Ivan 4 exam. Material for preparing for the exam (GIA) on the topic: Ivan the Terrible. Foreign and domestic policy

MBOU secondary school No. 66 Samara

Kuznetsov Artem Valerievich

Topic: The role of Ivan IV the Terrible in Russian history: reforms and their price

Part 1

1. Arrange historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) Acceptance by Ivan IV of the royal title

2) Livonian War

3) Acceptance of Sudebnik IvanIV

Answer:

2. Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Events

years

A) Regency of Elena Glinskaya

1) 1565-1572

B) Livonian War

2) 1533-1538

B) Oprichnina

3) 1538-1547

D) The reign of Fedor Ivanovich

4) 1558-1583

5) 1533-1584

6) 1584-1598

Answer:

3. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, are eventsXVIV.

1) impostors 2) oprichnina 3) orders 4) archers 5) Elected Rada 6) zemstvo.

Find and write down the ordinal number of the term related to another historical period.

Answer:

4. Write down the term in question.

The main part of the territory of Russia, not included in the oprichnina of Ivan the Terrible.

Answer: ________________________

5. Indicate the correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events). For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Processes (phenomena, events)

Data

A) the reign of Elena Glinskaya

1) oprichny campaign against Novgorod

B) reforms of the Chosen One

2) unification of the monetary system

C) struggle with the independence of the lands of the Moscow state

3) accession to Moscow of the Ryazan principality

D) development of Siberia

4) convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor

5) Ermak Timofeevich's campaign

6) the introduction of the patriarchate

Answer:

6. Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment marked with a letter, select two relevant characteristics marked with numbers.

Fragments of sources

A)

(...) The same winter, December on the 3rd day, a week, the king and grand duke All Russia with his Queen and Grand Duchess Marya and with his children (...) went from Moscow to the village of Kolomenskoye. (...) His rise was not like that, as before he went to the monastery to pray, or to which he went on detours for his fun: he took with him holiness, icons and crosses, decorated with gold and stone dredges, and gold and silver courts , and the supplies of all kinds of ships, gold and silver, and dress and money, and commanded her entire treasury to be taken with her. Which boyars and noble neighbors and orderly people he commanded to go with him, and to those many he commanded to go with him with his wives and children, and the noble and children of the boyar choice from all the cities that the sovereign of life took away with him, ordered those all to go with him with people and with whom, with all the service attire. And he lived in a village in Kolomenskoye for two weeks for bad weather and without a path, that there were rains and there was a great rein in the rivers ... And the tsar and the Grand Duke laid their wrath on their pilgrims, on archbishops and bishops and on archimandrites and abbots, and on their boyars and on the butler and the equestrian, and on the courtiers, and on the treasurers, and on the clerks, and on the children of the boyars and on all the clerks, he placed his disgrace in the fact that after his father ... the great sovereign ... in his sovereign unfinished years, the boyars and all the clerks of his state made many losses to the people and his sovereign treasuries were emaciated, but they did not add any profits to the sovereign's treasury, also his boyars and governors of the sovereign's land rose to themselves, and to their friends and tribes his sovereign lands were distributed; and holding the boyars and governors of the estates and estates of the great, and the salaries of the sovereign fed emlyuchi, and having collected great wealth for himself, and about the sovereign and about his state and about all Orthodox Christianity, not even to be glad, and from his enemies from the Crimean and from the Lithuanian and not even to defend the peasantry from the Germans, but most of all, to inflict violence on the peasants, and they themselves taught to move away from the service, and for the Orthodox peasants they did not want to stand bloodshed against the bezsermen and against the Latins and the Germans ...

B)

Summer 7058 June tsar and grand duke all Rus' [with] his brother and from the boyars this Sudebnik laid down; how to judge the boyars, and the courtiers, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk, and all sorts of clerks, and the governor of the city, and the volost volost, and the tyun, and all kinds of judges.

1. The court of the tsar and the grand duke judges by the boar, and the roundabout, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk. And do not be friends with the court and do not take revenge on anyone, and I promise not to imati in the court; likewise, do not imati promises to any judge in court.

2. And to which the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk sues, and accuses someone not in court without artifice, or he signs the list and gives the right letter, and then searches in truth, and the boyar, and the butler, and the courtier, and the treasurer, and there is no penalty for the diacos; and the plaintiff's court from the head, and give back what was taken.

3. And which boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk in court will take the promise and accuse not in court, but it will be searched in truth, and on that boyar, or on the butler, or on the treasurers, or on the clerk, the plaintiffs’ claim is taken, and the duties of the tsar and the grand duke, and rides, and truth, and gossip, and well-worn, and the right ten and iron are taken three times, and in the foam what the sovereign indicates.

Characteristics:

1) this document describes the events associated with the beginning of the oprichnina

2) this document is a collection of laws of the Russian state

3) the document was adopted at the Stoglavy Cathedral

4) the document dates back to the reign of Boris Godunov

6) this document dates back to 1564.

Fragment A

Fragment B

Answer:

7. Which of the following refers to the period of activity of the Chosen One? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are written in the table.

1) convening the first Zemsky Sobor

2) the conclusion of the Yam-Zapolsky peace treaty

3) adoption of the Sudebnik of 1550

4) establishment of the oprichnina

5) organ reform central control

6) monetary reform

Answer

8. Establish a correspondence between events and participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column.

Processes (phenomena, events)

Data

A) Livonian war

1) A.M. Kurbsky

B) the wedding on the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible

2) I. Viskovaty

B) land management

3) Metropolitan Macarius

D) the introduction of a penny

4) A. Adashev

5) Elena Glinskaya

6) Metropolitan Philip

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

9. Read the passage from the chronicle and indicate what event the text refers to.

The Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of All Rus' spoke with Prince Vladimir Andreevich and his pilgrims with archbishops and bishops ... with the whole consecrated cathedral and with all the boyars and with clerks, and with princes and with boyar children and with service people, and with guests and misers and with all merchants.

Answer: _________________ .

10. Fill in the empty cells of the table using the data in the list below: for each cell marked with a letter, select the number of the desired element.

Event

Year

Participant

Livonian War

1558-1582

________________(A)

_______________ (B)

1581-1585

Ermak Timofeevich

_______________ (IN)

____________ (G)

Ivan groznyj

_______________ (D)

1584-1598

_______________ (E)

Missing items

1) 1556

2) Russo-Swedish war

3) Stefan Batory

4) Advance to Siberia

5) Metropolitan Macarius

6) 1552

7) Tsarevich Dmitry

8) Fedor Ivanovich

9) the capture of Kazan

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

11. Read an extract from a historical source.

"The annexation of Siberia. By the end of the Livonian War, the economic disruption in the country increased dramatically. In some areas of the Novgorod land, 80 - 90% of villages and villages were deserted. The hardships of increased requisitions, pestilence and famine led to the extinction of the population and the flight of peasants to the eastern and southern outskirts. The government of Grozny tried to take care, first of all, of the well-being of the "military rank", i.e. military service people. Since 1581, a census of the population began in order to restore order in the imposition of state taxes on it. In the areas where the census was carried out, the peasants were temporarily, during the “reserved years”, forbidden to leave the masters. This was how the abolition of the peasant exit and the final exit and the final approval of serfdom were prepared. The flight of peasants and serfs continued. On the southern borders of the country, that combustible element accumulated, which at the beginningXVIIV. lead to a grandiose conflagration of the peasant war.

The introduction of "reserved years", these harbingers of the final triumph of serfdom, coincided with the annexation of Siberia. Its vast uninhabited or poorly developed expanses attracted refugees from the feudal center of Russia.

Using the passage and knowledge of history, select three correct judgments from the list below. Write down the numbers in the table under which they are indicated.

1) Ermak Timofeevich is a participant in the events described

2) the document describes the process of enslaving the peasants

3) Ivan the Terrible cared about the welfare of the peasants

4) the peasantry fled to the east and south of the country

5) the document describes the period that eventually ended with the introduction of the oprichnina

6) the introduction of "reserved years" meant the introduction of a ban on trade

Answer:

12. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

cultural monuments

Characteristics

A) Assumption Cathedral

1) the wedding of Ivan IV to the kingdom took place in this temple

B) St. Basil's Cathedral

2) the temple was built in honor of the capture of Kazan

B) "Domostroy"

3) a collection of tips on various everyday topics

D) "Apostle"

4) the first printed book

5) the temple was built under Elena Glinskaya

6) the book is popular science in its content.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

13. What judgments about the image presented in the test are correct. Choose two sentences from the five offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) the picture shows the capture of Astaran

2) the events of the picture date back to the reign of Ivan the Terrible

3) the events of the picture are related to the activities of the Chosen One

4) Stepan Razin was a participant in these events

5) these events took place beyond the Urals

Answer

14. Which of the buildings below was built in the same century as the event shown in the picture. In your answer, write down the number under which this building is indicated.

1.
2.

3. 4 .

Answer:

15. Write the name of the war, the events of which are reflected on the map.

Answer: _________________________ .

16. Write the name of the city in which the punitive campaign of government troops was carried out, accompanied by massacres.

Answer: _____________________ .

17. Write a number that indicates the "unofficial capital" of the state after the departure of the king from Moscow.

Answer:

18. What judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers in the table under which they are indicated.

1) Russia won this war

2) during the war, the government lifted restrictions on the transfer of peasants to another owner

3) Russia's opponent in the war was Sweden

4) during the war a new state was formed - the Commonwealth

5) during the war there was a tightening of domestic policy

6) the war took place in the final period of the formation of a unified Russian state.

Answer:

Part 2

From the writings of the French historian Henri Troyat.

“A strange, unprecedented event happened in the Moscow Kremlin. Once at the end of 1564, a lot of sledges appeared there. The king, without saying anything to anyone, gathered with his whole family and with some courtiers somewhere on a long journey, took with him utensils, icons and crosses, a dress and his entire treasury, and left the capital. It was evident that this was not the usual pilgrimage, not a pleasure trip of the king, but a whole resettlement. Moscow remained perplexed, not guessing what the master was up to. Having visited the Trinity, the tsar with all his luggage stopped at the Alexander Sloboda ... From here, a month after his departure, the tsar sent two letters to Moscow. In one, describing the lawlessness of boyar rule in his early childhood, he laid his sovereign's wrath on all the clergy and boyars, on all servicemen and clerks, without exception accusing them of not caring about the sovereign, the state and all of Orthodox Christianity, from they did not defend their enemies, on the contrary, they themselves oppressed Christians, plundered the treasury and the lands of the sovereign, and the clergy covered the guilty, defended them, interceding for them before the sovereign. And so the tsar, the letter read, “out of great pity of the heart”, unable to endure all these betrayals, left his kingdom and went to settle somewhere where God would show him. It is like abdication from the throne in order to test the power of his power among the people. The tsar sent another letter to the common people of Moscow, merchants and all the hard-working people of the capital, which was read to them publicly in the square. Here the king wrote that they should not hold doubts, that there was no royal disgrace and anger against them. Everything froze, the capital instantly interrupted its usual activities: the shops were closed, the orders were empty, the songs fell silent. In dismay and horror, the city screamed, asking the metropolitan, bishops and boyars to go to the settlement, beat the sovereign with his forehead so that he would not leave the state. ... A deputation of the highest clergy, boyars and clerks went to the settlement .... The tsar accepted the zemstvo petition, agreed to return to the kingdom, “to take back their states,” but on conditions that he promised to announce later. Some time later, in February 1565, the tsar solemnly returned to the capital and convened the State Council of the boyars and the higher clergy ... In the council, he proposed the conditions on which he accepted back the power he had abandoned. These conditions consisted in the fact that he should put disgrace on his traitors and disobedients, and execute others, take their property to the treasury, so that the clergy, boyars and clerks put all this on his sovereign’s will, he was not interfered with” .

1. Name the name of the king referred to in the document. What was the name of the order introduced as a result of the events described in the document?

2. What did the tsar blame the boyars, the clergy, servicemen and commanding officers? Give at least three statements.

3. Based on the text and knowledge of history, name at least three main features of the order established as a result of the events described.

4. Review the historical situation and answer the questions.

After the death of Elena Glinskaya in 1538, a fierce struggle of the boyar clans for power began, which lasted until Ivan reachedIVcoming of age. Why was “boyar rule” established in Russia? What consequences did it have? List at least two consequences.

5. There are debatable problems in historical science, on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science.

« The main goal of the oprichnina policy of Ivan the Terrible is the fight against the big nobility - the opponent of the centralization of the state ».

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. When presenting arguments, be sure to use historical facts.

Write your answer in the following form.

Arguments to support:

1) …

2) …

Arguments in rebuttal:

1) …

2) …

6. You need to write historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:

1) 1547-1560; 2) 1533-1547; 3) 1564-1572

Answers to the first part

Exercise

Answer

132

2416

Zemshchina

2415

1625

135

1325

Zemsky Cathedral

349628

124

1234

Livonian

Novgorod

345

453

Task number 4 in the exam in history cannot be called difficult. However, elementary knowledge of the theory will still not be enough.

The essence of the task is to understand, by definition, which term was omitted. Particular attention should be paid to the spelling of the term itself, because any spelling mistake or typo will reset all the back ones. The answer must be written in the case in which the context of the task requires it.

To make it easier to solve this task and deal with the wording, you should always pay attention to complex terms during preparation, the meanings of which you do not understand.

Directly a month before the exam, it is worth focusing on such tasks and solving typical ones.

Task execution algorithm

1. We carefully read the text of the task
2. Determine the era to which the term refers
3. Looking for keywords
4. We recall all the terms that are suitable for a given event or period of time
5. Choose the right term
6. We check ourselves again, write down the answer

Analysis of typical options for tasks No. 4 USE in history

The first version of the task (demo version of 2018)

Write down the term you are talking about.

The main part of the territory of Russia, not included in the oprichnina by Ivan IV.

It is quite obvious that this is the 16th century and the reign of Ivan the Terrible. We begin to recall all the events associated with this period in order to refresh the entire theory on this aspect. What made Ivan IV famous? Of course, one cannot help but recall the crowning of the kingdom, the Livonian War, the regency of Elena Glinskaya, the reforms of the Chosen Rada, the abolition of feeding, the oprichnina, the Zemshchina, the Stoglavy Cathedral, the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates, and so on.

If we see the word oprichnina in the task, and we understand that we need its opposite part, we can easily determine that the term “zemshchina” was encrypted. We reread the definition already substituting the term and check our answer.

Answer: land

The second version of the task (collection of Artasov)

“An unofficial advisory body under Alexander I, consisting of his close friends (P. A. Stroganov, V. P. Kochubey, N. N. Novosiltsev, A. Czartorysky) and which became the center for preparing reform projects at the beginning of the reign”

Let's use a different approach. We understand that it is required to indicate the name of any governing body. It is enough to recall the various governing bodies and figure out which eras they belong to. So we can recall the entire hierarchy of government in memory and not be mistaken.

The secret committee under Alexander I

For example, under Ivan the Terrible, we would call such a governing body the Chosen Rada, under Peter the Great such a position could be occupied by the Governing Senate, under Catherine I it was the Supreme Privy Council, under Anna Ioannovna - the Cabinet of Ministers and so on.

Having reached Alexander I, we recall that all power was concentrated mainly in the hands of the ministries. But in addition, there was a so-called Secret Committee, which is required to be indicated in this task.

Do not forget that the answer is written in one word, without spaces and other characters!

Answer: secret committee

The third version of the assignment (Artasov's collection)

Write the missing word.

The peace treaty signed in 1918 between Russia, on the one hand, and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey, on the other, according to which Russia suffered significant territorial losses, went down in history under the name ____ world.

Let us immediately pay attention to the fact that only the name of this peace treaty is demanded of us! We no longer write the word “peace” in the answer.

Let's define the time frame of events. 1918 is the year of the end of the First World War for Russia. This means that we are talking about the signing of a separate peace, which marked our defeat and exit from the war. It was signed in the city of Brest-Litovsk and got its name based on this.

Note that we have the right to write both "Brest" and "Brestlit". It will not be considered an error.

Answer: Brest / Brestlitov

The fourth version of the assignment (Artasov's collection)

Write down the term you are talking about.

Opponents of the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon, who opposed the correction of church services according to Greek models, insisted on following "ancient Russian piety."

Literally from the first lines, it becomes obvious that we are talking about the church schism of 1652-1667 (the name of Patriarch Nikon, who was directly involved, helps us to find out). The Russian Church has long demanded the unification of all rituals and liturgical books in order to unite the people, and thereby strengthen the authority and primacy of the Church in the fight against paganism. As with any reform, not everyone agreed. Therefore, part of the believers remained adherents of the old traditions and rituals. Because of this, they received the name of the Old Believers. They were called “schismatics” in a different way (by including associations, you can remember this term as “pickles”; on the exam, this will help defuse a tense situation and prevent you from forgetting this term).

Answer: Old Believers / schismatics

transcript

1 Ivan the Terrible Preparing for the exam

2 In honor of the birth of Ivan Vasilievich Vasily III. Elena Glinskaya Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye, the first stone hipped temple in Russia. Architect Petrok Maly

3 Regency of Elena Glinskaya () 1535 monetary reform a penny the single currency in Rus' In Moscow, the Mint Lip reform - in the field, elected posts of labial elders from nobles and peasants Functions: judicial (taken from boyars-feeders) centralized state BOYAR GOVERNMENT Shuisky Belsky Glinsky 1547 March Marriage to Anastasia Romanovna Yuryeva-Zakharyina June Fire and riot in Moscow Awareness of the need for reforms

4 ELEVATED RADA (UNOFFICIAL GOVERNMENT) OBJECTIVES OF THE REFORM: to stop the self-will of the boyars to complete the centralization of the state Alexei Adashev unborn Kostroma nobleman Metropolitan Macarius the tsar's mentor Sylvester the archpriest of the Annunciation Cathedral, the royal confessor Representatives of the nobility: Andrey Kurbsky, Vorotynsky, Odoevsky, Sheremetiev, Shuisky

5 REFORMS OF THE CHOSEN RADA 1549 the first Zemsky Sobor (a body of estate representation that provides a connection between the center and places) Sudebnik 1550 Limitation of the power of governors and volostels, strengthening control of the tsarist administration, a single amount of court fees Military reform of 1550 In addition to the equestrian local militia ( "serving in the fatherland") a standing army of archers and gunners ("serving on the instrument") Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551 Unification of church rites, recognition of all local saints as all-Russian, rigid icon-painting canon, prohibition of usury of priests Continuation of the lip reform (gg.) Cancellation of feeding, all power in the districts passed to the labial and zemstvo elders, and in the cities to their favorite heads Formation of the order system, the order-order turned into an order-institution

6 Significance of the reforms of the Chosen Rada Restriction of the right of the well-born boyars Nobility social base of autocracy All parts of the government system are subordinated to the tsar Zemsky Sobors as a counterbalance to the boyars A class-representative monarchy is being formed A centralized state is being formed in Russia and the autocratic power of the tsar is being strengthened

7 Oprichnina (year) December 3, 1564 departure to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda February 1565 Zemsky Sobor Oprichnina - a personal special inheritance of the tsar with its own administration Zemshchina formally controlled by the Boyar Duma part of the country The right of the tsar to execute and pardon at his discretion The privileged position of the oprichnina before the zemshchina The goal is to strengthen autocratic power; the underdevelopment of the central apparatus is compensated by cruelty

8 Oprichny terror () Deportation of more than 100 princely families to Kazan with confiscation of land. Confiscation of land in oprichnina districts from feudal lords who were not accepted into the oprichnina. Suppression of the slightest protest (deposition and murder of Metropolitan Philip (Kolychev) in 1569). Novgorod pogrom of 1570 (out of 30 thousand inhabitants, 15 thousand were executed) RESULTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE OPRICHNINA Devastation of the country Increased flight of peasants to the outskirts Beginning of the formalization of serfdom (1581 decree on reserved years) Strengthening the personal power of the tsar, asserting the despotic nature of the Russian autocracy Weakening of the country's defense capability and the burning of Moscow by Devlet Giray in 1572. Defeat in the Livonian War

9 FOREIGN POLICY. EASTERN DIRECTION 1552 annexation of the Kazan Khanate 1556 annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate Yermak's campaign. Annexation of Siberia Barma and Postnik

10 FOREIGN POLICY. WESTERN DIRECTION LIVONIAN WAR (year) Reasons: Access to the Baltic Sea Unfriendly policy of the Livonian Order Reason: The Order refused to pay tribute for Yuryev (Derpt) Stage I (). The capture of Narva, Yuriev, Fellin, the capture of master Furstenberg, the collapse and liquidation of the Livonian Order. Stage II (). The entry into the war of the Commonwealth (since 1569) and Sweden. Russian failures. Stage III (). Campaign of Stefan Batory. Heroic defense of Pskov (, 5 months). The Swedes captured Narva, Ivangorod, Koporye.

11 1582 Yam-Zapolsky truce with the Commonwealth (renunciation of the Russian state from Livonia for the return of the lost Russian fortresses) Plyussky truce with Sweden (renunciation of Estonia, concession to the Swedes of Narva, Koporye, Ivangorod, Korela). Reasons for the defeat Incorrect assessment of the balance of power in the Baltic States Weakening of the state as a result of the internal policy of Ivan IV

12 The end of the reign of Ivan the Terrible 1581 Due to a severe economic crisis, “Reserved Years” were introduced: the right of peasants to move on St. George’s Day (the beginning of serfdom) was suspended 1581 In a fit of anger, he killed his son and heir Ivan After the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584 he was succeeded by the incapacitated Fyodor Ivanovich "Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on November 16, 1581" (also known as "Ivan the Terrible kills his son"), a painting by the Russian artist Ilya Repin, written in the years. Repin was a wanderer. He has a lot of paintings dedicated to national history.

13 Fill in the blank cells of the table using the data provided in the list below. For each cell marked with letters, select the number of the required element. Missing elements: 1) Vladimir the Red Sun 2) XVI century. 3) the unification of the forces of the Russian lands to fight the Horde dominion 4) the baptism of Rus' 5) the introduction of the patriarchate 6) XIV century. 7) Ivan III 8) XV century. 9) Yaroslav the Wise

14 Fill in the blank cells of the table using the data provided in the list below. For each cell marked with letters, select the number of the required element. Missing elements: 1) Fedor Alekseevich 2) XVI century. 3) Dmitry Donskoy 4) XV century. 5) limiting the peasant transition by St. George's Day 6) the elimination of parochialism 7) the introduction of the patriarchate 8) XIII century. 9) Princess Olga

15 Fill in the blank cells of the table using the data provided in the list below. For each cell marked with letters, select the number of the required element. Missing elements: 1) Teutonic Order 2) defense of Smolensk 3) Battle of Kulikovo 4) Battle on the Ice 5) Vasily Shuisky 6) Mikhail Fedorovich 7) Crimean Khanate 8) Dmitry Ivanovich 9) Commonwealth

16 Fill in the blank cells of the table using the data provided in the list below. For each cell marked with letters, select the number of the required element. Missing elements: 1) Vasily III 2) Ivan Kalita 3) Dmitry Donskoy 4) 5) yrs. 6) years. 7) the ruin of Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh 8) the introduction of restrictions on the transition of peasants 9) civil strife in the Moscow principality

17 1) Write the name of the war, the events of which are reflected on the map. 2) Write a number that indicates the "unofficial capital" of the state after the departure of the tsar from Moscow. 3) Write the name of the city in which the punitive campaign of government troops was carried out, accompanied by massacres.

18 4) Which judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. 1) Russia won this war. 2) During the war, the government lifted restrictions on the right of peasants to move to another owner. 3) Russia's enemy in the war was Sweden. 4) During the war, a new state of the Commonwealth was formed. 5) During the war there was a tightening of domestic policy. 6) The war took place in the final period of the formation of a unified Russian state.

19 Which judgments about the architectural monument depicted in the photograph are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. 1) The church is located in the city of Vladimir. 2) The temple was built in the Naryshkin baroque style. 3) The church was built in honor of the birth of the heir Vasily III. 4) The church was built in the tented style. 5) The church was destroyed during the bombardment during the Great Patriotic War.

20 Which of the buildings below was built during the reign of the ruler, in honor of whose birth the church shown above was built?

21 Which judgments about this architectural monument are correct? Choose two judgments of the five offered. 1) the construction of this church dates back to the 14th century. 2) this is one of the first stone churches built in the tent style 3) the church was erected in honor of the capture of Kazan 4) the architect who built this church is Aristotle Fioravanti 5) this church was erected in one of the grand ducal residences

22 What judgments about this picture are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. 1) The painting depicts representatives of the royal dynasty. 2) The author of the painting was a member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions. 3) This picture is the only appeal of its author to the topic of the history of Russia. 4) The action of the picture takes place in the 17th century. 5) The author of the picture is V. I. Surikov.

23 Which of these architectural monuments was created during the life of the characters depicted in the picture? In your answer, write down the number under which this architectural monument is indicated.

24 Which of the temples was built in the century when the king depicted in the portrait ruled in Russia? In your answer, write down the number under which it is indicated.

Title of the paragraph 1. World and Russia at the beginning of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries 2. Territory, population and economy of Russia at the beginning of the 16th century2. Concepts and terms of personalities Events and dates Caravel type

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Years of life - (08/25/1530 - 03/18/1584+) Parents:Vasily III(1479-1533+), Elena Glinskaya; Children: 1. Anastasia(? -7.08.1560+), daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin, one of the ancestors of the Romanov dynasty, wife from 02.13.1547 => Anna (1549-1550+); Maria (born in 1551, died in infancy); Dmitry (1552-1553x); died tragically in an accident; Ivan (03/28/1554-11/19/1581x); On November 9, 1581, Ivan the Terrible, having met his daughter-in-law who was already expecting a child in one of the inner chambers, attacked her with abuse for some omission in the decoration, and tried to stand up for his wife, son Ivan hit the temple with a sharp tip of the staff. As a result, the frightened woman lost her fetus, and Ivan Ivanovich died ten days later; Evdokia (1556-1558+); Fedor (1557-1598+); 2. Maria(? -1.09.1569+), daughter of Temryuk Idarov, prince. Kabardian; wife from 08/21/1561 => Vasily (03/2/1563-05/06/1563); 3.Marfa Vasilievna Sobakina(?-11/13/1571+), wife since 10/28/1571; 4. Anna Alekseevna Koltovskaya(?); Wife from April 1572, divorced 1575; 5.Anna Vasilchikova(1579+), wife from 1575, divorced 1576; 6. Vasilisa Melentyeva (?); 7. Maria Fedorovna Nagaya(?-1612+); Wife since autumn 1580. In 1584 she was sent with her son Dmitry to Uglich. after his death, she was tonsured a nun under the name of nun Martha. In 1605 she recognized as a son False Dmitry I, later renounced him => Dmitry (1582-1591x); He died under unclear circumstances on May 15, 1591 in Uglich as a result of an accident or murder. Contemporaries accused of murder Boris Godunov , because Dmitry was the direct heir to the throne and prevented Boris from advancing to him. Recent studies provide evidence that Godunov still had nothing to do with this matter.

Highlights of life

Vel. Prince of Moscow (1533-1547), from 1547 - the first Russian tsar; From the end of the 40s he ruled with the participation of the Chosen One. Under him, the convocation of Zemsky Sobors began, the Sudebnik of 1550 was drawn up. Reforms of administration and courts were carried out (Gubnaya, Zemsky and other reforms). In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced. Under Ivan IV, trade relations with England were established (1553), the first printing house was established in Moscow. Khanates of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) were conquered. In 1558-1583. was conducted Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea, the annexation of Siberia began (1581). The domestic policy of Ivan IV was accompanied by massive disgraces and executions, and increased enslavement of the peasants.

Childhood

After the death of his father, 3-year-old Ivan remained in the care of his mother, who died in 1538 when he was 8 years old. Ivan grew up in an environment palace coups, the struggle for power between the boyar clans of the Shuisky and Belsky warring among themselves. The murders, intrigues and violence that surrounded him contributed to the development of suspicion, revenge and cruelty in him. The tendency to torment living beings manifested itself in Ivan already in childhood, and those close to him approved of it. One of the strong impressions of the tsar in his youth was the "great fire" and the Moscow uprising of 1547. After the murder of one of the Glinskys, a relative of the tsar, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyevo, where the Grand Duke had taken refuge, and demanded the extradition of the rest of the Glinskys. With great difficulty they managed to persuade the crowd to disperse, convincing them that they were not in Vorobyov. As soon as the danger passed, the king ordered the arrest of the main conspirators and their execution.

Beginning of the reign

The favorite idea of ​​the king, realized already in his youth, was the idea of ​​​​unlimited autocratic power. On January 16, 1547, the solemn wedding ceremony of the Grand Duke Ivan IV took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Signs of royal dignity were laid on him: the cross of the Life-Giving Tree, barmas and the cap of Monomakh. After the communion of the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with the world. The royal title allowed him to take a significantly different position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as "prince" or even "great duke". The title "king" was either not translated at all, or translated as "emperor". The Russian autocrat thus stood on a par with the only emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Europe. Since 1549, together with the Chosen Rada (A.F. Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, A.M. Kurbsky, priest Sylvester), Ivan IV carried out a number of reforms aimed at centralizing the state: Zemsky reform of Ivan IV, Lip reform, transformations were carried out in the army, in 1550, a new Sudebnik of Ivan IV was adopted. In 1549 the first Zemsky Sobor was convened, in 1551 the Stoglavy Sobor, which adopted a collection of decisions on church life "Stoglav". In 1555-1556, Ivan IV canceled feeding and adopted the Code of Service. In 1550-1551, Ivan the Terrible personally participated in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552 Kazan was conquered, then the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai Bolshoi became dependent on the Russian Tsar. In 1553 trade relations with England are established. In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War for the mastery of the coast of the Baltic Sea. Initially, hostilities developed successfully. By 1560, the army of the Livonian Order was finally defeated, and the Order itself ceased to exist. Meanwhile, serious changes took place in the internal situation of the country. Around 1560, the tsar broke with the leaders of the Chosen Rada and imposed various disgraces on them. According to some historians, Sylvester and Adashev, realizing that the Livonian War did not promise success for Russia, unsuccessfully advised the tsar to make an agreement with the enemy. In 1563, Russian troops captured Polotsk, at that time a large Lithuanian fortress. The tsar was especially proud of this victory, won after the break with the Chosen Rada. However, already in 1564, Russia suffered serious defeats. The king began to look for the "guilty", disgrace and executions began.

Oprichnina

The king was more and more imbued with the idea of ​​establishing a personal dictatorship. In 1565 he announced the introduction of oprichnina in the country. The country was divided into two parts: the territories that were not included in the oprichnina became known as the zemshchina, each oprichnik took an oath of allegiance to the tsar and pledged not to communicate with the zemstvo. Oprichniki dressed in black clothes, similar to monastic ones. Horse guardsmen had special insignia, gloomy symbols of the era were attached to the saddles: a broom - to sweep out treason, and dog heads - to gnaw out treason. With the help of the guardsmen, who were released from legal liability, Ivan IV forcibly confiscated the boyar estates, transferring them to the noble guardsmen. Executions and disgrace were accompanied by terror and robbery among the population. A major event of the oprichnina was the Novgorod pogrom in January-February 1570, the reason for which was the suspicion of Novgorod's desire to go over to Lithuania. The king personally led the campaign. All the cities along the road from Moscow to Novgorod were plundered. During this campaign in December 1569, Malyuta Skuratov strangled Metropolitan Philip (Kolychev Fedor Stepanovich) (1507-69x), who publicly opposed the oprichnina and the executions of Ivan IV, in the Tver Otrochesky Monastery. It is believed that the number of victims in Novgorod, where no more than 30 thousand people lived at that time, reached 10-15 thousand. Most historians believe that in 1572 the tsar abolished the oprichnina. The Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, whom the oprichnina army could not stop, played a role in the invasion of Moscow in 1571; Posadas were set on fire, the fire spread to Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.

The results of the reign

The division of the country adversely affected the economy of the state. A huge number of lands were ruined and devastated. In 1581 in order to prevent the desolation of the estates, the tsar introduced reserved summers - a temporary ban on peasants leaving their masters on St. George's Day, which contributed to the establishment of serf relations in Russia. The Livonian war ended in complete failure and the loss of native Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible could see the objective results of his reign already during his lifetime: it was a failure of all domestic and foreign policy initiatives. Since 1578 The king stopped executing. Almost at the same time, he ordered that synodics (commemoration lists) of the executed be compiled and contributions sent to the monasteries to commemorate their souls; in the will of 1579 he repented of his deed.

Sons and wives of Ivan the Terrible

Periods of repentance and prayer gave way to terrible fits of rage. During one of these attacks on November 9, 1582, in the Alexander Sloboda, a country residence, the tsar accidentally killed his son Ivan Ivanovich, hitting his temple with an iron-tipped staff. The death of the heir plunged the king into despair, since his other son, Fyodor Ivanovich, was unable to govern the country. Ivan the Terrible sent a large contribution to the monastery to commemorate the soul of his son, he even thought about going to the monastery. The exact number of wives of Ivan the Terrible is unknown, but he was probably married seven times. Apart from the children who died in infancy, he had three sons. From the first marriage with Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, who was a beloved wife, three sons were born, Dmitry, Ivan and Fedor. Tsarevich Dmitry Sr. was born immediately after the capture of Kazan (1552). Ivan the Terrible, who swore in case of victory to make a pilgrimage to the Cyril Monastery on Beloozero, took a newborn baby on a trip. Relatives of Tsarevich Dmitry on his mother's side, the boyars of the Romanovs, accompanied Ivan the Terrible and during the days of the journey vigilantly followed the strict observance of the ceremonial, which emphasized their high position at court. Wherever the nanny appeared with the prince in her arms, she was invariably supported by the hands of two boyars of the Romanovs. royal family traveled on a pilgrimage in plows. The boyars once happened to step along with the nurse on the shaky gangway of the plow. Everyone immediately fell into the water. For adults, swimming in the river did no harm. The baby Dmitry choked and it was not possible to pump it out. The second wife was the daughter of the Kabardian prince Maria Temryukovna. The third is Martha Sobakina, who died unexpectedly three weeks after the wedding. According to church rules, it was forbidden to marry more than three times. In May 1572, a church council was convened to allow a fourth marriage - with Anna Koltovskaya. But in the same year she was tonsured a nun. The fifth wife was in 1575 Anna Vasilchikova, who died in 1579, the sixth, probably Vasilisa Melentyeva. The last marriage was concluded in the autumn of 1580 with Maria Naga. On November 19, 1582, the third son of the tsar, Dmitry Ivanovich, was born, who died in 1591 in Uglich.

Legacy of Ivan the Terrible

Ivan IV went down in history not only as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time, had a phenomenal memory, theological erudition. He is the author of numerous messages (including to Andrey Kurbsky), music and text of the service of the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, the canon to the Archangel Michael. The tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan kingdom.

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FROM ANCIENT Rus' TO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

IVAN IV VASILIEVICH the Terrible (col-20) From the family of the Moscow great princes. Son of Vasily III Ivanovich and Prince. Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya. Genus. Aug 25 1530 Vel. book. Moscow in 1534 - 1547 it. from 16 Liv. 1547 to March 18, 1584 Tsar of All Rus'. Zh.: 1) from 3 Feb. 1547 Anastasia Romanovna Yurieva-Zakharyina (+ August 7, 1560); 2) from 21 Aug. 1561 Maria Temryukovna, Prince. Cherkasy (+ 1 Sept. 1569); 3) from 28 Oct. 1571 Marfa Vasilievna Sobakina (+ November 14, 1571); 4) from 29 Apr. 1572 Anna Alekseevna Kolotovskaya (+ April 5, 1626); 5) from Sept. 1580 Maria Fedorovna Nagaya (+ after October 20, 1610). + March 18, 1584 *** Ivan IV, later nicknamed the Terrible, was born when his father, Grand Duke Vasily III, was already over fifty. He was a child ardently desired, whose birth was eagerly awaited by his parents and the whole country. Four years earlier, Vasily, having gone through the disappointment of his first fruitless marriage, married a young Lithuanian princess, Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya. It seemed that now the birth of an heir was secured for him, but for more than three years Elena, contrary to the hopes of her husband and the people, had no children. She traveled with the Grand Duke to Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Vologda, to Beloozero; she went on foot to holy monasteries and deserts, distributed rich alms, prayed with tears for childbearing, but all without success. Some regretted that, others, condemning Vasily's second marriage, gloated and said that God would never bless him with the desired fruit. And finally, Elena was pregnant. Some holy fool, named Domitian, announced to her that she would be the mother of Titus, a broad mind, and on August 25, 1530, at 7 o'clock in the morning, son Ivan was really born. They write that at that very moment the earth and sky shook from unheard-of thunder strikes, which followed one after another with a terrible uninterrupted lightning. But parents and contemporaries took it as a good omen. All cities, even the most remote, sent ambassadors to Moscow with congratulations. Vasily III, not knowing how to express his joy, distributed huge sums to monasteries and people, ordered all the dungeons to be opened, removed the disgrace from many noble people and finally allowed his younger brother, Prince Andrei, to marry. *** Unfortunately for Russia and Ivan himself, Vasily did not live long after this joyful event. He died in 1534, and power passed to Princess Elena Glinskaya. In 1538, she died suddenly, poisoned, as is commonly believed, by seditious boyars. Thus, at the age of seven, Ivan remained an orphan in the hands of the boyars, who cared about anything, but not about the education of the future sovereign. Ivan himself later, in a letter to Kurbsky, spoke of the impressions of his childhood as follows: “After the death of my mother, Elena, my brother Georgy and I were left orphans; our subjects improved their desire, found a kingdom without a ruler: they did not take care of us, their sovereigns. ", began to bother only about acquiring wealth and fame, began to quarrel with each other. And how much evil they did! How many boyars and governors, our father's well-wishers, they killed! Yards, villages and estates of our uncles took for themselves and settled in them! The treasury of our mother they transferred it to a large treasury, and furiously shoved it with their feet and pricked it with knitting needles, they took something else for themselves. The Shuiskys became at the head of the boyars. Little Ivan kept the most painful memories of this time. In a letter to Kurbsky, he wrote: “They began to educate me and my brother Georgy as foreigners or as beggars. What a need we did not suffer in clothes and food. with children. One thing I remember: we used to play, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky was sitting on a bench, leaning on our father’s bed with his elbow, putting his foot on it. What can I say about the parental treasury? meanwhile, they took everything for themselves: from the treasury of our father and grandfather they forged for themselves vessels of gold and silver, wrote on them the names of their parents, as if it were inherited property ... Then they ran into cities and villages and robbed the inhabitants without mercy, and which dirty tricks from them were neighbors, and it is impossible to count; they made all their subordinates slaves, and made their slaves nobles; they thought that they ruled and built, but instead there were only injustices and disorganizations everywhere, they took immeasurable bribes from everywhere, everyone spoke and did according to bribe". However, Ivan Shuisky himself, due to illness, soon had to leave the court. His kinsman Andrei Mikhailovich Shuisky came to power, under which licentiousness and anarchy reached their greatest strength. A man of little intelligence and completely short-sighted, he seemed to do everything on purpose to tease the growing Ivan. At the same time, they indulged all his base passions. According to Kurbsky, Ivan was brought up by the great and proud boyars for their own and for their children's misfortune, trying to please him in front of each other in every pleasure and voluptuousness. When he was about twelve years old, he first of all began to shed the blood of dumb animals, throwing them to the ground from high towers, and the tutors allowed him to do this and even praised him, teaching the boy for their food. On December 29, 1543, Ivan ordered that Andrei Shuisky himself be seized and handed over to the kennels; the psari killed the hated boyar on the way to the prison. Ivan showed his character for the first time and received the nickname the Terrible. Since then, the chronicler says, the boyars began to have fear and obedience to the sovereign. Ivan's closest advisers were his uncles, Mikhail and Yuri Glinsky. Together with them, Ivan indulged in all kinds of violent entertainment: for example, he gathered a crowd of noble youth around him and rode on horseback through the streets and squares, beat, robbed the men and women he met, truly, according to Kurbsky, he practiced the most robbery deeds. And the flatters only said to this: "Oh! This king will be brave and courageous." The same riot and impatience are visible in the decisions of the young sovereign. First of all, disgrace overtook the supporters of the Shuiskys. Prince Fyodor Shuisky-Skopin, Prince Yuri Temkin and Foma Golovin were exiled, the noble boyar Ivan Kubensky was imprisoned, Afanasy Buturlin, accused of impudent words, had his tongue cut out. Then Ivan put disgrace on Prince Peter Shuisky-Humpbacked, Dmitry Paletsky and on his former favorite Fyodor Vorontsov. They were forgiven at the request of the Metropolitan, but not for long. In May. In 1546, having received news of the invasion of the Crimean Khan, Ivan went with an army to Kolomna. Once, having gone for a walk in the countryside, Ivan was stopped by the Novgorod tweeters, who began to beat him with their foreheads about something. He was not disposed to listen to them and ordered them to be driven away. A fight broke out between the pishchalniks and the royal boyars, the Grand Duke had to make his way to the camp by a roundabout way. Now suspicion seized him: he ordered to find out, on whose orders the pishchalniks dared to do this. Dvyak Vasily Zakharov informed him that the boyars, Prince Kubensky and two Vorontsovs, Fyodor and Vasily Mikhailovich, taught the pishchalnikov. Ivan, in great rage, ordered their execution. All three had their heads cut off. Kurbsky refers other executions to the same times. In his seventeenth year of life, on December 13, 1546, Ivan announced to the Metropolitan that he wanted to marry. The next day, the metropolitan served a prayer service in the Assumption Cathedral, invited all the boyars, even disgraced ones, and went with everyone to the Grand Duke. Ivan said to Macarius: “At first I thought of marrying in foreign countries with some king or tsar; But then I abandoned this thought, I don’t want to marry in foreign states, because after my father and mother I remained small; if I bring myself a wife from foreign land and morals, we will not agree, then there will be a bad life between us; therefore, I want to marry in my state, whom God will bless according to your blessing. Metropolitan and boyars, says the chronicler; they wept with joy, seeing that the sovereign was so young, and meanwhile he did not consult with anyone. But young Ivan immediately surprised them with yet another speech. "With the blessing of the metropolitan father and from your boyar council, before my marriage, I want to look for ancestral ranks, like our forefathers tsars and grand dukes, and our relative Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh sat on the kingdom and on the great reign; and I also want to fulfill this rank on kingdom, to sit on a great reign. The boyars were delighted, although - as can be seen from the "letters of Kurbsky - some were not very happy that the sixteen-year-old Grand Duke wished to accept the title that neither his father nor his grandfather dared to accept - the title of tsar. On January 16, 1547, the royal wedding was performed , similar to the wedding of Dmitry the grandson under Ivan III. Anastasia, the daughter of the deceased okolnik Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin-Koshkin, was chosen as the bride of the tsar. Contemporaries, depicting the properties of Anastasia, attribute to her all the feminine virtues for which they only found names in the Russian language: chastity, humility ", piety, sensitivity, goodness, not to mention beauty, combined with a solid mind. An alliance with such a woman, if not immediately softened the violent character of the king, then prepared his further transformation. On February 3, a wedding was played. And on June 21, an unprecedentedly strong fire broke out A rumor spread that Moscow had been burned down by magic. Yuri Glinsky was killed by mob right in the Assumption Cathedral. A mob crowd appeared in the village of Vorobyov at the tsar's palace, shouting for the sovereign to give them his grandmother Anna Glinskaya and his uncle, Prince Mikhail, who allegedly hid in his chambers. Ivan ordered the screamers to be seized and executed; The others were seized with fear and fled. But from that time Glinsky completely lost his influence on the king. They were replaced by the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester and the royal lodger Alexei Fedorovich Adashev. Contemporaries attributed this change to the shock experienced by the king during the uprising. Kurbsky wrote that at that moment Ivan was completely at a loss and that Sylvester suddenly appeared before him and in a passionate speech vividly described to Ivan the sad state of Moscow life, pointed out the reason for it - the vices of the tsar himself, threatened future Divine punishments and thus produced a strong moral in Ivan. coup. Perhaps Kurbsky's testimony is an exaggeration, but there is no doubt that Sylvester and Adashev appeared next to the tsar immediately after the rebellion. Grozny had a nervous and impressionable character. In love and hatred, he did not know any restraints, often fell under the strong influence of his associates and began to look at life through their eyes. Sylvester's influence was generally beneficial. Gradually, an enlightened circle formed around the young tsar, which Kurbsky called "The Chosen Rada." In addition to Sylvester, Adashev, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, it included the princes Vorotynsky, Odoevsky, Serebryany, Gorbaty, Sheremetyevs and others. The Kazan campaigns became the first big deed of Ivan's independent kingdom. At the end of 1547, Ivan went on a campaign against Kazan for the first time: in December he went to Vladimir, ordering guns to be brought there. In February 1548, the army left Nizhny, but was forced to return due to the early spring. Ivan returned to Moscow, as the chronicler says, in great tears, saddened that God did not deign him to make a campaign. In November 1549, Ivan went on a second campaign, and this time in February 1550 he reached Kazan itself. But the attack failed. A lot of people from both sides were beaten, and then a thaw came, strong winds blew, rain poured down. After standing for two days near the city, Ivan was forced to return, but a preliminary success was nevertheless achieved; By order of the king, the city of Sviyazhsk was founded at the mouth of the Sviyaga River. After that, the entire mountainous side fell away from Kazan: Cheremis, Chuvashs, Mordovians beat the brow of the sovereign, and Ivan accepted them into Russian citizenship. This was the first step towards the complete conquest of the Volga region, but for the final triumph of Moscow, some more time had to pass. Ivan turned to internal affairs for the time being. *** Under the influence of his environment, in 1550 he decided on a new step in Russian history - the convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor. “In the twentieth year of his age,” the Book of Degrees says, “seeing the state in great anguish and sorrow from the violence of the strong and from iniquities, the tsar intended to bring everyone into love. enmity, he urged to assemble his state from cities of every rank. When the elected representatives gathered, on Sunday Ivan went out with a cross to the Execution Ground and. after the prayer service, he began to say to the metropolitan: “I beg you, holy master! Be my helper and champion of love. I know that you are a wisher of good deeds and love. You yourself know that I stayed four years after my father, and eight years after my mother; my relatives did not care about me, and my strong boyars and nobles did not care for me and were autocratic, they stole their dignity and honors in my name and practiced in many selfish thefts and misfortunes. But I was as if deaf and did not hear, and did not have reproof in my mouth due to my youth and helplessness, but they ruled. "And, turning to the boyars present on the square, Ivan threw out passionate words to them:" unjust judges! What answer will you now give us, that many tears have shed upon ourselves? But I am pure from this blood, expect your retribution." Then, bowing on all sides, the king continued: "People of God and given to us by God! I pray your faith in God and love for us. Now we cannot correct your previous troubles, ruins and taxes due to my prolonged immaturity, the emptiness and untruths of my boyars and authorities, the unjust arbitrariness, covetousness and greed. I beg you, leave enmity and burdens to each other, except perhaps very big cases: in these cases and in new ones, I myself will be for you, as much as possible, a judge and defense, I will ruin lies and return stolen things. "On the same day, Ivan granted Adashev roundabout and at the same time said to him: "Alexey! I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and analyze them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who stole honors and rude with their violence to the poor and weak; do not look at the false tears of the poor, who slanders the rich, who wants to be right with false tears, but consider everything attentively and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; elect righteous judges from the boyars and nobles. "No other news about the first Zemsky Sobor remained, but a number of indirect signs can be seen that the matter was not limited to one speech of the tsar, but many practical questions were raised. The tsar ordered the boyars to make peace with all Christians And indeed, shortly after this, an order was given to all governors-feeders to hastily put an end to all litigation with zemstvo societies about feeding in a world order. and on the device on all lands of his state of elders and tselovalnikov.So, the Zemsky Sobor of 1550 discussed a number of legislative measures aimed at restructuring local government. This plan began with the urgent liquidation of all zemstvo litigation with feeders, continued with the revision of the Sudebnik with the obligatory universal introduction of elected elders and kissers into the court, and ended with the award of statutory letters that canceled feeding altogether. As a result of these measures, the local communities were to be freed from the petty tutelage of the boyars-governors, to collect taxes themselves and to create the court themselves. It is known that by the middle of the 16th century it was feeding, unjust trials and uncontrolled collection of taxes that became the real scourge of Russian life. About the numerous abuses: the boyars-governors, when exercising their duties, report all the sources of this time. By abolishing feedings and creating independent communal courts, Ivan tried to destroy the evil that had taken deep roots in Russian society. All these measures fully corresponded to the new mindset of the king and followed from his speech delivered to all the people in 1550. However, the charters, according to which the volosts were given the right to be controlled by both elected authorities, were paid off. The volost with a certain amount, we contribute to the treasury, paid off from the governors; the government gave her the right to pay off at her request; if she did not beat her forehead, considered the new order of things unprofitable for herself, then she remained with the old one. In the following year, 1551, for the organization of church administration and the religious and moral life of the people, a large and church council was convened, usually called Stoglav. Here a new Sudebnik was presented, which was a corrected and distributed edition of the old grandfather's Sudebnik of 1497. *** While the Tsar was busy with internal problems, the need for the Kazan war finally ripened. Previously, there was a fairly strong Russian party in Kazan, with the help of which the Moscow princes more than once planted tsars they liked here. But the falling away of the mountain side and the construction of Sviyazhsk united all the dissatisfied. In March 1552, a final break followed. Kazanians began to be sent with mountain people, and those, having tasted Russian power, became agitated and went over to the side of Kazan. Ten thousand Nogays and the Astrakhan prince Yediger Magmet came to the aid of the Tatars there, whom the Kazanians installed as their king. On June 16, 1552, Ivan set out on his third Kazan campaign, not knowing for certain who he would have to fight first - everyone was waiting for the arrival of the Crimeans. Indeed, on June 22, the Crimean Khan approached Tula, proceeded to it all day, but, having learned that Ivan with the entire Russian army was standing on the Oka, he hastily left for the steppe. Having happily got rid of this enemy, Ivan continued his campaign and on August 13 came to Sviyazhsk. The governor, Prince Mikulinsky, had already defeated the inhabitants of the mountain side by this time and brought them back under the rule of Moscow. On August 18, the army crossed the Volga, and on the 23rd approached Kazan. With Ivan there were 150 thousand troops and 150 guns. Kazan, protected only by wooden walls, was defended by 30,000 Tatars. Both of them were very determined. Ivan announced his firm intention to spend the winter near Kazan; I traveled day and night around the city, considering places where it would be more convenient to make fortifications. Siege work went on non-stop: they set up tours, supplied them with cannons; where it was impossible to put tours, they put tyn there, so that Kazan was surrounded on all sides by Russian fortifications. Kazanians constantly made sorties, fought desperately, but each time the Russians drove them back to the city. Many people perished in it from the continuous firing on the city; Streltsy and Cossacks, digging in the ditches in front of the rounds, with well-aimed shots did not allow Kazan to climb the walls. On August 31, Ivan summoned a German engineer, skilled in destroying cities, and ordered him to dig under the wall. Another dig was taken under the hiding place, through which the besieged went for water. On September 4, the second dig was completed. Ivan ordered to put 11 barrels of gunpowder under the cache and blow it up. Part of the wall flew into the air, many Kazanians in the city were beaten by stones and logs falling from a great height. The Russians took advantage of this, broke into the city and beat and captured many Tatars. Meanwhile, another part of the Russian army moved the tours close to the moat. Skirmishes and sorties went on continuously day and night. The besieged took refuge under the taras (earth fortifications), and their fire caused great damage to the Russian army. Ivan ordered to dig under the taras, blow them up and then move the tours to the very gates. On September 30, the taras took off into the air along with the people, the logs beat a lot of people in the city, the rest remained inactive for a long time. Taking advantage of this, the Russians approved tours against all the gates, and the regiment of Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky took the Arokaya Tower with a fight. But the other regiments were not ready for the assault, and by royal order the soldiers were taken out of the city by force. On October 1, the cannons incessantly hit the walls and in many places destroyed them to the ground. The remains of the wall were demolished by a powerful explosion that thundered on the morning of October 2. After that, the Russians went on the assault. A terrible slaughter began at the gates and on the walls. The Tatars offered desperate resistance; for several hours the Russians could not take a single step forward, despite the fact that the tsar drove up to the very walls of the city and inspired them. Finally, the Russians broke into the city on the roofs of houses. The hottest slaughter broke out at the mosque. Seeing their defeat, 6,000 Tatars tried to break out of the city, but were almost completely exterminated. Only a few managed to reach the forest. In Kazan, not a single defender survived, because Ivan ordered all the armed men to be beaten, and only women and children were taken prisoner. The tsar gave all the treasures taken in Kazan, as well as all the captives, to the army, and took only Tsar Ediger, banners and city guns for himself. The news of the Kazan victory made an indelible impression on contemporaries. Since the time of Dmitry Donskoy, Russian weapons have not won a more glorious victory. The very thought that after so many years of the yoke, the Tatar kingdom finally fell, filled all hearts with stormy rejoicing. On the entire return journey from Nizhny to Moscow, the tsar was greeted by crowds of people with shouts. For three days after returning to Moscow, from November 8 to 10, there was a feast in the royal palace; during this time, Ivan distributed gifts worth 48,000 rubles. *** There is no doubt that 1552 was finest hour throughout Ivanov's reign. If he died this year, after a brilliant victory, in the midst of important reforms, then a completely different memory of this complex and ambiguous person would remain in posterity. But he ruled for another thirty years, and with many black deeds almost eclipsed all the bright memories of the first years of his reign. The discord between Ivan and his entourage first became apparent in 1553. This year, Ivan fell ill with a fever and, recovering from delirium, ordered to write a will, in which he declared his son Dmitry, who was born the previous year, to be the heir. But when the boyars were gathered for the oath in the royal dining room, many refused to take the oath. The father of Alexei Adashev boldly said to the sick sovereign: "We are glad to obey you and your son, but we do not want to serve the Zakharyins, who will govern the state in the name of a baby, and we have already experienced what boyar rule means." The dispute between the boyars was heated. Among those who "did not want to take the oath" was the sovereign's cousin, Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, and this subsequently gave the tsar a reason to interpret that the boyars' refusal to take the oath was due to a secret intention to elevate Vladimir Andreevich to the throne after his death. The dispute about the oath lasted all day and was not resolved in any way. Finally, all the boyars, one after another, swore allegiance, Vladimir Andreevich too.It is difficult to decide: did some really have the intention to elevate Vladimir to the throne in the event of the death of the tsar, or the stubbornness of the boyars came from dislike for the Zakharyins, from fear of falling under their power, and the boyars were looking for only a means, in the event of Ivan's death, to arrange things in such a way as not to give dominance to his shuriy.It seemed very suspicious to everyone that while the tsar was dying, Vladimir Andreevich distributed salaries to his boyar children and hesitated until the last minute with taking the oath. the boyars who loved him began to suspect him at the same time and did not even allow him to see the sick sovereign.Sylvester stood up for Vladimir, and Ivan did not like this very much. He did not clearly show his displeasure, but there is no doubt that after this Sylvester greatly lost his influence. In general, from everything that is known about this man, it can be concluded that Sylvester was a well-meaning and strictly pious man, but prone to trifles and obsessive. Undertaking to control the conscience and moral behavior of the young king, he apparently often took the wrong tone, entered into unnecessary details, allowed himself to insist, and more than once forced the king to change his mind. Yielding to him at first, Ivan. over time, he became irritated and weary of this guardianship. Later, Grozny wrote to Kurbsky about Sylvester and Adashev: “They took away from us the power given to us from the forefathers to elevate you, boyars, at our pleasure, but they put everything in their own and your power; as you liked, it was done; you established yourself as friendship to contain everything in his will, but they didn’t ask us about anything, as if we didn’t exist in the world, every dispensation and affirmation was carried out according to the will of them and their advisers. they consider it useless, and they themselves at least invent something uncomfortable and depraved, so everything is fine with them!In all small and insignificant things, before putting on shoes and before sleeping, I had no will, and everything was done according to their will. What is unreasonable here, if we did not want to remain in infancy, being in perfect mind? Having got rid of a fatal illness, Ivan decided to make a pilgrimage to the Kirillov Belozersky Monastery. Many important events are also associated with this trip. Dear, the first son of Ivan, the baby Dmitry, died. In the Trinity Monastery, Ivan met with Maxim the Greek, and in Dmitrov, in the Pesnoshsky Monastery, with another prisoner, Vassian Toporkov, the former Bishop of Kolomna. Ivan, remembering that Toporkov was his father's favorite, went to his cell and asked: "How should I reign in order to keep my nobles in obedience?" Vassian, according to Kurbsky, whispered the following answer in his ear: “If you want to be an autocrat, do not keep with you a single adviser who would be smarter than you, because you are the best; if you do this, you will be firm in the kingdom and you will have everything in your hands, but if you have with you people smarter than yourself, then of necessity you will be obedient to them. Ivan kissed his hand and said: "If my father were alive, then he would not have given me such last advice!" Kurbsky says that all the trouble came from Toporkov's satanic syllogism, that is, a change in Ivan's behavior, but this is hardly true. The chronicler indicates the beginning of troubles in the events that occurred during Ivan's illness, and it is unlikely that Ivan found something new for himself in Toporkov's words. Reading his late correspondence with Kurbsky, one can see that Ivan from childhood reiterated his favorite biblical texts and historical examples, and they all boiled down to one thing - everyone talked about royal power and its Divine origin, about the state order, about relations with advisers and subjects , about the disastrous consequences of discord and anarchy. Ivan the Terrible was the first of the Moscow sovereigns to see and vividly feel the tsar in himself in the true biblical sense, as the anointed of God. But this idea did not immediately manifest itself in him: he doubted his strength, suffered from self-abasement, gave himself up to voluntary submission to advisers, as if sacrificing, and at the same time saw that they were taking on him more and more domineering tone, using him and yet ready to sell it. He did not become autocratic before he finally became disillusioned with people, and in this sense Toporkov's words, which coincided with his own innermost thoughts, should have been of great importance. The destructive struggle of passions in Ivan's soul had already begun, but its consequences appeared later. In 1556, the Moscow army captured Astrakhan. The entire territory of the Astrakhan Khanate and the Volga steppes up to the Caspian Sea were annexed to Russia. The Kazan and Astrakhan wars inevitably led to a war with the Crimea, and meanwhile it was already starting new war in the west, which gradually riveted to itself all the forces of Russia. In 1553, a 50-year truce with Livonia ended, one of the conditions of which was the payment of tribute from Dorpat (Yuriev). Under Vasily III and in the early childhood of Ivan, this tribute was not paid by the knights, and that's when in 1554 the Livonian ambassadors arrived in Moscow to extend the contract. Grozny ordered to be reminded of her and collect arrears for 50 years. The ambassadors promised to repay the debt within three years. Nov 1557, the arrears were never paid, and from that year the Livonian War began. The success that accompanied the Russians at the beginning exceeded all expectations. In May 1558, Narva was taken. Next month - Neuhaus. In July, Derpt capitulated, tempted by the favorable terms offered to him by the Russian governors. By autumn, more than 20 cities had passed into Russian citizenship. Some Revalians continued to defend themselves and in 1559 turned to the Danish king with a request to take them into his citizenship. The Livonian master Ketler followed suit and in the autumn of 1559 entered into an alliance with the Polish king Sigismund-August. The Livonians gave Poland 9 volosts on the condition that the king would help them against Russia. By 1560, it became clear that instead of a weak Livonia, Russia would face a war with Denmark, Poland, and possibly Sweden. By this time, the tsar's break with Sylvester and Adashev dates back. Already before, Ivan in many cases acted autocratically, contrary to the advice of Sylvester. He urged the king to continue the war in the east and crown his deeds with the conquest of the Crimea. Ivan instead turned to the Baltics. Throughout the Livonian War, Sylvester was her fierce opponent and, in an effort to stop the king, did not know how to restrain himself. “Whether I get sick, or the queen, or the children,” Grozny later wrote to Kurbsky, “all this, according to you, was God’s punishment for our disobedience to you.” For Ivan, whose age was already approaching 30 years, Sylvester's reproaches became completely unbearable, and it was not difficult for the enemies to quarrel them completely. The gap took place in the autumn of 1559 during the return of the king with the sick queen Anastasia from Mozhaisk to Moscow. His circumstances are dark and unclear. Ivan, in a letter to Kurbsky, speaks of them in passing. It is only obvious that this time Sylvester and Adashev had a collision with Anastasia herself. “For one small fir-tree side of her, she appeared to them objectionable,” wrote Grozny, “for one small word of her, they got angry.” What "is hidden behind this phrase is unknown, but in the spring of 1560 we already see Adashev in an honorable exile with the army sent to Livonia. At the same time, Sylvester voluntarily retired to the Kirillov Belozersky Monastery. Reconciliation with them was still possible, if not for a fatal circumstance: in August 1560, Ivan's beloved wife Anastasia Romanovna died, and with her death, those who did not love her during her lifetime became completely hated. Enemies, among whom a prominent role was played by the Shurya of Tsar Zakharyina, hurried to completely destroy their former favorites. In the same year, a trial took place over Adashev and Sylvester, who were accused indiscriminately, without even summoning them to Moscow for excuses. Kurbsky says that they were accused of poisoning Anastasia, but this is hardly the case. Grozny himself does not mention this in a word, but only says: “Having found the betrayals of the dog of Alexei Adashev and all his advisers, we punished them mercifully: we did not execute anyone with the death penalty, but sent them to different places. Pop Sylvester, seeing his advisers in disgrace, left of his own free will, and we let him go, not because we were ashamed of him, but because we did not want to judge him here: I want to sue him in eternal life, before the lamb of God; and his son is still in prosperity, only does not see our face." Sylvester left for a monastery on Solovki, and nothing is known about his further fate. Adashev was imprisoned in Dorpat, where he died two months later from a fever. Ivan dealt with relatives and friends of Adashev much more abruptly. In 1561, the brother of Alexei Adashev, Danilo, with a 12-year-old son, his father-in-law Turov, three brothers of his wife Alexei, Satin, a relative of Adashev, Ivan Shishkin, with his wife and children, and some noble widow Maria, a friend of Adashev, with five sons. *** "Chosen Rada" has come to an end. Boyar Alexei Basmanov, his son Fyodor, Prince Athanasius Vyazemsky, Vasily Gryaznoy and the Chudov Archimandrite Levkiy became the tsar's favorites. Ivan's lifestyle also changed dramatically. Already eight days after the death of Anastasia, the tsar announced that he intended to marry a second time, and began to woo the sister of the Polish king. Ivan suddenly developed a love for feasts and fun, which at first had a completely decent character. But gradually the new favorites took on them more and more, the fun turned into violence, the antics became obscene. An indispensable condition was to get drunk to the point of insensibility, those who drank little were poured wine on their heads. The most unbridled debauchery soon became commonplace. It was even suspected that Ivan was indulging in sodomy with Fyodor Basmanov. One of the boyars, Dmitry Ovchin-Obolensky, reproached his favorite with this: "My ancestors and I have always served the sovereign for the benefit," he said, "and you serve with vile sodomy." Basmanov complained to the tsar. Ivan affectionately invited Ovchin to the table and served a large cup of wine with the order to drink in one go. Sheepskin couldn't drink half of it. "That's it," said Ivan, "you wish good to your sovereign! If you don't want to drink, go to the cellar, there are different drinks, you'll get drunk there for my health." The sheepskin was taken to the cellar and strangled there, and the tsar, as if not knowing anything, sent the next day to Sheepskin’s house to invite him to his place and was amused by the answer of his wife, who, not knowing what had happened to her husband, answered that he still yesterday he went to the sovereign. This is Guagnini's story. Kurbsky writes that Sheepskin was slaughtered. Another boyar, Mikhail Repnin, a sedate man, did not allow the tsar to put on a clownish mask while a drunken Ivan was having fun with his favorites. The tsar ordered him to be thrown out, and some time later he ordered to be killed (according to Kurbsky, right in the church). On the same night, the boyar Yuri Kashin was killed on his way to church for matins. (Kurbsky writes that he was also stabbed to death on the church porch.) Exiles and executions gradually befell all the boyars from the former Adashev circle. Dmitry Kurlyatev, together with his wife and children, was exiled to the Kargopol Chelmsky Monastery (in 1563). After some time, the king remembered him and ordered to kill him with his whole family. The hero of the Kazan campaign, Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky, with his wife, son and daughter, was exiled to Beloozero. But Ivan was more merciful to him, ordered him to be kept well and subsequently released him. Since the marriage with Sigismund's sister failed, Ivan began to look for brides in other places. He was informed that one of the most noble princes of the Circassians, Temryuk, had a beautiful daughter. Ivan ordered to bring her to Moscow. He liked the girl, she was baptized, named Mary, and on August 21, 1561, Ivan married her. According to contemporaries, just like Anastasia, Maria had a great influence on the king, but in a completely different way. Naturally endowed with a wild disposition and a cruel soul, she further inflamed hatred and suspicion in the king's heart. Her brother Mikhail, unbridled and depraved, became Ivan's new favorite. *** The Livonian war, meanwhile, continued. In 1560, Fellin was taken. In the same year, the Bishop of Esel sold his possessions to Denmark. In 1561, the Revalians were transferred to Sweden, and the Livonian master Ketler swore allegiance to Poland. Under the terms of the agreement, the Order was liquidated, Ketler married and received the title of Duke of Courland. Sigismund-August began to demand from Ivan that he withdraw his troops from Livonia, to which, of course, he could not agree. In September 1561, the Russians defeated the Lithuanians in front of Pernau and ravaged Tarvast. At the beginning of 1563, Ivan himself moved to the Lithuanian border with a large army and artillery. The purpose of the campaign was Polotsk. On January 31, the city was besieged, on February 7, a prison was taken, and on February 15, after 300 fathoms of the wall were burned, the city surrendered. Ivan entered the fortress, proclaimed himself Prince of Polotsk, and graciously released the Poles, including five hundred people with their wives and children, giving them sable fur coats, but robbed the Polotsk governor and bishop and sent them to Moscow captives along with other Lithuanians. The tsar ordered all the Jews with their families to be drowned in the river, and the Bernardine monks to be killed. All Latin churches were destroyed. The tsar returned to Moscow as solemnly as from near Kazan. The war continued, but now it was sluggish. Domestic affairs began to occupy Ivan much more. The tsar's suspicion of his boyars increased every year and eventually turned into some kind of manic illness. Records were taken from many boyars in which they promised not to move to Lithuania and other states. Others were supposed to vouch for dubious persons, and third parties for the guarantors themselves. Each escape resulted in execution and disgrace for the loved ones of the traitor. Despite such measures, the escape continued. But the flight of Prince Kurbsky had the most effect on Ivan. This boyar, one of the most gifted and influential members of the Adashevsky circle, commanding the army in Livonia at the end of 1563, fled from Dorpat to Wolmar, then occupied by the Lithuanians, and went over to the side of King Sigismund, who received him kindly, gave him the estate of Kovel and other estates. Kurbsky belonged to the number of the most educated, most well-read people of his time, not inferior in this respect to Ivan himself. Having fled, Kurbsky entered into a verbal duel with Ivan, sending him his Message. Ivan, by nature, could not resist and answered. The correspondence began. It is precious for history, because it reveals the connection of many historical phenomena. It is difficult to say unequivocally whether the introduction of the oprichnina was the result of Kurbsky's betrayal. Rather, it was the result of long and painful reflections of the king about the same old subjects: about the exceptional, divine nature of his power and about the venality of the crafty boyars. In everything that Ivan did after 1564, it is difficult to see a certain meaning, but on the other hand, the sophisticated work of a sick thought and a sick soul is visible. Perhaps Grozny thought over his actions for a long time, but he did it alone, without consulting anyone, so that for everyone around them they were a complete surprise. This continued further - everyone saw what the king was doing, but few understood what goal he was pursuing. It looks like he took that secret with him. Outwardly, everything looked like this. At the end of 1564, the tsar ordered to gather nobles, children of boyars and clerks from the cities to Moscow, choosing them by name; they were supposed to arrive with their wives and children. A rumor spread that the king was going to go to no one knows where. Ivan announced to his associates: he became aware that many do not tolerate him, do not want him and his heirs to reign, they are plotting against his life; therefore, he intends to renounce the throne and transfer control to the whole earth. It is said that with these words, Ivan laid down his crown, rod and royal clothes. The next day, icons were brought to Ivan from all the churches and monasteries. Terrible bowed before them, kissed, took blessings from the spiritual, then went to churches for several days and nights. Finally, on December 3, many sleighs arrived at the Kremlin; they began to take out of the palace and put all kinds of valuables: icons, crosses, clothes, loaded the entire treasury. All the nobles and boyar children who came from the cities were ordered to get ready for the journey with the tsar. Some of the boyars and nobles of Moscow were chosen to accompany the tsar, also with their wives and children. Metropolitan Athanasius was ordered to serve mass in the Dormition Cathedral. Having served the liturgy in the presence of all the boyars, the tsar accepted the blessing of the metropolitan, gave the boyars to kiss his hand; then he got into the sleigh with the queen and her two sons. His favorites went with him: Alexei Basmanov, Mikhail Saltykov, Prince Afanasy Vyazemsky, Ivan Chobotov, selected clerks and courtiers. An armed crowd of elected nobles and boyar children accompanied them. Everyone in Moscow was at a loss. Neither the metropolitan nor the saints, who had gathered at that time in the capital, dared to ask the tsar for an explanation. For two weeks, due to the thaw, the tsar stayed in the village of Kolomenskoye, then moved with all the convoy to the village of Taininskoye, and from there, through the Trinity Monastery, he arrived in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. On January 3, Konstantin Polivanov arrived in the capital from him with a letter to the metropolitan. Ivan announced that he laid his wrath on his pilgrims, archbishops, bishops and all the clergy, on the boyars, okolniki, butler, treasurer, equestrian, clerks, children of boyars, clerks; recalled what abuses, embezzlement of the treasury and losses they caused the state during his infancy complained that the boyars and the governor dismantled the sovereign's lands for themselves, their relatives and friends, collected great wealth, estates, estates, did not care about the sovereign and the state, oppressed Christians , they run away from the service, and when the tsar, it was said in the charter, wants to punish his boyars, nobles, servicemen and orders, the archbishops and bishops intercede for the guilty; they, together with the boyars, nobles and clerks, cover them before the sovereign. Therefore, the sovereign, out of great pity, no longer wants to endure their treacherous deeds and went to settle where the Lord God would instruct him. The messenger brought from the tsar and another letter to the guests, merchants and all the people of Moscow. In it, the sovereign wrote that the people of Moscow had no doubts: they had neither anger nor disgrace from the tsar. When these letters were read, sobs and cries were heard between the boyars and the people. Everyone began to beg the metropolitan and the bishops to go to the settlement, beat the sovereign with his forehead so that he would not leave the state. Wherein simple people they shouted for the sovereign to return to the kingdom to defend them from wolves and predatory people, but they do not stand for the sovereign's traitors and villains and will exterminate them themselves. The clergy and the boyars appeared in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda and announced to Ivan a common decision, a common prayer: let him rule as he pleases, if only he would return the government back into his own hands. Ivan accepted their petition with the fact that he would put disgrace on all traitors and disobedients, take their property to the treasury and establish an oprichnina in his state: make the courtyard and all his everyday life special; boyars, courtiers, butlers, treasurers, clerks, all kinds of clerks, nobles, boyar children, stewards, solicitors and tenants to appoint special ones; in the yards - Sytny, Kormovoi and Khlebny - to appoint special keykeepers; finally appoint archers for themselves special ones. Cities and volosts were appointed, from which incomes went to the sovereign's household, from the same incomes came the salary of boyars, nobles and all sorts of courtyard people who would be in the oprichnina. Ivan announced his desire to gather princes, nobles and children of boyars, yards and policemen 1000 people and give them estates in those cities that were taken into the oprichnina, and the votchinniki and landlords, who should not be in the oprichnina, were to be withdrawn from these cities and given them land in other cities. Also in "Moscow itself" some streets and settlements were taken into the oprichnina, and only those boyars, nobles and clerks who were selected for the oprichnina were allowed to live in them, and the former inhabitants were assigned to move to Other streets. The State of Moscow, the army, the court, the council and all sorts of zemstvo affairs, Ivan the Terrible ordered to be in charge of his boyars, Prince Ivan Volsky and Prince Ivan Mstislavsky, as well as the rest, whom he ordered to be in the zemstvo. The clerks ordered to be according to their orders and conduct business in the old way. For getting up, Ivan sentenced him to take 100,000 rubles from the zemstvo order; and which boyars, governors and orderly people deserve the death penalty or disgrace for great treason, their estate should be taken away to the treasury. On February 2, the tsar arrived in Moscow and appeared before the clergy, boyars, nobles and clerks. They hardly recognized him: he had grown old, his eyes became restless and shifty, almost all the hair on his head and beard came out; Obviously, the tsar spent two months of his absence in a terrible state of mind, not knowing how his undertaking would end. The next day, Prince Alexander Gorbaty with his son Peter, two Khovrins, Prince Sukhoi-Kashin, Prince Dmitry Shevyrev and Prince Peter Gorensky were captured and executed for their previous crimes. The dispensation of the oprichnina began. First of all, Ivan himself, as the first oprichnik, hurried out of the ceremonial, decorous order of the sovereign's life, established by his father and grandfather, left his hereditary Kremlin door, moved to a new fortified courtyard, which he ordered to build himself somewhere among, his oprichnina between Arbat and Nikitskaya, at the same time he ordered his oprichny boyars and nobles to set up courts for themselves in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, where they were to live, and also to build buildings of government places intended to manage the oprichnina.Soon he himself settled there, and began to move to Moscow to come "not for a great time". The tsar settled in the Alexander settlement, in a palace surrounded by a rampart and a moat. No one dared to either leave or enter without Ivan's knowledge: for this, military guards stood three miles from the settlement. Ivan lived here surrounded by his Favorites recruited nobles and boyar children into the oprichnina, and instead of 1000 people soon there were up to 6000 of them. Not only lands were taken away from them, but even houses and all movable property; it happened that they winter time sent on foot to empty lands. There were more than 12,000 such unfortunate families; many died along the way. The new landowners, relying on the special mercy of the tsar, perpetrated arbitrariness on the peasants who lived on their land, and soon brought them to such a beggarly position that it seemed as if the enemy had visited these lands. The guardsmen gave the tsar a special oath, which they pledged not only to inform about everything that they heard bad about the tsar, but not to have any friendly communication, not to eat or drink with the zemstvo people. They were even charged with duty, as the chroniclers say, to rape, put to death zemstvo people and rob their houses. Contemporaries-foreigners write that the symbol of the guardsmen was the image of a dog's head and a broom as a sign that they bite like dogs, protecting the royal health, and sweeping away all the villains. Ivan started a semblance of a monastery in his Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, selected 300 guardsmen, put on them black cassocks over gold-embroidered caftans, and tafyas, or caps, on their heads; he called himself abbot, appointed Vyazemsky a cellar, Malyuta Skuratov a sexton, he himself composed a monastic charter for the brethren, and personally went with his sons to ring the bell tower. At twelve o'clock at night, everyone had to get up and go to a long midnight hour. At four o'clock in the morning, every day, at the royal bell, all the brethren gathered for matins for worship. It lasted from four to seven in the morning. The Terrible himself bowed so diligently that bumps formed on his forehead. At eight o'clock they went to dinner. All the brethren dined in the refectory. Ivan, as abbot, did not sit at the table with them, read before everyone the life of the saint, whose memory was celebrated on that day, and dined after one. Everyone ate and drank to their fill. Often after dinner, Ivan went to torture and torment the disgraced. Contemporaries say that he constantly laughed wildly, looking at the torment of his victims. Vespers were served at the appointed time, then the brethren gathered for the evening meal, Compline was served, and the king went to bed. Gvagnini conveys the gloomy rumors that circulated about the debauchery of the king; they said that the guardsmen abducted girls and married women for him, and the husband should still rejoice if his wife was returned alive. It was said that, having taken away the wife of one clerk and having learned that he took it as an insult, Grozny ordered that the raped woman be hanged over the threshold of his house. Another clerk's wife was hung right above his desk. The ways in which Ivan dealt with objectionable boyars speak of his sick and perverted mind. Grozny accused his old horseman Chelyadin of wanting to overthrow him from the throne and become king himself. Ivan called the equerry to himself, ordered him to dress in royal attire, seated him on the throne, himself began to bow to the ground and say: “Good morning, sovereign of all Rus'! Here you got what you wanted; I myself made you sovereign, but I I have power to dethrone you." With these words, he plunged a knife into the heart of the boyar and ordered to throw his body to be eaten by dogs. Then his elderly wife was also killed. Without stopping there, Ivan ordered the torture of many noble persons accused of conspiring with the stables. Then they executed Prince Ivan Kurakin, Prince Dmitry Ryapolovsky. Prince Semyon of Rostov, former voivode in Nizhny Novgorod , the guardsmen beheaded on the banks of the Volga, and the corpse was drowned in the river. At the same time, two more princes of Rostov were executed - Vasily and Andrei. The famous commander Prince Peter Shchenyatev thought to hide from death in a monastery. The oprichniki also took him to his cell - they set him on fire in a frying pan, drove needles under his nails, and eventually killed him. The guardsmen cut the treasurer of the sovereign Tyutin into pieces together with his wife, two infant sons and two daughters. This execution was carried out by the queen's brother, Mikhail Cherkassky. Many were killed without any trial in broad daylight. Every day, five or six corpses were found on the streets of Moscow. By order of the tsar, the guardsmen also grabbed the wives of disgraced people, raped them, broke into estates, burned houses, tortured, killed peasants, stripped girls naked and mockingly forced them to catch chickens, and then shot them. Many women have taken their own lives out of shame. Zemshchina was, as it were, a foreign conquered country, betrayed by the arbitrariness of the conquerors. At this time, Grozny had to come into conflict with the spiritual authorities. In 1566, Metropolitan Athanasius retired to the Chudov Monastery. A new one had to be chosen. Then the tsar proposed to the metropolitans of Solovetsky abbot Philip. Spiritual and boyars unanimously said that there is no person more worthy. Having become a metropolitan, Philip was not afraid to raise his voice against the oprichnina and began to reproach the king with his crimes. This drove Ivan into a violent rage. In 1568, Philip was deposed, accused of many sins, among other things, of magic, and imprisoned in the monastery of St. Nicholas the Old. To annoy the prisoner even more, Ivan ordered that his nephew's head be cut off, sewn into a leather bag and brought to Philip. At the beginning of 1569, after the trial of Philipp, Ivan committed suicide with his cousin Vladimir Andreyevich Staritsky. The tsar lured him and his wife to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda and killed them both. After that, the mother of Vladimir, the nun Evdokia, was drowned in Sheksna near the Goritsky monastery. The same fate befell the nun Juliana, the widow of brother Ivanov, Yuri, some nun Maria, also of a noble family, and twelve people with them. In September 1569, the second wife of the tsar, Maria Temryukovna, suddenly died. A rumor was immediately spread that she had been poisoned. Ivan, it seems, was the first to believe in him, and from that time on he began to seriously fear for his life. He wrote to Queen Elizabeth in England that the traitors were conspiring against him, conspiring with hostile neighbors, wanting to exterminate him and his entire family. Ivan asked to be given asylum in England. Elizabeth replied that the Muscovite tsar could come to England and live there as long as he liked on all his pay, observing the rites of the Orthodox Church. But Grozny had something completely different in mind. In the summer of 1569, some Peter, a Volhynian by birth, appeared to the tsar and reported that the Novgorodians wanted to surrender to the Polish king, that they had already written a letter about this and put it in Sophia Cathedral behind the image of the Mother of God. Ivan sent a trusted person to Novgorod, along with a Volynian, who actually found the letter behind the image and brought it to the tsar. The signatures - of Archbishop Pimen and other best townspeople - turned out to be genuine. They say that this Peter, a vagabond, punished by the Novgorodians, out of a desire to take revenge on them, composed the letter himself and signed with unusual skill for the archbishop and other townspeople. Punishment was awaited in Novgorod with fear, everyone knew how terrible the tsar was in anger, but what happened exceeded the most gloomy expectations. In December 1569, Ivan set out on a campaign to the north. With him were all the guardsmen and many boyar children. The pogrom began from the border of the Tver possessions. Oprichniki broke into Klin and killed many people here indiscriminately. On the way to Tver, the tsar sent Malyuta Skuratov to the Tver Otroch Monastery, where the deposed Metropolitan Philip was imprisoned, Malyuta strangled the old man with his own hands. Having approached Tver, the tsar ordered to surround it from all sides and himself settled down in one of the nearest monasteries. On the first day, the guardsmen robbed all the spiritual ones, starting with the bishop. Then, two days later, they broke into the city again, began to break into houses, broke all household utensils, cut down gates, doors, windows, took away all household supplies and merchant goods - wax, flax, leather, etc., piled them up and burned them. On the fifth day it reached the inhabitants themselves. The guardsmen began to beat everyone: men, women, babies, some were burned with fire, others were torn with ticks, the corpses of the dead were thrown into the Volga. Captured Polotsk and Germans, withdrawn from Livonia, were dragged ashore, in the presence of the king they were cut to pieces and thrown onto the ice. The same thing happened in Torzhok. Ivan's commemoration lists 1,490 Orthodox Christians killed there. In addition to them, all captured Germans and Crimean Tatars, who were kept in the towers, were killed. From Torzhok Ivan went to Vyshny Volochek, Valdai, Yazhelbitsy. On both sides of the road, guardsmen scattered through the villages, killing people and devastating their homes. Even before Ivan's arrival in Novgorod, his advanced regiment arrived there. By royal command, they immediately surrounded the city from all sides so that no one could escape from it. Then they seized the spiritual from the surrounding monasteries and churches, chained them in iron and placed them on the right in Gorodishche; every day they beat them on the right, demanding 20 Novgorod rubles from each, as if for a ransom, as it went on for five days. The nobles and children of the boyars, belonging to the oprichnina, convened the most distinguished residents and merchants, as well as clerks, to Detinets, chained and handed over to the bailiffs under guard, and sealed their houses and property. This was done in the first days of January 1570. January 6, Friday, in the evening Grozny arrived in Gorodishche with the rest of the army and with 150 () Moscow archers. The next day, an order was given to kill, with clubs, to death all the abbots and monks who stood on the right, and to take their bodies to the cemeteries, each to his own monastery. On January 8, Sunday, the tsar made it known that he would come to St. Sophia for mass. Archbishop Pimen with the whole cathedral, with crosses and icons, met him on the Volkhov bridge. But the king did not kiss the cross, but said: "You, the wicked one, do not hold in your hand the life-giving cross, but a weapon, and with this weapon you want to wound our heart." And without approaching the cross, he ordered the archbishop to serve mass. After serving mass, Gryazny went with all his people to the dining room, but as soon as he sat down at the table and tasted food, he suddenly screamed. It was symbol. Oprichniki seized Archbishop Pimen and rushed to rob his sovereign treasury. The butler Saltykov and the tsar's confessor Evstafiy with the tsar's boyars took possession of the sacristy of the church of St. Sophia, and from there they went to all the monasteries and churches to take the church treasury and Utensils in favor of the tsar. Ivan himself went to Gorodishche and began there a trial of those Novgorodians who had been taken into custody before his arrival. These were sovereign boyars, Novgorod boyar children, elected city and clerk people, and noble merchants. Their wives and children were brought along with them. Having gathered all this crowd in front of him, Ivan ordered his boyar children to undress them and torment them with "inscrutable", as a contemporary says, torment, by the way, set fire to them with some composition invented by him, which he called "fire". Then he ordered the exhausted, scorched, to be tied from behind to a sleigh, to be quickly led to Novgorod, dragged along the frozen ground, and thrown to the Volkhov from the bridge. They were followed by their wives and children; women were tied back with their hands to their feet, tied babies to them and thrown into the Volkhov in this form; the royal servants rode along the river with hooks and axes and finished off those that surfaced. This was done every day for five weeks. At the end of the trial and reprisals, Ivan began to travel around Novgorod to the monasteries and. there he ordered to rob cells, service houses, burn bread in granaries and stacks, beat cattle. Returning from the monasteries, he ordered throughout Novgorod, along the shopping malls and streets, to rob goods and break barns and shops. Then he began to travel around the suburbs, ordered to rob all the houses, all the inhabitants without exception, men and women, to break courtyards and mansions, to carve windows and gates. At the same time, armed crowds were sent in all four directions, to the Novgorod pyatins, to camps and volosts, 200 and 250 versts away, with orders to devastate and rob everywhere. This whole rout lasted six weeks. Finally, on the morning of February 13, Grozny ordered to choose from each street the best person and put in front of you. They stood before him in trepidation, exhausted, dejected as the dead. But the tsar looked at them with a merciful and meek eye and said: “Residents of Veliky Novgorod, survivors! Pray to the Lord God, his most pure Mother and all the saints for our pious royal state, for my faithful children, princes Ivan and Fedor ... and God will judge. To my common traitor and yours, Vladyka Pimen, his evil advisers and like-minded people: all this blood will be exacted on them." On the same day, Ivan left Novgorod on the road to Pskov; Bishop Pimen and noble Novgorodians, whose case had not yet been decided, were sent to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda. The number of exterminated inhabitants was called by contemporaries differently. In Ivan's commemoration book, it is deafly recorded about 1505 people of Novgorod. Guagnini shows the number 2770, except for women and the common people. But the Novgorod "tale" says that the tsar drowned 1,000 people a day and 500 a rare day. Taube and Kruse call the total number of victims up to 15,000 people, Kurbsky even more. The consequences of the pogrom were felt in Novgorod for a long time. The destruction of grain reserves and livestock produced a terrible famine and disease not only in the city, but also in its environs; it got to the point that people ate each other and pulled the dead from the graves. Throughout the summer of 1570, the dead were brought in heaps to the Church of the Nativity in Pola and buried along with the bodies of those who had drowned and floated to the surface. In the Pskov Chronicle, the total number of deaths is brought to 60,000. From Novgorod, Ivan went to Pskov. The people of Pskov confessed, took communion and prepared for death. When Grozny entered the city, all the inhabitants greeted him with bread and salt and, seeing the king, fell on their faces. But, they say, the holy fool Nikola had the most effect on the king. Instead of bread and salt, he brought Ivan a piece of raw meat. "I am a Christian and do not eat meat during fasting," Ivan said. "You're doing worse," Nikola answered him, "you're eating human flesh." According to other reports, the holy fool predicted trouble for him if he began to rage in Pskov, and after that Ivan's beloved horse died. This had such an effect on the king that he did not execute anyone, but only robbed the townspeople and churches. Upon returning to Moscow, the search for the Novgorod case continued. A certain Fyodor Lovchikov reported on the royal favorite, Prince Athanasius Vyazemsky, that he was in a secret relationship with Archbishop Pimen. Before, Ivan trusted Vyazemsky so much that he agreed to take medicine only from his hands. Now Ivan summoned him to his place, spoke to him very affectionately, and at that time the royal people killed all the servants in Vyazemsky's house. Vyazemsky returned home without knowing anything, but when he saw the corpses of his servants, he realized that his disgrace was inevitable. A few days later he was seized and subjected to painful torture, from which he died. Vyazemsky's sister, who was behind the treasurer Funikov, was stripped naked in front of her daughter, put astride a rope stretched between two walls, and dragged several times from one end to the other. After that, she was sent to a monastery. but she could not endure the torture and died. Many people were involved in the investigation, including the former favorites of the king. They seized both Basmanovs, father and son, the Duma clerk Viskovaty, treasurer Funikov, Prince Serebryany, Pleshcheev, Prince Ivan Vorontsov and others, of lesser ranks - only about 300 people, tortured them all and sentenced them to death. On the day of execution on July 25, Grozny forgave 180 of them, and executed the rest in a painful way. Gvagnini says that for each condemned the king came up with his own special execution. For example, Viskovaty was hung up by the legs and cut into pieces like a carcass of meat, Funikov was doused alternately with boiling and icy water, from which the skin came off about him, like from an eel. The next day, the wives of the executed were drowned, many of whom were raped before they died. They said about the Basmanovs that, on the royal order, Fedor himself killed his father. In the meantime, the success that accompanied Ivan in external enterprises began to gradually betray him. The spring of 1571 passed in alarm - they were waiting for the arrival of the Crimeans. Zemsky governors with 50 thousand troops stood on the Oka. The tsar himself with an army of guardsmen set out to Serpukhov. But the khan bypassed all the outposts and unexpectedly appeared behind the Oka with a 120,000-strong army. Ivan fled from Serpukhov to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, from there to Rostov, leaving Moscow to its fate. On May 24, the Tatars approached the capital and set fire to the suburbs. A strong wind quickly spread the fire. In one day, the entire city burned down with the exception of the Kremlin. The number of dead inhabitants cannot be determined, but it reached several hundred thousand, since many people fled to Moscow from the surrounding area. Up to 150,000 Tatars were taken away in full. A terrible disaster did not prevent the king from fulfilling his long-standing desire - to acquire a third wife. The search for the bride was carried out in the same way as the first time. From all the cities, brides, both noble and ignoble, were brought to the settlement, more than two thousand in number: each was presented to him especially. First he chose 24, and then 12, which were to be examined by the doctor and grandmothers. Grozny compared them for a long time, finally preferring Marfa Vasilievna Sobakina, the daughter of a Novgorod merchant, whom he immediately granted to the boyars. But the royal bride suddenly fell ill, began to lose weight, dry. It was immediately announced that it was spoiled by villains, haters of Ivanov's family well-being. Suspicions fell primarily on the relatives of the first two queens. They grabbed and put on. the stake of the brother of the second tsarina Mikhail Temryukovich, one of the most bloodthirsty guardsmen, Yakovlev and Saburov was whipped to death. Ivan exterminated some suspicious ones with the help of poisons that Elisha Bomelius prepared for him. Then the former favorite of Grozny, Vasily Gryaznoy, Prince Ivan Gvozdev-Rostovsky and some others were poisoned. On October 28, 1571, the tsar married Martha, and on November 13 she died. At the beginning of 1572, Ivan gathered a church council and began to seek the right to marry for the fourth time, since his third wife had died before the resolution of virginity. Archbishop Leonid of Novgorod, who presided over the council, found it possible to respect the request of the tsar, although the fourth marriage was prohibited by church charters. In April, Grozny married Anna Alekseevna Koltovskaya. In the summer, the Crimean Khan appeared for the second time within Russian borders, but was repulsed with great loss by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky on the banks of the Lopasna. In general, they began to pay more attention to the southern limits, formed a guard and stanitsa service here from the children of the boyars, Cossacks and archers, laid the towns of Venev, Epifan, Chern, Dankov, Ryazhsk, Volkhov, Orel, which were supposed to restrain the movement of the Tatars. During the Khan's campaign, Ivan was in Novgorod. Returning, he, according to Fletcher, canceled the very word oprichnina, which from that time is no longer used. Zemskoye began to be called state, guardsmen began to be called simply courtyards, as well as lands, regions and cities assigned to the court. The symbols of the oprichnina hated by everyone and the black costumes of the oprichniki themselves have disappeared. Since this year, a certain weakening of terror has also been seen, although it was still far from the end. At the end of 1572, Ivan went on a campaign to Estonia and laid siege to Wittenstein. During the assault, the royal favorite Malyuta Skuratov, the only one of the former guardsmen who was still alive, died. Ivan, in revenge, burned all the Swedish and German captives at the stake, and Skuratova buried them with great pomp in the Volotsky monastery. Grozny's family life with his new wife failed. Already in 1573, he began to clearly neglect her, and three years later he sent her to a monastery. In November, the tsar brought Princess Mary Dolgoruky closer to him, but she turned out to be not a girl. The next day, the tsar ordered her to be put in a carriage, harnessed to wild horses and put on a pond in which the unfortunate woman died. “This pond,” notes Horsey, “was a real hell, a vale of death, similar to the one in which human sacrifices were made; many victims were drowned in this pond; the fish in it ate human flesh in abundance and turned out to be excellently tasty and suitable for the royal table ". In subsequent years, Ivan had two more mistresses - Anna Vasilchikova, who was eventually executed, and Vasilisa Melentyeva, whom he imprisoned in a monastery out of jealousy. In internal management there was another innovation. In 1574 Ivan placed Prince Miloslavsky in disgrace. The chronicle reports that this year "the tsar executed many boyars in Moscow, near the Most Pure, on the square in the Kremlin, archimandrite Chudovsky, the archpriest and all sorts of ranks of people, and threw their heads into the courtyard of Mstislavsky. In the same year, tsar Ivan Vasilyevich put the tsar on Moscow Simeon Bekbulatovich (baptized Tatar, Khan of Kasimov. - K. R.) and crowned him with a royal crown, and he called himself Ivan of Moscow and left the city, lived on Petrovka; he gave all his royal rank to Simeon, and he himself went simply like a boyar , in shafts, and when he comes to Tsar Simeon, he sits down from the royal place in the distance, together with the boyars. Some historians are trying to find some meaning in this "Grozny's trick. For example, they say that just at that time he actively proposed his candidacy for the Polish kings in place of the deceased Sigismund-August and, for appearances, abdicated the Russian throne. But it is obvious that this self-denial could not deceive anyone. Contemporaries-foreigners reacted to the coronation of Simeon as another whim of Ivan or simple buffoonery. For two years Grozny himself diligently pretended that he was an ordinary private person, and wrote petitions to Simeon with deliberate self-abasement: "To the great sovereign Prince Simeon Bekbulatovich Ivanets Vasiliev and his kids beat with his forehead. "In 1576, the performance ended: Ivan returned to the throne, and Simeon was sent to reign in Tver. Meanwhile, the Livonian War began to take an increasingly formidable turn for Russia. In 1572, Sigismund-August died The Jagiellonian family came to an end with him, and the panamas had to choose a new king. As already mentioned, Grozny tried to take the Polish throne into his own hands. The Lithuanians, among whom the majority were Orthodox, were not averse to accepting the king from Moscow, but they wanted not Ivan, but his son Fyodor. Terrible hesitated for a long time, and the matter ended in nothing. In 1574, Henry of Valois ruled for some time in Poland. But when the French throne was vacated, he immediately left for Paris. After that, the anti-Russian party took over in Krakow, and Prince Stefan Batory was elected king in April 1576. Having received the crown, he promised that he would take away from Russia all the lands captured in the last war. Active fighting resumed. In January 1577, the Russians retreated from Reval with damage. In the summer, the tsar himself set out on a campaign from Novgorod, but instead of going to Revel, as they thought, he directed the path to Polish Livonia. One after another, several cities were taken, and in Wenden, which offered stubborn resistance, Russian military people, on the orders of the tsar, raped all the women and girls. Upon his return to Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, Grozny executed some governors. The reason for a new series of executions was the denunciation of the old prince Mikhail Vorotynsky, the hero of the Kazan campaign and the winner of the Crimean Khan. He was accused of sorcery and connection with sorcerers. After severe torture, Vorotynsky was sent into exile at Beloozero, but he died on the way. At the same time they executed Prince Nikita Odoevsky, Prince Pyotr Kurakin, boyar Ivan Buturlin, several roundabouts and others. Among the dead were the uncle and brother of one of the former queens - Martha Sobakina. Prince Boris Tulupov was put on a stake, and his mother was tortured before his eyes. Somewhat later, the former favorite of Grozny, the adventurer Elisha Bomelius, was tortured. After the departure of the king, the Swedes attacked Narva, and the Poles appeared in southern Livonia and took one city after another here. In 1578, the Russians suffered a serious defeat at Wenden. In August 1579, Batory himself came with a mercenary army near Polotsk and, after a short siege, took it. Then the Swedes captured Karelia and the Izhora land. In September 1580 Batory took Velikiye Luki. Velizh, Nevel, Ozerische, Zavolosye, Toropets were captured. The Swedes took Wesenberg. In Moscow, they did not immediately learn about the defeat. Just in October there were two weddings at once. Grozny married for the fifth time to the daughter of Fyodor Nagogoy Mary, and his son. Fedor married Irina Godunova. (Her brother, Boris Godunov, was granted a boyar and from that time became a person close to the tsar.) When the news of severe defeats came Russian army, Ivan was alarmed in earnest and sent ambassadors to Poland with peace proposals. Batory did not agree to peace. In 1581 he proceeded to Pskov. The Swedes, in turn, took Narva, Yam and Koporye. Almost all of the Livonian cities were taken from the Russians. But there were not enough enemies for more. The long-term war, which had exhausted the forces of all three states, was finally to end. Peace negotiations began. *** Failing in foreign affairs , Grozny in November 1581 also experienced a strong personal shock - the death of his eldest son Ivan. The fault was the unbridled fury of the king. According to Antony Possevin, Ivan found his daughter-in-law Elena lying on a bench in her underwear. In anger, he hit her on the cheek, and then began to beat with a rod. The princess, who was expecting a child, became ill from beatings, and the next day she had a miscarriage. The offended prince came to his father with a reproach. In character, he was like a parent in everything: he was cool and uncompromising. The conversation, apparently, resulted in a stormy ugly quarrel. “You,” said the prince, “have already taken two of my wives from me, tonsured them into a monastery, you want to take away the third and have already killed my son in the womb of her.” Grozny rushed at his son with his rod. Boris Godunov tried to hold him back, but he himself was beaten. In the blindness of anger, Ivan struck the prince with a rod in the head, he fell unconscious, covered in blood. At that very moment, the king came to his senses, began to tear his hair and call for help. They called for doctors, but it was all in vain - the prince died on the fifth day and was buried on November 19 in the Archangel Cathedral. The king, in despondency, said that he no longer wanted to reign, but would go to a monastery. He gathered the boyars, announced to them that his second son, Fedor, was not capable of ruling, and left the boyars to choose a king from their midst. It is possible that this time he was sincere, but the boyars were afraid: whether the tsar was testing them and whether he would kill afterward both the one they chose and those who would choose the new sovereign. The boyars begged Ivan not to go to the monastery, at least until the end of the war. Since then, for many days, the king suffered terribly, did not sleep at night, tossed about, as if in a fever. Finally, little by little, he began to calm down, began to send rich alms to the monasteries. Perhaps at this time some regret about what he had done awakened in him. At the very least, he intensely recalls all those killed and tortured by him and enters their names in the synodnik. Three months after the assassination, at the beginning of 1582, a truce was concluded with Poland. By his terms. Grozny abandoned Livonia, returned Polotsk and Velizh, and Batory agreed to cede the Pskov suburbs he had taken and retreat from Pskov itself, which he never managed to capture. In May 1583, a truce was concluded with Sweden. In addition to Estonia, the Swedes retained the Russian cities of Yam and Koporye. In part, the failures of the aggressive policy in the west were offset by successes in the east, in the Urals and in Siberia, where at that time Yermak inflicted a heavy defeat on the Siberian Khanate. A year before his death, despite the fact that Ivan already had a pregnant wife, he began to marry a relative of Elizabeth of England - Countess Maria Hastings. The nobleman Pisemsky, who negotiated marriage in London, was instructed to say that although the king had a wife, she was not some kind of princess, but a simple subject, and for the sake of the royal niece she could be driven away. But it didn't work out. Meanwhile, at the beginning of 1584, the tsar discovered an illness - some kind of internal decay. His health was rapidly deteriorating. Not yet an old man, he soon began to look like a decrepit old man. His legs refused to serve him. The body was covered with fetid ulcers. He was carried in armchairs. On March 17, he sat down to play chess with his last favorite, Prince Bogdan Belsky, but before he could start playing, he fell and died. Buried in Moscow, in the Archangel Cathedral. All the monarchs of the world. Russia. 600 short biographies. Konstantin Ryzhov. Moscow, 1999

IVAN IV VASILIEVICH THE TERRIBLE (1530, the village of Kolomenskoye, near Moscow - 1584, Moscow) - led. prince from 1533; tsar since 1547. Son of Vasily III Ivanovich of Elena Glinskaya. If the genealogy of the Glinsky legend is correct, then I. IV was at the same time a descendant of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy and Khan Mamai. After the death of his father in 1533, the three-year-old I. IV sat on the throne and was proud all his life that he did not remember the time when he was not a monarch. In 1538 I. IV's mother died. The boyar groups fighting for power made the young sovereign a witness to bloody beatings, arrests, and murders, while at the same time indulging his whims. The early awakened cruelty of I. IV was manifested in the torture of animals, in the first death sentence, which he pronounced at the age of 13, boyar A.M. Shuisky and many others. From the end of the 40s. I. IV began to rule independently; in 1547 he took the royal title. Terrible sinks. fires, popular uprisings and intensified robberies demanded urgent action. A circle of assistants formed around I. IV, later called the "Chosen Rada" (i.e., the Council of the Chosen), the leaders of which were A.F. Adashev, Sylvester, Makarii, I.M. Buckovamy and others. took an active part in reform activities aimed at strengthening the autocracy. Orders were created: Ambassadorial, Petition, Local, Robbery, etc., which made it possible to better manage certain branches of the state. life. In 1550, a new set of laws appeared - Sudebnik. Localism was limited. The adopted "Code of Service" regulated the order of military service of the feudal lords, etc. The Stoglavy Cathedral unified church rites, raised the authority of the clergy. Reformatory activity was accompanied by a cultural upsurge: work began on the creation of the "Great Menaion" (a set of orthodox old Russian literature), printing appeared, chronicles were compiled, St. Basil's Cathedral was built, and much more. The successes of domestic policy made it possible to intensify foreign policy: 1552 was captured Kazan Khanate , and in 1556 the Khanate of Astrakhan was bloodlessly annexed. Around 1560 the Chosen Rada was dissolved. The power-hungry I. IV, dissatisfied with the relatively slow results of structural reforms, began to rule with autocracy. The successful start of the Livonian War (1558 - 1583) and the destruction of the Livonian Order could not be completed. I. IV, having lost huge funds and a lot of people, not only did not get access to the Baltic Sea, but also lost part of the original Russian. lands. In 1565 there was a sharp turn in his policy. Having gone on a pilgrimage to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, I. IV informed Muscovites in letters that he "put his anger" on the boyars, governor and clerks and, not wanting to endure "their many treacherous deeds, left his state" and left are looking. At the same time, the sovereign assured the townspeople of Moscow that "there is no anger at them and disgrace". The people begged I. IV to return, agreeing to terror against the "sovereign villains and traitors." So the introduction of "oprichnina" was announced. Having taken the richest lands as his inheritance and created an oprichnina army, he received 100 thousand rubles from the zemstvo for expenses ("for his own rise"). (a village with several villages then cost 100-200 rubles) and began mass repressions and confiscations. Commander A.B. was executed. Humpback-Shuisky with his 17-year-old son, treasurer N. Funikov, chancellor I. Viskovaty and hundreds of innocent people. I. IV forced his potential rival Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, his wife and daughter to take the poison. Metropolitan Philip was deposed and killed. As a result of the six-week-long pogrom in Novgorod and Pskov, probably between 10,000 and 15,000 people died. Oprichny murders also took place in other cities. After the burning of Moscow by the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray and under the threat of a new attack, I. IV abandoned the oprichnina. Nicknamed the Terrible for monstrous cruelty, I. IV achieved the strengthening of autocratic power by destroying many people, the terrible ruin of the central regions of Russia (“The Tsar instituted an oprichnina ... And from that there was a desolation of the greatness of the Russian land”). And this, in turn, played a decisive role in the establishment of serfdom. To keep the peasants who were looking for a way out of a desperate situation, St. George's Day was canceled. Painfully suspicious, superstitious, constantly afraid for his life, I. IV sometimes committed acts that are difficult to explain. So, in 1575 he transferred the royal title to Simeon Bekbulatovich, and he called himself a specific Moscow. prince, a year later again took the voluntarily abandoned throne. I. IV - a talented, bright man, gifted in literature and deeply educated - was unhappy in his personal life. He was married six times, which was incredible for medieval Rus'. Of the 5 sons and 3 daughters, only three survived: Fedor, who was not capable of governing the country, the young Dmitry and Ivan, who resembled his father in intelligence and cruelty. I. IV in anger severely beat his son Ivan, and after 10 days the prince died. Seriously ill ("the body is exhausted, the spirit is sick"), I. IV died before reaching the age of 54. There were rumors about his violent death. The personality of I. IV and his era were studied by the largest domestic historians, and there is a huge literature about him. Used materials of the book: Shikman A.P. Figures of national history. Biographical guide. Moscow, 1997

Ivan IV's writings:

Russian Historical Library. SPb., 1914. T. 31. Messages of Ivan the Terrible. M.; L., 1951. Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky. L., 1979; Same. M., 1981.

Literature:

Ivan IV the Terrible is probably one of the most controversial personalities in the history of Russia. Indeed: the first king, the first king who was married 6 times, the king who wanted to create an empire... The list is endless. What prevented Ivan IV the Terrible from becoming one of the three great Russian rulers? The answer is in this article.

Wives of Ivan IV the Terrible

It will seem surprising, but knowing this information will help in better remembering not only the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible, but also in remembering some of the events of the 17th century. The first wife of the tsar was Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyeva-Yuryeva. Her nephew was Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, father of the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich. He is Patriarch Filaret! Do you feel connected? That's it.

From his first marriage, the tsar had his first son Dmitry, who soon died. It is known that Tsarina Anastasia had a personal dislike for two members of the Chosen Rada: Archpriest Sylvest and Alexei Adashev, who did not swear allegiance to her son, who soon died, when Ivan IV fell ill. Although personally I am inclined to the version that he was not sick at all, but simply pretended to check the inner circle. Do not agree? Write your thoughts in the comments.

Second wife of the king became the Caucasian princess Kuchene, a girl of 15 years old - Maria Temryukovna. The wedding with her was played after the death of the first wife in 1561. She gave birth to Ivan IV son Vasily, who soon also died. Maria Temryukovna died in 1569.

The third wife was Marfa Sobakina who died shortly after the wedding. In fairness, it should be said that in 1571 she was already 41 years old, and in the Russian Middle Ages, women did not live long. Probably due to the use of mercury-based blush.

Fourth wife of Ivan IV the Terrible became Anna Koltovskaya in 1571. Like the previous wife, she was of an humble family - the daughter of a nobleman. A year later, the king got tired of her and was tonsured a nun. In fact, the church could not go for the fourth marriage, so the cunning Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible announced that the third marriage was not a marriage, because they say there was no intimacy. Therefore, the marriage with Anya Koltovskaya was the third 😉

The next wife may not even have been a wife at all. There is evidence that in 1573 the tsar married the 14-year-old Maria Dolgoruky. But Mary disappointed the king after the very first wedding night (she was not clean), after which she was drowned. This, therefore, was between the fourth and fifth.

The fifth wife of the king was Vasilisa Melentyeva. Many historians do not recognize her as a queen. Researchers tend to consider both Anna and Vasilisa concubines.

The sixth wife of the king was Maria Nagaya who gave birth to Tsarevich Dmitry. It was because of his death, in general, that there was a great Trouble. In fact, you need to know only the first and sixth, since for the fate of the history of Russia they had the most direct meaning. The rest can be forgotten 🙂

Why did the Moscow kingdom not become an Empire under Ivan IV the Terrible?

Quite often in the test and examination tests there is a task for arguing a position, or for refuting it. The most common controversial position is that Ivan the Terrible wanted to create an empire. And all his actions point to this: the tsar tried to create a regular army (streltsy regiments, a beloved thousand), tried to stop the specific separatism of princes and boyars (the oprichnina in 1564-1572), reformed the central government, created a semblance of representation - the Zemsky Sobor, which would later impress the Slavophiles so much.

Why did Ivan IV the Terrible never manage to create an empire? Many attribute the failure to the character of the king: they say the despot played too much and ruined the warring country with oprichnina. Others see the reason in miscalculations in foreign policy when the king started the Livonian War. They say the state was not ready for it.

It seems that all these reasons took place to be. However, there was an objective reason. She looks like this to me:

Firstly, the autocracy of Peter the Great, who in 150 years will be able to create an empire, was based on the nobility, which in the era of Ivan the Terrible had not yet really formed. What is the point of a servant man serving the king if he cannot pass on his estate to his children and grandchildren? The local army is nothing more than a mercenary army, it doesn’t even hurt and yearn for exploits.

In addition, the strength and was very high, despite the policy of the oprichnina of Ivan IV. This is clearly evidenced by the Seven Boyars, which manifested itself in the years of the subsequent Troubles. Only after the Time of Troubles did the boyars finally discredit themselves and sink into the oblivion of history at the end of the 17th century.

Secondly, the royal power, although it was royal, was extremely weak. This is clearly evidenced by the very fact of the convening of Zemsky Sobors and even the election of several kings by this representative body (Boris Godunov, Mikhail Romanov).

Here is an oil painting. Do not agree - write in the comments.

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