VOLGA STATE UNIVERSITY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATICS

Department of Economic Information Systems

Discipline abstract

theory of economic information systems

"AUTOMATED WORKPLACE"

Performed

Student of group IE-81

Osipova Elena

Checked:

Kordonskaya I.B.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..…3

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Technology for solving the problem………………………………………………….…4

1.2 Essence of AWP……………………………………………………………...….4

1.3 Standard structure of AWP………………………………………………….…..5

1.4 Classification of workstations…………………………………………………………….7

1.5 Choice of technical means for implementation………………………………...9

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Scenario of dialogue with the system…………………………………………………..9

List of used literature……………………………………………….13

Introduction

AUTOMATED WORKPLACE (AWS) - a workplace of a knowledge worker or employee, equipped with computer technology, including terminals (displays or personal computers) and taking into account all aspects of human activity in a particular field of knowledge and human factors. The workstation is usually focused on the specialty with its composition of external devices equipment and software. By means of a local or global network, a computer workstation and a DBMS can be connected to other workstations or some central processors. The workstation is designed to solve professional problems with the help of problem-oriented software and linguistic support.

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Technology for solving the problem

At the present stage of automating the management of social production, the most promising is the automation of planning and management functions based on personal computers installed directly at the workplaces of specialists. These systems are widely used in organizational management under the name of automated workstations (AWPs). The specifics of the activities of the accounting department of the trade union committee of the university

allows you to choose the method of solving the creation of an automated workplace (AWP). This will allow people who do not have special knowledge in the field of programming to use the system, and at the same time will allow supplementing the system as needed.

1.2 The essence of the workstation

An automated workplace (AWP) can be defined as a complex of information resources, software, hardware and organizational and technological tools for individual and collective use, combined to perform certain functions of a professional management worker. With the help of AWS, a specialist can process texts, send and receive messages stored in computer memory, participate in

communication, organize and maintain personal archives of documents, perform calculations and receive finished results in tabular and graphical form. Usually, decision-making and management processes as a whole are implemented collectively, but a problematic implementation of the AWS of managerial personnel is necessary, corresponding to various levels of management and implemented functions. The preparation of information for decision-making, the actual decision-making and their implementation can have much in common in various economic services of an enterprise. Also, many functions are typical for many enterprises. This allows you to create flexible, configurable control structures. The design of the workstation is based on the following basic principles:

1. Maximum focus on the end user, achieved by creating tools for adapting the workstation to the level of user training, the possibilities of his training and self-learning.

2. Formalization of professional knowledge, that is, the possibility of providing automated work with the help of AWS to independently automate new functions and solve new problems in the process of accumulating experience with the system.

3. The problem orientation of the automated workplace to solve a certain class of tasks, united by a common technology for processing information, the unity of modes of operation and operation, which is typical for specialists in economic services.

4. Modularity of construction, which ensures the interface of the workstation with other elements of the information processing system, as well as the modification and enhancement of the capabilities of the workstation without interrupting its operation.

5. Ergonomics, that is, the creation of comfortable working conditions for the user and a friendly interface for communicating with the system.

1.3 Typical structure of the workstation

The creation of an automated workplace for organizational management systems involves their structuring and parameterization at the design stage. The structuring of the workstation includes a description of the operating environment: providing and functional subsystems and the links between them, interfaces with the user and hardware, information and software tools. The functional part defines the content of a specific workstation and includes a description of a set of interrelated tasks that reflect the features of the automated functions of the user's activity. The development of functional support is based on the user's requirements for the automated workplace and its functional specification, which includes a description of the input and output information, means and methods for achieving the reliability and quality of information, the carriers used, and communication interfaces. Usually, this also includes descriptions of means of protection against unauthorized access, system recovery in failure situations, management in non-standard cases. The collateral part includes traditional types of collateral:

information, software, technical, technological, and others. Information support includes a description of the organization of the information base, regulates information communications, predetermines the composition and content of the entire information display system. AWP software is divided into general and functional. General software is supplied with a PC and includes operating systems, application programs that extend the capabilities of operating systems, dialog software, and others. General software is designed to control the operation of the processor, organize access to memory, peripheral devices, launch and control the processor, execute application programs, ensure the execution of programs in languages high level. Functional software is designed to automate the solution of functional tasks, includes universal programs and functional packages. When designing these software tools, it is necessary to follow the principles of user-centric development. The set of requirements for software and hardware is displayed on a variety of user functions, and this allows solving the problem of professional user orientation. AWS hardware is a complex of technical means of information processing based on a PC, designed to automate the functions of a specialist in the subject and problem areas of his professional interests. The workstation of a specialist in the field of organizational management is usually based on a PC for individual or collective use. The technological support of the workstation is designed to organize the technological process of using the workstation in relation to the complex of tasks to be solved, corresponding to the functions of a specialist. The technological process is a set of functional works, including the provision of input, control, editing and manipulation of data, accumulation, storage, search, protection, and receipt of output documents. Due to the fact that the user is, as a rule, a member of a certain team and performs certain work in it, it is necessary to provide for the technological interaction of performers in solving problems, to ensure the conditions for the joint work of specialists. These provisions should be reflected in

qualification requirements and job descriptions of AWS users.

1.4 Classification of workstations

A number of classification features can be used as the basis for the classification of AWS. Taking into account the areas of application, it is possible to classify the workstation according to the functional feature:

1. AWP of administrative and managerial personnel;

2. Workstation of a designer of radio-electronic equipment, automated control systems, etc.

3. Workstation of a specialist in the field of economics, mathematics, physics, etc.

4. Workstation for production and technological purposes.

An important classification feature of the workstation is the mode of its operation, according to which single, group and network modes of operation are distinguished. In the first case, the workstation is implemented on a separate PC, all the resources of which are at the exclusive disposal of the user. Such a workplace is focused on solving non-standard, specific tasks, and low-power computers are used for its implementation. In the group mode of operation on the basis of one computer, several workplaces are implemented, united according to the principle of administrative or functional community. In this case

more powerful computers and rather complex software are required. The group mode of operation is usually used to organize distributed data processing within a separate department or organization to serve stable groups of specialists and managers. The network mode of operation of the workstation combines the advantages of the first and second. In this case, each workstation is built on the basis of one computer, but at the same time it is possible to use some common computer network resources. One of the approaches to the classification of workstations is their systematization by types of tasks to be solved. The following groups of workstations are possible:

1. To solve information and computing problems;

2. To solve the problems of preparing and entering data;

3. To solve information and reference problems;

4. To solve accounting problems;

5. To solve the problems of statistical data processing;

6. To solve problems of analytical calculations;

Reasonable attribution of workstations to a certain group will contribute to a deeper and more thorough analysis, the possibility of a comparative assessment of various similar workstations in order to select the most preferable.

1.5 Choice of technical means for implementation

To implement the software package, we will choose the programming system Borland Pascal ver. 7.0. This choice will allow, firstly, to create an effective program code, and secondly, it will make the system open and subsequently supplemented. Since all processing is carried out internally, it seems impractical to use any standard

a data format such as, for example, the DBASE format. Usage

these formats will greatly slow down the work with the data, increase their volume and will not give any obvious advantages. To organize the system files, it seems reasonable to create a system catalog file that will store the name of each base file and its structure. This will allow file formats not to be hardcoded into the system, that is, it will allow changing file formats without recompiling the system. The system requires three types of fields - numeric, string and date. In the catalog file, when listing fields, the type of the field and the maximum size of this field when outputting are indicated. It makes sense to embed the "Archive" system into the system. Since system data needs to be stored for a long time, in order not to load files with data, it makes sense to divide the database into current data that is subject to change, and an archive that does not change. The current file can be archived by assigning a unique key-date to it. Thus, the situation is reminiscent of a regular filing cabinet - the data is divided into current, lying on the table, and the archive, which is in folders on the shelves.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 Scenario of dialogue with the system

At the beginning of the program, the program asks for passwords to determine the user's status and his authority. The system asks for two passwords in succession, known respectively

chairman of the trade union committee and accountant. If one of the passwords is entered correctly, the user gets access to view, but not change, system data. If both passwords are entered correctly, the system allows you to view and change the data, if both passwords are entered incorrectly, the system denies the user access. Immediately after entering the passwords, a user greeting and a request for today's date appear on the screen. This date is used by default when entered in fields of type "Date". In this prompt, the user can either confirm the machine's default date by pressing "Enter" or enter a new date if the machine's date is incorrect. After that, the main menu of the system (Screen 1) is displayed on the screen. Using the arrows to control the cursor, the user selects the item of interest to him. Selecting the first item means that the user wants to view the reference information used in the system. When this item is selected, a menu of regulatory and reference information is displayed on the screen (Screen 2). Depending on the user's choice

it is possible to view and edit this or that directory. Cancellation of the directory mode is carried out with the ESC key. In this case, the system returns to the previous menu. Selecting the second item means that the user wants to work with an accountant's notebook, which stores data on loans, financial assistance, and so on. (Screen 3). The user can enter new data into the notebook (selection

the first item), or search the current data (item 2 selection). In this mode, the user enters the personnel number of the employee he is interested in and receives a list of all benefits issued to this employee. The mode is exited by pressing the ESC key. Selecting the third item allows the user to calculate the wages of the trade union committee employees (Screen 4). In this mode, the user can view and edit the accrual file (selection of the first menu item), the file of penalties from employees (second item), the list of employees with salaries (third item), view the general fund wages (fourth paragraph), as well as to gradually calculate wages. First, the user can calculate the salary of employees along with all accruals (fifth point). In this case, the system will ask him for a date that shows for which month the salary is accrued. It can also calculate all employee charges for that month. To do this, the user must select the 6th menu item and enter the date for which the penalties are calculated. The user can separately calculate taxes deducted from wages (seventh point) or receive a complete statement immediately. If you select the ninth item, the system calculates the payroll savings in any given year. The mode is exited by pressing the ESC key. By selecting the fourth item on the Main Menu, the user chooses to work with the payroll (Screen 5). In this mode, the user can view the statement, and if the statement has not been calculated, the system will calculate it, print the statement, enter it into the archive, find the statement in the archive. The mode is exited by pressing the ESC key. When selecting the fifth menu item, the user gets the opportunity to work with banking documents (Screen 6). He can enter and view payment orders, bank statements, bank statements for contributions. When selecting the sixth item, the user chooses to work with the accountant's general ledger (Screen 7). In this mode, he can order the system to add data on the last payroll to the general ledger, add data on the latest payment orders, view the general ledger. Selecting the seventh menu item allows the user to view the account balances. (Screen 8) In order for the system to calculate the balance in any particular account, it must be in the list of accounts. In this mode, the user can calculate the current balance, view it, archive the balance or find it in the archive. When searching for or archiving a balance, the user is asked for a unique date key that will be associated with that balance. In the editing mode of any system data file, the user has the opportunity to get help about the currently active keys by pressing F1. Also, the user can change the size and location on the screen of the window in which the data file is edited. The user can simultaneously open several more data files at the same time, if he needs to view some data right in the editing process. Example: The user enters the next accruals to employees. When entering a personnel number, he forgets what personnel number the employee of interest has. In this case, he needs to press the F10 key, select the "List of employees" item from the proposed list (Screen 9), and a window with number 2 will appear on the screen, which will display the employee file. Now the user must press Ctrl - F5 to enter the window resizing mode, position the first and second windows so that they do not overlap, and continue to enter the accrual file. In this case, a list of employees with their names will be before his eyes.

Bibliography

1. "Automated workplaces of the administrative apparatus", 1999.

Mishenin A.I.

2. Balabanov I.T. Analysis and planning of the finances of an economic entity. M.: Finance and statistics, 1994.

3. Meskon M., Albert M., Hedouri F. Automated workplace Per. from English. /gen. ed. L.I. Evenenko. M.: Delo, 1994.

The activities of management employees are currently focused on the use of advanced information technologies.

The organization and implementation of management functions requires a radical change in both the management technology itself and the technical means of information processing, among which the main place is occupied by personal computers (PCs). They are increasingly turning from systems of automatic processing of input information into a means of accumulating the experience of managerial workers, analyzing, evaluating and developing the most effective economic decisions.

The trend towards increased decentralization of management entails distributed processing of information with the decentralization of the use of computer technology and the improvement of the organization of user workplaces.

automated workplace - a set of information, software and technical resources that provides the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area.

The creation of an automated workplace assumes that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computers, and the user performs some of the manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions. Personal equipment is used by the user to control production and economic activities, change the values ​​of individual parameters in the course of solving a problem, as well as enter initial data into an automated information system to solve current problems and analyze control functions.

AWP as a tool for rationalization and intensification of management activities is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the workstation is information and reference services. Although this function is inherent in any workstation to one degree or another, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the user category.

Workstations have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. Professional workstations are the main tool for communication between a person and computer systems, playing the role of autonomous workplaces. Workstations perform decentralized simultaneous processing of information at the workplaces of performers as part of a distributed database. At the same time, they have access through the system device and communication channels to the PC and database of other users, thus ensuring the joint functioning of the PC in the process of collective processing.

Workstation created on the basis of personal computers (PC) is the simplest and most common version of an automated workplace for employees in the field of organizational management. Such a workstation is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific employee (user) with all types of support exclusively for the entire session of work. This is consistent with the approach to designing such an AWP component as internal information support, according to which the information fund on magnetic media of a particular AWP should be at the exclusive disposal of the AWP user. The user himself performs all the functional duties of converting information.

The creation of a PC-based workstation provides:

Simplicity, convenience and user friendliness;

Ease of adaptation to specific user functions;

Compact placement and low requirements for operating conditions;

High reliability and survivability;

Relatively simple maintenance organization. An effective mode of operation of the workstation is its functioning within the local area network as a workstation. This option is especially appropriate when it is required to “distribute” information and computing resources among several users.

A more complex form is an workstation using a PC as an intelligent terminal, as well as with remote access to the resources of the central (main) computer or an external network. In this case, several PCs are connected via communication channels to the main computer, while each PC can also work as an independent terminal device.

In the most complex systems, workstations can be connected through special equipment not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and systems. general purpose(news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems, etc.).

The capabilities of the created workstations largely depend on the technical and operational characteristics of the computers on which they are based. In this regard, at the design stage of an automated workplace, requirements are clearly formulated for the basic parameters of technical means for processing and issuing information, a set of component modules, network interfaces, ergonomic parameters of devices, etc.

A prerequisite for the functioning of the workstation is technical support. Means of information processing - computers different capacities and types - form the basis of the technical support of computer networks. characteristic feature The practical use of technical means in organizational and economic management at present is the transition to decentralized and network processing based on PC.

If a PC is used as a workstation of a small local network, on which all the information necessary for work is centrally stored, the amount of information processed is small. The speed of work is determined not by the speed of the computer, but by the speed of the dialogue between the operator and the machine. It follows from this that in this case a PC with low speed and a minimum amount of RAM is quite acceptable.

In another case, if the computer is intended for the regular preparation of voluminous documents and uses large amounts of information for this, it is necessary to install powerful machines with a large amount of external and internal memory.

The information content of the automated workplace in determining the range of users and clarifying the essence of the tasks they solve is carried out by the information support of the automated workplace. In the field of organizational management, users can be roughly divided into three categories: managers, management staff and support staff. Developed workstations for different categories of users differ in the types of data presentation. For example, service personnel usually deal with the organization's internal data, solve repetitive tasks, and usually use structured information. Managers require both internal and external data to achieve management goals or make decisions.

The use of workstations should not disrupt the rhythm of work familiar to the user. Workstations concentrate the user's attention on the logical structure of the tasks being solved, and not on the characteristics of the software system that implements them. However, if the action specified by the system is not performed, the user must know the reason, and information about this must be displayed on the screen.

Mathematical support of the automated workplace is a set of algorithms that provide the formation of the resulting information. Mathematical software serves as the basis for the development of a complex of applied programs.

As part of the AWS software, two main types of software can be distinguished, differing in functions: general (system) and special (applied). General software includes a set of programs that automate the development of programs and organize an economical computing process on a PC, regardless of the tasks being solved. Special software is a set of programs for solving specific user problems.

As operating systems for workstations created on the basis of 16-bit PCs, MS DOC is usually used, on the basis of 32-bit ones - OS / 2 and UNIX.

The main applications of the application software packages that are part of the special AWP software are word processing, tabular data processing, database management, computer and business graphics, the organization of human-machine dialogue, communication support and networking.

Multifunctional integrated packages that implement several functions of information processing, such as tabular, graphic, database management, text processing within one software environment, are effective in AWS.

Integrated packages are user-friendly. They have a single interface, do not require docking of their software tools, have enough high speed problem solving.

The linguistic support of the workstation includes the languages ​​of communication with the user, query languages, information retrieval languages, intermediary languages ​​in networks. Language tools Workstations provide an unambiguous semantic correspondence between user actions and hardware in the form of a PC. At the same time, AWP languages ​​should be user-oriented, including professionally-oriented.

The basis of AWS languages ​​is predefined terms, descriptions of ways to establish new terms, lists of rules on the basis of which the user can build formal structures that correspond to his information needs. For example, in some workstations, data and structures are presented in the form of tables, in others - in the form of operators special kind.

ARM language tools can be divided according to the types of dialogue. Dialogue support tools define the language constructs that the user needs to know. Several types of dialogue can be implemented in one workstation: computer-initiated, by filling in templates, using menus, and hybrid.

The organizational support of the workstation includes a set of documents regulating the activities of specialists when using a computer or another type of terminal at the workplace and defining the functions and tasks of each specialist.

The specialist performs the following operations on the workstation:

Entering information from documents using the keyboard (with visual control on the display screen);

Entering data into a PC from magnetic media from other workstations;

Reception of data in the form of messages via communication channels from other workstations in the conditions of functioning of local area networks;

Data editing and manipulation;

Accumulation and storage of data;

Finding, updating and protecting data;

Output to the screen, printing, magnetic media of the result information, as well as various reference and instructive messages to the user;

Formation and transmission of data to other workstations in the form of files on magnetic media or via communication channels in computer networks;

Obtain operational information on request.

The methodological support of the automated workplace consists of guidelines, recommendations and provisions for the implementation, operation and evaluation of the effectiveness of their functioning. It also includes machine-organized background information about the workstation as a whole and its individual functions, training tools for working on the workstation, demonstration examples.

Ergonomic provision of workstations is a set of measures that provide maximum comfortable conditions use of workstations by specialists. This involves the choice of special furniture for the placement of workstation equipment, the organization of filing cabinets for storing documentation and magnetic media.

Legal support of the automated workplace is a system of legal documents that define the rights and obligations of specialists in the conditions of the functioning of the automated workplace. These documents are strictly linked to a set of developments that regulate the procedure for storing and protecting information, the rules for data revision, ensuring the legal authenticity of operations performed on the workstation, etc.

The effective functioning of an automated information system and workstations is based on the integrated use of modern technical and software tools for processing information in conjunction with modern organizational forms of equipment placement.

The choice of organizational forms of using software and hardware tools should be carried out taking into account their dispersal over the levels of the management hierarchy in accordance with organizational structure automated object. In this case, the main principle of choice is the collective service of users, which corresponds to the structure of the automated object.

Taking into account the modern functional structure territorial bodies management, a set of software and hardware tools should form at least a three-level global data processing system with a developed set of peripheral tools at each level (Fig. 2.5).

Rice. 2.5. Schematic diagram of the multilevel organization of software and hardware tools of a local area network (LAN)

The first level is the central computing system of a territorial or corporate body, including one or more powerful computers or mainframes. Its main function is general, economic and financial control, information service for management employees.

The second level is the computing systems of enterprises (associations), organizations and firms, which include mainframes, powerful PCs, provide data processing and management within a structural unit.

The third level is PC-based locally distributed computer networks serving the production sites of the lower level. Each site is equipped with its own PC, which provides a set of works on primary accounting, accounting for needs and distribution of resources. In principle, it can be a workstation that performs functional computational procedures within a certain subject area.

At the same time, at each level of the management hierarchy, there are three ways of organizing technical means: centralized, decentralized and hierarchically distributed. The first method assumes that all data processing work, starting with data collection and registration, is carried out in one processing center; the second provides for the preliminary processing of information, which does not require the creation of very large data arrays, on the peripheral equipment of the remote user of the lower levels of the automated object; in the third method, the processing technology is optimally distributed over the system control levels.

With the advent of competition between enterprises and organizations, quick and economically justified management decisions are required to solve vital operational and tactical issues for them. The organizational activity of management employees, including accountants, specialists in the credit and banking system, planners, etc., should be guided by the use of advanced technologies that save time.

New approaches to the organization and implementation of management functions require a radical change in the management technology itself, the introduction of technical means of information processing, primarily a PC. Under the new conditions, PCs must be transformed from systems for automatic processing of input information into reliable and accessible means for managers to accumulate information, analyze, evaluate and develop the most effective economic decisions.

The trend towards increased decentralization of management entails a transition to distributed information processing with decentralization of the use of computer technology and improvement of the organization of user workplaces.

The main purpose of workplaces for managerial and other employees is to provide conditions for comfortable, high-performance and high-quality work. For this purpose, the workplace of a specialist should be conveniently planned, equipped with everything necessary and providing uninterrupted information support and rational organization of work at this place. The use of workstations should not disturb the usual rhythm of the user's work and should focus the user's attention on the logic of the tasks being solved. However, if a given user action is not performed, the user must know the reason and information about this must be provided to the user.

Under automated workplace(AWP) is understood as a set of methodological, linguistic (linguistic), hardware and software tools that provide automation of user functions in a certain subject area and allow quickly satisfying its functional and computational requests.

Thus, the workstation has a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area. The creation of automated jobs suggests that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computer technology, while the specialist performs a certain part of manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions. At the same time, the PC works in close interaction with the user, who controls its actions, changes the values ​​of individual parameters in the course of solving the problem, and also enters the initial data for solving problems and control functions.

AWS, as a tool for intensifying management activities, must ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of the workstation is information and reference services, and this function is inherent in any workstation to one degree or another, however, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the user category.

Many well-known workstations can be classified based on the following features:

Functional scope ( scientific activity, design, production and technological processes, organizational management);

Type of computer used (micro-, mini-, macro computer);

Operating mode (individual, group, network);

User qualifications (professional and non-professional).

Within each of the selected groups of workstations, a more detailed classification can be carried out.

For example, organizational management workstations can be divided into workstations of heads of organizations and departments, workstations of employees of planning departments, workstations of logistics workers, workstations of accountants, etc. Conventionally, all these workstations can be called ARM - economist.

According to the level of decisions made by the employee, the following types of workstations can be distinguished:

workstation of the manager;

workstation of a specialist;

AWP of a technical worker.

Features of each type of workstation are determined by the main functions and tasks of employees.

The main functions of the manager are operational management and decision-making.

It is these functions that determine the general requirements for Workstation of the head:

The presence of a sufficiently developed database, constantly updated with operational and reliable information, and a limited number of employees, as a rule, has access to a part of this database, and only the head himself has access to its individual fragments;

Ensuring the possibility of prompt search for information;

Ability to present information in the required convenient and integrated form (including information coming from different sources);

Availability of software tools that ensure decision-making and tools that regulate organizational and administrative activities;

Ensuring communication with subordinates and various sources information.

The professional orientation of a specialist determines the requirements for AWP specialist, however, the workstation of any specialist should provide the opportunity to carry out analytical work.

Therefore, to general requirements AWP specialist should include:

Ability to work with corporate databases, institutional and personal databases;

Possibility of modeling the analyzed processes;

Ensuring the versatility and flexibility of the system.

Technical workers include secretaries, operators, typists, inspectors, etc. They, as a rule, perform routine work that requires certain professional skills. This is information entry, maintenance of file cabinets and archives, control of the daily personal plan of the manager, processing of incoming and outgoing documentation, etc. Workstation of a technical worker should provide automation of these functions.

standard forms Workstation of a technical worker are:

Workstation of the inspector of the department of letters;

AWP inspector of time records;

AWP operator for processing text documents;

Archivist's workstation.

The first workstations were created on the basis of large universal computers, later they were built on the basis of small computers. With the development of PCs, PC hardware is mainly used to build workstations.

At the present stage, various types of workstations correspond to various architectural and technological solutions:

PC-based workstation- the simplest and most common version of the workstation of employees in the field of organizational management. Such a workstation is a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides the user with a monopoly on all types of software for the entire session. The user himself performs all the functional duties of converting information.

Such workstations provide:

Simplicity, convenience and user friendliness;

Ease of adaptation to specific user functions;

Low requirements for operating conditions;

High reliability;

Simple organization of maintenance.

The conceptual difference between a PC-based workstation is that the workstation is an open architecture. Functionally, physically and ergonomically adjusted to a specific user (personal workstation) or a group of users (group workstation).

Workstation as a workstation provides an efficient mode of operation within the local area network. This mode is appropriate when it is necessary to distribute information and computing resources among several users.

Workstation using a PC as an intelligent terminal suggests remote access to the resources of the central (main) computer or external network. Several PCs are connected via communication channels to the main computer, while each PC can work offline. In addition, workstations can connect to various information services and general purpose systems (news services, information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge, library systems, etc.).

As a result of the increase in the amount of information, the need for its correct and timely processing also increases. Computing and information processing technology is an obligatory component in modern world. That is why such a definition as workplace automation today is an urgent issue for both employees and management.

The workplace may differ in purpose, target value, and specialization. However, in all cases it is important to provide additional provision of computer office equipment. The number of options for such equipment and the composition of the workstation is determined by the skill level of the employee himself, as well as the specifics of his duties.

For example, according to the specifics of work, one employee will need a computer with special programs for calculating and transmitting information. To provide functional space for labor activity another employee needs multiple office equipment with options for information flow transmission, deductions and processing.

AWP is an abbreviated definition of an automated workplace, which includes the provision of hardware and software, methodological and information documentation.

Fundamental principles of formation

#1 Sustainability

The functions performed by the automated workplace must be stable, recoverable or mutually complementary, compensated. So, for example, in the event of a malfunction in the electrical network, computer office equipment should automatically save all previously processed and entered information. When restoring data, the necessary and relevant information is not distorted, it remains in the same volume. Such a stable and sustainable work is a must for an employee who will not spend extra time recovering data and information.

№2 Consistency

Consistency is the interconnection of all components in the workplace. All automation must be timely, correct, and work in one system.

Distinguish systemic point (one workplace), intra-corporate (several places in one system), public.

#3 Flexibility

In conditions of high and constant development of technologies, techniques and capabilities, this principle of formation makes the automated place of a specialist or manager as adapted as possible.

Flexibility refers to the ability to adapt workplace technology to efficient new processing options. This process is called modernization.

#4 Efficiency

The last point means the effectiveness of the work performed by the employee. All automated processes carried out should not cause discomfort that would have an impact on the original functional duties of the employee.

In turn, such a clause has several sub-clauses that must be observed:

• fast processing of requests;
• compliance with the level of knowledge of the employee;
• understandable managed interface;
• ease of maintenance;
• opportunity to acquire new knowledge and improve it.

automated working system today is an integral part of any workflow. Simply put, if not the AWP, then most of today's elementary options for work would be performed with multiple difficulties.

For example, the search for the necessary information 20 years ago was archival extraction, compilation of data and their reconciliation. Today, such a process boils down to submitting an application online to the right place and waiting for a response. Everything is as simple as possible, and most importantly - with a minimum of risk, errors and inaccuracies.

Arrangement of automated places for employees: composition

The structured basis of automated technical (industrial) means includes the introduction and provision of computer functions, as well as peripherals, equipment (office equipment). On the basis of a computer, a place is realized for a specialist or manager, and the connected peripheral technical means differ from the goals and realizable tasks of a separate option under consideration.

The efficiency of the work performed directly depends on the quality of the equipment provided, the provision of workstations. Before choosing a technique, you need to pay attention to its specifications, specific items that help to integrate into the market at the proper level of professionalism.

Otherwise, it will be extremely problematic to implement, to implement the choice of implementation and implementation of production resources that is necessary in terms of efficiency and volume, satisfying the needs of a particular employee. At the same time, it is worth considering such an important factor as the flexibility of technology, its adaptability to the innovations being introduced.

Composition and development automated place employee depends entirely on his profession, functions and responsibilities. However, in in general terms it is possible to divide all provision into technical support, computerization and additional specific management tools. At the same time, the set of special management tools differs in the duties of the manager and the performer.

Classification (groups) of workstations by types of tasks to be implemented:

• solution and calculation of information-computing problems;
• tasks for preparing the necessary information;
• processing of information and reference information;
• bookkeeping;
• processing of statistical information;
• analytical calculations;
• mathematical, chemical or physical calculations.

The basis of the workstation is a personal PC. Computerization or providing a workplace with a personal computer is an simplification of the work process, control of all actions, and the most accurate execution of work instructions. For additional automation of the workflow, special paid control software - CPM systems - can be introduced. Such software allows you to control all functional obligations, monitor the correctness of the chosen strategy in work, and also calculate shortcomings.

CPM is often used for large companies that are difficult for managers to manage. There are both personal CRM systems and collective ones (up to 50 people). Such a system is relatively “young”, but many managers give preference to such a system of control of the entire work process as a whole and the work of a separate department, a person.

A PC or personal computer is considered the main mechanism in automation, since it is this technique that contains a lot of options, features and benefits that successfully simplify the entire process of work of any level of complexity.

An automated workplace for an operator, technologist, engineer or teacher cannot be implemented without the introduction and use of a computer in the future. In turn, the speed and efficiency of the processes in each profession is different.

A personal computer is a complementary component parts:

• system block with processes in control;
• monitor for image transmission;
• loudspeakers for transmitting sounds and signals;
• keyboard and mouse for entering, controlling and executing information from requests;
• memory disk as a component link in the processor for storing information performed by the work.

The work and its quality depends on the model of office equipment chosen, its functional content. The newer the technology, the greater the flexibility and the possibility of upgrading the process of performing tasks for personnel.

Workstation programs (AWP)

If you have the necessary equipment and a PC, you need to worry about the introduction of a special program for an automated process. So, there are several options for paid or free (on a temporary basis, like a probe) software, however, the development of a specific paid component allows you to use all the convenient options.

A popular frequently chosen workstation program (AWP) is MS Excel. The spreadsheet processor, which is Excel, provides work where it is necessary to constantly manipulate graphs, numbers, comparative tables. The program helps to automate the procedure for processing information from tables.

You can also use spreadsheets to:

• perform economic, accounting, engineering functions;
• build diagrams;
• conduct economic analysis;
• to model the decision of economic structures.

The cheapest and most commonly used automation program, Microsoft Excel, is an alternative solution for creating the necessary databases. It is possible to import information from other (third-party, including) accounting systems, attach text files.

The following features of VB MS Excel are highly valued:

• file structure;
• macro language VBA;
• combo boxes;
• switches, other controls;
• the ability to create dialog boxes;
• making changes to the menu;
• adding new items to the menu;
• creating a new menu;
• format programming in Excel;
• manage the objects you need with easy-to-understand Excel instructions.

The system of automated places can be implemented both at the beginning of the formation of the workflow, and during its development. However, the need for such measures is clear. An automated place for work processes is a unique opportunity for modern man who wants not only to work, but also to develop.

An automated workplace can be defined as a set of information, software and technical resources that provides the end user with data processing and automation of management functions in a specific subject area of ​​the management process.

Automated workstation (AWS) - a workplace for the personnel of an automated control system or other information processing system (for example, an AWS of a planner in an automated control system, an accountant, an economist-analyst), equipped with a personal computer (which is connected to the local computer network and other information networks), as well as special software designed to solve the tasks of the user of the AWS.

The creation of automated jobs suggests that the main operations for the accumulation, storage and processing of information are assigned to computers, and the manager performs some of the manual operations and operations that require a creative approach in preparing management decisions.

Personal equipment is used in the process of user management to control production and economic activities, change the values ​​of individual parameters in the course of solving managerial task, as well as input of initial data for solving current problems and analysis of management functions.

An automated workplace as a tool for rationalizing and intensifying management activities is created to ensure the performance of a certain group of functions. The simplest function of an automated workplace is information and reference services. Although this function is inherent in any workstation to one degree or another, the features of its implementation significantly depend on the user category.

Automated workplaces have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area of ​​the management process. Professional workstations are the main tool for human communication with computer systems, playing the role of autonomous workplaces, intelligent terminals of large computers, workstations in local networks. Automated workstations have an open architecture and are easily adapted to problem areas of management processes.

Analyzing the essence of workstations, specialists most often define them as professionally oriented small computing systems located directly at the workplaces of specialists and designed to automate their work.

For each control object, it is necessary to provide automated workstations corresponding to their functional purpose. However, the principles of creating workstations should be general: consistency, flexibility, sustainability, efficiency.

According to the principle of consistency, workstations should be considered as systems, the structure of which is determined by the functional purpose.

The principle of flexibility means the adaptability of the system to possible restructuring due to the modularity of the construction of all subsystems and the standardization of their elements.

The principle of sustainability lies in the fact that the AWP system must perform the main functions, regardless of the impact on it of internal and external possible factors. This means that failures in its individual parts should be easily fixed, and the system's performance should be quickly restored.

The efficiency of the workstation should be considered as an integral indicator of the level of implementation of the above principles, related to the costs of creating and operating the system.

The functioning of an automated workplace can give a numerical effect only if the functions and workload are properly distributed between a person and machine tools for processing information, the core of which is a computer. Only then will the workstation become a means of increasing not only labor productivity and management efficiency, but also the social comfort of specialists.

The localization of the workstation allows for the rapid processing of information immediately upon receipt, and the processing results can be stored for an arbitrarily long time at the request of the user.

In the context of the implementation of the management process, the purpose of introducing an automated workplace is to enhance the integration of management functions, and each more or less "intelligent" workplace should provide work in a multifunctional mode.

An automated workplace based on personal computers is the simplest and most common version of an automated workplace for employees in the field of organizational management. Such a workstation is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific user with all types of software exclusively for the entire session of work.

Let us consider the main components of the AWP of workers of economic services, management activities, etc., the prospects for their development and use. On fig. 1 shows the general scheme of the PC, which is the technical basis of the workstation.

Fig 1. Generalized scheme of a PC:

1-microprocessor, 2-main memory, 3-VZU, 4-display, 5-keyboard, 6-printer, 7-system highway

All PC devices interact through the system backbone. However, the information from the VZU must first be rewritten to the RAM, and only then it becomes available to the processor.

Recall that the most effective organizational form of using PCs is the creation on their basis of workstations of specific specialists (economists, statisticians, accountants, managers), since this form eliminates the psychological barrier in the relationship between man and machine.

The accumulated experience suggests that the workstation must meet the following requirements:

timely satisfaction of the information and computing needs of a specialist.

minimum response time, and user requests.

adaptation to the user's level of training and his professional needs.

ease of mastering the methods of work on the workstation and ease of communication, reliability and ease of maintenance.

user tolerance.

the ability to quickly train the user.

the ability to work as part of a computer network.

The generalized scheme of the workstation is shown in fig. 2.

Fig 2. Scheme of an automated workplace.

General software (software) ensures the functioning of computer technology, the development and connection of new programs. This includes OS, programming systems and service programs.

The professional orientation of the workstation is determined by the functional part of the software (FPO). This is where the focus is on specific specialist, the solution of problems of certain subject areas is provided.

When developing FPO, a lot of attention is paid to the organization of human-machine interaction. It is interesting and exciting for the user to work on a computer only when he feels that he is engaged in a useful, serious business. Otherwise, unpleasant sensations await him.

An analysis of dialog systems from the point of view of organizing this dialog showed that they can be divided (according to the principle of user-machine interaction) into:

command language systems;

"man in the world of objects";

dialogue in the form of a "menu";

Let us now consider two approaches to the development of workstations. The first approach - functional is the automation of the most typical functions.

Let's see how functional software (FPO) adapts to specific application conditions. Let's note the software tools that are basic for the AWS for various professions related to the processing of business information and the adoption of managerial decisions.

The first to appear were software tools for automating the work of technical personnel, which was probably due to the large formalization of their functions. The most typical example is text editors (processors). They allow you to quickly enter information, edit it, search for errors themselves, and help prepare the text for printing. The use of text editors will significantly increase the productivity of typists.

Specialists often have to work with large amounts of data in order to find the required information for the preparation of various documents. To facilitate this kind of work, database management systems (DBMS) were created: DBASE, RBASE, ORACLE, etc.). DBMS allow you to store large amounts of information, and, most importantly, quickly find the right data. So, for example, when working with a card index, you constantly need to search through large data archives to find the necessary information, especially if the cards are not sorted according to the desired attribute. The DBMS will cope with this task in a matter of seconds.

A large number of specialists are also associated with the processing of various tables, since in most cases economic information is presented in the form of tabular documents. CATs (Large Format Spreadsheets) help create such documents. They are very convenient, since they themselves recalculate all the final and intermediate data when the original data changes. Therefore, they are widely used, for example, in forecasting sales volumes and revenues.

AWP software tools for monitoring and coordinating the activities of an organization are quite popular in institutions, where all management activities are described as a set of processes, each of which has start and end dates and responsible executors. At the same time, the activities of each employee are linked with the rest. Thus, a work schedule is created. The package can automatically generate tasks for performers when the deadline comes, remind you of the deadline for completing work and accumulate data on the performance of employees.

An important role in institutional activities is played by the rapid exchange of data, which takes up to 95% of the time of the head and up to 53% of the time of specialists. In this regard, software tools such as " Email". Their use allows you to distribute documents within the institution, send, receive and process messages from various workplaces, and even hold meetings of specialists located at a considerable distance from each other. The problem of data exchange is closely related to the organization of the work of APM as part of a computer network.

Currently, there is a trend towards the creation of so-called integrated packages that contain the capabilities of text editors, spreadsheets, and graphic editors. The presence of a large number of different programs for performing essentially the same operations - creating and processing data is due to the presence of three different main types of information: numerical, textual and graphic. To store information, DBMS are most often used, which allow you to combine all these types of data into a single whole. Now there is a rapid development of two other types of information: sound and video information. For them, their own editors have already been created, and it is possible that soon these types of information will become an integral part of most databases.

Although modern FPO meets almost all the requirements imposed on it by workers of various professions, something is still always missing. Therefore, a big plus of such software is the possibility of its refinement and change. As for the development of new software tools in the AWS, it is carried out in two directions: the creation of new software for new professions and the specialization of software for existing professions. At present, there is a trend towards the creation of professional workstations. It is expressed as follows:

accounting of tasks to be solved

interaction with other employees

taking into account professional habits and inclinations

development of not only FPO, but also special technical means (mouse, network, automatic dialing of telephone numbers, etc.)

Equipping specialists with such workstations makes it possible to increase the productivity of office workers, reduce their number and, at the same time, increase the speed of processing economic information and its reliability, which is necessary for effective planning and management.

The representation of freedom of choice in the variability of solutions, objectively speaking, allows you to determine the choice of a specific combination of CT tools and basic software in the absence of knowledge about them, and in addition, it allows you to reduce the dimension of the problem used to solve the model in order to increase the efficiency of using CT tools.

Looking into the future, it should be noted that the further development of market relations, as well as the widespread introduction of PCs and workstations based on them, should lead to a significant development of the domestic PS market and, accordingly, increased competition, which is already being felt very significantly. And competition, as you know, is an important factor reducing the prices of PS, reducing the cost of their creation, as well as improving their quality.

The technical support of an automated workplace should guarantee high reliability of technical means, organization of user-friendly operating modes, and the ability to process the required amount of data at a given time. Since the workstation is an individual user tool, it must provide high ergonomic properties and user comfort.

The software, first of all, focuses on the professional level of the user, combined with his functional needs, qualifications and specialization. The user from the side of the software environment must feel the constant support of his desire to work in any mode, actively or passively. Therefore, during their interaction, it is envisaged to ensure the convenience of human work by improving software tools.

2. LOCAL AND INDUSTRY NETWORKS OF AUTOMATED WORKPLACES

At present, most computers are not used in isolation from other computers, but are constantly or from time to time connected to local or global computer networks to receive this or that information, send and receive messages, etc.

If there are several computers in one room, building or complex of nearby buildings, the users of which must jointly solve some problems, exchange data or use common data, then it is advisable to combine these computers into a local network.

A local area network (sometimes the term "local area network" is used, abbreviated as LAN) is a group of several computers interconnected by means of cables (sometimes also telephone lines or radio channels) used to transfer information between computers. To connect computers to a local network, you need network hardware and software.

Local networks allow you to provide:

collective processing of data by users of computers connected to the network and data exchange between these users;

sharing programs;

sharing printers, modems and other devices.

Therefore, almost all firms that have more than one computer combine them into local networks. Many laptop users connect to the company's local network either by coming to the office or by connecting to the company's computer via telephone channels using a modem.

To ensure the functioning of the local network, a special computer is often allocated - a server, or several such computers. Server disks contain shared programs, databases, and so on. The rest of the computers on the local network are often referred to as workstations. Workstations that only need to process data on the server (for example, enter information into a shared database of orders and sales) often do not install hard drives to save money (or for security reasons). In networks with more than 20-25 computers, the presence of a server is mandatory - otherwise, as a rule, network performance will be unsatisfactory. The server is also necessary for joint intensive work with any database.

Sometimes a certain specialization is assigned to servers (storage of data, programs, provision of modem and facsimile communication, printing, etc.). Servers are generally not used as user workstations. Servers that provide valuable data are often located in an isolated room, access to which is restricted to authorized personnel. authorized people(as in a bank vault).

There are three main types of computer networks:

local area network (LAN);

regional computer network (RSN);

global computer network (Internet).

In addition, each of the listed networks can be:

Single-server - the network is served by one file server (FS);

Multiserver - the network is serviced by several FS;

Distributed - Two or more local networks connected by internal or external bridges (a bridge or interconnection controls the process of exchanging data packets from one cable system to another). WAN users can use the reserves (such as: files, printers or disk drives) of all connected local networks;

- multi-server local - when the local network served by more than one file server;

— multiserver distributed.

Also, LANs can be peer-to-peer (all computers on the network are equal, i.e. there is no FS, Any workstation can access any other workstation) and with centralized management (dedicated server).

A local area network is a group of computers that can communicate with each other, share peripheral equipment (such as hard drives, printers, etc.), and access remote central computers or other local area networks.

The corporate network is a complex system, which includes thousands of various components: computers of various types, from desktops to mainframes, system and application software, network adapters, hubs, switches and routers, cabling.

The main task of system integrators and administrators is to ensure that this cumbersome and very expensive system copes as best as possible with the processing of information flows circulating between employees of the enterprise and allows them to make timely and rational decisions that ensure the survival of the enterprise in a tough competition. And since life does not stand still, the content of corporate information, the intensity of its flows and the methods of its processing are constantly changing. The latest example of a drastic change in the technology of automated processing of corporate information in full view is associated with the unprecedented growth in the popularity of the Internet in the last 2-3 years.

Group information systems are focused on the collective use of information by members working group(of one subdivision), most often built as a local computer network of a PC or less often as a multi-terminal centralized computer system. Single-type or specialized workstations provide a call to one or more specific applications. The general information fund is a database or a collection of document files. Sharing of information is organized with the help of record and file locks. Such applications are developed using multi-user "desktop DBMS", workgroup database servers (Btrieve, NetWare SQL, Gupta SQLBase, Sybase Anywhere SQL, MS SQL Server, Progress, Informix-SE, Workgroup Oracle, etc.) and related development tools or document management systems and their tools. User interaction occurs through a centralized database or through a network file system or via e-mail.

Corporate information systems are the development of systems for workgroups and are focused on the scale of the enterprise, they can support geographically dispersed nodes or networks. They may have a hierarchical structure of several levels. main feature- providing access from the unit to the central or distributed database of the enterprise (organization) in addition to access to the information fund of the working group. Such systems are characterized by a client-server architecture with specialization of servers. They are built on corporate SQL database servers (Oracle7, Informix-OnLine, Informix-DSA, Sybase, CA-Ingress, etc.) and related tools. In addition to proprietary development tools, independent multi-platform tools are often used, supplemented with interfaces, drivers, and gateways for communicating with different DBMS.

For such systems, the requirements for reliability of operation and data safety are increasing. The latter property is provided by maintaining the integrity of data, links and transactions in database servers. A transaction is an indivisible set of database operations, it completes successfully when all of its operations are completed, otherwise it rolls back to the state that preceded the transaction.

The main types of local area networks are Ethernet and ARCNET. Moreover, Ethernet can have several types of cable:

- thin Ethernet cable - otherwise called "Thinnet". It has a number of advantages, such as the use of a cheaper cable compared to a thick system Ethernet cable and the use of equipment that is easier to install;