What was the name of the international communist association? International Communist Party (France). Description of the presentation International associations of parties Lecture questions based on slides

Many people know that the Communist International is an international organization that united communist parties different countries in 1919-1943. Some people call this same organization the Third International, or the Comintern.

This formation was founded in 1919, at the request of the RCP (b) and its leader V.I. Lenin for the dissemination and development of the ideas of international revolutionary socialism, which, in comparison with the reformist socialism of the Second International, was a completely opposite phenomenon. The gap between these two coalitions occurred due to differences in positions regarding the First World War and the October Revolution.

Congresses of the Comintern

Congresses of the Comintern were not held very often. Let's look at them in order:

• First (Constitutive). Organized in 1919 (March) in Moscow. It was attended by 52 delegates from 35 groups and parties from 21 countries.
• Second Congress. Held from July 19 to August 7 in Petrograd. At this event, a number of decisions were made on the tactics and strategy of communist activity, such as models of participation in the national liberation movement of communist parties, the rules for the party’s entry into the 3rd International, the Charter of the Comintern, and so on. At that moment, the Department of International Cooperation of the Comintern was created.
• Third Congress. Held in Moscow in 1921, from June 22 to July 12. 605 delegates from 103 parties and structures attended this event.
• Fourth Congress. The event took place from November to December 1922. It was attended by 408 delegates sent by 66 parties and enterprises from 58 countries. By decision of the congress, the International Enterprise for Assistance to Revolutionary Fighters was organized.
• The fifth meeting of the Communist International was held from June to July 1924. The participants decided to turn the national communist parties into Bolshevik ones: to change their tactics in light of the defeat of the revolutionary uprisings in Europe.
• The Sixth Congress was held from July to September 1928. At this meeting, participants assessed the political world situation as transitional to the newest stage. It was characterized by an economic crisis that spread throughout the planet and an intensification of class struggle. Members of Congress managed to develop the thesis of social fascism. They made a statement that political cooperation communists with both right and left social democrats is impossible. In addition, during this conference the Charter and Program of the Communist International were adopted.
• The seventh conference was held in 1935, from July 25 to August 20. The basic theme of the meeting was the idea of ​​consolidating forces and fighting the growing fascist threat. During this period, the Workers' United Front was created, which was a body for coordinating the activities of workers of various political interests.

Story

In general, communist internationals are very interesting to study. So, it is known that the Trotskyists approved the first four congresses, the supporters of left communism only the first two. As a result of the campaigns of 1937-1938, most sections of the Comintern were liquidated. The Polish section of the Comintern was eventually officially dissolved.

Of course, the political parties of the 20th century underwent a lot of changes. Repressions against communist leaders international movement, who found themselves in the USSR for one reason or another, appeared even before Germany and the USSR concluded a non-aggression pact in 1939.

Marxism-Leninism was very popular among the people. And already at the beginning of 1937, members of the directorate of the German Communist Party G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, leaders of the Yugoslav Communist Party M. Fillipovich, M. Gorkich were arrested. V. Chopic commanded the fifteenth Lincoln International Brigade in Spain, but when he returned, he was also arrested.

As you can see, communist internationals were created by a large number of people. Also, a prominent figure in the international communist movement, the Hungarian Bela Kun, and many leaders of the Polish Communist Party - J. Pashin, E. Pruchniak, M. Kossutska, J. Lenski and many others were also repressed. Former Greek Communist Party A. Kaitas was arrested and shot. One of the leaders of the Communist Party of Iran, A. Sultan-Zadeh, received the same fate: he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern, a delegate of the II, III, IV and VI congresses.

It should be noted that the political parties of the 20th century were distinguished by a lot of intrigue. Stalin accused the leaders of the Communist Party of Poland of anti-Bolshevism, Trotskyism, and anti-Soviet positions. His speeches were the cause of physical reprisals against Jerzy Czeszejko-Sochatsky and other leaders of the Polish communists (1933). Some were repressed in 1937.

Marxism-Leninism, in fact, was not a bad teaching. But in 1938, the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Comintern decided to dissolve the Polish Communist Party. The founders of the Communist Party of Hungary and the leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic- F. Bajaki, D. Bokanyi, Bela Kun, I. Rabinovic, J. Kelen, L. Gavro, S. Szabados, F. Karikas. The Bulgarian communists who moved to the USSR were repressed: Kh. Rakovsky, R. Avramov, B. Stomonyakov.

Romanian communists also began to be destroyed. In Finland, the founders of the Communist Party G. Rovio and A. Shotman, General First Secretary K. Manner and many of their associates were repressed.

It is known that communist internationals did not appear out of nowhere. For their sake, more than a hundred Italian communists living in the Soviet Union in the 1930s suffered. They were all arrested and transported to camps. Mass repressions did not pass by the leaders and activists of the communist parties of Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Estonia and Western Belarus (before their annexation to the USSR).

Structure of the Comintern

So, we have looked at the congresses of the Comintern, and now we will look at the structure of this organization. Its Charter was adopted in August 1920. It was written: “In essence, the International of Communists is obliged to actually and truly represent a worldwide unified communist party, separate branches of which operate in each state.”

It is known that the leadership of the Comintern was carried out through the Executive Committee (ECCI). Until 1922, it consisted of representatives delegated by the Communist Parties. And since 1922 he was elected by the Comintern Congress. The Small Bureau of the ECCI appeared in July 1919. In September 1921 it was renamed the Presidium of the ECCI. The ECCI Secretariat was created in 1919 and dealt with personnel and organizational issues. This organization existed until 1926. And the Organizational Bureau (Orgburo) of the ECCI was created in 1921 and existed until 1926.

It is interesting that from 1919 to 1926 the Chairman of the ECCI was Grigory Zinoviev. In 1926, the position of chairman of the ECCI was abolished. Instead, the ECCI Political Secretariat of nine people appeared. In August 1929, the Political Commission of the Political Secretariat of the ECCI was separated from this new formation. She was supposed to prepare various issues that were subsequently considered by the Political Secretariat. It included D. Manuilsky, O. Kuusinen, a representative of the German Communist Party (agreed with the Central Committee of the KKE) and O. Pyatnitsky (candidate).

In 1935 it appeared new position- General Secretary of the ECCI. It was occupied by G. Dimitrov. The Political Commission and the Political Secretariat were abolished. The ECCI Secretariat was reorganized.

The International Control Commission was created in 1921. She checked the work of the ECCI apparatus, individual sections (parties) and was engaged in auditing finances.

What organizations did the Comintern consist of?

• Profintern.
• Interrabpom.
• Sportintern.
• Communist Youth International (CYI).
• Krestintern.
• Women's International Secretariat.
• Association of Rebel Theaters (International).
• Rebel Writers Association (international).
• International of Freethinking Proletarians.
• World Committee of Comrades of the USSR.
• Tenants International.
• The international organization for assistance to revolutionaries was called MOPR or “Red Aid”.
• Anti-Imperialist League.

Disbandment of the Comintern

When did the dissolution of the Communist International occur? The date of official liquidation of this famous organization falls on May 15, 1943. Stalin announced the dissolution of the Comintern: he wanted to impress the Western allies, convincing them that plans to establish communist and pro-Soviet regimes on the lands of European states had collapsed. It is known that the reputation of the 3rd International by the beginning of the 1940s was very bad. In addition, in continental Europe, the Nazis suppressed and destroyed almost all cells.

From the mid-1920s, Stalin and the CPSU(b) personally sought to dominate the Third International. This nuance played a role in the events of that time. The liquidation of almost all branches of the Comintern (except for the Youth International and the Executive Committee) in the years (mid-1930s) also had an impact. However, the 3rd International was able to retain the Executive Committee: it was only renamed the World Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

In June 1947, the Paris Conference on Marshall Aid took place. And in September 1947, Stalin created Cominform from the socialist parties - the Communist Information Bureau. It replaced the Comintern. In fact, it was a network formed from the communist parties of Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Romania and Yugoslavia (due to disagreements between Tito and Stalin, it was removed from the lists in 1948).

Cominform was liquidated in 1956, after the 20th Congress of the CPSU. This organization did not have a formal successor, but the OVD and CMEA, as well as regularly held meetings of workers and communist parties friendly to the USSR, became such.

Archive of the Third International

The Comintern archive is kept in the State Archive of Political and Social History in Moscow. Documents are available in 90 languages: the basic working language is German. There are reports from more than 80 parties.

Educational establishments

The Third International owned:

1. Communist Workers' University of China (KUTK) - until September 17, 1928, it was called the Sun Yat-sen Workers' University of China (UTK).
2. Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV).
3. Communist University of National Minorities of the West (KUNMZ).
4. International Lenin School (ILS) (1925-1938).

Institutions

The Third International ordered:

1. Statistical and Information Institute ICKI (Bureau Varga) (1921-1928).
2. Agrarian International Institute (1925-1940).

Historical facts

The creation of the Communist International was accompanied by various interesting events. So, in 1928, Hans Eisler wrote a magnificent anthem for him in German. It was translated into Russian by I. L. Frenkel in 1929. In the chorus of the work the words were repeatedly heard: “Our slogan is the World Soviet Union!”

In general, when the Communist International was created, we already know that it was a difficult time. It is known that the command of the Red Army, together with the propaganda and agitation bureau of the Third International, prepared and published the book “Armed Uprising.” In 1928, this work was published in German, and in 1931 - in French. The work was written in the form of a textbook on the theory of organizing armed uprisings.

The book was created under the pseudonym A. Neuberg, its real authors were popular figures of the revolutionary worldwide movement.

Marxism-Leninism

What is Marxism-Leninism? This is a philosophical and socio-political doctrine about the laws of the struggle for the elimination of capitalist orders and the construction of communism. It was developed by V.I. Lenin, who developed the teachings of Marx and applied it in practice. The emergence of Marxism-Leninism confirmed the significance of Lenin's contribution to Marxism.

V.I. Lenin created such a magnificent teaching that in socialist countries it turned into the official “ideology of the working class.” The ideology was not static; it changed and adapted to the needs of the elite. By the way, it also included the teachings of regional communist leaders, which were important for the socialist powers led by them.

In the Soviet paradigm, the teachings of V.I. Lenin are the only correct scientific system of economic, philosophical and political-social views. Marxist-Leninist teaching is capable of integrating conceptual views regarding the study and revolutionary change of earthly space. It reveals the laws of development of society, human thinking and nature, explains the class struggle and forms of transition to socialism (including the liquidation of capitalism), talks about the creative activity of workers engaged in building both communist and socialist societies.

The largest party in the world is the Chinese Communist Party. She follows in her endeavors the teachings of V.I. Lenin. Its charter contains the following words: “Marxism-Leninism has found the laws of the historical evolution of mankind. His basic principles are always true and have a powerful vital force.”

First International

It is known that the Communist Internationals played the most important role in the struggle of workers for a better life. The International Working People's Association was officially named the First International. This is the first international working class formation, which was founded on September 28, 1864 in London.

This organization was liquidated after a split that occurred in 1872.

2nd International

The 2nd International (Workers or Socialist) was an international association of workers' socialist parties, created in 1889. It inherited the traditions of its predecessor, but since 1893 there have been no anarchists among its members. For continuous communication between party members, the Socialist International Bureau was registered in 1900, located in Brussels. The International made decisions that were not binding on its member parties.

Fourth International

The Fourth International is the international communist organization, an alternative to Stalinism. It is based on the theoretical heritage of Leon Trotsky. The objectives of this formation were the implementation of the world revolution, the victory of the working class and the creation of socialism.

This International was founded in 1938 by Trotsky and his associates in France. These people believed that the Comintern was completely controlled by the Stalinists, that it was not able to lead the working class of the entire planet to complete conquest political power. That is why, in counterbalance, they created their own “Fourth International,” whose members at that time were persecuted by NKVD agents. In addition, they were accused by supporters of the USSR and late Maoism of illegitimacy, and were pressed by the bourgeoisie (France and the USA).

This organization first suffered a split in 1940 and a more powerful split in 1953. Partial reunification took place in 1963, but many groups claim to be the political successors of the Fourth International.

Fifth International

What is the "Fifth International"? This is a term used to describe left-wing radicals who want to create a new international workers' organization based on the ideology of Marxist-Leninist teaching and Trotskyism. Members of this group consider themselves devotees of the First International, the Communist Third, the Trotskyist Fourth and the Second.

Communism

And in conclusion, let’s figure out what the Russian Communist Party is? It is based on communism. In Marxism, this is a hypothetical economic and social system, which is based on social equality, public property created from the means of production.

One of the most famous internationalist communist slogans is the saying: “Workers of all countries, unite!” Few know who first said these famous words. But we will reveal a secret: this slogan was first expressed by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx in the “Manifesto of the Communist Party”.

After the 19th century, the term "communism" was often used to refer to the socio-economic formation that Marxists predicted in their theoretical works. It was based on public ownership created from the means of production. In general, the classics of Marxism believe that the communist public implements the principle “To each according to his skills, to each according to his need!”

We hope that our readers will be able to understand the Communist Internationals with the help of this article.

348. 348. Please give the name of the economic policy of the Soviet state in the conditions civil war(years) MILITARY COMMUNISM

349. 349. Please give the name of the Chairman of the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense of the Soviet State in years. LENIN

350. 350. Please give the name of the main means of providing the army and urban population with food under the conditions of war communism. PRODRAZVYERSTKA

351. 351. Under what name did the peace treaty go down in history? Soviet Russia with Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey, providing it with a way out of the First World War? Please provide this name. BREST PEACE

352. 352. Please name the year of adoption of the first Soviet Constitution (Basic Law of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic). 1918

353. 353. Please name the date (month and year) when the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty was signed. MARCH 1918

3) neutrality;

4) Russian support Orthodox Church and the ban on other religions;

5) cooperation and use of the authority of churches in the interests of the state?

From the alternatives offered to you, please select the correct answer and indicate its number.

406. 406. World War II began on September 1, 1939. A week before the start of the war, an interstate agreement was signed in Moscow, characterized by the newspaper Pravda (08/24/1939) as an “instrument of peace” and a “peaceful act”, which will undoubtedly contribute to “relieving tension in the international situation...”.
Please name the country with which the Soviet leadership entered into this agreement. GERMANY

407. 407. Please name the countries that fell into the “sphere of interests” of the Stalinist leadership of the USSR in August 1939. LATVIA POLAND FINLAND ESTONIA

438. 438. Please name the year when the term " cold war"came into use. 1946

439. 439. Please name the year and month of the transformation of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR into the Council of Ministers of the USSR. MARCH 1946

440. 440. Please name one of the leaders of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), who over the years was the organizer of a number of large-scale ideological campaigns that led to the elimination of several promising scientific directions, a ban on publishing literary works, staging plays, making films, performing symphonic and opera music, etc. to writers, composers, theater figures and film directors, artists who caused the displeasure of the “leader of all times and peoples” and his immediate circle. Zhdanov

441. 441. The post-war years in the USSR are characterized by administrative dictates in science. Applied and theoretical science in non-defense sectors of the country has been seriously affected.

Please name two scientific directions, which were declared “bourgeois pseudoscience” and banned. GENETICS, CYBERNETICS

443. 443. Please name the year and month when the card system introduced during the war was abolished in the USSR and monetary reform was carried out. DEC 1947

444. 444. Shortly after the end of World War II, the United States offered its assistance to European countries in reconstruction.
What was the name of this American plan? Name it. MARSHALL'S PLAN

445. 445. Please name a country that, after the end of the Second World War, chose a socialist orientation for itself, but since 1948 has pursued independent internal and foreign policy, ignoring the Soviet model of development, thereby posing an open challenge to Stalin. YUGOSLAVIA

446. 446. In December 1948 General Assembly The UN adopted a document proclaiming individual rights, civil and political rights and freedoms (equality of all before the law, the right of everyone to freedom and personal integrity, freedom of conscience, etc.), as well as socio-economic rights (to work, social security, rest and etc.).
Please provide the full title of this document. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

447. 447. Please name the month and year of the creation of the military-political North Atlantic bloc. APRIL 1949

448. 448. Please name the term that defined the nature of the relationship between the Western powers and the USSR at the end of the Second World War. COLD WAR

449. 449. On October 1, 1949, the formation of the People's Republic of China was solemnly proclaimed in Beijing.
Please name the leader of the Chinese communists who proclaimed the creation of the PRC and became the chairman of the Central People's Government of the PRC. MAO ZEDONG

450. 450. Please name the year when the United States of America lost its monopoly on nuclear weapon. 1949

451. 451. Please give the name of the scientist who provided technical supervision Soviet project creation atomic bomb. KURCHATOV

452. 452. From the European states listed below, please select the countries that entered the orbit of political influence of the Soviet Union and chose a socialist orientation for themselves by the end of the 40s:
01. Austria 02. Albania 03. Belgium
04. Bulgaria 05. Vatican 06. Great Britain
07. Hungary 08. German Democratic Republic
09. Greece 10. Denmark 11. Ireland
12. Iceland 13. Spain 14. Italy
15. Luxembourg 16. Netherlands 17. Norway
18. Poland 19. Portugal 20. Romania
21. Federal Republic of Germany 22. Finland
23. France 24. Czechoslovakia 25. Switzerland
26. Sweden 27. Yugoslavia
Please determine the numbers of the correct answers, in your opinion.

453. 453. Please provide the name of the most important permanent organ of the United Nations, which, according to the UN Charter, has the “primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security." SECURITY COUNCIL

454. 454. Please give the name of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, appointed to this position after his death in 1953. MALENKOV

455. 455. Among the radical measures taken by the post-Stalin leadership of the Soviet Union in order to resolve the grain problem and put the country's economy on a more realistic basis, of course, the decision to develop virgin and fallow lands should be noted.
Please answer in what year this resolution was adopted. 1954

456. 456. Please name the outstanding commander who served during the Great Patriotic War position of Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Soviet State. ZHUKOV

457. 457. From the government positions listed below, please select the one you held in the post-war period:

1) 1) Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR;

2) 2) Minister of Defense of the USSR;

3) 3) Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR;

4) 4) Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Indicate the number of the correct answer.

458. 458. Please remember and name the year of the creation of the military-political defensive union of European socialist states - the Warsaw Pact Organization. 1955

459. 459. Please name the year in which the decision was made to dissolve the Cominform Bureau. 1956

460. 460. In February 1956, at a closed meeting of the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the First Secretary of the Central Committee Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev made a report that became one of the most significant political events in the history of our country.
What problem was Eva's report devoted to? Please name it in the wording of official party documents. CULT OF PERSONALITY

461. 461. In the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences”, adopted a few months after Yev’s report at the 20th Party Congress, an analysis was given from the perspective of that time of both specific historical conditions and subjective factors associated with personal qualities one of the leaders of the Soviet state who contributed to the creation of the cult of his personality.
Please give the name of the political figure who was discussed in the Yova report and the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee. STALIN

462. 462. The de-Stalinization process carried out by Yev after the 20th Congress of the CPSU caused serious resistance from politicians of the Stalinist generation - members of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee.
Please name the names of these political figures. MALENKOV, MOLOTOV, BERIA

463. 463. In 1957, an administrative and managerial reform began in the USSR, during which line ministries were abolished.
Please provide the names of the industrial management bodies that replaced the ministries. COUNCIL OF NARCHOSIS

464. 464. The true triumph of domestic science was the launch artificial satellites Earth, which ushered in the era of space exploration.
Please name the year and month of the launch of the first satellite into low-Earth orbit. OCT 1957

465. 465. Please give the first and last name of the first cosmonaut in the history of mankind. YURI GAGARIN

466. 466. High level theoretical works and successes aviation technology allowed Soviet scientists and designers to begin creating high-altitude, ultra-long-range ballistic missiles and guided missiles.
Please name the scientist, the leader of the work on the creation of rocketry and various spacecraft in the Soviet Union. KINGS

467. 467. Remember and name the year and month of the historical flight into space. APRIL 1961

468. 468. Please name a Latin American country to which in the early 60s the Soviet leadership began to provide assistance, including military assistance. CUBA

469. 469. Please give the name of the international crisis caused by the deployment of Soviet missiles with nuclear warheads in Cuba. CARIBBEAN

470. 470. Please name the year in which a dramatic conflict occurred between the USSR and the USA, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. 1962

471. 471. At the beginning of June 1962, spontaneous rallies and demonstrations of workers protesting against rising food prices began in one of the cities of Russia. During the operation to “restore order” with the participation of troops of the North Caucasus Military District, 23 people were killed and about 40 people were injured. Mass arrests were made. During the trial of the participants in these events, 14 of them were recognized as organizers of the riots; 7 people were sentenced to death, the rest to imprisonment for a term of 10 to 15 years.

Please name the city in which these events took place. tragic events. NOVOCHERKASSK

472. 472. Try to remember and name the story published in November 1962 in the magazine "New World". This publication meant the end of the “thaw” as a system of views, or rather myths, about socialism and communism as real values. From that moment on, the collapse of the Soviet paradigm in ideology (and primarily in literature) began with increasing speed and with increasing depth. ONE

473. 473. Which of the following events, in your opinion, occurred during the period that in our minds is associated with the personality of Yova, years:
1) Input Soviet troops to Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia and the establishment of a pro-Soviet regime there;
2) The entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan and the establishment of a pro-Soviet regime there;
3) The entry of Soviet troops into Hungary and the establishment of a pro-Soviet regime there;
4) The entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia and the establishment of a pro-Soviet regime there?
Please indicate the number of the correct answer.

In the middle of the 19th century. As a result of the emergence of wage workers, a new large proletarian class was formed. Initially, the labor movement was local in nature. Activists from among the workers organized small circles, among which Marxist ideology began to spread, calling for the creation of a new society in which there would be no exploitation.

The efforts of the communists, whose theories were based on the teachings of K. Marx and F. Engels, were aimed at uniting the working class throughout the world and using this powerful political force to fight the bourgeoisie and imperialism. Communists stood for national freedom and against racial hatred.

Workers and peasants in different countries of the world were in the same situation and experienced oppression and oppression from the bourgeoisie, so they supported the ideas of communism and began to create communist parties everywhere. Almost every country and every continent had its own communist parties at that time.

The Communist Party acted as a force that was capable of preparing and implementing revolutionary transformations of society on the basis of planned collectivism. Communist parties were of particular importance in colonial and dependent countries; they were able to unite the people in the struggle for their national independence.

In 1918, communist parties emerged in Germany, Poland, Finland, Austria, Hungary and the Netherlands. Social democratic parties in Bulgaria, Argentina, Sweden and Greece shared the ideas of the communists and actively supported them. At the same time, communist groups and circles formed in Italy, Czechoslovakia, France, Romania, Italy, Great Britain, Switzerland, Denmark, Switzerland, the USA, Canada, China, Korea, Brazil, Australia, the Union of South Africa and other countries of the world.

In January 1919, on the initiative of V.I. Lenin, a meeting of the leaders of communist parties and parties sharing the ideas of communism was held, at which it was decided to convene an international congress. Thus, with the participation of representatives of revolutionary proletarian parties in Europe, America, Asia and Australia, the Communist International was created, which united the labor movement throughout the world.

Thanks to the efforts of the communist parties in 1919, Soviet states. In the USA, France, Great Britain and Italy, it was possible to organize a movement in defense of Soviet Russia from the intervention of imperialist powers. In the colonial and semi-colonial countries of China, Korea, India, Turkey and Afghanistan, a massive national liberation movement grew. The number of communist parties joining the Communist International grew every year.

Subsequently, in the face of the growing threat of fascism, the Comintern was able to unite communists from different countries into a united workers' front to fight the German and Japanese invaders. The All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was at the forefront of the anti-fascist movement; its leading role in the fight against the aggressor was recognized in all countries.

IN largest cities Around the world, communist parties held mass rallies, demonstrations, meetings and conferences, at which a decision was made on the active participation of workers in the struggle against the fascist invaders. Only through joint efforts and often in conditions of severe persecution was it possible to defeat the enemy. But even after the war, communication between communist parties from different countries continued and had a positive impact on strengthening friendly relations between the peoples of the world.

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International Communist Party (MCP, English Parti Communiste Internationaliste , PCI) - the name of several Trotskyist historical organizations operating in France in the 1930s-1960s, most notably the French section of the Fourth International in 1944-1969.

Story

1930s

In France, an organization called the International Communist Party was first created in March 1936 by Raymond Molyneux and Pierre Franck. In June of the same year, the party merged with two other Trotskyist organizations to form the International Workers' Party. However, since October 1936 it has again operated as an independent organization. The party was not part of the Fourth International due to a number of disagreements with Leon Trotsky and the leadership of the international. She published the newspaper “La Commune” and the magazine “La Vérité” (“Truth”). It ceased to exist in the early 1940s.

Post-war period: 1944-1952

In 1944, through the merger of several Trotskyist groups - the International Workers' Party (IWP), the Committee of Communist Internationalists (KKI) and the October group - an organization was again created under the name of the International Communist Party. Preparations for unification were carried out on the initiative of the European Secretariat of the Fourth International, which began work in 1942. In December 1943, a meeting was held between representatives of the MCI, the CCI and the European Secretariat. In February - March 1944, the unification process was completed. According to the instructions of the conference of the European Secretariat, the Central Committee of the ITUC was formed, consisting of three representatives from the MCI, two from the CCI, one from the October group and Michel Pablo from the European Secretariat. The party published the newspaper "La Veritè" ( Is it true), which received legal status in 1945.

The first congress of the ITUC took place in December 1944. The congress adopted a plan of action that included the following issues: “a reconstruction plan drawn up by the General Confederation of Labor, implemented under the control of workers' committees and nationalization without compensation; the government of the Socialist Party, the Communist Party and the CGT; arming the people, workers' militia; international unity of action of workers."

A trade union commission operated within the framework of the ITUC. Party members actively participated in the first post-war strikes of 1945-1947. During the split of the General Confederation of Labor in 1947 and the creation of the CGT - "Labor Force" ( Force Ouvriere) The ITUC advocated the reunification of the confederation and published the newspaper "Unité syndicale".

In the first post-war years, the MCP took part in various elections. For example, in 1945, the party's candidates participated in the elections to the Legislative Assembly in Paris and the Isère department, receiving a combined 10,817 votes. The party also participated in the general elections on June 1, 1946. It fielded 79 candidates in 11 different regions, receiving a total of 44,906 votes.

This period in the history of the party was marked by the formation of various factions within it. The “right” faction, to which Ivan Kraipo belonged, focused on working among activists of traditional left parties, in particular among the “Young Socialists,” the youth wing of the Socialist Party. In January 1946, the second congress of the ITUC was held. At it, Ivan Kraipo called for the creation of a revolutionary party “by combining the progressive tendencies that are developing in the PCF and the Socialist Party.” However, this proposal was rejected by a majority vote.

The third congress took place in September 1946. At the third congress, the post of General Secretary of the ITUC was introduced, which was taken by Ivan Kraipo. At the Fourth Congress in November 1947, the “right” was severely criticized. At the same time, in 1947, representatives of the “right faction” established contacts with French intellectuals, David Rousset, Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. They united in creating the Association of Democratic Revolutionaries ( Rassemblement Démocratique Révolutionnaire listen)) - a left-wing anti-Stalinist party that adhered to the principles of democratic socialism. This, however, led to the expulsion of Kraipo and his supporters from the party in 1948. This decision was confirmed at the 5th Party Congress in early 1948. Pierre Frank became the new general secretary of the ITUC.

In the 1940s and 1950s, the ITUC actively spoke out regarding world events. In particular, against French attempts to restore its influence in Indochina and Algeria. In addition, French Trotskyists responded to the break between Stalin and Tito in 1948. For some time they developed relations with the Yugoslav regime and its embassy in Paris. In the summer of 1950, they organized a French Youth Working Group to be sent to Yugoslavia to assist on a number of projects. The Association of Brigades in Yugoslavia was organized, which also published the brochure "La Brigade".

From the split to 1968

In 1952, the party experienced a split, which took shape organizationally in 1953 after the split of the Fourth International. The reason for the split was the tactics adopted by the Fourth International at the Third World Congress in 1951. In accordance with this tactic, Trotskyists had to join mass communist and social democratic parties. This tactic was known as entryism sui generis.

Cover of the newspaper Quatrième internationale June 1968

The French Trotskyists failed in their entry into the Communist Party. However, at the end of the 1950s, a split occurred in the SFIO, as a result of which the Autonomous Socialist Party was formed, which later transformed into the United Socialist Party (USP). Members of the ITUC decided to join the OSP. One of these activists was Rudolf Prager. He was elected to the Central Committee of the OSP, although he did not hide his affiliation with the Trotskyist movement. He remained a member of the OSP until the 1969 presidential election campaign, when he publicly supported the Communist League candidate Alain Krivin over the OSP candidate Michel Rocard.

In addition, the ITUC had influence in the Union of Communist Students (UCS), whose head was Alain Krivin in the early 1960s. Under the leadership of Krivin, the University Anti-Fascist Front was created ( Front Universitaire Antifasciste), whose task is to fight OAS supporters in the Latin Quarter of Paris and elsewhere. In 1965, at the SKS congress, supporters of Alain Krivin, who were the left wing of the SKS, began to fight for the “right to form trends” and the “consistent de-Stalinization of the PCF.” The following year, 1966, they were all expelled from the Communist Party and created the organization "Revolutionary Communist Youth" (RCM), which played important role in the May 1968 events. Pierre Frank welcomed the creation of the RCM and provided the organization with full support.

The ITUC also actively participated in the May events. The MCP condemned the attempts of the official Communist Party to weaken the uprising. Its publications condemned the negotiations between the PCF and the CGT to end the general strike that was shaking France at the time, and called for the unity of workers and students, the overthrow of the de Gaulle government and the creation of a workers' government. After the end of the events of May - June 1968, both organizations were banned - both the RKM and the MKP. In 1969, they united into the Communist League, then better known as the Revolutionary Communist League.

Organization

General Secretaries of the ITUC

• 1946-1948 - Ivan Kraipo;
• 1948-1969 - Pierre Frank.

ITUC Congresses

see also

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Literature

• Robert J. Alexander. International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement. - Durham: Duke University Press, 1991.
• A. L. Semenov. Left student movement in France. - M.: “Science”, 1975.

Notes

Links

• (French)
• (printed MCP materials) (French)
• (French)

Excerpt characterizing the International Communist Party (France)

Oh, angels!!! Look, mommy, Angels! – a thin voice suddenly squeaked nearby.
I still couldn’t recover from the unusual “flight,” but Stella was already sweetly chirping something to the little round girl.
“And if you are not angels, then why do you sparkle so much?..,” the little girl asked, sincerely surprised, and then again squealed enthusiastically: “Oh, ma-a-mama!” How beautiful he is!..
It was only then that we noticed that Stella’s last “work” had also “failed” with us – her funniest red “dragon”...

Svetlana at 10 years old

– Is...what is this? – the little girl asked with a breath. – Can I play with him?.. He won’t be offended?
Mom apparently mentally reprimanded her sternly, because the girl suddenly became very upset. Tears welled up in her warm brown eyes and it was clear that just a little more and they would flow like a river.
- Just don't cry! – Stella quickly asked. – Do you want me to make you the same?
The girl’s face instantly lit up. She grabbed her mother’s hand and squealed happily:
– Do you hear, mommy, I didn’t do anything wrong and they’re not angry with me at all! Can I have one like that too?.. I’ll really be very good! I really, really promise you!
Mom looked at her with sad eyes, trying to decide how best to answer. And the girl suddenly asked:
– Have you seen my dad, good glowing girls? He and my brother disappeared somewhere...
Stella looked at me questioningly. And I already knew in advance what she would offer now...
- Do you want us to look for them? – as I thought, she asked.
– We have already looked, we have been here for a long time. But there are none. “The woman answered very calmly.
“We’ll look differently,” Stella smiled. “Just think about them so we can see them, and we will find them.”
The girl closed her eyes funny, apparently trying very hard to mentally create a picture of her dad. A few seconds passed...
“Mommy, how can it be that I don’t remember him?” the little girl was surprised.
I heard this for the first time and from the surprise in Stella’s big eyes I realized that this was also something completely new for her...
- How come you don’t remember? – the mother did not understand.
- Well, I look and look and don’t remember... How can it be, I love him very much? Maybe he really is no more?..
- Excuse me, but can you see him? – I asked my mother carefully.
The woman nodded confidently, but suddenly something in her face changed and it was clear that she was very confused.
- No... I can’t remember him... Is this really possible? – she said almost in fear.
- And your son? Can you remember? Or brother? Can you remember your brother? – Stella asked, addressing both of them at once.
Mother and daughter shook their heads.
Usually so cheerful, Stella’s face looked very worried, she probably couldn’t understand what was going on here. I literally felt the intense work of her living and such an unusual brain.
- I came up with it! I came up with an idea! – Stella suddenly squealed happily. – We will “put on” your images and go for a “walk”. If they are somewhere, they will see us. It's true?
I liked the idea, and all that remained was to mentally “change clothes” and go on a search.
- Oh, please, can I stay with him until you return? – the little girl stubbornly did not forget her desire. - And what is his name?
“Not yet,” Stella smiled at her. - and you?
- Leah. - The little girl answered. – Why do you still glow? We saw these once, but everyone said that they were angels... And who are you then?
“We are girls like you, but we live “upstairs.”
– Where is the top? – little Leah did not let up.
“Unfortunately, you can’t go there,” Stella, who was in difficulty, tried to somehow explain. - Do you want me to show you?
The little girl jumped for joy. Stella took her hand and opened her stunning fantasy world, where everything seemed so bright and happy that I didn’t want to believe it.
Leah’s eyes looked like two huge round saucers:
– Oh, what a beauty!....Is this heaven? Oh ma-mom!.. – the little girl squeaked enthusiastically, but very quietly, as if afraid of frightening off this incredible vision. -Who lives there? Oh, look, what a cloud!.. And golden rain! Does this really happen?..
-Have you ever seen a red dragon? – Leah shook her head negatively. - Well, you see, but it happens to me, because this is my world.
- And then what are you - God??? “But God can’t be a girl, can he?” And then, who are you?..
Questions poured out of her like an avalanche and Stella, not having time to answer them, laughed.
Not busy with “questions and answers,” I began to slowly look around and was completely amazed by the extraordinary world that was opening up to me... It was truly a real “transparent” world. Everything around sparkled and shimmered with some kind of blue, ghostly light, from which (as it should have been) for some reason it did not become cold, but on the contrary - it warmed me with some unusually deep, soul-piercing warmth. From time to time, transparent human figures floated around me, now condensing, now becoming transparent, like a luminous fog... This world was very beautiful, but somehow impermanent. It seemed that he was changing all the time, not knowing exactly how he would remain forever...
- Well, are you ready to take a walk? – Stella’s cheerful voice pulled me out of my dreams.
-Where should we go? – Having woken up, I asked.
- Let's go look for the missing! – the little girl smiled cheerfully.
- Dear girls, will you still allow me to watch over your little dragon while you walk? – not wanting to forget him for anything, little Leah asked, lowering her round eyes.
- Okay, take care. – Stella graciously allowed. “Just don’t give it to anyone, otherwise he’s still a baby and might get scared.”
- Oh, wow, how can you!.. I will love him very much until you return...
The girl was ready to go out of her way to flattery, just to get her incredible “miracle dragon”, and this “miracle” puffed and puffed, apparently trying his best to please, as if she felt that it was about him...
– When will you come again? Will you come very soon, dear girls? – Secretly dreaming that we will not come very soon, the little girl asked.
Stella and I were separated from them by a shimmering transparent wall...
-Where do we start? – the seriously concerned girl asked seriously. – I’ve never seen anything like this, but I haven’t been here that long... Now we have to do something, right?.. We promised!
– Well, let’s try to “put on” their images, as you suggested? – without thinking for a long time, I said.
Stella quietly “conjured” something, and a second later she looked like plump Leah, and I, naturally, got Mom, which made me laugh a lot... And we put on ourselves, as I understood, just energy images, with the help whom we hoped to find the missing people we needed.
– This is the positive side of using other people’s images. And there is also a negative one - when someone uses it for bad purposes, like the entity that put on my grandmother’s “key” so that it could beat me. Grandma explained all this to me...
It was funny to hear how this tiny girl expressed such serious truths in a professorial voice... But she really took everything very seriously, despite her sunny, happy character.
- Well, let’s go, “girl Leah”? – I asked with great impatience.
I really wanted to see these other “floors” while I still had the strength to do so. I had already noticed what a big difference there was between this one we were on now and the “upper”, Stella’s “floor”. Therefore, it was very interesting to quickly “plunge” into another unfamiliar world and learn about it, if possible, as much as possible, because I was not at all sure whether I would ever return here again.

APPLICATION 1

Pyatnitsky V.I. Conspiracy against Stalin. —
M.: Sovremennik, 1998

Part two

COMINTERN

Chapter first

The structure of the Comintern in different years

The immediate predecessor of the Third International was the Second International, an international association of workers' parties founded in Paris in 1889.
<…>
The Manifesto of the Communist International, written by Trotsky and adopted by its First Founding Congress, declared:
“We, communists, representatives of the revolutionary proletariat of the countries of Europe, America and Asia, gathered in Soviet Moscow, feel and recognize ourselves as successors and executors of the cause, the program of which was announced seventy-two years ago. Our task is to generalize the revolutionary experience of the working class, to cleanse the movement of the corrupting admixture of opportunism and social patriotism, to unite the efforts of all truly revolutionary parties of the world proletariat, and thereby facilitate and accelerate the victory of the communist revolution throughout the world...”
<…>
The First Congress of the Comintern decided to transfer the leadership of the Communist International to the ECCI [Executive Committee of the Comintern].<…>
The composition of the first Executive Committee is currently unknown.
However, the tasks of the world proletarian revolution required the strengthening of operational leadership and stimulated the accelerated centralization of the structures of the Comintern. As stated in the written report of the ECCI II to the Comintern Congress:
“The Communist International has grown gigantically. It can no longer exist as a weakly structured organization that relies only on a commonality of basic ideas. The Communist International must now turn into a closed, centralized international proletarian organization, which must have not only a completely clear program, but also completely clear tactics, a completely formed and complete organization...”
The statutes of the Communist International, adopted by the Second Congress in August 1920, stated:
“The Communist International sets itself the goal of fighting by all means, even with weapons in hand, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie...” To conduct such a struggle, an appropriate organization was necessary. “As a matter of fact, the Communist International must truly and in fact constitute a single world Communist Party, of which the parties operating in each country are separate sections.”
According to the adopted charter, the Executive Committee of the Comintern included “one representative with a casting vote from ten to thirteen of the largest communist parties...”, their list had to be approved by the next congress. The remaining parties had the right to send one representative with an advisory vote to the Executive Committee. The party of the country where, according to the decision of the World Congress, the Executive Committee was located, introduced five of its representatives with a casting vote into it. The Charter of the Comintern provided that "the seat of the Executive Committee of the Communist International is determined on each occasion by the World Congress of the Communist International." The Congress of the Communist International was defined as the highest governing body, and between the congresses the functions supreme body performed ICCI.
The ECCI initially gained greater power, since the belief in the imminence of world revolution demanded the creation of a centralized operational leadership of the “world party of the proletariat.” However, it was formed through the direct delegation of representatives of parties belonging to the Comintern. The Congress approved a list of countries and regions sending their representatives to the Executive Committee with a casting vote. It included Russia, England, Germany, France, America, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Scandinavia, Holland, Poland, Finland, the Far East, the Middle East - a total of sixteen countries and regions, nine more than approved at the First Congress of the Comintern.
But the parties were still weak and were in such need of personnel that it was not easy to get them to send their leaders to the Executive Committee of the Comintern for a whole year. Representatives of the German and some other communist parties even expressed a wish at the congress that the leadership of affairs would simply be left to the Russian comrades. Only after an energetic protest from the Soviet delegation, which categorically insisted that the Executive Committee be formed from representatives of fraternal communist parties, did the congress make an appropriate decision.
Although the leadership bodies of the Comintern were from the very beginning numerically dominated by representatives of the RCP (b) and their opinion dominated on all issues, it should be noted that, at least from a formal point of view, collective leadership was exercised in the Comintern.<…>
On III The Comintern Congress in 1921 noted that for the first time in the history of the modern labor movement, a truly international leadership had been created. The delegates of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) declared that they would be the happiest people in the world when the proletarian revolution was victorious in Germany (or elsewhere) and the center of the Comintern could be moved to Berlin. But Soviet Russia was forced to remain the host country of the Comintern.
<…>
On IV Congress (1922) brought together representatives of fifty-eight countries. In connection with the expansion of the communist movement, its growth, the opportunity arose to form the Executive Committee in a new way. It was decided that its members would be elected at the congress, and not delegated by parties, “then the elected members of the Executive Committee will be truly responsible employees and leaders of the Comintern.”
<…>
Until 1922, the ECCI was formed from representatives delegated by the communist parties. Since 1922, by decision IV Congress of the Comintern, he was elected by the congress. The ECCI resolved issues of policy and practical activities of the Comintern and its member parties. The resolutions of the ECCI were binding on all sections of the Comintern. The ECCI had the right to admit into the Comintern, with an advisory voice, organizations and parties that sympathized with the Communist International, and the right to expel from the Comintern.
To solve the most important issues plenums of the ECCI were held related to the activities of the Comintern and the Communist parties. They were extended and ordinary.
The ECCI, in turn, had its own collective governing bodies from the very beginning.
The Small Bureau of the ECCI was created on the recommendation of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in July 1919. On September 14, 1921 it was renamed the Presidium of the ECCI. The Presidium was elected by the Executive Committee of the Comintern and reported on its activities at its meetings. As the governing body of the ECCI, the Presidium existed until the dissolution of the Comintern in 1943.
The Secretariat of the ECCI was organized in 1919 as the organizational and technical apparatus of the Executive Committee and was headed at various times by one or more secretaries of the ECCI. Since 1921, the Secretariat has become a collective governing body, elected at plenary meetings of the Executive Committee. The Secretariat dealt mainly with organizational and personnel issues and maintained constant contacts with the leadership of communist parties and other organizations in many countries of the world.
The Organizational Bureau (Orgburo) of the ECCI Secretariat was created based on the decision III Congress of the Comintern to study organizational issues of the activities of the Comintern and prepare recommendations and instructions to parties. The permanent head of the Organizing Bureau was Osip Pyatnitsky. In 1926, by the decision of the seventh expanded plenum of the ECCI, the Organizing Bureau was liquidated.
The International Control Commission (ICC) was created by decision III Congress in July 1921 as the supreme control body of the Comintern and operated until the latter's dissolution in 1943. She practically started working after V Congress of the Comintern. Her tasks included checking the operation of the ECCI apparatus, auditing the finances of the ECCI and individual sections. The IKK was one of the tools of the Comintern’s struggle against opposition movements and groups in the communist movement. She also dealt with issues of violation of conspiracy, moral norms, etc.<…>
<…>To a certain extent, the Comintern copies the structure of the RCP(b). It has a governing body - the Presidium of the ECCI (analogous to the Politburo), as well as a Secretariat and Organizing Bureau similar to the party ones. On IV At the Congress of the Comintern (1922), the Organizational Department was created, which also included the sectors of statistics and information. During this period, about four hundred people worked in the ICCI apparatus.
The structure of the ECCI has changed several times during its existence. The cumbersome organization that took over the functions of the world party, began to streamline its structures and contacts, and quickly began to build a system of relations on the principle of strengthening centralism and introducing strict hierarchy.
The first major reorganization of the Comintern took place in the mid-twenties. It started on V Congress of the Comintern (June 17-July 8, 1924). Congress reluctantly acknowledged the beginning of the stabilization of capitalism. The leadership of the Comintern faced new tasks: strengthening the ideological, political and organizational power of the communist parties, transforming communist parties into mass organizations capable of decisively influencing the development of the revolutionary movement and leading the struggle of the working class.
Main organizational directive V Congress consisted of the “Bolshevization” of the communist parties, that is, their reorganization along the lines of the RCP (b), and the transformation of the Comintern into a single world communist party, strictly centralized and with iron discipline.
“Bolshevization of the party means the transfer to our sections of what was and is international, universally significant in Russian Bolshevism...” stated in the “Theses on Tactics.”
The process of “Bolshevisation” of parties primarily involved their reorganization on the basis of party cells in enterprises. Thus, territorial party organizations were considered to be of secondary importance.
The strict directive regarding the “Bolshevization” of communist parties implied further centralization of the leadership of the communist movement. In this regard, the changes introduced V congress into the statutes of the Comintern. Several new statutory principles were introduced:
The Comintern was seen as the unification of communist parties of different countries into one proletarian party (and not international union workers “to organize joint actions of the working class of different countries”).
“Each country can have only one communist party that is a member of the Comintern.
A member of the Communist Party and the Comintern can be anyone who recognizes the charter of the party of the host country and the charter of the Comintern, is a member of the local party organization and takes an active part in its work, who implements all decisions of the party and the Comintern and regularly pays party dues.
The main party organization is a cell in an enterprise.
The Comintern and its communist parties are built on the principles of democratic centralism.
Party issues can be discussed by party members and party organizations only before a decision is made by the relevant bodies.”
Here is a complete copy of the Bolshevik Party Charter. The changes to the Comintern statutes were aimed at preventing any attempt to create opposition within the communist movement. It was also intended to significantly limit debate.
The authority of the Comintern increased significantly. He received the right to cancel and change the decisions of any central body or congress of the national section and, in turn, make decisions binding on its central bodies. The central bodies of the sections were henceforth subordinated both to the congresses of the relevant sections and to the ECCI. The ECCI received the right to approve the program documents of the sections. Since 1925, the practice has been established of sending instructors (emissaries) of the Organizational Department of the ECCI to congresses of all communist parties with the transmission of ECCI directives to them. These emissaries had the authority of the ECCI to cancel any decisions of the congresses of national communist parties and determined the fate of the mandates of delegates to the Comintern congresses from national sections.
<…>
The second organizational meeting of the ECCI, held on February 10-17, 1926, confirmed the course of reorganizing parties on the basis of factory cells, concentrating the main efforts on industrial regions. The most important incentive for reorganization was the argument that production cells guaranteed support for the policies of the Comintern.
<..>
In 1928, the leadership of the Comintern became even more centralized. The Presidium of the ECCI is losing its influence, which is increasingly transferred to the Political Secretariat. Under the guise of collegiality, all real power is practically concentrated in his hands.
In August 1929, the Political Commission of the Political Secretariat of the ECCI was separated from the Political Secretariat of the ECCI, consisting of three members: O. Kuusinen, D. Manuilsky, a representative of the Communist Party of Germany (by position and in agreement with Central Committee of the KKE) and one candidate - O. Pyatnitsky. Her responsibilities included preparing issues for consideration by the Political Secretariat, as well as discussing and resolving the most important operational political issues. In addition, it is entrusted with the functions of monitoring the activities of the Comintern.
The main leaders of the Comintern's activities during this period were Osip Pyatnitsky and Otto Kuusinen. Kuusinen was responsible for political issues and information on the political and economic development of capitalist countries. Pyatnitsky controlled secret activities, finances, personnel, and management of the ECCI apparatus. The role of Manuilsky, who represented the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and was responsible for the activities of the ECCI in France and Belgium, gradually increased.
Thus, it is quite obvious that in the activities of the Comintern two trends were constantly in conflict: on the one hand, the desire of parties to expand or at least to full representation in the governing bodies of the Comintern, on the other, the strengthening of the power functions of the executive bodies, subject to the dictates of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. . The first trend led to a constant, although not very significant, expansion of the executive bodies. However, then another narrow core emerged from them, vested with direct power.
Thus, in the period from 1929 to 1935, the governing bodies of the Comintern consisted of a multi-level hierarchical pyramid: the Comintern Congress - ECCI - Presidium of the ECCI - Political Secretariat of the ECCI - Political Commission of the Political Secretariat of the ECCI. Each of these organs, as it expanded and especially the budding of a new narrow core, gathered less and less often, until the ECCI ceased to meet at all. They lost their legal capacity, and their members, as they left the upper echelon of power, were doomed to inertia.
The very nomenclature of the highest positions and the transfers to them were directly and very closely related to the internal party struggle in the RCP (b) - CPSU (b). This is clearly seen in the examples of G. Zinoviev, removed from the post of chairman of the ECCI in December 1926, simultaneously with the liquidation of the position itself, N. Bukharin, removed in April 1929 by the decision of the joint plenum of the Central Committee and the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and in July by the Tenth Plenum ICCI - K. Radek and others.
The development of the leadership of the Comintern followed the line of concentrating real power in the hands of a narrow executive body, those people who carried out Stalin’s instructions. Attaching great importance to the political role of the Comintern to strengthen its positions, he introduced his people into all bodies of the Comintern and into the leadership of the Communist parties. In order not to let the communist movement out of his control, on July 8, 1924, Stalin, together with Zinoviev, Bukharin and Rykov, became a member of the ECCI, and with Zinoviev and Bukharin, he entered its Presidium. It is clear that, unlike them, Stalin continued to serve on the Presidium all the time until the end of the existence of the Comintern.
V. Molotov, who was elected to the Presidium at the Seventh Plenum of the ECCI, was promoted to the number of candidates for membership in the Political Secretariat, and after VI Congress he became a member of the Political Secretariat. On VII Congress members of the delegation of the CPSU(b) were Stalin's people - N. Ezhov, A. Zhdanov, M. Trilisser.
<…>