Right and left views. What is the difference between right and left political movement

Formation of a multi-party system in modern Russia

A multi-party system in modern Russia began to take shape in 1989. Today, about 10 political parties are officially registered in Russia. Despite the diversity, all political parties can be divided into two main groups according to their ideological and political orientation: rights And left.

The parties on the right are liberal (pro-Western) parties. First of all, it is the Union of Right Forces. According to right-wing liberals the only way out of the crisis is a quick, radical transition to capitalism through "shock therapy". Today's impoverishment of the population is inevitable in the transition to market capitalism. The market itself will determine who is the strongest, he will emerge, adapt to the market and will live like he never lived. And the weak must drown, but these are his personal problems. Right-wing liberals are against the government's social programs and against state interference in the affairs of private business. Their slogan is: "The smaller the state, the better."

The social base of right-wing parties are representatives of private business and a significant part of the ruling elite, who have really adapted to the market and live as they never lived under socialism. These parties seek to find support among other sections of the population, who believed B. Yeltsin and E. Gaidar that in the transition to capitalism they would immediately live, as in prosperous America or Denmark. And there were a significant number of such people, especially in the early 90s. However, after Gaidar's shock therapy, there was less euphoria about the capitalist paradise. And as a result, the influence and number of right-wing parties for last years decreased markedly. So, if in 1993 in the parliamentary elections 15% of voters voted for the right-wing liberals, then in 2007 the Union of Right Forces received only 1% of the vote and did not even get into the State Duma.

Among right-wing liberals there are those who openly criticize Ye. Gaidar for his shock therapy. This is first of all
G. Yavlinsky with his party "Yabloko". Yavlinsky believes that the course of liberal market reforms is correct, and that all the current troubles are due to the personal shortcomings of such reformers as E. Gaidar, A. Chubais, B. Yeltsin. And if he carried out reforms, the result would be much better. But G. Yavlinsky did not want to take responsibility for the course of liberal reforms, although B. Yeltsin repeatedly offered him to join the government.

The parties on the right are "Liberal Democratic Party" V. Zhirinovsky. This is also a right-wing liberal party with a nationalist bias, which is why V. Zhirinovsky is called a national liberal.

The right ones should also include ruling party representing the interests of Russian officials. And this is a serious political force, because in Russia during the years of B. Yeltsin's rule, the so-called. "bureaucratic capitalism", in the hands of an official today not only government, but also a significant part of the former state property. The current ruling party is United Russia"(V. Putin's party).

Despite the differences, all right-wing parties, in fact, are the political pillar of the current ruling regime. The real opposition to the current regime of power are the leftist parties.



In recent decades, after the “blue screen” has been lit up in every home, international news is not complete without mentioning the left wing of the Bundestag or the right in the French parliament. Which one is pursuing which policy?

IN Soviet times everything was clear: the left are adherents of socialism, and the right, on the contrary, stand for the capitalists, and their extreme manifestation is the fascists, they are also national socialists, the party of petty shopkeepers and bourgeois. Today, everything has changed, and both appeared in almost all countries that emerged as a result of the collapse of the USSR. Both left and right parties occupy seats in the same session hall of the parliament, sometimes they clash, and sometimes they vote quite in solidarity, and there are also centrists.

Why "right" and "left"?

More than two centuries ago, the French Revolution thundered, overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a republican form of government. In the Marseillaise, which has become national anthem, there are the words "aristocrats on a lantern" - in the sense of a noose around his neck. But democracy is democracy, and the parliamentarians with hostile positions were seated in one spacious hall of the People's Assembly, and in order to avoid skirmishes between them, they grouped.

It just so happened that the Jacobins chose places for themselves on the left (Gauche), and their opponents - the Girondins - on the contrary (Droit). Since then, it has become customary that political forces advocating radical transformations public life, became left. It is clear that the Communists reckoned themselves among them, it is enough to recall the "Left March" by V. Mayakovsky. Right-wing political parties take opposite positions, they are, as it were, conservatives.

A little modern history, or how the left becomes right.

Under the slogans of improving the situation of workers, leaders came to power many times, bringing many troubles to their peoples. Suffice it to recall German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, who proclaimed National Socialism. During the struggle for the post of head of state, he promised voters many benefits, including high prosperity and justice, the annulment of the Versailles Treaty, shameful for the Germans, work for everyone, and social guarantees. Having achieved his goal, Hitler first dealt with his political opponents - the left-wing Social Democrats and Communists, whom he partially destroyed physically, while others were "reforged" in concentration camps. So he became right, following the exiled Albert Einstein, proving that everything in the world is relative.

Another example. L. D. Trotsky was “too leftist” even for V. I. Lenin. This does not mean at all that the leader of the world proletariat was right. It's just that the idea of ​​labor armies at that time seemed too inhuman, although quite Marxist. The presumptuous Lev Davidovich was slightly scolded, corrected, and given friendly advice. But that's all history, and now it's an old one. And what happens to the left and right parties today?

Confusion in modern Europe.

If before 1991 everything was clear, at least for us, then in the last two decades, the definition of "rightness" in politics has become a bit tight. The Social Democrats, traditionally considered leftist, in European parliaments easily carry out decisions that quite recently would have been quite natural for their opponents, and vice versa. Populism plays a huge role in determining the political course today (especially during elections), to the detriment of traditional platforms.

Left political parties, namely the liberals, voted in favor of providing financial assistance to Greece, which is not at all consistent with the declared position on improving social policy own people. There is, however, continuity in relation to anti-fascism. Left Party Germany has repeatedly, through the mouths of its deputies, opposed Merkel's policy of supporting Ukrainian nationalist forces, arguing her position with numerous anti-Semitic and Russophobic quotes from the speeches of the leaders of the Right Sector and the Svoboda association.

The financial crisis has greatly complicated the situation. At present, the parties of Europe's left and right have switched roles in many ways, while maintaining visible unity in everything that concerns promises to improve the living standards of their countries' citizens.

"Right" positions in the former USSR.

In the post-Soviet space, the interpretation of political orientation along the “cardinal points” has generally remained the same as in Soviet times. The right-wing parties of Russia and other countries-the former "republics of the free" indicate in their program documents the goals that, in the opinion of their leaders, the society should strive for, namely:

Building a truly capitalist society;

Complete freedom of enterprise;

Reducing the tax burden;

Fully professional armed forces;

Lack of censorship;

Personal freedoms, including the removal of a whole range of restrictions with which the “non-democratic regime” “entangled” the country. The most courageous representatives of the right wing declare "European values" on the verge of permissiveness propaganda.

Variety of forms of "rightness".

Nevertheless, the ruling United Russia party in the Russian Federation also belongs to this parliamentary wing, as it advocates the development of market relations. In addition to it, the right bloc cannot do without Unity and Fatherland, the Union of Right Forces, Yabloko, the Party of Economic Freedom, Russia's Choice, and many others. public associations standing on positions of liberalization of all forms of relations.

Thus, in the camp of political parties of the same direction, there can also be contradictions, sometimes very serious ones.

What do the left stand for?

Traditionally, left-wing parties advocate the revival of the achievements of socialism. These include:

State financing of medicine and education, which should be free for the people;

Prohibition of the sale of land to foreign citizens;

State planning and control over all vital programs;

Expansion of the public sector of the economy, ideally - a complete ban on private entrepreneurship

Equality, brotherhood, etc.

The left-wing parties of Russia are represented by the vanguard - the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (actually there are two parties, Zyuganov and Anpilov), as well as the joined "Patriots of Russia", "Agrarians", "National Sovereigns" and several other organizations. In addition to the nostalgic projects of the bygone socialism, they sometimes put forward quite useful and sensible initiatives.

Ukrainian right.

If in Europe it is difficult to figure out the orientation, then in (or in) Ukraine it is almost impossible to do this. We are no longer talking about capitalism, socialism, liberalism or ownership of the main means of production. The main determining criterion in determining political, and at the same time, economic goals is the attitude towards Russia, which the right-wing parties of Ukraine consider an extremely hostile country.

The European choice is something for which they feel sorry for practically nothing: neither the remnants of industrially cooperative industries, nor their own population. The apotheosis of the development of this direction in domestic politics became the notorious "Maidan", quite possibly not the last. The so-called "Right Sector", along with other ultra-nationalist structures, has turned into a paramilitary organization, ready to carry out the tasks of ethnic cleansing.

Leftists in Ukraine.

Ukrainian left and right parties constantly oppose each other. Throughout the existence independent state only supporters of market reforms were in power, which, however, was interpreted in a very peculiar way.

However, the "Left Bloc", consisting of the socialists, their own, but progressive, the All-Ukrainian Party of Workers, and, of course, the Communists, was constantly in opposition. This situation, on the one hand, is convenient, due to the lack of responsibility for what is happening in the country, on the other hand, it indicates that the ideals of Marxism are not very popular among the people. In fact, in Russia, the Communists have a similar situation. The difference is one, but significant. In today's Ukrainian parliament, the left is the only opposition association that opposes the aggressively minded nationalist authorities.

So, the understanding of "leftism" and "rightism" in Western world and post-Soviet countries differs significantly. At present, the Ukrainian “Right Sectors” have the opportunity to punish fellow citizens who dared to tie the St. George ribbon on their sleeves on Victory Day, declaring such “separatists” and “Colorados”, and if the matter ends with verbal obstruction, then this is not the worst option.

Accordingly, each of those is automatically ranked among the left, regardless of his attitude to the ideas of universal social justice. At the same time, the European left and right parties differ only in the colors of the party flags, some program items and names.

"Right" and "Left" in politics

concepts that in their totality show the range of possible political directions and have a certain meaning in political thought.

An adequate identification of the existing disagreements between political trends is hampered by the fact that in political life "right" and "left" often change places.

The terms "right" and "left" appeared in the post-revolutionary (1789) French parliament, in which three directions arose, choosing (which happened by chance) their own seating order: in the right wing there were feuillants - deputies who wanted to preserve the monarchical system and regulate him through the Constitution; in the center sat the Girondins, the wavering republicans; on the left wing, the Jacobins settled down - supporters of radical revolutionary actions, striving for fundamental changes.

Thus, there was an initial division into "rights" and "lefts" in politics: the right are those who wish to preserve the existing situation, the "status quo"; left - those who advocate the need for change, the transformation of the social order. The concepts of conservative and reactionary have become synonymous with the "right", while the radicals and progressives have become synonymous with the "left".

As the practical activities of the right and the left unfolded, the contours of various interpretations socio-economic and political problems. They offered their own interpretation of a person as a sovereign personality, which cannot be imposed by certain rules from outside. The right demanded security for man and property, as well as the rule of law. The right adhered to liberal economic theory, which meant limiting the role of the state in both political and economic life, since state intervention destroys the economy and robs freedom.

The left emphasized the principle of economic egalitarianism (equality). Demands for equality were accompanied by attempts to ensure it with the help of the state.

In the European tradition, it is generally accepted that the "right" emphasize the priority of the individual, and the "left" - the priority of society and the state. However, such an understanding of "right" and "left" was not accepted in Russian social and political thought for a long time. The Russian philosopher S.A. Frank wrote about this emotionally in his article “Beyond the “Right” and “Left”, written in 1930, outside the Motherland. Until 1917, for any politically literate person, “right” meant “reaction, oppression of the people, Arkcheevism, suppression of freedom of thought and speech; the left - the liberation movement, consecrated by the names of the Decembrists, Belinsky, Herzen. "Left" is sympathy for all "humiliated and offended", etc. However, according to Frank, after the October Revolution there was a reversal of concepts. "Left" has become synonymous with arbitrariness, despotism, and the humiliation of man; the right one is a symbol of striving for a worthy human existence..."

Such a reversal has led to uncertainty in the use of these concepts. Interestingly, the situation repeated itself at the turn of the 80-90s. 20th century in Russia.

Frank explains the causes of terminological confusion in the following way. Under the prevailing political order (before 1917) it was customary to regard the "right" in power as guarding the existing order. And the "leftists", striving for a revolution, for the establishment of a new "just" society. “But when this revolution,” writes Frank, “has already taken place, when the dominance belongs to the ‘lefts’, then the roles obviously change: the ‘lefts’ become the guardians of the existing – and, with the duration of the established order, even adherents – of the old and ‘traditional’, then as “rightists” under these conditions are forced to assume the role of reformers and even revolutionaries.

The process of formation in Russia of civil society, the rule of law will reproduce the corresponding political system, in which the political scale will reflect the traditional for Western countries division into "right" and "left" in politics.

The bicentennial history of the political scale of Europe has undergone many changes. Today's conservatives bear little resemblance to the former "rights", just as the radicals no longer represent the descendants of the Jacobins. Radical political forces were pushed back from the left flank to the center at the end of the 19th century, when the Social Democrats settled on the left.

Political directions are universal, in whatever state they may be observed; they differ only in name and the forces behind them. The division into "rights" and "lefts" in politics, apparently, will not lose its relevance for a long time and will exist, at least as long as the state continues to function, i.e. there will be a redistributive mechanism in society.

Konovalov V.N.

Political science. Dictionary. - M: RGU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010 .

Political science. Dictionary. - RGU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010 .

See what "Right" and "Left" in politics are in other dictionaries:

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LEFT AND RIGHT IN POLITICS- characteristics of the ideological and political orientation of political parties, leaders and other active participants in political life. The terms appeared during the period of the French Revolution (1789 1794), when the deputies States General who supported the king and ... Political Science: Dictionary-Reference

Rights- (in politics) (Right), a term referring to ideas, movements and parties of a conservative or reactionary direction. Following the example of the titled aristocracy during the French Revolution (1789), members of the legislature. meetings with authoritarian, ... ... Peoples and cultures

Who are the leftists? Who are the right?

The expression among young people he is left means that a person from outside their social circle and does not understand the topic. A stranger who is unlikely to become his own. And the expression he is right, denoting his youth does not, only the left person.

There are two definitions of left and right in politics.

The left political parties stand up for social equality, although the concept arose due to the location on the left side of the Jacobin radicals who fought for equalization of rights, but fate itself took them to the left position, because it is not possible to be equal to everyone on earth, only underground .

And right political parties they call those citizens who unite according to the principle of capitalism rules, that is, they soberly assess the situation in society.

Usually when they mean left and right, they mean politics. Political forces that use radical methods in their politics are usually called right-wing forces. And the left sticks to democratic and classical ways.

If you mean politics, then the left is:

• communists,
• socialists,
• social democrats,
• social liberals,
• anarchists.

And the right forces are:

• democrats,
• capitalists,
• conservatives,
• liberals,
• Republicans.

Of course, not all of the parties listed are in every state. If we take the left and right on the example of Russia, then not everything is now in the Duma, but in recent years they have taken place.

Left parties of Russia:

• communist party Russian Federation(headed by Gennady Zyuganov),
• Just Russia (headed by Sergey Mironov),
• Patriots of Russia (headed by Gennady Semigin),
• Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko, but they are center-left (heads: Grigory Yavlinsky and Sergei Mitrokhin),
• Social Democratic Party of Russia (headed by Sirazhdin Ramazanov),
• Communist Party of Social Justice (headed by Yuri Morozov),
• New Russia (head Vyacheslav Grishin),
• Party of the Renaissance of Russia (headed by Gennady Seleznv).

Right-wing parties in Russia:

• United Russia (heads Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev),
• Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (headed by Vladimir Zhirinovsky),
• Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (head Andrey Dunaev),
• Republican Party of Russia Party of People's Freedom, center-right (heads Mikhail Kasyanov and Boris Nemtsov),
• Democratic Party of Russia, centre-right (head Andrey Bogdanov)
• Western choice (headed by Konstantin Borovoy).

• The thing is, it's much easier. There are centrists in politics, and it is with respect to them that the division into left and right is taking place.

  First of all, this concept was in the era of Lenin. So Lenin even has a work on the problems of leftism in communism. So even the communists can be divided into left and right. Simply put, the division into left and right is relative. And now the centrists are in power in Russia. And interestingly, they just stood out from the left and right movements. So those who stand on the positions of the communist path are considered leftists. And those who speak more about freedom and adhere to the capitalist path of development are naturally right. And the Parnassus party is an example of the right in Russia. Well, the left of course communist party. And now in between them are all the others. So, starting to answer the question posed, we can come to the conclusion that many parties in Russia give up artificially and adhere to centrist positions. And what is most unpleasant is that the centrist parties, sooner or later, will come to a monarchy or some similarity to a monarchy.

  Speaking of such concepts as left and right, political topics immediately come to mind.

  The left in politics is characterized by the ideological idea of ​​equality, of improving the life of the common people. But the right ones are the complete opposite in thought.

  Usually these concepts are used in politics, for example, in the Duma there are right-wing parties and left-wing ones. The right-wing parties include such parties as the LDPR, which is headed by Vladimir Zhirinovsky, the United Russia party (United Russia), the president of Russia from there.

  To the left can be attributed such parties as the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Communist Party led by Zyuganov.

  We can say that the right is the democrats, and the left is the commies.

  The political division into right and left dates back to the time of the Great French bourgeois revolution of 1792, when absolute monarchy came first French Republic with its famous motto Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

  In the convention new republic on the benches of the left wing of the meeting room sat supporters of cardinal revolutionary changes, up to the use of violence for this. On the right, those who stood up for moderation and the preservation of the old order and traditions are conservatives.

  Today in Russia everything is turned upside down. And the communists who represent the left faction are, in fact, essentially conservatives who advocate a return to the communist past. And United Russia is building its policy on social conservatism.

  Such a division of political forces arose in France about two hundred years ago. The disputes between the right and the left lie in their attitude towards the slogan of the revolution Liberty, Fraternity, Equality.

  The rightists emphasize that equality is generally not achievable by people who are unequal by nature. They emphasize the word Freedom, but do not profess individualism at all, on the contrary, the rightists believe that a person has value and can be free only as a part of society.

  The left, on the other hand, believes that it is necessary to emphasize equality, even if it means restricting freedom.

  For the first time politicians were sorted into left and right by the Great French Revolution (1789...1794). Then the deputies of the States General were divided into supporters of the king (sitting on the right in the meeting room) and his opponents (sitting on the left).

  The extreme manifestation of leftism in politics is the so-called leftism, which takes a political course towards revolutionary changes, which does not exclude the use of violent means to achieve social goals.

  Over time, many leftists have lost their radicalism and moved into the category of the new left, and among them the idea of ​​broad democratic control, opposed to elitist structures, prevails.

Right/Left ♦ Droit/Gauche As a child, I once asked my father what it means for a politician to be right or left. “To be right,” he replied, “is to dream of the greatness of France. To be left is to dream of happiness for the French.” I don't know if he... Philosophical Dictionary of Sponville

In politics, right-wing (the most extreme forms are called ultra-right or right-wing radicals) are traditionally called many directions and ideologies that are opposite to the left, in particular, putting economic, national or religious goals higher ... ... Wikipedia

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Books

• Philosophy and Event, Badiou Alain. Politics, love, art and science are the four sources of truths that Alain Badiou and Fabien Tarby discuss in their dialogues, gradually approaching philosophy. Who are the left today, and who ...
• Philosophy and event. Conversations with a brief introduction to philosophy Alain Badiou, Badiou A., Tarby F. Politics, love, art and science are the four sources of truths that Alain Badiou and Fabien Tarby discuss in their dialogues, gradually approaching philosophy. Who are the left today, and who ...