members were awarded orders and medals. The names of members of the Komsomol who fell in the fight against the fascist invaders: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Alexander Chekalin, Liza Chaikina, Alexander Matrosov, Viktor Talalikhin and many others - have become a symbol of courage, courage, heroism. For outstanding services to the Motherland in the years Great Fatherland war and for the great work of educating Soviet youth in the spirit of selfless devotion to the socialist Fatherland of the Komsomol, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on June 14, 1945, he was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Komsomolskaya
("Goodbye, mother, do not grieve, do not be sad,
wish us a good journey")

Music: V. Solovyov-Sedoy Lyrics: A. Galich 1947
Performed by: KRAPPSA, solo. O. Razumovsky Execution 1950 1945-1948
The Komsomol has invested a great deal of work in restoring the national economy destroyed by the Nazi invaders, in the construction of Minsk, Smolensk, Stalingrad, in the restoration of Leningrad, Kharkov, Kursk, Voronezh, Sevastopol, Odessa, Rostov-on-Don and many other cities, in the revival of industry and cities of Donbass, Dneproges, collective farms, state farms and MTS. In 1948 alone, the youth built and put into operation 6,200 rural power stations. The Komsomol showed great concern for the placement of children and adolescents left without parents, for the expansion of the network of orphanages and vocational schools, and the construction of schools. In 1948, the Komsomol celebrated its thirtieth anniversary. On October 28, 1948, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded the Komsomol with the second Order of Lenin.

Komsomol members
(Unforgettable song of the beautiful Stalin era.)

Music: A. Ostrovsky Lyrics: L. Oshanin
Performed by: I. D. Shmelev, Choir and Orc. p / at V.N. Knushevitsky Execution 1948.
1948-1956
The Komsomol took an active part in the implementation of the measures developed by the party to raise Agriculture. Thousands of young specialists, workers and employees, graduates of secondary schools were sent to state farms, collective farms, MTS. In 1954-55, more than 350,000 young people left on Komsomol vouchers to develop the virgin lands of Kazakhstan, Altai, and Siberia. Their work was a real feat. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for Active participation in communist construction and especially for the development of virgin lands of the Komsomol on November 5, 1956, he was awarded the third Order of Lenin.

Friends on the road!

Music: Anatoly Lepin Lyrics: Alexei Fatyanov 1959
Performed by: actor Leonid Kharitonov and others. Performed in 1959. 1956-1991
The scale of activity of the Komsomol in solving national economic problems has significantly expanded, in particular in the development of the wealth of Siberia, Far East and the Far North, in the redistribution of the country's labor resources. More than 70,000 All-Union detachments have been formed, and more than 500,000 young people have been sent to new buildings. With the most active participation of young people, about 1,500 important facilities were built and put into operation, including the largest in the world - the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Plant, the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant, the Baikal-Amur Mainline named after Lenin Komsomol, the Druzhba oil pipeline, etc. The Komsomol sponsored 100 shock construction projects, including the development of the unique oil and gas resources of the Tyumen and Tomsk region. Student construction teams have become a tradition of university Komsomol members. Millions of students took part in labor semesters. At the initiative of the Komsomol, the construction of youth residential complexes became widespread. Youth residential complexes have been built in 156 cities and regions of the country. The Komsomol is the initiator of all-Union campaigns to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory, in which millions of young men and women take part. The children's and youth competitions "Golden Puck", "Leather Ball", "Olympic Spring", "Neptune" and the all-Union military sports game "Zarnitsa" held by the Central Committee of the Komsomol have become truly massive. Komsomol and Soviet youth organizations cooperated with international, regional, national and local youth associations in 129 countries of the world. On July 5, 1956, the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR was established; on May 10, 1958, the Sputnik International Youth Tourism Bureau was established. In four years, more than 22 million young people traveled around the country through Sputnik, and 1.7 million people went abroad. In 1968, for outstanding services and a great contribution of Komsomol members to the formation and strengthening of Soviet power, courage and heroism shown in battles with the enemies of the socialist Fatherland, active participation in the construction of socialism, for fruitful work on political education rising generations in connection with the 50th anniversary of the Komsomol was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.

Komsomol tradition

Music: O. Feltsman Lyrics: I. Shaferan
Performed by: Vladislav Lynkovsky Performed in 1968

The All-Union Pioneer Organization was formed on May 19, 1922. It was then, at the All-Russian Conference of the Komsomol, that a decision was made to create a mass children's organization in the USSR, led by the Central Committee of the Komsomol. In the future, May 19 was considered Pioneer Day. An organized and solemn celebration of this event was held annually. Initially, the pioneer organization bore the name "Spartak", and then, after the death of the country's leader, the official name was changed to the Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization. Many years have passed since then. stopped accepting pioneers, few people remember.

Initially, scouting served as an example for the pioneer movement. In 1917, there were children's scout associations in the country, covering up to 50 thousand people. Scouts carried out a lot of public work to help street children. Soon this movement was divided into several directions, the basic principles of which differed significantly. The scout detachments were led by well-known figures, such as the publisher and traveler, the editor of the magazine "Around the World" V.A. Popov, the famous self-taught sculptor and teacher I.N. Zhukov and others. Vera Bonch-Bruevich, an active party member and writer, came up with the idea of ​​creating Yuk Scouts (young communists - scouts). But in 1919, at the Congress of the RKSM, all scout detachments were disbanded.

N.K. Krupskaya at the end of 1921 several times read the report "On Boy Scouting", where she called on the Komsomol to create a children's association "scout in form and communist in content." Later, the idea was put forward to create a children's communist movement. I.N. Zhukov put forward a proposal to call the future organization pioneer. The symbolism was chosen as follows - a red tie, a white blouse, the motto "Be ready!" and the answer is “Always ready!”. This was similar to the traditions of the Scouting movement, but was partially changed. Also, the goal of the children's pioneer movement was the struggle for the freedom of oppressed peoples around the world. In the future, the pioneers were supposed to help adults in the fight against anti-Soviet elements, in accordance with the civic duty of every progressive person, the builder of a communist society.

By the beginning of the forties, the structure of the All-Union pioneer organization was fully formed in accordance with the school principle that had already justified itself. Each class was a detachment, and the school was a pioneer squad. Military-patriotic work was carried out in children's groups, circles of signalmen, orderlies, and young shooters were formed.

Before the start of the Great Patriotic War, the "Timur movement" spread, named after the hero of the children's book by A. Gaidar "Timur and his team." Timurovites actively collected scrap metal, dried medicinal herbs, provided all possible assistance to the elderly and sick people, and looked after the kids. It is difficult to overestimate everything that the pioneers did at that time, not only for individual citizens, but for the whole country.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, many children and teenagers grew up instantly. Grief and unbearable trials lay like a heavy burden on their shoulders. The pioneers were in partisan detachments, whose sudden raids on the positions of the Nazis inflicted significant losses on them. Some of them were awarded the title of "Hero of the Soviet Union", the highest award of the state, namely:

Pioneers served in the Red Army, they were given the unofficial title of "Son of the Regiment". They were scouts, signalers, underground workers. Most of them replaced their fathers and older brothers who had gone to the front, worked at machine tools and in the fields, cared for the wounded in hospitals, and performed in front of them with concerts. Not all of them managed to survive until the Great Victory Day; children, along with adults, experienced all the hardships and horrors of wartime.

In the fifties, certain processes took place in the pioneer organization that led to a change active position and the loss of autonomy in decision-making, her work became increasingly formal. In the 1960s, Leningrad teachers headed by I.P. Ivanov on the basis of the new all-Union camp "Eaglet", which was opened on Black Sea coast tried to develop in children creativity along with old ideals. But the communard movement, which these activists tried to give rise to, could not go beyond the boundaries of a small area and remained in service with individual detachments and pioneer squads.

Until what year were the pioneers in the USSR?

With the beginning of perestroika, public and political life in the country sharply intensified. In the second half of the eighties of the last century, the leaders of the children's organization tried to change its goals and methods of working with schoolchildren. In connection with the fact that propaganda was carried out about the need to exclude pioneers from ideological work, children's organizations of various directions appeared.

At the tenth rally of pioneers, which was held in Artek, on October 1, 1990, the delegates decided to transform the All-Union Pioneer Organization into the Union of Pioneer Organizations - Federation of Children's Organizations, the abbreviated name SPO - FDO. But the Central Committee of the Komsomol did not approve this decision.

On September 27-28, 1991, at the XXII Extraordinary Congress of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, the termination of the organization's activities and its dissolution was announced. Together with the Komsomol, the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin was automatically disbanded. The building of the Central Council in Moscow was partially transferred to the use of SPO - FDO. The palaces of the pioneers came under the jurisdiction of the municipalities and began to be called "Houses of children's creativity", and the pioneer camps became tourist centers and boarding houses.

Based on these historical data, it is safe to say until what year the pioneers were. It was in September that the pioneer organization ceased its work. Now it is already possible to answer exactly in what year they stopped accepting pioneers. And a little later, on December 26, 1991, the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR announced the adoption of a declaration, which spoke of the cessation of the existence of the USSR.

After the victory of the October Revolution, red children's organizations, groups and associations arose in various cities. On May 19, 1922, the 2nd All-Russian Conference of the Komsomol decided to create pioneer detachments everywhere.

In the first years of Soviet power, pioneers helped homeless children and fought illiteracy, collected books and set up libraries, engaged in technical circles, cared for animals, went on geological trips, on expeditions to study nature, and collected medicinal plants. Pioneers worked on collective farms, in the fields, guarded crops and collective farm property, wrote letters to newspapers or to the relevant authorities about violations that they noticed around.

AiF.ru recalls how in Soviet times they accepted Octoberites, pioneers and who could become a Komsomol member.

From what class did they take in October?

Schoolchildren of grades 1-3 became Octobers, united on a voluntary basis in groups with the school's pioneer squad. The groups were led by leaders from among the pioneers or Komsomol members of the school. In these groups, children were preparing to join the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V. I. Lenin.

When joining the ranks of the Octobrists, children were given a badge - a five-pointed star with a child's portrait of Lenin. The symbol was a red October flag.

In honor of the victory of the October Revolution, since 1923, schoolchildren were called "Octobers". The Octobrists were united into stars (an analogue of the pioneer link) - October 5 and another "sickle" and "hammer" - the leader of the stars and his assistant. In an asterisk, an October child could take one of the positions - a commander, a florist, a nurse, a librarian or an athlete.

In the last decades of Soviet power, the Oktyabrata accepted all students in a row elementary school usually already in the first grade.

Who was accepted as a pioneer?

Schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 were accepted into the pioneer organization. Formally, admission was carried out on a voluntary basis. The selection of candidates was carried out by open voting at a meeting of a pioneer detachment (usually corresponding to the class) or at the highest - at the school level - pioneer body: at the Council of the Squad.

A student joining a pioneer organization made a solemn promise of a pioneer of the Soviet Union on the pioneer line (the text of the promise in the 1980s could be seen on the back cover school notebooks). A communist, Komsomol member, or senior pioneer presented the newcomer with a red pioneer tie and a pioneer badge. Pioneer tie was a symbol of belonging to the pioneer organization, a particle of its banner. The three ends of the tie symbolized the unbreakable bond of three generations: communists, Komsomol members and pioneers; the pioneer was obliged to take care of his tie and take care of it.

The greeting of the pioneers was a salute - a hand raised just above the head showed that the pioneer was putting public interest above personal. "Be ready!" - the leader called on the pioneers and heard in response: “Always ready!”

As a rule, pioneers were accepted in a solemn atmosphere during communist holidays in memorable historical and revolutionary places, for example, on April 22 near the monument to V.I. Lenin.

The following punishments were applied to members of the organization who violated the laws of the pioneers of the Soviet Union: discussion at the assembly of the link, detachment, council of the squad; comment; exception warning; as a last resort - exclusion from the pioneer organization. They could be expelled from the pioneers for unsatisfactory behavior and hooliganism.

Collecting scrap metal and waste paper and other types of socially useful work, helping elementary school students, participating in military sports "Zarnitsy", classes in circles and, of course, excellent studies - that's what pioneer everyday life was filled with.

How did you become members of the Komsomol?

They became Komsomol members from the age of 14. Reception was carried out individually. To apply, you needed a recommendation from a communist or two Komsomol members with at least 10 months of experience. After that, the application could be accepted for consideration in the school Komsomol organization, or they could not be accepted if they did not consider the submitter a worthy figure.

Those whose application was accepted were scheduled an interview with the Komsomol committee (council of Komsomol organizers) and a representative of the district committee. To pass the interview, it was necessary to learn the charter of the Komsomol, the names of the key leaders of the Komsomol and the party, important dates and most importantly, to answer the question: “Why do you want to become a Komsomol member?”.

Any of the members of the committee could ask a tricky question at the trial stage. If the candidate successfully passed the interview, he was handed a Komsomol card, which documented the payment of contributions. Pupils and students paid 2 kopecks. per month, working - one percent of the salary.

They could be expelled from the Komsomol for sloppiness, attending church, for non-payment of membership dues, for family troubles. Exclusion from the organization threatened the lack of a good prospect and a career in the future. The former Komsomol member did not have the right to join the party, go abroad, in some cases he was threatened with dismissal from his job.

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04.02.2015 01:49

One hundred years separate us from the day when the First All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth took place. It happened on 29 Oct. 1918. Thus was born the Russian Communist Youth Union, which in March 1926 was renamed the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (VLKSM).

×The creation of the Komsomol is one of the brilliant projects of the Soviet government. By uniting the advanced youth in the ranks of the Komsomol, the Bolshevik Party received an active assistant in educating the youth in the communist spirit and involving them in the practical construction of a new society. The Komsomol became a reliable reserve of the party. During the existence of the Komsomol, almost 130 million young people went through its school, more than 12 million Komsomol members joined the Communist Party.
The history of the Komsomol is inextricably linked with the history of the revolutionary struggle of the working class for its liberation and the building of communism. The merit of the Bolshevik Party, which has always paid exceptional attention to the education, organization and protection of the interests of the young generation of working people, is the merit of awakening class self-consciousness among young workers, as well as peasants, in developing revolutionary sentiments among students.
V. I. Lenin constantly drew the Party's attention to the tasks of the revolutionary education of the youth. In the draft resolution of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP "On the attitude towards the student youth", written by Lenin, it was noted that the spontaneously developing youth movement needs help from the revolutionaries, especially in the matter of educating "an integral and consistent socialist worldview." He feared that the ideologically weak youth might be carried away by pseudo-revolutionaryism or become infected with opportunism; Lenin warned against "false friends". During the Revolution of 1905-07 in Russia, he raised the question of the progressive youth as a reserve of the party. The Bolsheviks resolutely exposed the attempts of the bourgeois. and petty-bourgeois parties to distract the youth from the revolutionary struggle. Lenin resolutely opposed the underestimation of the role of youth, called for bolder and wider involvement in revolutionary struggle, to involve in the ranks of the party. In December 1916, Lenin's article "Youth International" was published, which stated that it was necessary to skillfully lead the "boiling", seething, seeking youth, not to forget that the youth "... of necessity is forced to approach socialism in a different way, in the wrong way, not in the same form, not in the same environment as her fathers. Insisting on the organizational independence of the youth union, Lenin emphasized that without this "... the youth will not be able to develop good socialists out of themselves, nor prepare to lead socialism forward." Speaking against petty guardianship and administration, Lenin noted the need for comradely criticism of the mistakes of the youth. "We must not flatter the youth."
The Bolsheviks carried out tireless work with the youth in factories and factories, in the villages, in legal societies, Sunday schools, in soldiers' barracks, in illegal circles, fighting squads, in preparing a strike or demonstration - wherever there was the slightest opportunity for this, they involved them in direct struggle against oppression and exploitation, passed on to her the experience of old fighters. In the revolutionary battles, the young generation of the working class and the working peasantry was formed and strengthened. As a result of the activities of the Bolsheviks, a broad proletarian youth movement was prepared. After the victory of the February Revolution, circles, committees of working youth, and then unions began to spring up in the factories and factories of Petrograd, Moscow, and other industrial centers. Young proletarians, uniting to continue the struggle for their political and economic. rights, rallied under the slogans of the Bolsheviks.
An important role in the development of the youth movement was played by the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b) (July - August 1917). In the resolution "On Youth Unions," the Congress called for the creation of an independent organization inextricably linked with the Party.
The Great October Socialist Revolution made a radical change in the destinies of the young generation of Russia. For the first time in history, Soviet power provided ample opportunities for young proletarians in all spheres of socio-political and socio-economic life. Decrees of the Soviet government established a 6-hour working day for adolescents, prohibited the work of children under 14 years of age, established labor protection, and introduced industrial training for young people at the expense of the state. The doors of secondary and higher schools were opened to the children of workers and working peasants.
The 1st All-Russian Congress of Unions of Workers' and Peasants' Youth united the disparate unions into an all-Russian organization with a single center, working under the leadership of the RCP(b). For the first time, a new type of youth organization was created - communist in goals and tasks, class in nature, amateur in the principles of its activity, designed to ensure the role of a "transmission belt" in the system of the dictatorship of the proletariat, linking the party with the widest sections of working youth, to be a conductor of party influence on masses, to play the role of a reserve of the Communist Party.
In connection with the formation of the Komsomol, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) sent a circular letter to all party organizations in November 1918, which stated that the RKSM was a school that trained new conscious cadres of communists. To strengthen the Komsomol, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) recommended to party members Komsomol age join the RKSM and take an active part in the work of its organizations. The 8th Congress of the RCP(b) (1919) adopted a special resolution "On work among the youth." The congress recognized the RKSM as an organization that performs tremendous work in uniting and communist education of the youth, involving the youth in the construction of communism and organizing it for the defense Soviet Republic. The congress stressed the need for ideological and material support of the Komsomol from the party.
It must be said that in all subsequent decisions of the party congresses, the care and support of the Komsomol was always provided.
The RKSM was an active participant in the Civil War; he spent three all-Russian mobilization to the front. The Komsomol organizations of the front line were fully mobilized into the Red Army. In 1918-20, the Komsomol sent more than 75,000 of its members to the Red Army. In total, up to 200,000 Komsomol members took part in the struggle against the interventionists, White Guards and bandits. They fought heroically against the enemies: 19-year-old commander of the 30th division Albert Lapin, future writers Nikolai Ostrovsky and Arkady Gaidar, commander of the armored train Lyudmila Makiyevskaya, commissars Alexander Kondratiev and Anatoly Popov, leader of the Far Eastern Komsomol Vitaly Banevur, one of the organizers of the Uzbek Komsomol Abdulla Nabiev and pl. etc. The Komsomol fought selflessly behind enemy lines. In commemoration of military merits on the fronts of the Civil War in the period 1919-20 against the troops of the White Guard generals Kolchak, Denikin, Yudenich, the White Poles and Wrangel, the Komsomol was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Battle in 1928 by a decree of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
In October 1920, the 3rd Congress of the RKSM was held. The most important theoretical and programmatic document, a guide for the activities of the party and the Komsomol, was Lenin's speech at the congress on October 2. 1920 "The tasks of youth unions". Lenin saw the main goal of the Komsomol in "... helping the party to build communism and helping the entire young generation to create a communist society." struggle of all working people against the exploiters.
From that moment on, the RKSM began to concentrate its activities on the tasks of socialist construction and the communist education of the youth. The Komsomol directed all its efforts to the restoration of the national economy destroyed during the war. Boys and girls participated in the restoration of factories in Petrograd, Moscow, the Urals, mines and factories in the Donbass, the country's railway. Komsomol members assisted the Soviet government in the fight against speculation, sabotage, and banditry. Parts of special purpose were formed from communists and Komsomol members.
The energy and enthusiasm of the Komsomol members were also manifested in the implementation of the cultural revolution. They fought for the eradication of illiteracy, for the eradication of religious superstitions, remnants of the past in everyday life, with philistinism, private property psychology, and a rapacious attitude to work. Komsomol members organized reading huts, clubs, distributed books, newspapers, magazines, posters, leaflets. In 1920, on the initiative of the Komsomol, factory apprenticeship schools were created to train skilled workers and workers' faculties (workers' faculties) to prepare working youth for entering universities.
The Komsomol actively promoted Leninism among the youth. A wide network of Komsomol political education was created. Over 20 thousand circles operated in the country. More than 100 thousand Komsomol members were engaged in the system of party education. The Komsomol press played an important role in education: the magazines Young Communist, Young Guard, Smena, Journal of Peasant Youth, the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda, as well as local newspapers.
The Komsomol acted as the instigator of socialist emulation, and in 1927 launched a mass campaign to rationalize production and increase labor productivity. In 1929, the Central Committee of the Komsomol carried out the Leninist recruitment of youth into shock brigades, called on the youth to start the All-Union Socialist Competition, and carried out the first mobilization of youth for new buildings of the 1st Five-Year Plan. More than 200,000 Komsomol members came to the construction sites with vouchers from their organizations. With the active participation of the Komsomol, the Dneproges, the Moscow and Gorky Automobile Plants, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the Turksib railway, etc. were built.
The role of Komsomol members in the collectivization of agriculture was significant. There were over 1 million young peasants in the ranks of the village Komsomol. The Komsomol put forward a number of effective forms of mobilization of peasant youth: it held an All-Union campaign for the harvest, a “month of the plow”, created “detachments of red plowmen”, “agricultural intelligence”, etc. Among the twenty-five thousandth workers who left for the village, more than 2 thousand people were members Komsomol. Komsomol members brought the experience of socialist emulation and shock work to the countryside, young workers helped in the repair of agricultural. inventory, launched a movement for the creation of Komsomol tractor columns, took an active part in the construction of machine and tractor stations (MTS). "Komsomolets - on the tractor!" - this slogan was one of the most popular in the village. On the recommendations of Komsomol cells, thousands of young collective farmers were sent to courses for tractor drivers and machine operators.
Decree of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on January 21. 1931 "for the initiative shown in the cause of shock work and socialist competition, ensuring the successful implementation of the five-year plan for the development of the national economy ..." Komsomol was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
In subsequent years, the Komsomol, without weakening its participation in economic and state construction, paid considerable attention to the ideological education of young people, the organization of their education, the physical development of young men and women, and their preparation for the defense of socialist gains. The Komsomol devotes a lot of energy to the development of the defense industry and the branches associated with it, in particular, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and oil production. Envoys of the Komsomol participated in the creation of the “Second Baku”, the construction of the Amurstal plant, the Komsomol patronizes the construction of new cruisers, submarines, destroyers, aircraft, tanks, etc., strengthens patronage ties with the Naval and Air force. The Komsomol Central Committee conducts a mass military-technical examination of Komsomol members. About 1 million members of the Komsomol became "Voroshilov Strelka", more than 5 million passed the norms of air defense, military topography and other military specialties. In 1936 alone, about 4 million people passed the norms for the “Ready for Labor and Defense” badge. On behalf of the party, the Komsomol was engaged in recruiting military schools. As of July 1, 1940, among the officers of the Red Army there were 56.4% communists and 22.1% Komsomol members.
The VLKSM did a lot of work in the Communist Youth International, striving to create a united front to fight fascism, against the threat of world war.
The Great Patriotic War was a severe test for the entire Soviet people and its younger generation. The Komsomol, all Soviet youth, at the call of the Communist Party, came out to fight the Nazi invaders. Already in the first year of the war, about 2 million Komsomol members joined the ranks of the Red Army. Unprecedented courage, bravery, heroism were shown by Komsomol members, young men and women, defending Brest, Liepaja, Odessa, Sevastopol, Smolensk, Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Stalingrad, other cities and regions of the country from the enemy. Only the Komsomol organization of Moscow and the region in the first 5 months of the war sent over 300 thousand people to the front; 90% of the members of the Leningrad organization of the Komsomol fought against the invaders on the outskirts of the city of Lenin. Fearlessly, young partisans and underground fighters of Belarus, the occupied regions of the RSFSR, Ukraine, and the Baltic states acted behind enemy lines. Partisan detachments consisted of 30-45% Komsomol members. Unparalleled heroism was shown by members of the underground Komsomol organizations - the Young Guard (Krasnodon), the Partisan Spark (Nikolaev region), the Lyudinovo underground Komsomol group (Kaluga region), the Komsomol underground members of the village. Obol (Vitebsk region), Khotyn (Bukovina), Kaunas (Lithuanian SSR), etc.
Komsomol members worked selflessly in the rear, providing the front with everything necessary. A significant part of front-line orders fell on the shoulders of the youth, who came to the enterprises in exchange for those drafted into the army. The Komsomol members put forward the slogan: "Work for yourself and for a comrade who has gone to the front!" In youth collectives, a movement has unfolded for overfulfillment of production, tasks by 2-3 or more times, thousands of workers, multi-machine workers. By the end of the war, there were over 154,000 front-line Komsomol youth brigades in industry. Due to work on Sundays, during overtime hours, young people contributed tens of millions of rubles to the country's defense fund. Boys and girls, teenagers, along with women, became the main force in agriculture. 70% of trained rural machine operators at that time were young people.
Of the 7 thousand Heroes of the Owls. Union under the age of 30, 3.5 thousand are Komsomol members (of which 60 are twice Heroes of the Soviet Union), 3.5 million Komsomol members were awarded orders and medals. The names of members of the Komsomol who fell in the fight against the fascist invaders: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Alexander Chekalin, Liza Chaikina, Alexander Matrosov, Yuri Smirnov, Viktor Talalikhin, Grigory Kagamlyk, Gafur Mamedov, Alexander Passar, Marita Melnikayte, Imant Sudmalis, Noah Adamiy, Theodosius Smolyachkov and pl. others - have become a symbol of courage, courage, heroism.
For outstanding services to the Motherland during the years of the Great Fatherland, the war, and for the great work in educating Soviet youth in the spirit of selfless devotion to the socialist Fatherland of the Komsomol by Decree of the Presidium of the Upper. Council of the USSR June 14, 1945 was awarded the Order of Lenin. The Young Communist League put a lot of work into the restoration of the national economy destroyed by the Nazi invaders, into the construction of Minsk, Smolensk, Stalingrad, into the restoration of Leningrad, Kharkov, Kursk, Voronezh, Sevastopol, Odessa, Rostov-on-Don and many others. other cities, in the revival of industry and the cities of Donbass, Dneproges, collective farms, state farms and MTS. In 1948 alone, the youth built and put into operation 6,200 rural power stations. The Komsomol showed great concern for the placement of children and adolescents left without parents, for the expansion of the network of orphanages and vocational schools, and the construction of schools.
In the 40-50s. Komsomol helped build large hydraulic structures (Volga-Don Canal), powerful hydroelectric stations (Volzhskaya named after Lenin, Kuibyshevskaya, Kakhovskaya, etc.).
In 1948, the Komsomol celebrated its thirtieth anniversary. Oct 28 1948 Presidium Top. The Soviet of the USSR awarded the Komsomol with the second Order of Lenin.
The Komsomol took an active part in the implementation of the measures worked out by the Party for the advancement of agriculture. Thousands of young specialists, workers and employees, graduates of secondary schools were sent to state farms, collective farms, MTS. In 1954-55, on the Komsomol vouchers for the development of the virgin lands of Kazakhstan, Altai, and Siberia, St. 350 thousand young people. Their work was a real feat. Decree of the Presidium of the Top. Council of the USSR for active participation in communist construction and especially for the development of virgin lands of the Komsomol November 5, 1956 was awarded the third Order of Lenin.
In subsequent years, the scope of activities of the Komsomol in solving national economic problems, in particular in the development of the wealth of Siberia, the Far East and the Far North, in the redistribution of the country's labor resources, significantly expanded. More than 70,000 All-Union detachments have been formed, and more than 500,000 young people have been sent to new buildings. With the most active participation of young people, about 1,500 important facilities were built and put into operation, including the largest in the world - the Bratsk hydroelectric power station, the Beloyarsk nuclear power plant, the Baikal-Amur Mainline named after Lenin Komsomol, the Druzhba oil pipeline, etc. The Komsomol sponsored 100 shock construction projects , including over the development of the unique oil and gas resources of the Tyumen and Tomsk regions. Student construction teams have become a tradition of university Komsomol members. Millions of students took part in labor semesters. At the initiative of the Komsomol, the construction of youth residential complexes became widespread. Youth residential complexes have been built in 156 cities and regions of the country. The Komsomol is the initiator of all-Union campaigns to places of revolutionary, military and labor glory, in which millions of young men and women take part. The children's and youth competitions "Golden Puck", "Leather Ball", "Olympic Spring", "Neptune" and the all-Union military sports game "Zarnitsa" held by the Central Committee of the Komsomol have become truly massive. Komsomol and Soviet youth organizations cooperated with international, regional, national and local youth associations in 129 countries of the world. On July 5, 1956, the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR was established; on May 10, 1958, the Sputnik International Youth Tourism Bureau was established.
The highest Komsomol award, which had prestige in society, was the Lenin Komsomol Prize. It was received by a few - "stars of the first magnitude." For 25 years (from 1966 to 1991) 5527 people became laureates.
Komsomol paid great attention to the political education of young people. The Higher Komsomol School under the Central Committee of the All-Union Leninist Young Communist League, established in 1969, was the central link in this system. Over the years of its existence, over 20 thousand people, plus almost 10 thousand foreigners from 110 countries of the world, received higher and second higher education in it. More than 1,000 people have completed postgraduate studies and defended their Ph.D. dissertations.
In 1968, for outstanding services and a great contribution of Komsomol members to the formation and strengthening of Soviet power, courage and heroism shown in battles with the enemies of the socialist Fatherland, active participation in the construction of socialism, for fruitful work in the political education of the younger generations in connection with the 50th anniversary of the Komsomol was was awarded the Order of the October Revolution.
It was a well-deserved award. No other socio-political organization has received such high recognition of its merits. And it was completely justified. For many years, the Komsomol was indeed a real life school for Soviet youth. The functional elasticity of the Komsomol allowed it to find its application in the most various fields vital activity Soviet society and made him an indispensable assistant to the party in all matters.
But the situation gradually began to change, it changed especially sharply in the second half of the 1980s. This period is much more difficult than all the previous difficult periods in which the Russian history. evolutionary processes in the Komsomol proceeded without due political will in the matter of their implementation, did not find the proper response and support from the members of the Komsomol. The Komsomol organization degraded following the degeneration of the party. She was struck by the same illnesses: formalism, hushing up shortcomings, the gap between word and deed, the weak influence of the Komsomol on solving youth problems, excessive centralization of leadership, a deep contradiction between the democratic nature of the organization and bureaucratic methods of leadership, between the desire of young people for something new and forms frozen for decades. work.
In a belated attempt to revive the activities of the Komsomol, the 20th Congress adopted a new Charter, which significantly expanded the rights of the primary Komsomol organizations, including in the economic sphere. In addition to this, in August 1988, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, by its Decree, provided the Komsomol with serious tax benefits, which caused a rapid growth of self-supporting youth organizations.
Thus, the Komsomol was among the first organizations and economic entities that switched to the principles of full cost accounting and self-financing. We can say that the Komsomol has become a testing ground for the market mechanism in the country. Cities began to create "innovative", as they would say today, platforms for working with youth - Youth Houses. Those. a destructive injection of alien ideology and alien values ​​was made into the body of the Komsomol.
It would seem that here it is - the democratic "perestroika" of the Komsomol, is in full swing. But she did not stop the crisis. The organization began to disintegrate. The first "swallow" of the direct collapse of the Komsomol was the Communist Youth Union of Lithuania, which in 1989 declared its independence. In the same year, the Estonian Komsomol separated. Further more. By 1990, the issue of organizational formalization of the now Russian Komsomol was on the agenda. As a result, at the first congress of the Komsomol organizations of the RSFSR, held in February 1990, the Komsomol of the RSFSR was formed, however, it is still part of the Komsomol.
But it has already been said from the podium that it is time to reorganize the “united and indivisible” VLKSM into a federation of independent Komsomol organizations, which was done two months later, at the 21st Extraordinary Congress.
The new model of the Komsomol also required a change in the previous relationship with the party, and the VLKSM finally declared its full political independence. As a result, the Komsomol was far ahead of the Communist Party and many public organizations in the "democratization" of union work. V.M. was elected the first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee at this congress. Zyukin.
During the preparation of the XXI Congress of the Komsomol Central Committee still believed that there were alternative ideas for the development of the Komsomol: in the form of a movement of political clubs, scientific and technical creativity of youth, youth housing complexes, student construction teams, an environmental movement, etc. But after the August events of 1991, the Central Committee sharply headed for the liquidation of the Komsomol organizations.
Everything was decided at the XXII Extraordinary Congress of the Komsomol, convened in Moscow in September 1991. This congress was unlike any of the previous ones: “there were no orders, no bust of Lenin on the stage, no traditional pioneer greeting. In his report, V. M. Zyukin stated: “The old system has been destroyed, and together with it, the organization that was an element of the system must leave political existence. The existence of the Komsomol even in new clothes is objectively impossible.” The fate of the Komsomol was sealed.
Of course, after the ban on the CPSU and the collapse of the entire socialist system, the Komsomol, as part of the system (political and social), could not survive alone.
All this happened in the nearest historical past of the Komsomol, and its lessons are most directly related to what is happening today.
Today, young people are disunited, subject to the corrupting influence of the social environment formed over the years of the so-called democracy, plunging them into a state of hopelessness, drawing them into drug addiction, pushing them to commit crimes, and so on. The youth are in fear for their future.
At the same time, other processes are also taking place. There is a renaissance of leftist ideas among young people. Life makes young people think more and more about what is happening around, about social injustice, about the gulf between the rich and the poor. More and more often you can see young people at protest rallies.
Fortunately, the Komsomol has not died, it lives and fights in new conditions, reborn as the Russian Leninist Communist Youth Union. The Russian Komsomol is gaining strength and experience in political struggle, reviving the traditions of the Leninist Komsomol, such as, for example, supporting defrauded equity holders, helping the struggling Donbass, organizing student construction teams, etc. Time has given birth to new youth leaders who have already made themselves known. This is Vladimir Isakov, and Yaroslav Listov, and Maria Drobot, and Georgy Kamnev, and Anatoly Dolgachev, and many others.
The future belongs to the young, and it is for them to revive socialist Russia.
Ivan Nikitchuk,
Chairman of the CA RUSO