Perspective systems and means of ground reconnaissance. Radar complex for reconnaissance and fire control "Zoo"

Nikolay ZAYTSEV

To ensure parity with likely adversary in the field of radar means of reconnaissance of ground targets open joint stock company“Scientific and production association “Strela”, Tula (part of the Air Defense Concern “Almaz-Antey”), according to the tactical and technical specifications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, more than 60 different stations and complexes were developed and put into service.

Recently, the enterprise has developed and mastered in mass production a number of radars artillery reconnaissance that meet the most modern requirements: a radar complex for reconnaissance of artillery firing positions long range 1L260, multifunctional portable radar for reconnaissance of firing positions of mortars and mobile ground targets 1L271, portable radar for reconnaissance of ground targets product 1L277 and portable radar ground reconnaissance SBR-5M.

SCOUTING FIRING POSITIONS BY SHOT

For reconnaissance of firing positions of mortars, artillery, rocket systems salvo fire, starting positions tactical missiles of the enemy by a shot (projectile, rocket, mine on the trajectory), as well as to serve the firing (control of strikes) of their similar means, an artillery radar complex for reconnaissance of the positions of missiles and artillery 1L260 was created. The 1L260 radar complex includes:

- a three-coordinate monopulse radar station with a phased antenna array (product 1L261);

- maintenance vehicle (product 1I38);

– power plant ED60-T230P-1RAM4.

Solved by the complex combat missions, operating modes and performance characteristics of the complex are determined by the product 1L261 (Fig. 1).

The launch of the complex into production not only solved the problem of our country's lagging behind in the range of reconnaissance of firing artillery and missiles, but also ensured superiority in this area. In conditions of passive and active interference, the complex, along with reconnaissance of enemy firing positions, simultaneously monitors firing own funds destruction and monitoring of space in order to detect anti-radar missiles.

A comparative analysis of the characteristics shows that the 1L260 complex is superior to the foreign ROP "Cobra" and AN / TPQ-53 radars both in terms of reconnaissance range and in a number of basic technical characteristics.

The complex provides:

- detection and tracking of flying artillery shells, MLRS rockets, tactical missiles;

- determination with high accuracy of the coordinates of the points of departure and fall of shells (mines, missiles);

- recognition of the class, including the caliber of the firing firing position of the enemy;

– simultaneous operation in reconnaissance and control modes;

– operation under the influence of natural passive interference;

– direction finding of sources of active interference and automatic compensation of interference from several directions;

- detection of anti-radar missiles;

– continuous automatic diagnostics constituent parts products in the course of combat work.

In the "Reconnaissance" mode (Fig. 2), the complex provides opening of the enemy's firing positions, in the "Maintenance" mode (Fig. 3), the coordinates of the points of impact of shells of its firing means are determined.

Special software allowed to implement a fully automatic mode of operation of the complex, without the participation of members of the calculation.

The use of software-controlled blocks of radar equipment provided flexible changes in operating modes and the possibility of further modernization of the product, while the number of simultaneously tracked targets can vary from 12 to 36.

The hardware capabilities of the radar make it possible not only to provide reconnaissance of firing positions various types firing systems, but also to implement a space surveillance mode in the interests of air defense.

Along with the radar for reconnaissance of long-range artillery firing positions, there is a need for light portable radars that provide reconnaissance of firing positions of firing mortars, reconnaissance of ground moving targets and control of the firing of their own artillery on exploding shells (mines) for the battalion level. This is confirmed by the experience of conducting local wars and counter-terrorist operations.

At the end of 2012, into service Russian army the world's first portable multifunctional radar for reconnaissance of firing positions of firing mortars and ground moving targets 1L271 was adopted (Fig. 4).

The radar determines the location of the launcher firing mortar or the point of impact of the mine by radar observation of the mine in the visible section of the flight path, measuring the coordinates and parameters of its movement at individual points of the trajectory, followed by extrapolation to the point of departure or fall (Fig. 5). The radar antenna is electronically scanned in azimuth. The movement of the beam in elevation is carried out by changing the polarization of microwave radiation.

The station is made in the form of a set of equipment placed in the internal compartment of a special partially armored vehicle, which serves for the prompt delivery of a crew of three people and station equipment to a given area of ​​work. Redeployment over short distances in a given area of ​​work to select a more convenient combat position is carried out by carrying the components of the station removed from the vehicle using special carrying packages.

PORTABLE SHORT AND NEAR RANGE RADAR

The first in Russia serially mastered portable radar for reconnaissance of ground targets of short range with a phased antenna array (PAR) - station 1L277 (Fig. 6). It is designed to detect moving single and group ground, surface, stationary ground and surface targets, as well as to correct artillery and mortar fire at gaps. The station also detects low-flying unmanned aerial vehicles. aircrafts.

Unlike its prototype (PSNR-8 station), 1L277 allows, along with moving targets and artillery shell explosions, to detect stationary small targets, which is the first time this has been done in a radar of this class. At the same time, a reduction in radar visibility and an increase in noise immunity were provided. The use of a solid-state component base made it possible to reduce the weight by 2 times and increase the mean time between failures by 3.7 times compared to PSNR-8.

The design of the station allows its installation on various running bases, and the principle of monoblock execution of radar equipment makes it possible to create stationary surveillance complexes, their interaction in a network while protecting borders, coastal zones, military and civilian facilities.

Compared with stations of the same class PSNR-8 and PSNR-8M, which are in service, and foreign counterparts, the 1L277 radar has several important advantages. In particular, automatic tracking of up to 20 targets is provided without stopping reconnaissance in a given sector; detection mode and determination of the coordinates of fixed targets; automatic recognition of the type of moving targets "man - technology".

To ensure the secrecy and noise immunity of the station, a frequency agility mode (BFC) has been implemented, which makes it difficult for the enemy to conduct electronic intelligence and makes it impossible to set up targeted active interference.

A qualitative leap in the development of portable radars for reconnaissance of ground moving targets was made with the creation in 2010 of the portable short-range reconnaissance radar SBR-5M (Fig. 7), which combines almost all the capabilities of modern radars, despite the extremely small overall and weight characteristics.

The radar is a coherent, multi-channel radar station with a continuous emission of a low power broadband chirp signal.

It has the ability to interface with five types of easel automatic small arms(PKMSN, "Pecheneg", "Kord", AGS-17, AGS-30), (Fig. 8), which makes it indispensable in the conduct of hostilities in the absence of optical visibility.

The principle of operation and combat use of the station consists in scanning one of the given sectors with automatic detection of moving targets, determining their polar coordinates for pointing automatic small arms and displaying the target radar situation against the background of an electronic terrain map (ECM).

The station provides high secrecy of work from enemy electronic countermeasures, since its radiated power is less than that of cell phone. All radio-electronic devices, primary processing units and VTS are placed in the transceiver, which, together with the drive, is mounted on a tripod. The control panel with a rechargeable battery is located at a distance from the transceiver.

Unique design and technological solutions made it possible to create a station with the minimum weight of a wearable set for all analogs, not exceeding 12 kg.

As an autonomous reconnaissance vehicle, the SBR-5M station is included in:

- complex intelligence, control and communications "Sagittarius" (83T215-8VR);

– automated complex ATGM battery control ("Commander-E");

- an airborne automated command reconnaissance combat vehicle (BMD-3K-AR).

The station's transceiver is included in the combat anti-sabotage vehicle (BPDM "Typhoon-M").

Serial production of 1L260, 1L271, 1L277 and SBR-5M products made it possible to start equipping the artillery and military intelligence units of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation with high-performance ground reconnaissance radars, which in terms of technical level correspond to the best foreign models, and in some characteristics even surpass them. This made it possible to increase the efficiency radar reconnaissance to a new qualitative level - to more effectively solve traditional tasks, expand the list of tasks to be solved and significantly increase operational capabilities to increase the stealth, noise immunity and survivability of stations on the battlefield.

Reconnaissance and fire system "Sagittarius" / Photo: topwar.ru

The reconnaissance units of the troops of the Central Military District (CMD) have completed tests of the new reconnaissance and fire system "Sagittarius", which gives out the coordinates of targets detected by reconnaissance bombers, the press service of the CMD reported on Friday.

"In the Central Military District at the Chebarkulsky training ground (Chelyabinsk region), tests of a new reconnaissance and fire system were completed, in which for the first time the use of bomber aircraft and the Strelets reconnaissance, control and communications systems was completed," the Central Military District reports.

The reconnaissance units, using the "Sagittarius" system, gave out the coordinates of the detected targets to the crews of a pair of Su-24M bombers loitering in the airspace of the training ground, after which the aircraft launched a bombing and assault strike. "Targets, including moving ones, were hit by 250-kg high-explosive fragmentation bombs. The time to hit objects from the moment they were discovered did not exceed two minutes," the district said in a statement.

The interaction of "Sagittarius" with other fire weapons was also worked out - jet systems volley fire "Hurricane", 152-mm self-propelled howitzers"Msta-S", mortars and anti-tank guided missiles. Photographs with the coordinates of the target came from observation posts equipped with "Sagittarius" to command and observation posts, where a decision was made on fire damage using automated control systems, writes RIA Novosti.

"Thanks to the experiment, the reconnaissance and fire weapons assigned to the commander of the battalion-tactical group are combined into a single system, thanks to which he can fully independently conduct combat in a given direction. The new approach allows us to reconsider the traditional methods of conducting combined arms combat," the Central Military District said in a statement.

Technical reference

Tactical level complex "Sagittarius" for communications and reconnaissance control Quite recently, in the fifth motorized rifle brigade near Moscow, they began to master the "Sagittarius" complex for communications and intelligence control. The complex is produced at the domestic enterprise "Radioavionika". The tested individual complex is a kind of mobile type computer. Almost any device is connected to it.

When creating a network from the data of individual complexes, the computer of the unit commander will display necessary information about subordinates, as well as information about the enemy coming from them. To do this, an ordinary soldier needs to press just a couple of buttons and the coordinates of his location or the location of the enemy will appear on the commander's computer.

The head of the department will be able to combine the received data with electronic card terrain, or with a photograph of a given area obtained from a satellite. First, military intelligence officers will receive and master such complexes.

Photo: IA "ARMS OF RUSSIA", Alexey Kitaev

According to the designers, the Sagittarius complex is practically a mobile personal BIUS Complex tactical level"Sagittarius" for communications and intelligence control The enterprise "Radioavionika" at one time presented the KRUS "Sagittarius" as a means of solving a wide range of tasks in information support.

Sagittarius provides:

• combat control
• identification of detected objects and calculation of their coordinates
• target designation
• development of data for the effective use of personal weapons and means for close combat

The Sagittarius complex has an interface with all Soviet and Russian means intelligence. In addition, the complex interacts with goniometers, radars, target designation, aiming devices and UAVs.

Photo: IA "ARMS OF RUSSIA", Alexey Kitaev

The complex was put into service in 2007 and is supplied in series. It goes primarily to ground reconnaissance units. The first samples of the complex, after passing through various field and combat tests, are sent for revision. Our scouts, having experience in operating foreign analogues of FELIN, IdZ-ES and Normans, asked the developers to improve the existing sample of the Sagittarius complex.

Firstly, the base of the first samples was made on the basis of elements of the 2000s. The designers were sympathetic to the request of the military and the modernized KRUS "Sagittarius" is being tested.

After successful tests, the ground units began to be massively provided with the complex. More than one thousand units of the Sagittarius complex have already entered the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

The first samples of KRUS were somewhat inconvenient for the soldiers - they had a rather decent weight of 5.4 kilograms, interfered with the soldier when passing the assault strip, covered access to pouches and a medical kit. Now, after the modernization, the complex began to weigh 2.4 kilograms, received smaller overall characteristics, and large blocks are attached so as not to interfere with other tasks.

On this moment there are no significant comments on the use of the Sagittarius complex from the military personnel of the ground units, where the complexes are mainly received.

KRUS "Sagittarius" can have several levels of equipment. The simplest configuration option is intended for military personnel of departments, up to the commander of the department.

The next level of configuration is intended for the platoon commander; the package includes a powerful computer system with a multifunctional type console.

The third, most complete level of equipment, is for the unit commander - battalion commander, brigade commander.

Photo: IA "ARMS OF RUSSIA", Alexey Kitaev

The range of interaction of the complex as part of the department is about one and a half kilometers, but any of the individual Sagittarius complexes works as a repeater, which significantly increases the range and information control of a given area. In addition to voice messages, built-in standard commands can be transmitted over the radio, the recipient can watch or listen to them after receiving.

This innovation was introduced specifically to ensure that the scouts do not get distracted from the task, do not lose visual control. KRUS incorporates an autonomous navigation module, which is provided with an inertial system. It makes it possible for a soldier to know exactly his coordinates, even if he has left the satellite navigation coverage area.

Switching between navigation systems occurs in the complex automatically. The complex can be equipped with a helmet-mounted display subsystem for producing fire from cover. For example, when interacting with the Shahin thermal imager, information from it is sent to the indicator of a serviceman, which allows, without leaving the shelter, to conduct accurate and aimed fire.

There is also an identification subsystem of the “friend or foe” type in the complex. The range of the subsystem depends on the characteristics of the associated sighting devices. The subsystem sends a request to an unidentified object, and if the object is “own”, then the serviceman will hear a sound notification in the earpiece. If, after sending the request, the subsystem is “silent”, then the object is defined by the “Sagittarius” complex as “foreign”.

More recently, in the 5th motorized rifle brigade near Moscow, they began to master complex intelligence management and communications (KRUS) "Sagittarius". The complex is produced at the domestic enterprise "Radioavionika". The tested individual complex is a kind of mobile type computer. Almost any device is connected to it.

When creating a network from the data of individual complexes, the unit commander's computer will display the necessary information about subordinates, as well as information about the enemy coming from them. To do this, an ordinary soldier needs to press just a couple of buttons and the coordinates of his location or the location of the enemy will appear on the commander's computer.

The unit commander will be able to easily combine the received data with an electronic map of the area, or with a photograph of a given area received from a satellite. First, military intelligence officers will receive and master such complexes. According to the designers, the Sagittarius complex is practically a mobile personal CIUS.

The company "Radioavionika" at one time presented KRUS "Sagittarius" as a means of solving a wide range of tasks for information support. The Sagittarius complex provides:
- combat control;
- identification of detected objects and calculation of their coordinates;
- target designation;
- development of data for the effective use of personal weapons and means for close combat;

The Sagittarius complex is interfaced with all Soviet and Russian reconnaissance equipment. In addition, the complex interacts with goniometers, radars, target designation, aiming devices and UAVs.

The complex was put into service in 2007 and is supplied in series. It goes primarily to ground reconnaissance units. The first samples of the complex, after passing through various field and combat tests, are sent for revision. Our scouts, having experience in operating foreign analogues of FELIN, IdZ-ES and Normans, asked the developers to improve the existing sample of the Sagittarius complex.

Firstly, the base of the first samples was made on the basis of elements of the 2000s. The designers were sympathetic to the request of the military and the modernized KRUS "Sagittarius" is being tested. After successful tests, the ground units began to be massively provided with the complex. More than one thousand units of the Sagittarius complex have already entered the armed forces of the Russian Federation.

The general designer of the Radioavionika enterprise A. Kaplin, speaking about the Sagittarius complex, noted that the first KRUS samples were somewhat inconvenient for the soldiers - they had a fairly decent weight of 5.4 kilograms, interfered with the soldier when passing the assault strip, covered access to pouches and a medical kit.

Now, after the modernization, the complex began to weigh 2.4 kilograms, received smaller overall characteristics, and large blocks are attached so as not to interfere with other tasks. At the moment, there are no significant comments on the use of the Sagittarius complex from the military personnel of the ground units, where the complexes are mainly received.

KRUS "Sagittarius" can have several levels of configuration. The simplest configuration option is intended for military personnel of departments, up to the commander of the department. The next level of configuration is intended for the platoon commander; the package includes a powerful computer system with a multifunctional type console. The third, most complete level of equipment, is for the unit commander - battalion commander, brigade commander.

The range of interaction of the complex as part of the department is about 1.5 kilometers, but any of the individual Sagittarius complexes works as a repeater, which significantly increases the range and information control of a given area. In addition to voice messages, built-in standard commands can be transmitted over the radio, the recipient can watch or listen to them after receiving.

This innovation was introduced specifically to ensure that the scouts do not get distracted from the task, do not lose visual control. KRUS "Sagittarius" incorporates an autonomous navigation module, which is provided with an inertial system. It makes it possible for a soldier to know exactly his coordinates, even if he has left the satellite navigation coverage area. Switching between navigation systems occurs in the complex automatically.

The complex can be equipped with a helmet-mounted display subsystem for producing fire from cover. For example, when interacting with thermal imager "Shahin", information from it is sent to the indicator of a serviceman, which allows, without leaving the shelter, to conduct accurate and aimed fire.

There is also an identification subsystem of the "friend or foe" type in the complex. The range of the subsystem depends on the characteristics of the associated sighting devices. The subsystem sends a request to an unidentified object, and if the object is “own”, then the serviceman will hear a sound notification in the earpiece. If, after sending the request, the subsystem is “silent”, then the object is defined by the “Sagittarius” complex as “foreign”.

SCIENCE AND MILITARY SECURITY No. 2/2006, pp. 46-49

S.R.GEISTER,

Chief Researcher

Research Institute

Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus,

doctor of technical sciences, associate professor

Basic requirements for modern means ground reconnaissance

The main combat properties that characterize the capabilities of a potential enemy include:

Mobility and maneuverability;

Availability of reconnaissance information received practically in real time from space and air-based means (radar means, means of electronic intelligence and radio reconnaissance, optoelectronic means);

Accuracy of destruction by land (sea) and air-based means.

Objects of destruction in groupings of troops can be classified in the following form:

Class 1 - tracked vehicles;

Class 2 - wheeled vehicles;

Class 3 - people;

Class 4 - aviation technology on the ground (helicopters (anywhere) and airplanes (at airfields)).

According to the quantitative composition, these classes can be divided into large groups(for example, columns of troops, aviation at airfields), medium groups (for example, battle formations subdivisions) and small groups (units).

The main factors determining fire control and strike efficiency against enemy ground targets are:

Location reconnaissance (including direction of movement), classification and determination quantitative composition object in real time at ranges that provide the possibility of using fire weapons;

Efficiency of fire impact, determined by the reaction time of combat systems, mutual arrangement fire weapons and targets, maneuverability and range of weapons;

Targeting accuracy of striking elements and their radius of destruction;

Evaluation of the effectiveness of striking.

A key element in ensuring the effectiveness of fire damage is ground reconnaissance, information from which must meet the following requirements:

Timeliness;

Reliability;

Completeness and accuracy of data.

In addition, while maintaining defense in a limited area reconnaissance means must meet the following requirements:

Stealth;

Low vulnerability;

Possibility of functioning in the territory occupied by the enemy.

a brief analysis of the state and prospects for the development of existing ground reconnaissance means

The main means of conducting ground reconnaissance at present are:

Radar stations for ground artillery reconnaissance (SNAR), located on self-propelled chassis(for example, SNAR-10);

Artillery radar systems (ARC) markings of firing positions (for example, ARC-1, "Zoo");

Sound measuring complexes (ZMK) for artillery reconnaissance (for example, 1B19, AZK-5);

Portable ground reconnaissance stations (for example, PSNR-5). At the same time, the first three classes of means provide information

only artillery, and the fourth class - units of ground forces in a limited sector.

Radar stations for ground artillery reconnaissance. Such stations are intended for reconnaissance of moving ground (surface) targets, as well as maintenance of artillery fire. The main advantages of SNAR are high mobility, the possibility of reconnaissance of moving targets and the ability to adjust artillery fire in the presence of direct visibility in adverse weather conditions, with smoke and dust. The main disadvantages of SNAR are low search capabilities in difficult terrain and wooded areas, the impossibility of detecting (and adjusting fire) on stationary (stopped) equipment, as well as low stealth due to the emission of powerful probing signals. The presence of powerful radiation leads to the detection and direction finding of SNAR by the enemy within a few seconds from the start of work, which entails fire suppression of SNAR and a nearby artillery unit within a few minutes from the start of work.

Artillery radar systems for detecting firing positions. These complexes are designed to determine the coordinates of enemy artillery positions by measuring the parameters of the projectile's ballistic trajectory. The main advantage of the ARC is the speed of obtaining enemy coordinates directly from the position of an artillery unit. The main disadvantage of the ARC (without taking into account the cost and complexity of working under conditions of massive enemy fire) is the emission of powerful probing signals, which provides the enemy with operational fire suppression of the ARC and an artillery unit.

Sound-metric complexes of artillery reconnaissance. The main advantage of ZMK is the absolute secrecy of work, which ensures continuous reconnaissance in close proximity to the line of contact between troops. Along with this, ZMK, developed before the 80s of the last century, have the following disadvantages:

Low efficiency of work in conditions of combined arms combat (reflected signals, shots of small arms, shots of enemy guns and mortars from flank sectors, shots of own artillery units), in the presence of wind, as well as when the enemy uses fire weapons from several points and rapid fire;

Low efficiency in preparing the initial data for firing, which allows the enemy (self-propelled artillery mounts and multiple launch rocket systems) to escape from a retaliatory strike to new firing positions;

low mobility, big time deployment that does not meet the conditions of transience and high maneuverability of modern combat operations.

At the same time, with deep modernization, sound-measuring complexes can become one of the ideal means passive intelligence, since the main part of the shortcomings is due to outdated structures for constructing base points and the lack of equipment that implements effective signal processing algorithms in conditions of interference and real-time information on a large number goals.

Thus, taking into account the shortcomings inherent in radar equipment, sound-measuring reconnaissance is practically the only type of reconnaissance to a depth of 10-20 kilometers that meets the requirements for stealth, all-weather and continuity of conduct in difficult terrain and wooded areas. The priority of this type of reconnaissance, taking into account the rapid development of high-precision weapons operating on radiation sources, will only increase in the next decade.

Portable ground reconnaissance stations. These stations are designed to monitor the movement of troops and military equipment, ensure the adjustment of the firing of fire weapons, protect borders and facilities, counter crime and terrorism. PSNR of various classes perform their tasks at close (up to 3 km), small (up to 10 km) and medium (up to 40 km) ranges. The impetus for the development of PSNR was the American-Vietnamese War, during which these stations proved to be effective remedy detection of single and group moving targets in conditions of limited optical visibility. The main disadvantages of PSNR are low efficiency in difficult terrain and wooded areas, as well as the inability to detect stationary (stopped) equipment. In addition, in the PSNR, developed 30 - 40 years ago, there is no possibility of surveying space with automatic detection, tracking and recognition of targets. Currently, more than a hundred types of PSNR and their modifications have been created and put into service, and work on the creation of new and modernization of existing stations does not stop.

An analysis of existing ground reconnaissance means makes it possible to do the following: conclusions regarding their development and prospects for application. Firstly, radar reconnaissance means will be developed in the direction of increasing the secrecy of work and information capabilities, as well as integration with other means. Given the steady growth in the capabilities of electronic intelligence, a priority place among ground-based radar stations(radar) will occupy the PSNR near and short range millimeter range. The main means of reconnaissance of the ground situation (primarily in the interests of the attacking side) to great depths with low optical visibility and in difficult terrain and wooded areas will be unmanned (low-speed and high-speed) aircraft carrying airborne small-sized radars with antenna aperture synthesis . Secondly, when organizing ground defense of territories, important directions and objects, there will be an increase in the use of passive detection tools, combined to increase information content in network systems of various levels.

Eventually, The requirements for modern and especially promising means of ground reconnaissance in supporting combat operations of the ground forces are most fully satisfied by:

- reconnaissance and signaling devices (RSD) used locally or in the form of network systems and deployed in the operational-tactical zone, on the territory occupied by the enemy, or in the contact zone;

Portable small-sized sound measuring systems used locally or in the form of network systems and deployed in tactical combat zones of friendly and enemy troops, as well as on enemy territory;

Small-sized reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with on-board small-sized radars and optical systems launched from unprepared positions.

Next, let's turn our attention to the SRS as a means of building a passive ground reconnaissance system with high secrecy while providing fairly complete intelligence on the location and nature of the actions of enemy troops.

a brief analysis of the application and state of development of reconnaissance and signaling devices

Intelligence and signaling devices (RSP) began to be developed in the early 50s of the last century ground forces USA. In 1954, RSPs were tested during the fighting in Korea, but were not widely used.

During the Vietnam War in mid-1968, the US Institute of Defense Studies recommended that the Department of Defense prevent the transfer of troops and weapons from North Vietnam to South to create a system of barriers, which received the name "McNamara Line" in the press. To install and maintain the McNamara Line, the 728th Joint Task Force and a special classified group were formed, which was engaged in the development of the RSP and had almost unlimited possibilities in spending Money. In the course of the work, several types of RSP were created: seismic, seismoacoustic, magnetic, electromagnetic, passive infrared (IR) and gas analyzing. First combat use The RSP took place in January 1968 in the base area marines Khe Sanh, where for the first time RSP proved their high efficiency. According to the results of the application, it was claimed that most of the strikes against the attacking forces of North Vietnam (over 500 artillery, several hundred air strikes, including 16 strikes by B-52 aircraft) were carried out according to the detection of the RSP. After that, the widespread use of RSP in ground operations began.

American experts believe that a battalion equipped with RSPs can monitor an area twice as large as the observation area of ​​a battalion without RSPs, and their use makes it possible to reduce losses by 2 to 4 times.

The high efficiency of the RSP gave impetus to equipping US allies with them and developing similar devices in many developed countries. Currently, there are more than 100 types of RSP with different principles of target detection, two-thirds of which are developed in the United States. According to the type of physical field used, these devices are divided into seismic, acoustic, magnetic, electromagnetic, radar, television, thermal imaging, laser, capacitive, gradiometric, hydroacoustic, and also contact RSP. To improve the efficiency of exploration, combined RSPs are used (seismomagnetic, seismoelectromagnetic, seismoacoustic, magnetoseismoacoustic).

Control of the enemy location zone using reconnaissance and signaling devices

Ground reconnaissance systems built on the basis of RSP can be used to solve the following tasks:

Reconnaissance in areas of expected concentration (movement) of enemy troops;

Reconnaissance of the most probable routes of movement of enemy troops, directions and intensity of their movement;

Control of the most important enemy targets (airfields, dominant heights, bridges, road forks, bases, etc.);

Control of areas of possible landing of troops and areas for crossing rivers;

Protection of places of deployment of their forces, minefields, approaches to bridges, etc .;

Issuance of target designations to other reconnaissance forces and means with wider capabilities;

Protection (in combination with other means) of military and important civilian facilities to prevent the penetration of reconnaissance and sabotage groups and terrorists into their territory;

Protection of sections of the state border and lines of separation of opposing forces.

An example of controlling the enemy zone using RSP is shown in fig. 1.

Tinted triangles indicate information cells built on the basis of RPN and having covert radio channels for transmitting data about detected objects. Data from information cells are broadcast to receiving and processing devices located behind the line of contact.

The structure of an integrated system for remote ground reconnaissance

The requirements for reconnaissance equipment intended for reconnaissance and information support of combat operations of troops determine the principles for building advanced remote surveillance systems, the main of which are:

Principle 1 - "stealth";

Principle 2 - "completeness of primary sources of information";

Principle 3 - "distribution in space".

First principle requires visual and electromagnetic stealth of system elements. This requirement is most satisfied by small-sized passive RSPs, which are located in the ground or on the surface (in grass, bushes, etc.).

Second principle requires solving the problems of detection, measurement of coordinates and recognition at the level of primary sources of information (information cell based on CPR, portable
ZMK, reconnaissance UAV). The implementation of this principle allows:

Radically reduce the requirements for the data transfer rate in communication lines and, accordingly, increase their secrecy and noise immunity by reducing the peak power and increasing the length of the information bit modulation code;

Use the information received already at the level of the department in whose sector of responsibility the primary source of information is located.

Third principle requires the construction of a system based on autonomous primary sources of information (information cells) distributed in space and providing the collection of information in the most important local areas inaccessible to constant monitoring. An example of the structure of an information cell based on RSP, intended for use in a ground reconnaissance system, is shown in fig. 2.

In an information cell that provides surveillance of a ground enemy within a radius of hundreds of meters to several kilometers, it is most expedient to use seismic, acoustic, seismoacoustic, infrared and radar sensors that autonomously solve enemy location tasks and transmit data to the device for receiving and processing information via radio channels, wired or optical channels. Data on targets detected by the information cell:

Broadcast built-in VHF transmitter to the device for receiving and processing information of the 1st level;

They are transmitted to the receiver of the special group, which may be in close proximity (up to several kilometers away).

Information cells from RSP sets, sets of small-sized ZMKs and small-sized reconnaissance UAVs are combined into a complex system for remote ground reconnaissance, an example of which is shown in Fig. 3.

Such a complex system has the following properties:

- continuity of operation in the combat zone (including enemy territory) at any time of the day;

Availability of information in real time and on various levels consumption (special group, subdivision, part, etc.);

Uncriticality to the failure of individual primary sources of information.

Information from such a system provides real-time pinpoint strikes against a detected enemy using attack aircraft, helicopters, missile systems salvo fire, artillery, as well as special groups and special forces.

Based on the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. The main requirements for modern means of remote ground reconnaissance, intended for the organization of ground defense, are the timeliness, reliability, completeness and accuracy of the information received, as well as secrecy, low vulnerability and the ability to operate on the territory occupied by the enemy. These requirements are most fully satisfied by reconnaissance and signaling devices and portable small-sized sound-measuring systems used autonomously or as network systems, as well as small-sized reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicles with on-board small-sized radars and optical systems launched from unprepared positions.

2. The greatest efficiency of remote ground reconnaissance is achieved when the reconnaissance system is built in the form of autonomous sources of information, combined into a real-time system with access to information at any level. This approach ensures the minimization of the time of receipt and use of information both at the unit level and at the level of command and control of the ground forces and aviation. This allows you to ensure the timeliness of strikes against a ground enemy.

3. The creation of promising remote ground reconnaissance systems is based on the development of information elements (smart sensors, small-sized sound-measuring systems, small-sized airborne radars with antenna aperture synthesis) and small-sized data transmission devices that meet the requirements of secrecy and noise immunity. The real basis for the creation of domestic information elements are the results of the Demeres enterprise achieved in the development of acoustic and seismoacoustic sensors for automatic detection and recognition, radar detection sensors, coordinate measurement and recognition with antenna aperture synthesis, small-sized sound-measuring ground reconnaissance systems.

LITERATURE

1. Drums A. D. Improvement of intelligence in the interests of the use of high-precision weapons / Military Thought. -2003. -#11. -WITH. 28-31.

2. Mosalev V. Systems for remote monitoring of the battlefield based on reconnaissance and signaling devices / Foreign military review. - 2000. - No. 2. - S. 21 - 27.

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