VLKSM: history, goals and objectives of the organization. reference. Leninist Komsomol: the birth of the Komsomol in the USSR Who financed Komsomol organizations in Soviet times

October 29, 2018 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of the Komsomol. Komsomol - a mass patriotic organization Soviet youth. There are no other examples in history of a youth movement that, over the years of its existence, has reached more than 160 million people and could boast of real achievements.

Civil War, labor five-year plans, heroism during the Great Patriotic War, virgin lands, Komsomol shock construction projects - all this is the Komsomol. The birth of the Komsomol is not an act imposed from above, it is the unification of the energy and heat of the hearts of young people who dream of being useful to their Motherland.

Background

The initiator and ideologist of the organizational completion of attempts to create numerous youth groups was V.I. Lenin. And they were created even before the revolution. At first, youth primary groups were formed within the party and united workers and students. It was the students who were the most revolutionary class of that time.

During the period of Dual Power (February-October 1917), when history could have turned either towards the bourgeois or towards the socialist system, N.K. Krupskaya and V.I. Lenin developed a program of revolutionary youth associations.

IN major cities organizations were created that became the basis for creating a structure on an all-Russian scale. For example, the SSRM (Union of Socialist Working Youth) in Petrograd, approaching the birthday of the Komsomol.

Congress of Workers' and Peasants' Youth

At the height of the Civil War (1918), the first congress of delegates from scattered youth organizations throughout the country took place in Moscow. 176 people came from everywhere: from territories captured by the White Guards, as well as by the German army (Ukraine, Poland); from the separated Finland and the self-proclaimed Baltic republics, as well as from Japanese-occupied Vladivostok. They were united by the desire to create a new power built on the principles of justice. The opening day of the congress (October 29) will go down in history as the birthday of the Komsomol, which united more than 22 thousand people.

In the adopted charter and program all-Russian organization it was said that it was independent, but acted under the leadership of the Communist Party, which determined its ideological orientation. The main speaker was Lazar Abramovich Shatskin, the author of the program. His name is little known in the country, because during the years of Stalinist repression he would be shot for being accused of Trotskyism. Like many other first secretaries of the Central Committee who headed the organization until 1938.

Symbols of RKSM

The lists of delegates to the first congress were not preserved even in the archives. Subsequently, the task arose of identifying membership in an organization called RKSM (Russian Communist Youth Union). Already in 1919, Komsomol tickets appeared.

During the civil war, during which the Central Committee announced three mobilizations, they were kept and protected at the cost of their lives. A little later the first icons appeared. Their release, at first in insufficient quantities, was carried out by the Komsomol itself. The birth of the Komsomol was immortalized with four letters RKSM against the background of a flag with a star. Badges were awarded to production leaders and the best representatives of the organization.

Since 1922, a new uniform form was approved with the abbreviation KIM, meaning Communist Youth International. The form would also change in 1947, acquiring its final form only in 1956. It will already be awarded to everyone joining the ranks of the organization along with a Komsomol card.

Komsomol tasks

In 1920, the Civil War was still ongoing, but it became clear that the Red Army was winning. This posed serious tasks for the Bolshevik Party to restore the destroyed economy, create the country’s energy base and create a new society. The state needed competent personnel, so 2.10. 1920 at the next (IIIrd) Komsomol congress V.I. made a speech. Lenin, who defined the mission of the newly created organization: to study communism. It already consisted of 482 thousand people.

In the year the Komsomol was born, it was important to win, but now it was necessary to form the generation that was to live in different social conditions. The military front was to be replaced by a labor front. Grandiose achievements in the pre-war years became possible thanks to the participation of working youth in collectivization, Komsomol construction sites, patronage of the general education system, the movement of “thousanders” (who fulfilled the plan 1000%) and obtaining a higher vocational education(workers' faculties). Many Western analysts believed that the success of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War became possible thanks to the education of a person of a new formation, putting the interests of the country above personal ones, in which the Komsomol succeeded.

The birth of the Komsomol: the name of V. I. Lenin

In January 1924, the country was shocked by the news of the death of V.I. Lenin, the leader of the world proletariat and leader of the country. In the summer of the same year, the VI Congress of the RKSM took place, at which the issue of naming the Komsomol after V.I. Lenin was decided. The address spoke of a firm determination to live, fight and work like Lenin. His book “Tasks of Youth Unions” became a reference book for every Komsomol member.

The birthday of the Leninist Komsomol (July 12) added the letter “L” to the abbreviation of the organization’s name, and over the next two years it was called RLKSM.

Status of an all-Union organization

The date of formation of the USSR is considered to be December 30, 1922, when four republics became part of the union state: the RSFSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Transcaucasian SFSR. The Komsomol organization received all-Union status in 1926 at the VII Congress. The birthday of the USSR Komsomol is March 11, while the Komsomol of all union republics was preserved.

This structure existed until the Komsomol was alive. The birth of the Komsomol in 1918 ended with its self-dissolution in September 1991, which was associated with the collapse of the Union. Despite the emergence of organizations that consider themselves the legal successors of the Komsomol - the Komsomol of the Russian Federation, the RKSM, the RKSM (b), such a mass structure no longer exists in the history of the country. In 1977, its members were 36 million people, almost the entire population of the country from 14 to 28 years old.

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I joined the Komsomol in 1988, at the end of 8th grade. I remember we went to some classes after school - one of the teachers told us about the charter, how many orders the Komsomol had and what they gave it for, etc. I didn’t bother to memorize all this information, I thought that somehow later... And then one fine spring day we were interrupted from classes (hurray!), and on the way we learned that we were being taken to the district committee to be accepted into the Komsomol. The first thought is that they will fail. My classmate and I, who, in principle, was very exemplary, but within reasonable limits, so he didn’t really study all this either, decided to go in the last rows. Like, let’s see if they’re pushing hard, and if so, we’ll fade away so as not to embarrass ourselves. Not so. They herded us all into the first secretary's office, lined us up in a semicircle and... began calling us in alphabetical order and handing us Komsomol tickets. And no interview. And with the recommendations, everything was simple - one was signed en masse by the school Komsomol organizer, others were taken from friends. One figure actually created for himself an employee of a trolleybus depot, a member of the CPSU, and signed for it himself. It's gone through the channel.
It was more fun when, in the 11th grade (which I moved directly to from the 9th grade), I tried to leave the Komsomol due to political convictions - by that time I no longer believed in the “only correct” policy of the CPSU. At first, my application was kept under wraps for a long time, then after my visit to the district committee, where they had soul-saving conversations with me for a long time, after which the first secretary (as I remember now, by the name of Mokry) personally stated “we have no right to persuade you,” they nevertheless granted request. It turned out that this was the first case in the area and almost the only one in the city. Then Zavrono personally decided to carry out educational work with me, and he interrogated me with passion in the director’s office. In particular, he threatened with “organs”. And then, after 1991, for the first time this guy tried to remain “for the Reds”, he even tried to persuade the management of schools where there were polling stations to falsify them in favor of the communists in the next elections. By the way, our head teacher educational work, which I especially hated for its condescending Sovkism, categorically refused to do this. She said that she is only for those communists who are for justice, and justice is how the people actually voted, even if the people are wrong. When they told me about this, I respected her.
Well, the former head of district administration, Viktor Padlovich Garkavets, then received a promotion to department head, after which he quickly changed his colors. I do not rule out that this classic red-yellow-blakty bastard rules the education system of the city of Kharkov to this day. But no independent bodies were certainly involved in his person. It's a pity. I have a generally negative attitude towards Bandera’s people, but they rarely hanged people like this Garkavets.

Unchanged; m. [in capital letters] In the USSR: All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (social and political youth organization). * * * Komsomol see All-Union Leninist Communist Youth League. * * * Komsomol Komsomol, see All-Union... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Komsomol- take a shovel, dig your own grave! the great Lenin dug his own grave a wolf caught a goat for seven months wolves love bones with meat folklore. Komsomol Komsomol KSM All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union after: SKM RF historical ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

See All-Union Leninist Communist Youth League... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Komsomol- abbreviation of the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth League until 1991. unchangeable dictionary unit ist... Spelling dictionary of Ukrainian language

Komsomol- (All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union) mass social polit. youth organization. The first organizational congress took place on October 29. 4 Nov 1918 in Moscow. Proletarian youth organizations in the U., as well as throughout the country, arose... ... Ural Historical Encyclopedia

Komsomol- [ve el ka es em], unchangeable, m. All-Union Leninist Kolshunistichesky Union of Youth. AGS, 203. ◘ Komsomol amateur public organization, uniting in its ranks the broad masses of advanced Soviet youth. CPSP, 32. The basis of the Komsomol... ... Dictionary language of the Council of Deputies

See All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union... Big Soviet encyclopedia

- [ve el ka es em] All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union... Small academic dictionary

See All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Komsomol- The Wolf Caught the Goat for Seven Months A humorous decoding of the abbreviation of the Leninist Komsomol... Dictionary of folk phraseology

Books

• Komsomol. 1918 - 1978, I. Mikhailov. We present to your attention the photo album of N. Mikhailov “VLKSM. 1918 - 1978”…
• Komsomol. 1918-1978, N. Mikhailov. To the glorious Lenin Komsomol - a faithful and reliable assistant Communist Party and her combat reserve - a tireless fighter for the great cause of communism, a worker, an innovator, a warrior,...
• Komsomol volunteers. Collective portrait of the Komsomol. Dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Komsomol, Alla Faatovna Sushchinskaya. This is a collective Portrait of the Komsomol. Not ordered, but sincere, voluntary research. A unique collection of memories of dozens of people (historical figures and current ones) and the answer...

On the one hand, even in the last years of the existence of the Soviet Komsomol, it was still the first “school of life” for many prominent politicians and businessmen modern Russia. On the other hand, this can be explained by the fact that there was simply nothing else where in the 1970-1980s a young man could realize his talents and start building a career: the one-party system did not imply any competition in the ideological field. Komsomol members recent years existence of the USSR, they remember that era and the crisis of their organization.

Exactly 20 years ago, on September 27, 1991, the XXII Extraordinary Congress of the Komsomol began, with one single question on the agenda: “On the fate of the Komsomol.” At the end of its work, the congress declared the historical role of this organization exhausted, and it itself was dissolved. At the end of the congress (and I’m not joking), the delegates sang while standing: “I will not part with the Komsomol, I will be forever young” and began to “derib” the property of this wealthy organization.

Well, God bless them - unfortunately, we were not allowed into this “deriban”, so let’s remember each of our Komsomol (who had one, of course).

Stages of development public life any Soviet schoolchild was reminded of the stages of insect development. But if in invertebrate arthropods they proceeded in the order: egg -> larva -> pupa -> imago, then in vertebrate Soviet schoolchildren they took place in the following sequence: first-graders became October students, October students - pioneers, and pioneers, upon reaching 14 years of age, automatically turned into Komsomol members , and this was not discussed.

The rules for admission to the Komsomol were as follows: it was necessary to collect recommendations from either 1 communist or 2 experienced Komsomol members; fill out the form for admission to the Komsomol; turn in two 3x4 photographs; get a description and learn the answers to the following questions:

Who is the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee?

Who is the first secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee?

Who is your favorite Komsomol hero?

How many orders does the Komsomol have?

And what is “democratic centralism”?

(ideally, of course, it would be advisable to read the Komsomol Charter - but this is not for everyone).

The acceptance of our class into the Komsomol took place in two stages - in spring and autumn. In the spring, the Komsomol accepted the “best” (excellent and good students), in the fall the “worst” (C students and slobs, as well as those born in the summer). Naturally, I was accepted in the fall. Moreover, life had not yet “broken me down” and I loved to show off - when everyone brought recommendations from high school Komsomol members, I brought a recommendation from a communist friend who was a Hero of the Soviet Union.

After a public discussion of the candidates at the school Komsomol meeting, a gala reception took place at the district/city Komsomol committee with the presentation of tickets and badges (sometimes the gala reception was replaced by a simple presentation of a Komsomol ticket in the “Pioneer Room”).

After this action, the Soviet schoolchild received every right:

b) pay monthly Komsomol dues in the amount of 2 kopecks;

c) get bored at Komsomol meetings;

d) after school go to college.

You will say - there were those who refused to join the Komsomol: they believed in God, or they listened to the Rolling Stones. There were, of course, some. But then usually in their lives there was Soviet army, and there they didn’t give a damn about what you believe in or what you listen to. They also didn’t care about the rules for admission to the Komsomol established “in civilian life” and the soldier’s ignorance of the answers to the above questions. There, simply one fine day, during the morning formation they announced: “Private Pupkin, get out of formation! Congratulations on joining glorious ranks All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union! Get in line!” The warrior shouted: “I serve the Soviet Union!” and joined the multi-million ranks of Soviet Komsomol members.

But I, in the army, refused to stand in a single Komsomol formation. I hated being part of this thoroughly rotten, formalized organization into which everyone was driven en masse in pursuit of interest and reporting. I was sick of these false slogans and of Komsomol functionaries who themselves did not believe in what they were saying from high tribunes. From their showing off, careerism and hypocrisy...

No, I refused to participate in all this and in the army became a candidate member of the CPSU.

First Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee (1986-1990). Special Advisor to USSR President M. Gorbachev. Historian, candidate of historical sciences...

The Komsomol did not collapse. His time has passed. Please note - as soon as our country began to become what it should be, it fell apart and ceased to exist. This is where you need to think and ask yourself: what happened? We need to figure out what happened to our country in the twentieth century? What started in 1905 and ended, I hope, in ’91? What was it? WITH historical point From a visual perspective, it is simply impossible to understand the heap of myths that shrouded the entire twentieth century. We live in a completely false coordinate system. We live in a completely mythologized historical space. It turns out that we had the first Russian revolution in 1905. Then, it turns out, there was the February bourgeois-democratic revolution. Then, six months later, a socialist revolution occurs. What can you call the revolution that took place in 1991? Capitalist, it turns out? From my point of view as a candidate of historical sciences, this is complete nonsense.

A bourgeois-democratic revolution began in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century. But it was very different from those that took place before - from the English, French, North American. All of them were in a completely different historical period. Our revolution was late, like everything else with us. It began at a time when globalization processes began to manifest themselves. Our revolution differs from all others in that, oddly enough, it turned out to be a revolution not so much for our country as a revolution for the rest of the world. All other revolutions also influenced the world but it was indirect influence. Our revolution had a colossal impact on the whole world. The whole world has changed. John Reed was wrong when he called the book Ten Days That Shook the World. They changed the world...

- Viktor Ivanovich, when you left your post, you lost not only your job, but also your privileges.

What privileges? What are you talking about? Sometimes today my wife points her finger around me and asks: “What privileges did you have?”

I was the head of an organization that had two billion dollars in its bank account alone. I received five hundred rubles, I had a Volga car and they also gave me coupons for a special store. Yes, there was also a clinic, from which I was immediately expelled. Now I feel fine at the district clinic. But I never even went to the Central Clinic because I was young and healthy.

- Excuse me, but where did the two billion dollars you mentioned go?

Don't know. I left them safe where they were...

In the comments I remembered that I worked in the Komsomol city committee. They asked me to tell you how it was.

Alas, there will be no dirty details in the style of the film “Regional Emergency”. In our city committee there was no drinking in saunas, ​********, theft and other things that were attributed then, during the era of perestroika, to party and Komsomol functionaries. There was the usual work of organizing life and leisure in a small area - the Slobodsky district of the Kirov region.

We had four offices - the office of the First Secretary, the Second, and the accounting department with the organizational department. And I worked as acting third secretary - the position of working with student youth. In the same office as the Second. In the office there were two tables, a Yatran typewriter, I think a dozen chairs, a wardrobe and a bookcase. A! There was also a rotator - this is such crap for printing leaflets.

There was a car - either a “five” or a “Muscovite” - I don’t remember. But definitely not Volga. This miracle broke down once a week, so we often took regular buses on business trips around the region. The salary was 250 rubles. Soviet. True, in 1990-1991 there was nothing special to buy. I personally subscribed to newspapers home - dozens of them. From " Soviet Russia" to "Literature" and "Football-Hockey". Lunch in the dining room cost about a ruble. The dining room, by the way, was common to the city party committee, Komsomol, district executive committee, city executive committee and other councils.

Entrance to the dining room was free for everyone. No passes, no policemen at the entrance. And there were no pineapples in the champagne either. And there was no black caviar either. In my opinion, the food was tastier in factory canteens. There were also subsidiary plots. Something like a collective farm at a factory. There were no special privileges, additional rations, or dachas with swimming pools. The only “privilege” that I took advantage of was taking two vacations at my own expense, going on a ski trip around the region in February and on a hiking trip in Crimea. Your own expenses). All. After working there for a year, I probably became anti-Soviet for about ten years.

Because a boy at seventeen needs a feat - to overcome himself. Previously, Komsomol members had a fight against devastation, Budennovka, OSOAVIAKHIM, war, restoration, virgin lands, BAM... We had a city KVN competition and reporting and election conferences. By the way, since then I can’t stand KVN people. Antics with forced humor and a huge superiority complex. How was the festival organized?

Very simple.

You write a statement on two pages - the topic of KVN, the jury, prizes. You print it on a rotator, smearing it with black ink. You call the secretaries of the school committees of the Komsomol. You give them a position and a pointer so that there is a command by such and such a date. Then you go to the House of Culture - for us it was the House of Culture named after. Gorky - you agree on the provision of a stage and hall for such and such a date. No money, everything is free. You buy prizes at a sporting goods store and prepare certificate forms. Persuading important people sit on the jury. Again for free. You've been calling secretaries for a month - how are they doing with their team preparation?

That's all. And where is the feat?

And constant reports to the regional committee - monthly, quarterly, annual. The main part of the report is how many new members of the Komsomol were accepted. There is a reporting and election conference in April. So many events were carried out: then they liked to call collective creative activities - KTD. How many members have been accepted? A plan for admission was lowered from above - 90% should be covered and that’s it. Well, and the indispensable Gorbachev spells - democratic centralism, glasnost, a brake on perestroika. Boredom.

By the way, I don’t remember any loud exits from the party and Komsomol here. Komsomol tickets were not burned. There were no punks or metalheads in large numbers. And those who were, at times, were Komsomol members. It seems that there was a Komsomol rock club. I even thought about opening a Komsomol video salon, where after watching the film there would be a mandatory discussion. Did not have time.

In the summer, organizing a regional activist camp, sending a delegation to the regional camp of the Komsomol activist “Stremitely” and the camp of the regional pioneer activist “Zvezdny”. There was no overarching goal of all these KTD, activist camps, reports and elections.

Everything was rolling by inertia into the abyss. But we didn't notice this. It seemed that everything was about to end. The Komsomol and the USSR are about to emerge from the crisis renewed.

Now, of course, it’s good to say from a height of years that it was necessary to do this or that. Just jump naked on Revolution Square in Slobodskoye - everything was decided not in the regional centers, but in the Kremlin and on Staraya Square. It was there that the Supergoal and Supertasks disappeared. And without them the USSR is impossible. Ask, maybe I missed something?

By the time I graduated from school, the Komsomol had almost collapsed... At the school’s annual meeting, we gave the work of the Komsomol organization an unsatisfactory assessment, it was brave! But we consoled ourselves with integrity and courage, not knowing that we were kicking a corpse. The Komsomol ceased to exist a year later. I recommend everyone who remembers the Pioneer and Komsomol to re-watch this film - “Emergency of a Regional Scale”.

Also, this film is about what a person really is, namely a man. To all the men leading double life who make deals with their conscience for the sake of a career, is dedicated. The most interesting thing is when men do unseemly things, but at the same time they hide behind lofty words: I am doing this for the sake of the family. Komsomol members, volunteers...

And at one time I was on this nomenklatura career ladder: “Pioneer Komsomol”, dad didn’t let me in! He hated party privileges, and believed that the only real privilege of a party member was to stand up and lead a platoon into the attack. Dad was upset that the school's squad council was meeting New Year's celebration separately from the rest of the school students. He screamed and got angry. Thanks to him, and the Kingdom of Heaven! He understood everything correctly.

From the comments.

IMHO in Komsomol (not the militarized one, but the regular one) there is positive side- young men are left without elders and take on certain matters on their own (for example, conduct cell meetings), and take responsibility themselves. Such a difference between people, that one person is a Komsomol member, and another person is just a Komsomol member, structures society. Structures. And thus contributes to its understanding.

The Komsomol helps you to remain without elders, and to do something yourself, without elders.

I was born in 1984 and I think that my childhood and youth were very much spoiled by the absence of a universal, widespread organization like the Komsomol.

I recently watched the film “Regional Emergency” (a perestroika film about how bad the Komsomol is and how much hypocrisy and lies there are in it). I liked the film. Soviet Union bad. Komsomol is bad. But it’s better to have a lying Komsomol than none! He, with all his deceit, gives the experience of independence, gives the experience of life without dependence on elders!

Well, the positive side of Komsomol is not deceit, but that it would provide the opportunity to hold events without the participation of elders. By ourselves, on our own. And in my generation, no one thought about the fact that someone was entrusted with being “responsible” for what was happening in the classroom (like a Komsomol organizer is responsible). It is not the teacher who takes responsibility (as in our generation), nor the father, nor the mother, but one of the young people.

And the Komsomol pointed to moral values ​​(which are written in the charter) - truthfulness, mutual assistance, etc. In our generation, no one said: “you must be truthful, because you are members of such and such an organization, and the members of this organization must correspond to a high moral level." We were told about morality - but it was vague, unclear. There was no argument - “BECAUSE YOU ARE MEMBERS OF THE ORGANIZATION.” This argument could be more convincing. And special We were not given tickets, we did not pay fees. Having a ticket in your pocket and some paraphernalia could REMIND you of moral duty. And without paraphernalia it is easy to forget.

And in general, in the Komsomol Charter there are ideas that are closer to pacifism than to militarism:

Everyone’s concern for the preservation and enhancement of public wealth;

High consciousness of public duty, intolerance to violations of public interests;

Collectivism and comradely mutual assistance: each for all, all for one;

Humane relations and mutual respect between people: person to person - friend, comrade and brother;

Honesty and truthfulness, moral purity, simplicity and modesty in public and personal life;

Mutual respect in the family, concern for raising children;

Intransigence to injustice, parasitism, dishonesty, careerism, money-grubbing;

Friendship and brotherhood of all peoples of the USSR, intolerance towards national and racial hostility;

Intransigence towards the enemies of communism, the cause of peace and freedom of peoples;

Fraternal solidarity with the working people of all countries, with all peoples.

When a person is told about all this, it can help the development of critical thinking. A modern youth They just don't talk about it! And they are not given the responsibility that “you must live up to a high moral standard.” There is another anti-Soviet film - “Tomorrow there was a war.” But the Komsomol women from this film were to some extent inspired by Komsomol ideology. And this is justified in the film. They were capable of thinking - Spark, for example, could change their views under the influence of some arguments. And the Komsomol noodles on the ears did not prevent this. On the contrary, Komsomol ideology contributed to this.

At the origins of the pioneer organization was Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. In 1921, she delivered a report “On Boy Scoutism,” in which she advised Komsomol members to pay attention to the experience of children’s scout groups and create an organization “scouting in form and communist in content.” The resolution adopted on May 19, 1922 at the II Komsomol Conference read: “Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian Conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the issue of the children's movement and the use of the reorganized scouting system in it.” Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the Conference proposes to extend this experience on the same basis to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee.”
Pioneer from the very beginning was created as communist organization proletarian children. “We are pioneers, children of workers!” - sang in a song well known to everyone. The pioneer organization accepted, first of all, children from working and poor peasant families. The children of “class enemies” - representatives of the bourgeoisie and kulaks - were barred from joining the organization. However, it is unlikely that they wanted to go there, because the first pioneers had to really live up to the ideals of the builders of communism, including being active fighters against religion and other “remnants of the past.” The pioneers helped elders fight homelessness, taught those who wanted to read and write, and worked on an equal basis with adults when the fight against devastation was announced.
Later, in the 30s, enrollment in pioneers became widespread, pioneer organizations existed in all schools. The children's lives became more orderly, and pioneer responsibilities included good studies and exemplary behavior at school. During this period, children of “enemies of the people” were not accepted as pioneers. There are many memories of those who had to go through the humiliating procedure of expulsion from the pioneers - their tie was removed in front of the entire school.