Famous political scientists of the world. Rating of political scientists - gray_dolphin - LiveJournal. What personal qualities should a political scientist have?

The next question is: who can be considered a Russian political scientist? First, disciplinary self-identification is a limitation here. Russian politics is studied by both economists and sociologists, but if, say, he has published a number of significant scientific articles in leading political science journals (such as the American Journal of Political Science) xonin Since he considers himself an economist, I did not sign him up as a political scientist. Secondly, the list did not include political scientists who indicate foreign scientific institutions as the first (main) affiliation. According to this criterion, not only well-known American political scientists Tim Fry and Tom Remington, who work at the HSE, but also "genetic" Russians Anton Sobolev (UCLA) and Yegor Lazarev (Columbia University) did not get into the list - for nothing that they were published in World Politics, and according to their professional credentials, they certainly deserve inclusion in the TOP-5. Thirdly, the criteria for inclusion in the list are scientific publications, and not journalism, columnism, policy analysis, popular science publications, etc. - for nothing that many political scientists are also engaged in this activity. Fourthly, the author of the rating, of course, is not included in his own rating.

So, taking into account all these restrictions - the list of TOP-5 Russian political scientists from

1. Grigory Golosov (EUSP) g_golosov Perhaps the only Russian political scientist whose work has made a significant contribution to scientific knowledge about politics not only in Russia - studies of the patterns of development of party systems in the world, an alternative index of the effective number of parties ("Golosov's index"), etc. His longstanding efforts in studying parties and elections in Russia and its regions have received recognition in the form of APSA awards and Choice magazine and are a must read for anyone who studies Russian political processes. I am proud that back in 1998 I published an article co-authored with Grigory.

2. Nikolay Petrov (HSE). Nikolai also has his own "named" index - the Petrov-Titkov index, which characterizes the political development of Russian regions (for non-specialists on the topic, this is an analogue of Freedom House for Russian regions). But Nikolai is known not only for this "long-term" project, but also for numerous books and articles, as well as numerous collective projects that he carried out while working at the Carnegie Moscow Center for many years (and continues to this day). I don’t agree with all of his approaches and ideas, we argued a lot and continue to argue, but Nikolai’s contribution to scientific knowledge about Russian politics undeniable. The experience of participating in two collective monographs edited by Nikolai are important lines in my CV for me.

3. Alexander Kynev (HSE) alexander_kynev Hardly anyone knows about political life modern Russia and its regions, and in particular - about the parties and elections in Russia - more than Alexander. To a certain extent, Alexander today performs that invaluable function of a historiographer, chronographer and chronicler of Russian politics, which was inherent in the unfairly early death of Vladimir Pribylovsky. Alexander is not exactly (and perhaps not at all) an academic researcher, and this partly explains the more than modest list of his international publications. But if after many years someone begins to analyze the numerous details of modern Russian political life, then Alexander's materials will be among the most in demand.

4. Petr Panov (Perm State University). Not sure if his name is familiar to many readers of this blog: Piotr is not as visible as a public figure. Meanwhile, Peter published (including abroad) quite a few significant and in-demand scientific works dedicated to modern Russian politics, including elections, parties, and legislatures (for example, here http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879366510000175 here http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.1080/09668136.2013.767581#.VsrHFhZf1dg and here http://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/GWASHU_DEMO_21_3/T40673272276L723/T4067327227 6L723.pdf). It is not so easy to do science at a high level outside the capitals in Russia, but Peter (and many of his colleagues at the Perm State University) are quite convincing.

5. Kirill Rogov (until 2015 - the Gaidar Institute, where he works now - I don’t know) k_p Kirill is not an academic researcher at all, his well-deserved fame is associated with his activities as a columnist and publicist, and by education he is a philologist. But it is Kirill who is and continues to conduct important work on the analysis of data from Russian mass polls, http://carnegie.ru/proetcontra/?fa=50655 dynamics of political support http://carnegie.ru/proetcontra/?fa=53086, etc. d. - something that almost no one in Russia does. His texts are full of interesting and original attempts to explain the political processes in Russia, proceeding from knowledge of the logic of political development in the world, and not from the mystical Russian "specifics" - although not all of these attempts are convincing, but, as McMurphy said, "I at least tried."

Of course, my rating is subjective and biased: some names and works are not well known to me, some I could forget, some I underestimate (and, on the contrary, I overestimate someone). But for me, something else is interesting: what will a similar rating look like in 10 years? Will new names appear in it and, if so, whose names? The answer to this question will depend not only on political science as such, but also on the state of the subject of research. Future will tell...

, Ranking 2014 , Ranking 2015 , Ranking 2016 , Ranking 2017

Our rating, as before, is dedicated to political technologists and political consultants - people who "make" politicians the way we see them, and are also ideologists and organizers of political processes and election campaigns. In 2018, when the presidential election campaign is already underway, we continue our project.

Work on the rating continued in late 2017 - early 2018 and was carried out by our analysts, journalists, experts and regional correspondents. We decided, as we did last year, to time the release of the rating to coincide with the start of the new political season. Today we present the result of our research. Based on it, one can understand who exactly and how effectively manages elections and political campaigns in Russia.

The research methodology is the same as in 2017, when it was significantly adjusted. The main part of the survey traditionally involved 100 current politicians, political technologists, political scientists, and journalists. The survey participants were asked to name the "top twenty political technologists" themselves. The respondents were warned that they could only name carriers of “political technology competence”, that is, people who are specialists in the field of formation public opinion, real organizers of election and political campaigns. In addition, a questionnaire was sent to 150 experts with a list of 62 candidates who, according to Obshaya Gazeta analysts, could enter the top 20 political technologists. The surveyed participants in the study could mark any number of persons involved in it, as well as add no more than 10 persons involved, who were not in the questionnaire. Depending on the frequency of mentioning certain surnames in the course of the survey and in the received questionnaires, a rating was compiled.

Excluded from the rating: 1) President and Prime Minister of Russia; 2) politicians not connected with political technologies (for example, A. Vaino, I. Shuvalov, D. Rogozin, V. Matvienko); 3) politicians and officials who are related to the development of the political consulting market, but who are not actually political technologists (for example, S. Kiriyenko, D. Peskov, N. Timakova, A. Kharichev); 4) party leaders (for example, G. Zyuganov, S. Neverov, V. Zhirinovsky, S. Mironov); 5) political scientists-experts who do not work in the field of political technologies (for example, D. Badovsky, S. Markov, M. Remizov); 6) sociologists (for example, V. Fedorov, A. Oslon); 7) journalists and media leaders (for example, K. Ernst, A. Gabrelyanov, P. Gusev).

1. Konstantin Kostin

163 mentions. Chairman of the Board of the Civil Society Development Fund. Adviser to S. Kiriyenko, was an adviser to V. Volodin, previously deputy head, head of department domestic policy Presidential Administration. One of the main consultants of the Moscow City Hall, determined the most important technological solutions for the municipal election campaign in 2017 (the so-called "Moscow standard" of elections). As expected, he will coordinate the 2018 mayoral election campaign (if S. Sobyanin is nominated). Works in many regions. Participates in closed meetings between V. Putin and political consultants. In 2017, he published a report on the Putin majority. It influences a number of telegram channels (through L. Davydov associated with him), the editorial policy of several "political" Internet portals. In 2017, he was involved in a lawsuit with the Vedomosti newspaper (the newspaper claimed that S. Kiriyenko was not satisfied with the development of the “image of the future” by K. Kostin and other experts, and he disputed this in his lawsuit). According to media reports, he was awarded a diploma by S. Kiriyenko for participating in the 2017 regional elections.

2. Vartan Sarkisov

144 mentions. CEO and co-owner of IMA-Consulting (with A. Gnatyuk). One of the main consultants of the Moscow City Hall, actively participated in the 2017 municipal election campaign. Under the leadership of V. Sarkisov, IMA-Consulting developed a logo and a concept for PR-promotion of the presidential campaign. The company of Gnatiuk and Sarkisov is the most resourceful operator on the political consulting market. For many years he has been working with significant budgetary funds at the federal and Moscow levels. Constantly wins tenders of state structures, primarily in Moscow; regularly faces accusations of creating special preferences for her. Conducts election campaigns in the regions. According to media reports, V. Sarkisov was awarded a diploma of S. Kiriyenko for participation in the 2017 regional elections.

3. Dmitry Orlov

137 mentions. Director General of the Agency for Political and Economic Communications, member of the Supreme Council of United Russia. Political consultant, political analyst, political strategist, specializes in creating expert networks. It has a significant impact on the organization of election campaigns, works in many regions of Russia. Coordinator of the "Region" club, which brings together Russian experts in regional politics. Supervises the implementation of the "Regional Policy" award. Participates in closed meetings between V. Putin and political consultants. In 2017, he published reports on competition in regional elections, on the reform of United Russia, and on the situation in several regions. Compiler of the "Rating of 100 leading politicians", "Rating of the influence of the heads of subjects", "Rating of management efficiency in the subjects of the Russian Federation", several regional ratings. Owner of the Regional Comments portal. According to media reports, he was awarded a diploma by S. Kiriyenko for participating in the 2017 regional elections.

4. Igor Bunin

134 mentions. President of the Center for Political Technologies. Political consultant, political analyst, one of the founders of the political consulting market in Russia. The traditional consultant of S. Sobyanin, previously advised Y. Luzhkov for a long time. Participated in the municipal campaign in Moscow. Consultant A. Kudrin. Participates in closed meetings between V. Putin and political consultants. Owner of the Politkom.ru portal and telegram channel [email protected].

5. Sergei Zverev

126 mentions. President of the Development Company public relations”, in the past - Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration. A traditional consultant to the Moscow authorities, he actively participated in the municipal campaign in Moscow. In 2017, he returned to conducting election campaigns in the regions. According to media reports, he was awarded a diploma by S. Kiriyenko for participating in the 2017 regional elections.

6. Andrey Polosin

130 mentions. Deputy Head of the Department for Work with the Regions of the State Corporation Rosatom. Close to S. Kiriyenko and A. Kharichev. Political strategist, political consultant, was previously one of the most famous curators of the regions in the Presidential Administration. Supervised election campaigns in the regions where the corporation operates. It has a significant impact on the course of election campaigns in the regions.

7. Gleb Kuznetsov

119 mentions. Supervisor expert council Expert Institute for Social Research. Close to S. Kiriyenko and A. Kharichev. Has a significant impact on the selection and implementation of political projects federal government. According to media reports, he was awarded a diploma by S. Kiriyenko for participating in the 2017 regional elections.

8. Andrey Parfenov

104 mentions. Deputy head of the CEC of the United Russia party. Political strategist, supervises regional and technological work in the party. In 2017, he oversaw technological work at United Russia during the regional elections. Participates in closed meetings between V. Putin and political consultants.

9. Andrey Kolyadin

102 mentions. Political strategist, works in the regions of Russia. Close to A. Kharichev. Previously, he was Deputy Presidential Plenipotentiary Representative in the Urals Federal District. In 2016-2017 played important role at IESI, supervised the monitoring of elections in the regions. Maintains influence on the organization of election campaigns, works in several regions. According to media reports, he was awarded a diploma by S. Kiriyenko for participating in the 2017 regional elections.

10. Oleg Matveychev

97 mentions. Political consultant, political strategist, one of the founders of the Bakster Group. Professor high school economy. In the past, Deputy Governors of the Vologda and Volgograd regions, ex-employee of the Presidential Administration. It has a significant impact on the conduct of election campaigns. Conducts active consulting activities in the regions. Famous blogger.

11. Dmitry Gusev

93 mentions. Political strategist, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Bakster Group. He worked in the Urals region and is known for his aggressive campaigning style. Was Deputy Head of Department territorial bodies authorities of the Moscow mayor's office. Conducts campaigns in the regions of Russia. Coordinator of the political discussion club "WTF?". According to media reports, he was awarded a diploma by S. Kiriyenko for participating in the 2017 regional elections.

12. Evgeny Minchenko

90 mentions. President of the Minchenko Consulting holding, head of the International Institute of Political Expertise. Head of the Political Technologies Committee of the RASO. Political consultant, political analyst, closely monitors the development of the US political system. Leading Russian coach in the field of political technologies, periodically conducts training seminars. In the second half of the year, he also positioned himself as a lobbyist. Supervises the implementation of the RASO Hamburg Account award. In 2017, he published a new version of the Politburo 2.0 report and other studies. Owner of a number of telegram channels.

13. Alexey Kurtov

86 mentions. Chairman of the Board of Directors of InterMediaCom. The president Russian Association political consultants (RAPC), supervises the implementation of the RAPC award. Works in a number of regions.

14. Grigory Kazankov

82 mentions. Political strategist, political consultant. It has a significant impact on the conduct of election campaigns. Works in a number of regions.

15. Andrey Bogdanov

76 mentions. Political consultant, head of the Andrey Bogdanov Center. Former DPR leader, spoiler candidate for presidential elections. The creator of the "incubator" of small parties and parties-spoilers, in the presidential campaign promotes the bloc of candidates "Third Force". He heads one of the Masonic lodges, uses international and regional lodges as expert networks and lobbying channels.

16. Igor Mintusov

72 mentions. President of the Agency for Strategic Communications "Niccolò M". Political consultant, one of the founders of the political consulting market in Russia. Vice President of the RAPK. Publisher of professional and political literature.

17. Andrey Maksimov

70 mentions. Political consultant, head of Maximov Consulting. Vice President of the RAPK. Conducts campaigns in the regions of Russia, participated in a municipal campaign in Moscow. Owner of an extensive database of propaganda materials.

18. Alexey Sitnikov

65 mentions. Head of the consulting group Image Contact. Political consultant, political strategist, political psychologist, one of the founders of the political consulting market in Russia. In 2017, he returned to conducting election campaigns in the regions. K. Sobchak headed the election campaign at the time of its nomination, but soon abandoned it; this departure was accompanied by numerous interviews with Sitnikov, as well as comments by K. Sobchak and figures close to her.

19. Konstantin Kalachev

62 mentions. Head of the "Political Expert Group". Political consultant, political consultant, one of the founders of the political consulting market in Russia. Founder of the Party of Beer Lovers, ex-Vice Mayor of Volgograd. Advises campaigns in the regions of Russia.

20. Alexander Seravin

58 mentions. Political consultant, political strategist, specialist in Internet communications. Head of the PITER group, president of the Electronic Electoral Politics Association. Works in a number of regions, primarily in St. Petersburg. Controls the Electronic Electoral Politics award.

More than 30 references were also received by the following political technologists and political consultants: A. Chesnakov, P. Bystrov, A. Gnatyuk, E. Suchkov, O. Smolkin, I. Malashenko, G. Pavlovsky, V. Bianchi, A. Vasiliev, A. Vysotsky, V. Smirnov, L. Davydov, V. Poturemsky, S. Belkovsky, V. Sergeev, A. Pirogov, M. Sergeeva, S. Markelov, I. Sopov, M. Kirdakova, M. Mincheva.

Most of us know how difficult it can be to accurately and expressively convey our thoughts to another interlocutor. In this case, a written report is of particular difficulty, for example, when writing a letter or an article, and it is even more difficult to do this in public, when large cluster people and more, if you know that millions are listening and hearing you. And there are really few people who can do this in such stressful situations.

However, the situation in the world is changing almost every day. To keep abreast of events, you have to watch, read and listen to dozens, if not hundreds of different sources. Considering at the same time that at least half of them are biased, and what is there to hide, they are frankly lying or incompetent. The rest of the more or less sane sources are also divided into more or less sane, the rest are typically propaganda. And there is a desire to find more or less normal sources, with a minimum subjective component and maximum objective information. Such sources are really few in our time.

Below we list some of them, with their pros and cons. The rating is absolutely subjective, and you can always mentally add your favorites to it. Also, there is no ascending-decreasing component in the rating, all experts are more or less equal, only they have their own strengths and weaknesses (and they are also subjective, purely my IMHO). So, let's begin:

1. Sergey Mikheev, Russian political scientist

Objectively strong: The domestic political situation in Russia and topical domestic Russian issues, Russia-West relations, issues of information confrontation with Western propaganda.

American Democracy. Mikheev vs Zlobin 04/27/2017

Minuses:
- excessive hyperactivity in responses
- slightly exaggerated emphasis on Christian values
- sometimes more restraint is needed

2. Nikolai Starikov, Russian politician

Pros:
- Russian patriot
- well-structured and connected speech
- a broad outlook on various issues of competence
- short response time to informational stimuli
- a deep understanding of the subject matter
- quick selection of counterarguments
- always an adequate set of counterarguments
- a quick bunch of a set of counterarguments in a united front
- not afraid to perform both one on one and against several opponents
- no fear of publicity
- not seen in fakes and juggling

Minuses:
- excessive restraint in responses and reactions
- sometimes more activity is needed

3. Evgeny Satanovsky, Russian expert

Objectively strong: Middle East and related political issues, Russia-West relations (to a lesser extent).

Pros:
- Russian patriot
- well-structured and connected speech
- short response time to informational stimuli
- a deep understanding of the subject matter
- always an adequate set of counterarguments
- a quick bunch of a set of counterarguments in a united front
- not afraid to perform both one on one and against several opponents
- no fear of publicity
- not seen in fakes and juggling
- extremely aggressive delivery style (which many defenders of the Russian point of view lack)

Minuses:
- at times excessive juggling with parallels and allusions that are difficult to understand for most viewers

4. Dmitry "Goblin" Puchkov, Russian blogger

Objectively strong: internal Russian issues and coverage of current news, Russia-West relations (to a lesser extent).

The long tentacles of Russia and the death of Mavrodi

Pros:
- Russian patriot
- well-structured and connected speech
- a broad outlook on the issues of their competence
- short response time to informational stimuli
- always an adequate set of counterarguments
- not afraid to perform both one on one and against several opponents
- no fear of publicity
- not seen in fakes and juggling
- always associates objective coverage with its subjective attitude towards it

Minuses:
- sometimes really excessive aggressiveness of delivery
- at times excessive linking of the objective with the subjective

Almond Gabriel (b. 1911) is an American political scientist, a specialist in political theory and comparative politics. One of the initiators of the behavioral (behavioral) revolution in political science - a process associated with the penetration into political research of the problems and methodology of behaviorism (from the English behavior - behavior). Main works:"Comparative Politics: A Concept of Development" (1966). The work of G. Almond and S. Verba "Civil Culture" (1963) is one of the first fundamental studies of the problems of political culture.

Arendt Hanna (1906-1975) was a German-American political philosopher who studied the phenomena of totalitarianism, the destruction of freedom, and revolution. Most notable work - "The origins of totalitarianism."

Aristotle(384-322 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher, who (along with Plato) had a decisive influence on the intellectual development of Europe. One of the founders of political science. I saw in politics the highest form of communication between people. main work- treatise "Politics".

aron Raymond (1905-1983) French social philosopher and political scientist. He studied the problems of industrial society, democracy, totalitarianism, international relations. Main works:"The development of an industrial society and social stratification"(1956), "Democracy and totalitarianism" (1965), "Peace and war between nations" (1968).

Bell Daniel (b. 1919) is an American philosopher and sociologist, a representative of the scientist-technocratic trend in social philosophy, one of the creators of the theory of post-industrial society. Main works:"The Coming Post-Industrial Society: Experience social forecasting"(1973, updated edition 1999), "Cultural contradictions of capitalism" (1976, 1979, updated edition 1996).

Bentley Arthur (1870-1957) was an American political theorist. He had a significant impact on the development of the social sciences in the United States, primarily the development of behavioral methodology. He made a significant contribution to the study of the activities of groups in politics. Author of Process of Management: A Study in Social Pressures (1908, updated reprint 1949).

Brzezinski Zbigniew (b. 1928) is a specialist in the field of "Sovietology" and international relations. One of the creators (together with K. Friedrich) of the theory of totalitarianism. Main works recent years: “Great chessboard. American dominance and its geostrategic imperatives” (1997), “Vybor. World domination and global leadership” (2004), “One more chance. Three Presidents and the Crisis of the American Superpower (2007). Substantiates the idea of ​​American leadership in the emerging world order.

Burke Edmund (1730-1797) - British politician, publicist and political theorist, one of the founders of classical conservatism (traditionalism). Main job- "Discourses on the Revolution in France" (1790).

Boden Jean (1520-1596) - French political thinker, legal theorist, founder of the concept of state sovereignty, which had a significant impact on European political theory and practice. Author of Six Books on the State (1576)

Wallerstein Immanuel (b.1930) - American sociologist and a neo-Marxist political scientist. Creator of world-system analysis. Main works: "Modern world-system". In 3 volumes (1989), "After liberalism" (1995). "The End of the Known World: Sociology in the 21st Century." (2003)

Weber Max (1864-1920) - German sociologist and political scientist, creator of the theory of legitimate domination and "rational" bureaucracy. Main works:"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism" (1905), "Politics as a Vocation and Profession" (1919), "Economy and Society" (1921).

Willow Sydney (b. 1932) is an American political scientist who made a significant contribution to the development of the problems of comparative political science and the study of mass political behavior. Author of many books, including Small Groups and Political Behavior: A Study of Leadership (1961), Civic Culture: Political Orientations and Democracy in Five Countries (1963; co-author G. Almond).

Hobbes Thomas(1588-1679) - English philosopher and a political thinker who had a decisive influence on the formation of the political philosophy of modern times. Creator of the "social contract" theory. Main job- "Leviathan" (1651)

Dal Robert (b.1915) is an American political scientist, a specialist in the theory of democracy and comparative politics. Main works:"Polyarchy. Participation and Opposition (1971), Dilemmas of Pluralistic Democracy (1982), Democracy, Freedom and Equality (1986).

Dahrendorf Ralph (b.1929) is a German sociologist and political scientist. His research in the field of conflictology is widely known. Main works: "Classes and class conflict in an industrial society" (1959), "Democracy, freedom and equality" (1986).

Duverger Maurice (b. 1917) is a French political scientist, sociologist and jurist, one of the creators of the modern theory of political parties. Author of a number of works, including "Political Parties" (1951; withstood 9 editions in France, translated into 20 languages).

Easton David (b.1917) is an American political scientist, a specialist in the theory of politics, political systems and problems of the legitimacy of power. He adapted the principles and methods of system analysis to the study of political life. Main works: "Political System" (1953), "Conceptual Framework for Political Analysis" (1965), "System Analysis of Political Life" (1965).

Kaplan Morton (1918-1993) - American political scientist, known for his studies of the system of international relations. Most famous work– System and Process in International Politics (1957).

Keohane Robert (b.1941) is an American political scientist, one of the creators of the theory of complex interdependence, developed on the basis of neoliberal principles. Main works: "Transnationalism in World Politics" (1971), "Power and Interdependence. World Politicians in Transition (1977).

Lasswell Harold (1902-1979) - American political scientist, psychologist and jurist who developed the problems of power, power relations, political communications. He made a significant contribution to the establishment of behaviorism in political science. Main works: "Analysis of political behavior" (1947), "Power and personality" (1948). "The Future of Political Science" (1963).

Leiphart Arend (b. 1936) is an American political scientist specializing in the problems of multi-component societies, forms of democratic government. electoral systems and methodology of comparative studies. Main works:"Democracy in Plural Societies" (1977), "Democracy: Types of Majority and Consensus Rule in Twenty-One Countries" (1984).

Lenin (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924) - political thinker, Bolshevik theorist and founder of the Soviet state Main works:"What to do?" (1902), "Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism" (1916), "The State and Revolution" (1917), "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky" (1918), "The Childhood Disease of Leftism in Communism" (1920).

Lipset Seymour (b.1922) is an American sociologist and political scientist, a specialist in the field of political movements and ideologies, problems of political socialization. - "Political Man" (1950).

Locke John (1632-1704) - English philosopher, whose name is associated with the beginning of the Enlightenment in England, one of the founders of classical liberalism. Most famous work- "Treatise on State Government" (1681).

Machiavelli Nicolò (1469-1527) - Italian Renaissance political thinker, one of the founders of political science. He substantiated the autonomy of the political sphere and political knowledge, separated political science from theology. The subject of political science considered power in all its manifestations. Main works:"The Sovereign" and "Reflections on the First Decade of Titus Livius".

Mannheim Carl (1893-1947) British-German philosopher and sociologist. Known for research in the field of political ideology. The most famous work- "Ideology and Utopia" (1929).

Mark Karl (1818-1883) - German economist, creator of classical Marxism - creator of revolutionary doctrine. Arising in line with European rationalist traditions, one of the founders of the 1st International. Main job- "Capital" (1863-1865)

Merriam Charles (1874-1953) - American political scientist, supporter of an interdisciplinary approach to political research. One of the founders of the American Political Science Association. Main works: "The American Party System" (1922), " Political power: Its Structure and Scope” (1934), “What is Democracy?” (1941).

Michels Roberto (1876-1936) - German sociologist and political scientist, one of the creators of classical theory political elite and the concept of the "iron law of the oligarchy". Founder along with Moses Yakovlevich Ostrogorsky (1854-1919) of the sociology of the party. The most famous work- "Political parties: a sociological study of oligarchic tendencies in modern democracy" (1911).

Montesquieu Charles Louis (1689-1755) French political thinker, representative of the first generation of enlighteners. main work- "On the Spirit of Laws" (1748).

Morgenthau Hans (1904-1980) - American political theorist, one of the founders of the school of "political realism" in international relations. Most famous work“Politics between nations. The struggle for power and peace "(1948).

mosca Gaetano (1858-1941) - Italian jurist, sociologist and political scientist, one of the creators of the classical theory of the political elite. The most famous work- Fundamentals of political science.

Madison James (1751-1836) American political thinker. A supporter of liberal republicanism, who had a significant impact on the formation of American political philosophy and the formation of US political institutions. One of the "Founding Fathers" and the fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). The classic of American political thought is The Federalist (1787-1788), co-written with Alexander Hamilton.

Ostrogorsky Moses Yakovlevich (1854-1919) - Russian jurist and political scientist, one of the founders of the comparative method in political science, developed the sociology of political parties. Main works:"Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties" (1902), "Democracy and the Party System in the USA" (1910).

Pareto Wilfredo (1848-1923) Italian economist and sociologist. creator of the theory of circulation of elites. The most famous work- "Treatise on General Sociology" (1916).

Plato(427 - 347 BC) - an ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates and mentor of Aristotle, one of the founders of the ethical tradition in the study of politics, which is reflected in the model ideal state. The most important works- "State", "Politician", "Laws".

Popper Karl(1902-1994) - British-Austrian philosopher, known for his uncompromising criticism of totalitarianism, creator of the concept of an open society. Main work - "The Open Society and Its Enemies" (1945)

Przeworski Adam (b.1940) is an American political scientist of Polish origin. The field of scientific research is the problems of transition from totalitarianism and authoritarianism to democracy (democratic transits). Main works: Capitalism and Social Democracy (1985), Democracy and the Market. Political and economic reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America"(1991).

Rousseau Jean Jacques (1712-1778) is a French philosopher and political thinker, the creator of the original theory of the social contract, suggesting the emergence of a political community and a sovereign people. main work- "On the Social Contract, or the Beginnings of Political Law" (1762).

Sartori Giovanni (b. 1924) is an Italian-American political scientist specializing in the theory of democracy. Author of comparative studies of political systems and political institutions, primarily parties. Main works: "Democracy and Its Definitions" (1957), "Parties and Party Systems: A Scheme of Analysis" (1976).

Tocqueville Alexis de (1805 - 1859) - French political thinker, one of the theorists of democracy. Main job- "Democracy in America" ​​(1835-1845).

Walts Kenneth (b.1924) is an American political scientist, one of the founders of the neorealist trend in the theory of international relations. The main work is "Theory international politics» (1979).

Friedrich Karl (1901 - 1984) - American-German political scientist, one of the creators of the theory of totalitarianism. Main work: "Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy" (1st edition 1956; co-author Z. Brzezinski).

Fukuyama Francis (b.1952) is an American political scientist, an expert on international relations. Creator of the "end of history" concept. Major works: The End of History and the Last Man (1992), America at the Crossroads. Democracy, Power and the Neo-Conservative Legacy (2006).

Hayek Friedrich von (1899-1992) was an Austrian economist who lived much of his life in the UK. A representative of classical European liberalism, whose works contributed to the formation of modern neoconservatism and libertarianism. free market economy, critic of totalitarianism. Major works are The Road to Slavery (1944), Individualism and the Economic Order (1948), Pernicious Presumption: The Fallacies of Socialism (1988).

Huntington Samuel (1927 - 2008). Specialist in comparative politics and international relations. Creator of the concepts of "clash of civilizations" and "third wave" of global democratization. Author of several works, including: The Third Wave: Democratization at the End of the 20th Century (1991), The Clash of Civilizations and the Transformation of the World Order (1996); "Who We Are: Challenges to America's National Identity" (2004).

Cicero(106 - 43 BC) - ancient Roman thinker. He expressed the idea of ​​the rule of law as a form of communication between rulers and citizens.

Schmitt Karl (1888 - 1985) - German political thinker, statesman and geopolitician. Major works: The Concept of the Political (1939), Land and Sea (1942), Nomos of the Earth (1950).

Schumpeter Joseph (1883 - 1950) - economist and political thinker, who had a great influence on the development of modern theory of democracy. The most famous work is Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942).

Engels Friedrich (1820-1995) - German philosopher, sociologist and economist; associate of Karl Marx. One of the founders of Marxism. Author of a large creative legacy, including: "The Condition of the Working Class in England" (1845), "Manifesto Communist Party"(1848; co-author K. Marx), "Anti-Dühring" (1848), "Ludwig Feuerbach and the end of German classical philosophy" (1886), etc.

Political scientists help us make sense of the slightest action politicians and understand all the existing political trends. It is they who put everything on the shelves and talk about the prospects for society, give helpful tips politicians, act as a link between the population and the state. How can political scientists influence the situation? Where do they work? What is the nature of their work? Let's figure it out.

Today, even a baby knows that the actions and goals pursued politicians cannot be interpreted in the form in which they are presented. Each act, statement or decision is part of a strategy, a plan designed to achieve what was intended. At the same time, even politicians with experience and officials who move in these circles often do not fully understand these actions. What then to say about the ordinary citizen?

Political scientists help us to extract meaning from the smallest actions of politicians, to understand all the existing political trends. It is they who put everything on the shelves and talk about the prospects for society, give useful advice to politicians, and act as a link between the population and the state. How can political scientists influence the situation? Where do they work? What is the nature of their work? Let's figure it out.

What is a political scientist?

A specialist who studies politics and its impact on society, as well as analyzes events taking place in political circles. This is a researcher who assesses the actions of the authorities and the reaction of the population to them. He always knows about the mood of the public, about the prospects for a positive or negative development of a particular situation.

Political science, as a science, originated in the days of Ancient Greece. It is known that in the 5th c. BC. thinkers held meetings and debated various themes, which also touched upon political issues related to the formation of a model of an ideal state and the search for a better life. The founders of this section of science include Aristotle - the great philosopher and logician. Political scientists of those times were very educated people: thinkers, theologians and humanitarians of various fields.

In 1755, the Russian tradition of teaching political science arose, the beginning of which was laid by V.M. Lomonosov, who proposed to establish a department of politics at Moscow University. In the same university in the first half of the 19th century. trained specialists in the field of political economy and politics at the Faculty of Moral and Political Sciences.

Incidentally, although political science actively developed over many centuries, only in 1948 the world was presented with the most complete definition of the concept of "political science", its object and tasks, which were recognized by almost all countries.

Despite the fact that the object of study of this science is politics, political scientists are well versed in various branches of science: sociology, psychology, history, cultural studies, etc. The main task of a political scientist is to increase the political literacy of senior officials and ordinary people. His conclusions allow the population to understand the actions of politicians, to understand the essence of the events taking place in the country. For the ruling elite, their experience and knowledge are no less important, as they can advise, find gaps in the adopted strategy and help eliminate them, predict the outcome of the situation.

Depending on the chosen area of ​​activity, the functions of political scientists vary:

• a political scientist-public expert understands all areas of public life that are directly influenced by the authorities: social, political, political-economic, political-legal, military, etc.;
• political scientist-scientist - a person who is able to interpret the events of political life, a graduate and scientific expert in the field of politics;
• a political scientist-practitioner, an expert in the field of politics can work on several different professions: political consultant(gives recommendations, advice, understands the peculiarities of what is happening), analyst (collects and processes information, conducts research and analysis of the current situation, predicts the result), journalist (writes about political life, shoots reports, works as an editor), teacher of politics (does scientific activity, teaches at universities, improves the level of his education, receiving various degrees);
• a political scientist-image maker is engaged in creating a beautiful image of a politician, establishing beneficial relationships between state bodies and the population, writing speeches for party leaders and senior officials. Most often in demand in election campaigns. Such a PR specialist does everything so that the society recognizes and positively relates to his employer;
• a political strategist, like an image maker, creates a positive image using special technologies to achieve a specific goal. He analyzes public sentiment, collects information, and identifies effective ways to influence the population and the media.

What personal qualities should a political scientist have?

The opinions of political scientists have a significant impact on public sentiment. Therefore, it is very important that they be objective in their judgments. In addition, the profession involves the observance of neutrality, in which specialists are helped by their high moral qualities:

• integrity,
• honesty,
• incorruptibility, etc.

A real specialist always strives for self-development, broadens his horizons and constantly monitors political changes both in the country and in the world. He is attentive, tactful, responsible, flexible. Political scientists must have good communication skills and be persuasive. A true professional is a person who is able to clearly formulate his thoughts and convey them to the listener. His eloquence is his reputation.

For successful activity, knowledge of the chosen specialization alone is not enough. Here, the ability to think critically, intuitively understand the direction political movement , for which an analytical mindset and developed logical thinking are also useful.

Also useful are qualities such as:

• curiosity;
• mobility;
• organization;
• self-control;
• ability to work in a stressful environment;
• persistence, etc.

Benefits of being a political scientist

Good policy experts have great importance in the political life of the country. Both politicians and citizens listen to their opinion. Political scientists are often invited to television, interviewed, which increases their reputation and promotes popularity.

Having connections with officials allows them to solve many problems and break through to a higher level. Quite often, political scientists are offered jobs as assistants and advisers to deputies who write speeches to the first persons of the country and to some extent influence the political situation. However, these are closed positions, which only the most famous and experienced political scientists get.

On average, political scientists-experts receive from 50 to 100 thousand rubles a month, depending on working conditions, line of work. And the scope of their activities is very diverse. They can work in the media and write articles about politics; in consulting companies as business consultants to give advice to company executives on where it is better to invest; in research institutes by researchers; in the offices of political parties. It all depends on the interests of the political scientist himself and on the direction in which he wants to develop.

Disadvantages of being a political scientist

The main value of a political scientist is his wisdom and political experience. Therefore, in most cases, only older people become successful, which means there is no opportunity for quick career advancement among young experts.

Political scientists do not always work in the team of the ruling parties. Sometimes they gather rallies against the country's leadership, which can negatively affect their quality of life. In particular, political scientists working for the opposition often have to fear for their safety and freedom. Basically, they are trying to bribe, but if this fails, their own health and the health of loved ones is at risk.

Although work of a political scientist presupposes objectivity, and, consequently, freedom of speech, this rule is not always followed. Every political TV show and every printed publication on a political topic is tested for political correctness. In case of inconsistency with it, the political scientist may have problems. Therefore, he must very carefully express his point of view, which excludes complete objectivity.

Where can you get a job as a political scientist?

Political scientist - specialist with higher education. Of course, everyone can follow politics in the world and understand well all the pitfalls without a university education, but only after passing special training in the university there is an opportunity to achieve success in the profession.

Today, many Russian educational establishments offer training programs in the areas of "Political Science", "Political Science and International Relations". In addition, a graduate of sociological, historical and psychological faculties can become a good political scientist.

Among the most popular Russian universities graduating political scientists can be named.