Russian air defense. Air defense: history and composition. Air defense: deciphering the abbreviation. Directions for the improvement and development of military air defense

The Igla-super portable air defense system is a further development of the line of portable air defense systems launched by the Igla complex, which was put into service in 1983.

The most common and combat air defense system: S-75 air defense system

Country: USSR
Adopted: 1957
Rocket type: 13D
Maximum target engagement range: 29–34 km
Target speed: 1500 km/h

John McCain, loser of the past presidential elections in the United States to Barack Obama, is known as an active critic of Russian foreign and domestic policy. It is likely that one of the explanations for such an implacable position of the senator lies in the achievements Soviet designers half a century ago. On October 23, 1967, during the bombing of Hanoi, the plane of a young pilot, a descendant of the family of hereditary admirals John McCain, was shot down. His "Phantom" got an anti-aircraft guided missile of the S-75 complex.

By that time, the Soviet anti-aircraft sword had already caused a lot of trouble for the Americans and their allies. The first "test of the pen" took place in China in 1959, when local air defense, with the help of "Soviet comrades", interrupted the flight of a Taiwanese high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft created on the basis of the British Canberra bomber. The hopes that the more advanced air reconnaissance aircraft, the Lockheed U-2, would be too tough for the red air defense system were also not destined to come true. One of them was shot down by S-75 over the Urals in 1961, and the other a year later over Cuba.

On account of the legendary anti-aircraft missile, created in the Fakel Design Bureau, many other targets were hit in various conflicts from the Far and Middle East to caribbean, and the S-75 complex itself was destined for a long life in various modifications. We can safely say that this air defense system has gained fame as the most widespread of all air defense systems of this type in the world.

The most high-tech missile defense system: the Aegis system ("Aegis")

SM-3 missile
Country: USA
first launch: 2001
Length: 6.55 m
Steps: 3
Range: 500 km
Height of the affected area: 250 km

The main element of this shipborne multifunctional combat information and control system is the AN / SPY radar with four flat headlamps with a power of 4 MW. The Aegis is armed with SM-2 and SM-3 missiles (the latter with the ability to intercept ballistic missiles) with a kinetic or fragmentation warhead.

The SM-3 is constantly being modified, and the Block IIA model has already been announced, which will be capable of intercepting ICBMs. On February 21, 2008, an SM-3 missile was fired from the cruiser Lake Erie at pacific ocean and hit the emergency reconnaissance satellite USA-193, located at an altitude of 247 kilometers, moving at a speed of 27,300 km / h.

The newest Russian ZRPK: ZRPK "Shell S-1"

Country Russia
adopted: 2008
Radar: 1RS1-1E and 1RS2 based on HEADLIGHTS
Range: 18 km
Ammunition: 12 missiles 57E6-E
Artillery armament: 30-mm twin anti-aircraft gun

The "" complex is intended for close cover of civilian and military facilities (including air defense systems long range) from all modern and promising means of air attack. It can also protect the defended object from ground and surface threats.

Aerial targets include all targets with a minimum reflective surface with speeds up to 1000 m/s, a maximum range of 20000 m and an altitude of up to 15000 m, including helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, cruise missiles and precision bombs.

The most nuclear anti-missile: 51T6 Azov transatmospheric interceptor

Country: USSR-Russia
First launch: 1979
Length: 19.8 m
Steps: 2
Starting weight: 45 t
Firing range: 350–500 km
Warhead power: 0.55 Mt

The second-generation (A-135) anti-missile 51T6 (“Azov”), which was part of the missile defense system around Moscow, was developed at the Fakel Design Bureau in 1971-1990. Its tasks included the transatmospheric interception of enemy warheads with the help of an oncoming nuclear explosion. Serial production and deployment of "Azov" was carried out already in the 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR. The missile has now been decommissioned.

The most effective portable air defense system: Igla-S MANPADS

Country Russia
designed: 2002
Destruction range: 6000 m
Defeat altitude: 3500 m
Target speed: 400 m/s
Weight in combat position: 19 kg

According to many experts, Russian anti-aircraft complex, designed to destroy low-flying air targets of various types in conditions of natural (background) and artificial thermal interference, surpasses all analogues existing in the world.

Closest to our borders: SAM Patriot PAC-3

Country: USA
first launch: 1994
Rocket length: 4.826 m
Rocket weight: 316 kg
Warhead weight: 24 kg
Target engagement height: up to 20 km

Created in the 1990s, a modification of the Patriot PAC-3 air defense system is designed to deal with missiles with a range of up to 1000 km. During the test on March 15, 1999, a target missile was destroyed by a direct hit, which was the 2nd and 3rd stages of the Minuteman-2 ICBM. After the rejection of the idea of ​​the Third position area of ​​the American strategic missile defense system in Europe, Patriot PAC-3 batteries are deployed in Eastern Europe.

The most common anti-aircraft gun: 20-mm anti-aircraft gun Oerlicon ("Oerlikon")

Country: Germany - Switzerland
Designed: 1914
Caliber: 20 mm
Rate of fire: 300-450 rds / min
Range: 3–4 km

The history of the Oerlikon automatic 20 mm anti-aircraft gun, also known as the Becker gun, is the story of one extremely successful design that has spread throughout the world and is still used today, despite the fact that the first sample of this weapon was created by the German designer Reinhold Becker during the First World War.

The high rate of fire was achieved due to the original mechanism, in which the impact ignition of the primer was carried out even before the end of the chambering of the cartridge. Due to the fact that the rights to the German invention were transferred to the company SEMAG from neutral Switzerland, both the Axis countries and the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition produced their versions of the Oerlikons during World War II.

The best anti-aircraft gun of World War II: 88-mm anti-aircraft gun Flugabwehrkanone

Country: Germany
Year: 1918/1936/1937
Caliber: 88 mm
Rate of fire: 15-20 rds / min
Barrel length: 4.98 m
Maximum effective ceiling: 8000 m
Projectile weight: 9.24 kg

One of the best anti-aircraft guns in history, better known as the "eight-eight", was in service from 1933 to 1945. It turned out to be so successful that it became the basis for a whole family of artillery systems, including anti-tank and field ones. In addition, the anti-aircraft gun served as a prototype for the guns of the Tiger tank.

The most promising air defense-missile defense system: the S-400 Triumph air defense system

Country Russia
Designed: 1999
Target detection range: 600 km
Damage range:
- aerodynamic targets - 5–60 km
- ballistic targets - 3-240 km
Height of defeat: 10 m - 27 km

The air defense system is designed to destroy aircraft - jammers, radar detection and control aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft, strategic and tactical aircraft, tactical, operational-tactical ballistic missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles, hypersonic targets and other modern and advanced air attack weapons. Each air defense system provides simultaneous shelling of up to 36 targets with up to 72 missiles aimed at them.

The most versatile anti-missile defense system: S-300VM "Antey-2500"

Country: USSR
Designed: 1988
Damage range:
Aerodynamic targets - 200 km
Ballistic targets - up to 40 km
Height of defeat: 25m - 30 km

Mobile universal anti-missile and anti-aircraft "Antey-2500" belongs to a new generation of anti-missile and anti-aircraft defense systems (PRO-PSO). Antey-2500 is the world's only universal missile defense and air defense system capable of effectively fighting both ballistic missiles with a launch range of up to 2,500 km and all types of aerodynamic and aeroballistic targets.

The Antey-2500 system is capable of firing simultaneously at 24 aerodynamic targets, including subtle objects, or 16 ballistic missiles flying at speeds up to 4500 m/s.

/Based on materials popmech.ru And topwar.ru /

From the transcript of a conversation with Lieutenant General Sergei RAZYGRAEV, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force for Air Defense (Air Defense), which took place on September 26, 2009 as part of the Military Council program of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Ekho Moskvy radio station and the Zvezda TV channel.

About the Russian air defense system

The air defense system of Russia today includes four powerful subsystems: control, fighter-air cover, anti-aircraft missile cover, reconnaissance, as well as a system of combat, technical, rear and moral and psychological support.

As for the command and control system, this is a whole network of command posts, ranging from a subunit, company, division to higher authorities, up to the central command post of the Air Force. These are control points, a system of tropospheric, space, wire, radio relay communications, and so on. This is trained personnel, the latest automated control systems.

Fighter aviation cover is a network of airfields on which fighter aircraft and the support system for this aircraft are based.

The anti-aircraft missile cover system is a whole network deployed in positions around important objects, determined by the state for cover, anti-aircraft missile systems, which are based on S-300 anti-aircraft missile systems of various modifications and the latest S-400 system that has entered service.

System radar reconnaissance is a network radar stations located on the ground in a certain sequence in order to create a radar field and an information field for controlling the above fire weapons.

All of these systems are equipped with weapons, automation, those means that highly trained personnel are able to use at the right time.

Of course, there are also problems. Technology made in Soviet times, underwent modernization, switched to a new element base and is now capable of fulfilling the tasks that are set for it. The share of the latest technology is small, and we do not hide it. But all equipment is combat ready. More than 1000 people are constantly on combat duty in order to immediately respond to any situation that arises, including repelling a sudden attack by an air enemy.

Lessons from the US operation in Iraq

The logic of the development of means of aerospace attack by a potential adversary is such that in the 21st century, more and more emphasis is shifting to the sphere of armed struggle in space, through space. Let's remember operations in Iraq, Yugoslavia. This is especially true for Iraq. Before the ground groupings began moving forward, an air offensive operation was conducted for more than a month, during which the Iraqi command and control system was disorganized and its armed forces were demoralized. After that, it was easier for the ground grouping to solve the tasks assigned to it.

Based on this example, we can say that the essence of the air defense system and, in general, the most important principle of air defense is not only protection, but also the delivery of a preventive strike. After all, air defense tasks can be solved not only in the air by destroying manned, unmanned vehicles, cruise missiles, and so on, but also by delivering a preemptive strike on airfields based on these weapons (destroying aviation, cruise missiles on carriers, airfields, ships, submarines).

About the capabilities of the air defense system

In the 1950s, the country's leadership set the task of creating an anti-aircraft missile defense of Moscow, capable of simultaneously destroying a thousand enemy aircraft. Our engineers, in particular, the current Almaz-Antey head system design bureau, developed the S-25 Berkut system, which was put into service with the air defense forces around Moscow. Two rings, 56 regiments, each of which had the ability to simultaneously destroy 20 targets and direct 60 missiles at them. That is, in total - a thousand downed objects or even a few more.

This system was at that time the most modern. It was a quantum leap from anti-aircraft artillery to the next level. A new type of weapon has qualitatively changed the entire air defense system. They switched from artillery to anti-aircraft missile weapons. In the future, these systems developed and improved. A number of systems were created: S-25, S-75, S-125, S-200, S-300 and, finally, S-400. Now the basis of the anti-aircraft missile defense systems of the air defense of Russia is the S-300 system of various modifications. She has the ability to destroy almost anything. existing species cruise missiles, manned and unmanned aircraft. And after modernization, these systems gained the ability to destroy short-range ballistic missiles.

S-400 - further development this complex. This is not modernization, but completely new complex, which has completely new capabilities that are different from the S-300. It became possible to create a non-strategic missile defense near the interception radius, or intercept line. It has certain capabilities in terms of heights and ranges and, accordingly, is capable of destroying and covering area objects from operational-tactical missiles that could reach this object. In other words, the S-400 will perform the tasks of non-strategic air defense of the near radius of interception or the near line of interception. It is limited to certain heights, ranges, target speeds.

And the S-500 anti-aircraft missile system, which is under development, will already have the ability to destroy certain types of intercontinental ballistic missiles, medium-range ballistic missiles, not to mention operational-tactical ballistic missiles. And, in general, the interception height will be such that these missiles can shoot down the corresponding means of enemy aerospace attack already in near space. I think that this complex will already have elements of strategic air defense.

Now we are developing in theory and in practice the following gradation. There are four groups of anti-aircraft missile systems:

long range, medium range, short range (short range) and close cover.

The long-range niche, as we have already said, is occupied by the S-400 complex, which has been on combat duty for the second year. A bright representative of medium range is the S-300.

But these complexes are made in such a way that they can control each other, they can use each other's missiles. This, roughly speaking, is like a unitary cartridge that fits both an assault rifle and a rifle, and so on. This is a great idea that has been put into practice: the S-400 can fire S-300 missiles, and those missiles that are used in the S-400 can be used by the S-300.

Accordingly, short-range (short-range) complexes ("Tor-M2", "Pantsir-S") have the ability to destroy air targets, and cannon weapons - to work on ground targets, which was effectively demonstrated recently at the Ashuluk training ground during the Combat Commonwealth-2009 exercise.

Close cover systems are man-portable air defense systems and new systems currently under development.

About the difference between a missile defense system and an air defense system

- It is necessary to distinguish between strategic missile defense and non-strategic, or tactical, based on the fact that the means of aerospace attack are of a different class. Operational-tactical missiles have a firing range of 300-500 km, medium-range ballistic missiles - 5 and 6 thousand km, intercontinental - 10 thousand km or more.

Appropriate systems are created to destroy each class of these missiles. A system capable of destroying ballistic missiles is called missile defense (ABM). Strategic missile defense, as you know, is now part of the Space Forces. And the S-400 anti-aircraft missile system has the ability to destroy a certain group of these ballistic missiles, which do not have a very long range.

About the Joint Air Defense System

- Within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, there is a Coordinating Committee of the Joint Air Defense System, which includes ten CIS member states. Unfortunately, Georgia, having withdrawn from the CIS, also withdrew from the Joint Air Defense System, and Moldova does not participate in it either.

We are conducting appropriate exercises. A prime example was the recently conducted exercise "Combat Commonwealth-2009", the apotheosis of which was live firing at the Sary-Shagan training grounds in Kazakhstan and Ashuluk (Astrakhan region). Air defense duty forces are trained, general classes, training in various types of combat activities, and so on.

The further development of this cooperation is the creation of unified regional systems at the two-, three- and multilateral levels. For example, we are now very actively working on the creation of the Unified regional system Air defense of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation.

We are also working on the creation of a unified regional air defense system with Armenia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. But the most advanced and almost reached the finish line with Belarus. In February this year, an agreement was signed, the annex to which was the Regulations on the Unified Regional System and Protection of the External Border of the Union State of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation.

We have already decided on a grouping (it has been agreed upon), which is part of the Unified Regional Air Defense System, a central command post, a candidacy for a commander who will be approved by the heads of state on the proposal of the Council of Defense Ministers of the two states. A plan of action for the duty forces and instructions for organizing and carrying out joint combat duty with the Republic of Belarus as part of the Unified Regional Air Defense System have already been worked out. We submitted draft documents to the Government of the Russian Federation for the ratification of this treaty. That is, we are at the finish line. The creation of the Unified Regional Air Defense System will be a further step in uniting common efforts.

Using mathematical modeling methods, we calculated that this integration into a single system will increase the efficiency of the control system by 15-20%. Single management, single control center, single plans combat use in wartime and the actions of duty forces in peacetime, general combat training as a result increases the effectiveness of the use of fighter aircraft by both the Belarusian and Russian armed forces by 1.3 times.

As for Ukraine, it takes part in the Joint Air Defense System of the CIS. So, at the extreme (in Air force it is not customary to call the word “last”) at the meeting of the Coalition Committee of the Joint Air Defense System of the CIS, chaired by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force, Ukraine was represented by the Chief of the Main Staff of the Air Force and Air Defense of Ukraine. We will continue to develop cooperation with this brotherly state. There are such possibilities.

About sore

- I would like to touch on one more topic, which, as a military man, and a person in charge of Russian air defense, and the first assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Air Force, is very concerned about these issues. IN Lately more and more often in the media the topic of low-altitude, small-sized aviation is heard, which can cause very big trouble in terms of air terrorism. This topic has already been raised more than once, I would like to point it out again.

Currently only in Moscow and the Moscow region. - we calculated - about 3.5 thousand aircraft, not registered anywhere.

They are imported from abroad in disassembled form, then they are assembled here and make unauthorized flights, and at extremely low altitudes, without observing the rules. air traffic, airways, interfering not only with the use civil aviation, state aviation, but also, at times, being a security threat that can lead to unpredictable consequences.

This is an absolutely unorganized aviation, although there is both relevant legislation and an appropriate organization. But the slovenliness on the part of individual citizens, of which there are quite a lot, does not allow now to fully control this process. And I would like to appeal to the media: to cover this problem more sharply and objectively. The fight against air terrorism should be entrusted not only to Russia's air defense, but also to other bodies and departments of power, special services.

If we buy a car, we must have rights, we must register this car, obtain license plates and follow the rules of the road. In the air, these rules are even more pressing. If the engine breaks down, then the car will eventually stop on the side of the road without disturbing anyone. And if the engine breaks down, roughly speaking, or fails in the air - imagine what the consequences can be even from a small helicopter or airplane ...

In conclusion, I would like to quote Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov as a quintessence, as an afterword to our conversation:
“Reliable air defense capable of repelling enemy attacks, especially at the beginning of a war, creates not only favorable conditions for the entry of the armed forces into the war, but also gives the country the opportunity to more organizedly reorganize on a military footing. Severe grief awaits the country that will be unable to repel an air strike. I have nothing to add to this.

Interviewed by Anatoly YERMOLIN
and Sergey BUNTMAN.
Prepared for printing by Alexander
PRONIN,
photo from the archive of the Agency
"Voeninform" of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Since the mid 50s. 20th century Until now, the basis of the air defense of our state is anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) and complexes (SAM), created in domestic design organizations of OAO NPO Almaz named after. Academician A.A. Raspletin, OJSC NIEMI, OJSC MNIIRE Altair and OJSC NIIP im. Academician V.V. Tikhomirov. In 2002, all of them became part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern. And in 2010, in order to combine the scientific and production potential of developing enterprises and reduce the cost of creating anti-aircraft missile systems through the use of unified design and technical solutions on the basis of the Almaz, NIEMI, Altair, MNIIPA and NIIRP organizations, the Head System Design Bureau of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern named after A.I. academician A.A. Raspletin (JSC GSKB Almaz-Antey).

At present, the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern is one of the leading corporations in the world in the field of creating anti-aircraft missile systems for air defense and missile defense.

The main task that the air defense forces and military air defense solve is the defense of administrative and political centers, national economic and military facilities, as well as troops in places of permanent deployment and on the march.

Air defense systems and air defense systems of the first and second generations could lead effective fight with aircraft and had limited combat capabilities to destroy high-speed and small-sized unmanned attack vehicles. The representative of the third generation air defense system is the family of mobile multi-channel air defense systems of the S-300 type.

For the Air Defense Forces of the country, a mobile, multi-channel medium-range anti-aircraft missile system S-300P was created, capable of hitting modern and advanced air attack weapons at all altitudes. The requirements for the implementation of long-term round-the-clock duty by combat crews at workplaces led to the creation of combat cabins with the necessary overall dimensions, placed on a wheeled chassis. The ground forces put forward as the main requirement to ensure high cross-country ability of the air defense system and to place the system on a tracked chassis for this purpose, which required the use of design solutions that provide a special layout of electronic equipment.

In the early 1990s the creation of a deeply modernized system of the S-300P type - S-300PMU1 air defense system was completed. It is capable of repelling massive strikes from both modern and advanced air attack weapons, including those manufactured using stealth technology, in the entire range of their combat use and in the presence of intense active and passive interference. The fixed assets of this system are also used to build an air defense system for ships. Navy. The system was delivered to a number of foreign countries.

IN last years the most advanced modification of the air defense system of this series was created and is being mass-produced - the air defense system "Favorite" as part of 83M6E2 controls and S-300PMU2 air defense systems. The air defense system S-300PMU2 ("Favorite") includes:

83M6E2 controls, consisting of: 54K6E2 unified command and control center, 64N6E2 detection radar, a set of single spare equipment (ZIP-1);

Up to 6 S-300PMU2 air defense systems, each as part of the 30N6E2 on-load tap-changer, up to 12 launchers (PU) 5P85SE2, 5P85TE2 with the ability to place four SAMs of the 48N6E2, 48N6E type on each;

Anti-aircraft guided missiles (hardware and software construction of the S-300PMU2 air defense system allows the use of missiles of the 48N6E2, 48N6E type);

Means of technical support of the system, means of technical operation and storage of missiles 82Ts6E2;

A set of group spare property (SPTA-2).

The Favorit system may include 15YA6ME repeaters for telecode and voice communications to ensure territorial separation (up to 90 km) of the system command post and anti-aircraft missile systems (up to two repeaters for each direction).

All combat assets of the system are placed on self-propelled off-road wheeled chassis, have built-in autonomous power supply, communications and life support systems. To ensure long-term continuous operation of the system means, the possibility of power supply from external power supply means is provided. It is planned to use the system facilities in special engineering shelters with the removal of the on-load tap-changer, PBU, SART from the self-propelled chassis. At the same time, it is possible to install an OLTC antenna post on a 40V6M type tower and install a SRS antenna post on a 8142KM type tower.

As a result of the modernization, the Favorit air defense system, in comparison with the S-300PMU1 and SU 83M6E air defense systems, has the following improved characteristics:

Increased far boundary of the limiting zone of destruction of aerodynamic targets on head-on and overtaking courses up to 200 km against 150 km;

The approximate near boundary of the zone of destruction of aerodynamic targets is up to 3 km versus 5 km;

Increased effectiveness of the destruction of ballistic missiles, including OTBR with a launch range of up to 1000 km, with the provision of undermining the combat charge of ballistic missiles on the flight trajectory;

Increased probability of hitting aerodynamic targets;

Increased noise immunity from active cover noise interference;

Improved performance and ergonomics.

The implementation of new technical solutions is ensured by the following modifications of the S-300PMU1 system and 83M6E controls to the level of the characteristics of the Favorit air defense system:

Introduction of a new ZUR 48N6E2 with modified combat equipment;

Entering a new high-performance computing complex "Elbrus-90 micro" into the hardware container;

Introduction into the hardware container of new jobs for the commander and launch operator, made on a modern element base;

Modernization of the digital phase computer (DPC), which ensures the implementation of a new algorithm with independent control of the orientation of the beams of compensation antennas;

Use of a new input low-noise microwave amplifier in the on-load tap-changer;

Introduction into the RPN of new highly reliable communication equipment and the Orientir navigation complex, which uses satellite and odometer channels, as well as radio navigation information;

Refinement of the equipment of the antenna post and launchers, ensuring the implementation of the above measures and increasing the reliability of its operation.

Improvements to SU 83M6E:

Introduction to the control system of the newly developed unified combat control center (PBU) 54K6E2, unified in terms of equipment composition with the PBU 55K6E ZRS S-400 Triumph and made on the basis of the URAL-532361 chassis. PBU 54K6E2 was created by entering:

VK "Elbrus-90 micro" with software(software), including with software for control of SART 64N6E2;

Unified workplaces with the use of modern computers and liquid crystal matrices;

Upgraded telecode communication equipment with the ability to transmit voice information;

Radio relay station mm-range "Luch-M48" to provide radio communication between the PBU and SART;

Data transmission equipment 93Ya6-05 for communication with SRS, VKP and external sources of radar information.

The Favorit system is easily integrated into various systems air defense. Dimensions of the defense area of ​​​​the Favorit air defense system from strikes various means air attack are determined by the corresponding characteristics of the affected areas of the S-300PMU2 air defense system, the number of air defense systems in the Favorit air defense system and their mutual arrangement on the ground.

Introduced in the late 1980s new classes of aerospace attack weapons and building up combat capabilities and quantitative composition SVNK, which are in service, has led to the need to develop a new generation (“4+”) of more advanced universal and unified anti-aircraft missile weapons - mobile long-range and medium-range air defense systems 40Р6Е "Triumph" for the effective solution of the tasks of the aerospace defense of our state in early XXI V.

The new quality characteristics of the 40P6E "Triumph" air defense system are:

Solving the tasks of non-strategic missile defense, including the fight against medium-range ballistic missiles;

High security against all types of interference, recognition of false targets;

Using the basic-modular principle of construction;

Information interface with the main types of existing and developed sources of information;

Integration into existing and future control systems for air defense groupings of the Air Force, military air defense and anti-aircraft missile systems of the Navy.

By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 28, 2007, the 40R6 Triumph system was adopted by the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The first serial sample of the air defense system was put on combat duty on August 6, 2007. The air defense system 40R6 "Triumph" is being created in various versions (modifications).

The composition of the air defense system "Triumph" includes:

30K6E controls, consisting of: combat control center (PBU) 55K6E, radar complex (RLK) 91N6E;

Up to six anti-aircraft missile systems 98Zh6E, each consisting of: multifunctional radar (MRLS) 92N6E, up to 12 launchers of the 5P85SE2, 5P85TE2 types with the possibility of placing four SAMs of the 48N6EZ, 48N6E2 type on each;

Ammunition for anti-aircraft guided missiles (hardware and software construction of the 98Zh6E air defense system allows the use of missiles of the 48N6EZ, 48N6E2 type);

The complex of means of technical support of the 30Ts6E system, the means of technical operation and storage of missiles 82Ts6ME2.

All combat air defense systems are placed on self-propelled wheeled off-road chassis, have built-in autonomous power supply, orientation and geolocation, communications and life support systems. To ensure long-term continuous operation of the system means, the possibility of power supply from external power supply means is provided. The use of air defense systems in special engineering shelters is envisaged with the removal of hardware containers for MRLS, PBU, RLC from self-propelled chassis. The main type of communication between the means of the system is radio communication; communication is provided via wired and standard telephone communication channels.

The system may include repeaters of telecode and voice communications to ensure the territorial separation of PBU 55K6E and SAM 98ZH6E at distances up to 100 km, as well as portable towers of the 40V6M (MD) type for lifting the antenna post of the MRLS 92N6E to a height of 25 (38) m when conducting combat operations in wooded and rough terrain.

The size of the area of ​​defense of the S-400E "Triumph" air defense system from strikes by various means of air attack is determined by the corresponding characteristics of the zones of destruction of the air defense system, the number of air defense systems in the composition of the air defense system and their mutual location on the ground.

The advantages of the export version of the S-400E "Triumph" air defense system in comparison with the S-300PMU1 / -2 air defense system are as follows:

The class of hit targets has been expanded to flight speeds of 4800 m/s (medium-range ballistic missiles with a flight range of up to 3000-3500 km);

Increased impact zones of small targets and targets such as "stealth", due to the increase in the energy potential of the RLC 91N6E and MRLS 92N6E;

The noise immunity of the system has been significantly increased through the introduction of new means of noise protection;

The reliability of the hardware and software complex has been significantly increased, the volume and power consumption of the system's resources have been reduced through the use of more advanced electronic equipment and element base, new equipment for autonomous power supply, and new vehicles.

The main performance characteristics of the S-400 "Triumph" air defense system

At the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries. new trends in the development of means of aerospace attack appeared:

The mastering by "third" countries of technologies for the creation of rocket weapons, ballistic missiles with a range of more than 2000 km have appeared in service with a number of countries;

Development of unmanned reconnaissance and weapon delivery vehicles with a wide range of flight times and ranges;

Creation of hypersonic aircraft and cruise missiles;

Increasing the combat capabilities of jamming equipment.

In addition, during this period, our state carried out the reform of the Armed Forces, one of the directions of which was the reduction in the number of personnel of the branches and branches of the armed forces.

Parrying the emerging threats required in the current political and economic conditions a decision in the process of creating modern means air defense problems of reducing the costs of development, manufacture and operation of weapons, such as:

1. Reducing the type of air defense and missile defense information and fire weapons, including interceptor missiles and launchers, while increasing their combat capabilities to detect and destroy new types and classes of air defense systems.

2. Increasing the potential of radar facilities while maintaining their mobility or redeployability.

3. Ensuring high throughput and noise immunity of communication and data transmission systems when implementing the principles of their network construction.

4. Increasing the technical resource and time between failures of air defense and missile defense systems in the absence of full-scale serial production of electrical and radio products (ERI).

5. Reducing the number of service personnel.

The analysis of scientific and technical groundwork showed that the solution of the problems of creating a new generation of air defense missile defense anti-aircraft missiles, taking into account overcoming the above problems, should be based on the design of block-modular information and fire systems with an open architecture, using unified hardware components in their composition (this approach is used by international cooperation between developers and manufacturers of weapons and military equipment). At the same time, the comprehensive unification of newly created weapons systems, as well as the use of unified hardware and software functionally complete devices for the modernization of weapons and military equipment operated by the troops, ensures a reduction in spending budget allocations and an increase in competitiveness. advanced systems Air defense-missile defense in the foreign market.

In 2007, design work was launched a promising unified air defense missile defense system of the fifth generation (EU ZRO), the creation of which should ensure the effective defense of our state facilities from attacks by promising air defense systems while reducing the range of anti-aircraft missile weapons being developed, increasing the interspecific unification of combat assets, reducing the cost of equipping troops and fleet forces with air defense systems and their maintenance, as well as reducing the required number of personnel.

The creation of a promising fifth-generation EU DRO is carried out on the basis of the following principles:

To reduce the cost of developing and equipping troops with advanced air defense systems, the concept of the basic-modular principle of building an EU air defense system is being implemented, which makes it possible, with a minimum type (basic set) of the means (modules) included in it, to equip air defense formations of various purposes and types;

High efficiency and combat stability of air defense systems in the conditions of predictable fire and electronic suppression due to the possibility of operational reconfiguration depending on the evolving operational-tactical situation, as well as providing maneuver with fire and information resources;

The multifunctionality of the EU ZRO, which consists in the ability to deal with various types of targets - aerodynamic (including those located behind the radio horizon line), aeroballistic, ballistic. At the same time, not only the defeat by fire weapons is ensured, but also a decrease in the effectiveness of their impact by the use of appropriate weapons from the unified defense system from the EU ZRO;

Interspecific and intrasystem unification, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the range of anti-aircraft missile weapons being developed and consists in the use of the same means (modules) from the EU ADRO in the air defense systems of the Air Force, military air defense and the Navy. The required type of chassis for the means of the system is determined based on the physical and geographical features of the area of ​​​​possible use, the development of the road network and other factors;

implementation of the specifics of the use of anti-aircraft missile weapons on surface ships of the Navy (rocking, exposure to sea waves, increased requirements for explosion and fire safety, a complex system storage and loading of missiles, etc.), requiring the development of special-purpose EU ADMS for the Navy (at the same time, the level of unification of ADMS systems should be at least 80 - 90% and be ensured through the use of unified standard elements and devices of hardware and software and complexes of EU ADMS ADMS, complete unification of missiles, communications equipment and other elements);

Mobility, which makes it possible for units and subunits equipped with the means of the EU ZRO to conduct maneuverable combat operations without loss of communication and control, to deploy into battle formation from a march in unprepared positions and to put them on alert without laying cable communication lines and power supply;

The network structure of the construction of the control system of the EU ZRO, providing information from various sources and data exchange between users of the system, as well as the timely issuance of target designations for necessary funds defeat and counteraction in real time; integration of the EU ZRO with electronic warfare facilities, aviation complexes air defense;

High operational reliability throughout the life of the system;

High competitiveness in the world market and high export potential.

In addition, when creating the command and control means of the EU ADAM in the software and hardware systems of these tools, it is possible to control and provide information support for air defense systems and air defense systems of early development, which, under the conditions of a phased re-equipment of air defense groups on air defense systems and air defense systems, the EU ADAM will ensure the preservation of the combat capabilities of such groups, as well as the adaptation of the EU ADAM equipment to the existing structure of any zone (area) of air defense (VKO) without prior organizational and technical preparation.

The following new technical solutions and technologies are being implemented during the creation of the fifth-generation EU ZRO air defense-missile defense system:

The use of active phased arrays in air defense radars;

Unification of the components of the system (receiving and transmitting modules, signal processing devices, computers, workplaces, chassis);

Automation of the processes of combat work, functional control and troubleshooting;

Use of built-in electronic intelligence channels;

Application of base-correlation methods for determining the coordinates of active jammers;

Creation of missiles with inertial-active trajectory guidance and high-precision gas-dynamic control in the final section of the trajectory, equipped with an active-semi-active seeker (for hitting priority targets at medium and long ranges) or optoelectronic seeker (for intercepting ballistic missiles at high altitudes).

All of the above systems, their further modifications and air defense systems (ADMS) of the EU ZRO PVO-PRO will form the basis of the groupings of the fire subsystem of the Russian aerospace defense system being created.

The S-500 air defense system will solve the entire range of air defense and missile defense tasks

In early February, the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern was transformed into the Aerospace Defense Concern by decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The Concern's general designer spoke about what new prospects are opening up for the Concern in connection with this event, how the subject matter of the developed air and missile defense systems will change, what capabilities the fifth-generation S-500 anti-aircraft missile system will have. Pavel Sozinov.

- Pavel Alekseevich, now your Concern has another important direction - space. Do you already know which companies will deal with this topic?

- As for the space component, we had it before, since the concern's enterprises performed and continue to play the leading role in integrating ballistic missile launch detection tools, including the space echelon. Traditionally, MAK Vympel was responsible for this direction in our concern. Radars of the ground-based early warning missile system, as you know, are mainly dealt with by RTI OJSC, space facilities and systems by the Kometa Central Research Institute, and now the Kometa Corporation, which, in accordance with the President's decree, is transferred to the VKO concern. Our enterprises act as integrators of space and ground echelons at command posts for the corresponding purpose. This applies to early warning systems, control systems outer space and some other specific tasks that arise in this field of activity.

In general, the space direction is very interesting, it is represented in the concern not only by Kometa. Let our enterprises participate in the manufacture of certain samples or components of equipment, in particular, using the GLONASS system, not as the lead, but as co-executors of other Roscosmos enterprises. There are components that are developed and produced by our enterprises, primarily Russian Institute radio navigation and time, which is located in St. Petersburg.

GLONASS, as you know, has both a ground part and an onboard part. This is a very important component because modern systems largely use the navigation signal for high-precision determination of their own position, as well as synchronization in time.

As for the formation of the VKO concern, there are two points that need to be implemented. On the one hand, technically and organizationally, by and large, nothing changes for us, since we have been connected with Roskosmos enterprises dealing with aerospace defense issues for decades joint work. "Kometa", for example, came out of KB-1, later transformed into the Almaz Central Design Bureau (now Almaz-Antey State Design Bureau named after Academician Raspletin). Academician Anatoly Ivanovich Savin, who headed the Comet for many years, now works in our concern as a scientific supervisor.

Another question: how, when joining the concern, to implement new plans, including the development of aerospace defense systems? This applies not only to those systems that Kometa is engaged in under existing contracts, but also to some promising projects, for which we hatch ideas as part of the work of the Joint Council of Chief Designers for Aerospace Defense Systems. This council has been operating for two years already, it includes the leading enterprises of almost all concerns that today are related to the aerospace defense system. This applies not only to the space echelon, but also electronic warfare what one of the concerns of the state corporation Rostec does.

- In addition to the main topic, your concern, as you know, is also engaged in the aviation and naval component of air and missile defense. Tell us about this line of work.

– This direction is also quite serious. If we talk about fighter aviation, I would like to note that within the framework of the council we have closely organized work with the structures of the United Aircraft Corporation. First of all, with the design bureaus of the Sukhoi Design Bureau and the RAC "MIG", since we directly make control systems for fighter aircraft. In addition, our systems are used to solve the problems of joint operation of fighter aircraft in the areas of action of anti-aircraft missile forces. Airborne radar equipment for combat aircraft of the Sukhoi Design Bureau, including for the fifth-generation fighter, is also being developed by our enterprises, in particular, the Tikhomirov Research and Development Institute, which is also part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern.

In this case, integration takes place at the technical and organizational levels, we have no legal relations with aircraft manufacturing companies, except for contractual ones.

The same goes for the shipbuilding industry. The ship-based missile and air defense component is also being developed. There are serious plans to develop completely new products to solve the problems of air defense and missile defense of ships of a heavier class, in particular, the destroyer class and above. Such work is carried out jointly with the main designer - the Northern Design Bureau, which is part of the United Shipbuilding Corporation.

The ship topic itself is extremely interesting, since a huge number of our enterprises are involved in the development of air defense and missile defense equipment adapted to ship deployment conditions. They differ significantly from those options that were in the previous generation, where in the 80s and 90s the unification of missiles was actually one hundred percent. Now, for sea-based complexes, special products are being created, among other things.

The air defense radars on the ships were largely borrowed from the S-300 systems, the Buk, Tor systems, etc. with some specifics of their placement on the ship. Fundamentally new technical solutions are now being applied that make it possible to reduce the visibility of the ship, increase the noise immunity of the radar system, ensure electromagnetic compatibility, and solve a number of other issues.

This is a rather complex project. The Americans in this part have a large number of technical solutions and projects in which a multifunctional weapon control system is optimally located, where all location, radio and electronic means, electronic warfare equipment and, of course, missile systems, both air defense-missile defense and strike systems, are integrated. We are following approximately the same path, especially since, along with air defense and missile defense systems for ships, we are also developing strike systems based on cruise missiles. This, in particular, is done by OKB Novator.

I would like to note that the currently operating ship systems are in demand abroad. Russian enterprises have carried out and are carrying out relevant contracts for the supply of ships with our weapons to the People's Republic of China, India, and a number of other countries. In recent history, there are precedents when foreign weapons were installed on our ships and vice versa, when our weapons are installed on foreign projects.

- How are things going with the creation of the new S-500 anti-aircraft missile system. When can her trials begin? What fundamental difference this air defense system from the current ones?

– Information on this system is largely closed nature and we prefer not to talk about it. But some points can be mentioned without disclosing the performance characteristics.

Air defense system S-500 "Prometheus"

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Air defense is a set of steps and b / actions of troops to combat enemy air attack means in order to avert (reduce) losses among the population, damage to objects and military groups from air strikes. To repel (disrupt) attacks (strike) of an air enemy, air defense systems are formed.

The full air defense complex covers systems:

• Reconnaissance of an air enemy, notification actions about him by troops;
• Fighter Air Force Screening;
• Anti-aircraft missile and artillery barrier;
• EW organizations;
• masking;
• Managerial, etc.

Air defense happens:

• Zonal - to protect individual areas within which cover objects are located;
• Zonal-objective - for combining zonal air defense with a direct barrier of especially important objects;
• Object - for the defense of individual especially important objects.

The world experience of wars has turned air defense into one of the most important components in combined arms combat. In August 1958, the air defense troops of the ground forces were formed, and later the military air defense of the RF Armed Forces was organized from them.

Until the end of the fifties, the air defense of the SV were equipped with anti-aircraft artillery systems of that time, as well as specially designed transportable anti-aircraft guns. missile systems. Along with this, in order to reliably cover the troops in combat operations of a mobile form, it was necessary to have highly mobile and highly effective air defense systems, due to the increase in the b / capabilities of air attack weapons.

Along with the fight against tactical aircraft, the air defense forces of the ground forces also hit combat helicopters, unmanned and remotely piloted aircraft, cruise missiles, as well as strategic aviation enemy.

In the mid-seventies, the organization of the first generation of anti-aircraft missile weapons of the air defense forces was completed. The troops received the latest air defense missiles and the famous Krugi, Kuba, Wasp-AK, Strela-1 and 2, Shilka, new radars and many other state-of-the-art equipment at that time. The formed anti-aircraft missile systems easily hit almost all aerodynamic targets, so they took part in local wars and armed conflicts.

By that time, the latest means of air attacks were already rapidly developing and improving. These were tactical, operational-tactical, strategic ballistic missiles and high-precision weapons. Unfortunately, the weapons systems of the first generation of the air defense forces did not provide solutions to the tasks of covering military groups from attacks with these weapons.

There is a need to develop and apply systems approaches to the argumentation of the classification and properties of weapons of the second generation. It was necessary to create weapons systems balanced in terms of classifications and types of objects to be struck and a list of air defense systems, combined into a single control system, equipped with radar reconnaissance, communications and technical equipment. And such weapons systems were created. In the eighties, the air defense forces were fully provided with S-300V, Tors, Bukami-M1, Strelami-10M2, Tunguska, Needles and the latest radars.

Changes have taken place in anti-aircraft missile and anti-aircraft missile and artillery units, units and formations. They have become integral components in combined arms formations from battalions to front-line formations and have become a unified air defense system in military districts. This increased the effectiveness of combat applications in the groupings of air defense forces of military districts and ensured the power of fire action against the enemy with a high density of fire from anti-aircraft guns, layered at altitudes and at ranges.

At the end of the nineties, in order to improve command, in the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces, formations, military units and air defense units of the Coast Guard of the Navy, military units and air defense units of the Airborne Forces, in the formations and military units of the air defense reserve of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, changes have taken place. They were united in the military air defense of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Military air defense missions

Connections and parts military air defense the tasks entrusted to them for interaction with the forces and means of the Armed Forces and the Navy are being solved.

The following tasks are assigned to military air defense:

In peacetime:

• Measures to maintain the air defense forces of military districts, formations, units and subunits of the Air Defense of the Coast Guard of the Naval Forces, air defense units and subunits of the Airborne Forces in combat readiness for advanced deployments and reflections, together with the forces and means of air defense of the types of the RF Armed Forces attacks by means of air attacks;
• Carrying out second-hand duty within the zone of operation of military districts and in common systems air defense of the state;
• The sequence of building up combat strengths in air defense formations and units that perform tasks on combat duty when the highest degrees of b / readiness are introduced.

In wartime:

• Measures for complex, echeloned in depth cover from attacks by means of air attacks by the enemy on groupings of troops, military districts (fronts) and military facilities throughout the depth of their operational formations, while interacting with air defense forces and means and other types and branches of the Armed Forces of the Armed Forces;
• Direct cover measures, which include combined arms formations and formations, as well as formations, units and subunits of the Coast Guard of the Navy, formations and units of the Airborne Forces, rocket troops and artillery in the form of groupings, aviation airfields, command posts, the most important rear facilities in areas of concentration, during advances, occupations of these zones and during operations (b / actions).

Directions for the improvement and development of military air defense

Today, the air defense troops of the SV are the main and most numerous component of the military air defense of the RF Armed Forces. They are united by a harmonious hierarchical structure with the inclusion of front-line, army (corps) complexes of air defense forces, as well as air defense units, motorized rifle (tank) divisions, motorized rifle brigades, air defense units, motorized rifle and tank regiments, battalions.

Air defense forces in military districts have air defense formations, units and subunits, which have at their disposal anti-aircraft missile systems / complexes of various purposes and potentials.

They are connected by reconnaissance and information complexes and control complexes. This makes it possible, under certain circumstances, to form effective multifunctional air defense systems. Until now, the weapons of the Russian military air defense are among the best on the planet.

To the most important directions in the improvement and development of military air defense in total include:

• Optimization of organizational and staff structures in the governing bodies, formations and air defense units, in accordance with the assigned tasks;
• Modernization in anti-aircraft missile systems and complexes, intelligence equipment in order to extend the terms of operation and their integration into a single air defense system in the state and in the Armed Forces, endowing them with the functions of non-strategic anti-missile weapons in theaters of military operations;
• Development and maintenance of a unified technical policy to reduce the types of weapons, military equipment, their unification and avoidance of duplication in development;
• Provision of advanced air defense weapons systems the latest means automation of control, communications, active, passive and other non-traditional types of intelligence activities, multifunctional anti-aircraft missile systems and new generation air defense systems using the criteria of "efficiency - cost - feasibility";
• Conducting a complex of collective b / training of military air defense with other troops, taking into account the upcoming combat missions and features of the areas of deployment, with the concentration of the main efforts in the preparation of formations, units and subunits of air defense of high readiness;
• Formation, provision and training of reserves for a flexible response to changing circumstances, strengthening the groupings of air defense forces, replenishing the losses of personnel, weapons and military equipment;
• Improving the training of officers in the structure of the military training system, increasing the level of their fundamental (basic) knowledge and practical training and consistency in the transition to continuous military education.

It is planned that in the near future the aerospace defense system will occupy one of the leading directions in the strategic defense of the state and in the Armed Forces, it will become one of the components, and in the future it will become almost the main deterrent in unleashing wars.

Air defense systems are one of the fundamental in the aerospace defense system. To date, military air defense units are able to effectively resolve the tasks of anti-aircraft and, to some extent, non-strategic anti-missile defensive measures in groupings of troops along operational-strategic directions. As practice shows, in tactical exercises using live fire, all available means of Russian military air defense are able to hit cruise missiles.

Air defense in the air defense system of the state and in its Armed Forces tend to grow in proportion to the increase in the threat of air attacks. When resolving the tasks of the aerospace defense, it will be necessary to coordinate the general use of the various types of air defense forces and missile and space defense in operational-strategic areas as the most effective than separate. This will happen as a result of the possibility of combining force with the advantages of various types of weapons and mutual compensation of their shortcomings and weaknesses with a single plan and under one command.

Improving air defense systems is impossible without further modernization of existing weapons, re-equipment of air defense forces in military districts with the most modern air defense systems and air defense systems, with deliveries latest systems automated control and communication.

The main direction in the development Russian funds Air defense today is:

• Continue development work in order to create highly effective weapons that will have quality indicators that could not be surpassed by foreign counterparts for 10-15 years;
• To create a promising multifunctional system of armaments of military air defense. This will give impetus to create a flexible organizational and staffing structure for the performance of specific b/tasks. Such a system must be integrated with the main weapons of the ground forces, and act in an integrated manner with other types of troops in the course of solving air defense tasks;
• Introduce automated control systems with robotics and artificial intelligence to reflect further buildup of enemy capabilities and increase the effectiveness of non-use applications by air defense forces;
• Provide models of air defense weapons with electron-optical devices, television systems, thermal imagers in order to ensure the combat capability of air defense systems and air defense systems in conditions of intense interference, which will make it possible to minimize the dependence of air defense systems on the weather;
• Widely apply passive location and electronic warfare equipment;
• Reorient the concept of the prospects for the development of weapons and military equipment for air defense, carry out a radical modernization of existing weapons and military equipment in order to give a significant increase in performance combat use at low cost.

Air Defense Day

Air Defense Day is a memorable day in the RF Armed Forces. It is celebrated every year, every second Sunday in April, in accordance with the Decree Russian President dated May 31, 2006.

For the first time this holiday was determined by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the Decree of February 20, 1975. It was established for the outstanding merits that the air defense forces of the Soviet state showed during the Second World War, as well as for the fact that they carried out especially important tasks in peacetime. It was originally celebrated on April 11, but in October 1980 Air Defense Day was moved to be celebrated every second Sunday in April.

The history of establishing the date of the holiday is connected with the fact that, in fact, in the days of April, the most important government decrees on the organization of air defense of the state were adopted, which became the basis for the construction of air defense systems, determined the organizational structure of the troops included in it, their formation and further development.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that as the threat of air attacks increases, the role and importance of military air defense will only increase, which has already been confirmed by time.

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