Enterprise in the market. The core of any economy is production, the creation of an economic product. Without production there can be no consumption, you can only eat up what is produced.

It is the enterprises that produce products, perform works and services, i.e. create the basis for consumption and increase of national wealth. An enterprise is an independent economic entity that manufactures products, performs work and provides services in order to meet social needs and make a profit. An enterprise as a legal entity is an enterprise, an organization, a firm, a concern that meets certain criteria established by the legislation of the country.

Among the signs legal entity include the possession of one’s own property, independent property liability, the right to acquire, use and dispose of property, as well as to carry out other actions permitted by law on one’s own behalf, the right to be a plaintiff and defendant in court and arbitration on one’s own behalf, to have an independent balance sheet, settlement and other bank accounts. Enterprises play a crucial role in the economy of the state.

They are the basis for 1 increasing the national income, gross domestic product, gross national product 2 for the existence of the entire state and the performance of its functions. This is due to the fact that a significant part of the state budget is formed from taxes and fees from enterprises 3 ensuring the defense capability of the state 4 simple and expanded reproduction 5 developing national science and accelerating scientific and technical progress 6 improving the material well-being of all segments of the country's citizens 7 developing medicine, education and culture 8 solutions employment problems 9 solutions to many social problems.

Enterprises will fulfill this role only if they function effectively. Under market conditions, enterprises operate according to the following scheme - Sales demand - Production - Resources In this scheme, the basis is the demand of buyers, i.e. opportunity to market their products. To do this, it is necessary to study the market conditions, customer requests, market capacity, product quality from a potential competitor and other issues specific to market relations.

The entire history of the development of social production testifies and proves that enterprises operate most efficiently in a civilized market, which is characterized by the presence of various forms of ownership, healthy competition, demonopolization of the economy, free pricing, the presence of a developed market infrastructure, the advantage of the consumer over the producer, and other necessary attributes. 1.1 The main functions and goals of the enterprise in the market.

As a rule, the main goal of an enterprise in a market environment is to make a profit. However, an equally important goal of any enterprise in the market is to ensure stable financial stability in its work. This is a more difficult goal to achieve, which includes not only making a profit, but also making it sustainable, and achieving this is not so easy. Enterprises can achieve this goal only if they adhere to and perform the necessary functions in their work.

A prominent German economist G. Schmalen identifies the following cornerstones of enterprise management: profitability, financial stability, and profit. The principle of economy requires that a certain result be achieved at the lowest cost - the principle of minimization for a given amount of costs, the greatest result - the principle of maximization. Consequently, at its core, the principle of economy imposes a self-evident requirement inherent in all enterprises - not to waste resources for production factors, that is, to work economically. The principle of financial stability means such activity of the enterprise, in which it could at any time pay off its debts or its own funds, either by deferment, or by obtaining a loan.

higher goal entrepreneurial activity is the excess of results over costs, i.e. achieving the highest possible profit or the highest possible profitability.

The ideal situation is when the maximum profit provides a higher profitability. To achieve this goal, enterprises must 1. produce high-quality products, systematically update them and provide services in accordance with demand and available production capabilities 2. rationally use production resources, taking into account their interchangeability 3. develop a strategy and tactics of enterprise behavior and adjust them in accordance with changing circumstances 4. systematically introduce everything new and advanced in production, in the organization of labor and management 5. takes care of its employees, the growth of their qualifications and greater content of work, raising their living standards, creating a favorable socio-psychological in the workforce 6. ensuring competitiveness enterprises and products, maintain a high image of the enterprise 7. pursue a flexible pricing policy and carry out other functions.

The development of a successful strategy begins with the definition of the mission of the company, the overall goal of the functioning of the team.

At the same time, the goals of the enterprise may change. It all depends on specific commitments. For example, the main goal of an enterprise at a certain stage may not be to maximize profits, but to conquer the market. In this case, obtaining the maximum profit is relegated to the background, but in the future, in the event of winning the market, the company can more than compensate for the lost profit.

In modern conditions, many domestic enterprises face completely different goals and objectives, and making a profit is far from being in the first place. The heads of many enterprises believe that for them the main task at this stage is the sale of products, the possibility of paying wages to employees of the enterprise and being afloat. It remains to be hoped that this difficult period for the Russian economy will soon pass, enterprises will begin to work normally, solve problems and achieve the goals inherent in a market economy, pay attention to the use of such progressive social forms of organization of production as concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production.

Chapter 2. Factors affecting the effective functioning of the enterprise in market conditions. The word factor is interpreted as the driving force of the ongoing process or one of its necessary conditions.

In this text, the word factor refers to the driving force that affects the efficiency of the enterprise in the market. In conditions market economy A variety of factors affect the performance of an enterprise. They can be classified according to various criteria. Depending on the direction of action, all factors can be grouped into two groups: positive and negative. Positive - these are factors that have a beneficial effect on the activities of the enterprise, and negative - vice versa.

Depending on the place of occurrence, all factors can be classified into internal and external. Internal factors depend on the activities of the enterprise itself, i.e. the enterprise itself generates them. For example, the company has developed and implemented a good system of material incentives, which significantly increased the motivation of employees, which contributed to the increase in production efficiency. Another example. At the enterprise with harmful working conditions, nothing was done to improve them, as a result, the fatigue and morbidity of workers sharply increased, which ultimately led to a significant rejection of products and a decrease in the volume of its sales.

In the first case, the internal factor played a positive role, in the second - a negative one. Internal factors are so diverse that for a better understanding, accounting, analysis and identification of production reserves, it is also advisable to combine them into the following groups improvement of the organization of production and labor, enterprise management 4 associated with the organizational and legal form of management 5 associated with the creation of a favorable socio-psychological climate in the team 6 associated with the specifics of production and industry 7 associated with the quality and competitiveness of products, with cost management and pricing policy 8 associated with depreciation and investment policy.

This classification is purely conditional, and it does not reflect the whole variety of factors, but allows a more detailed presentation of internal factors and their impact on production efficiency. In addition, all internal factors can be divided into objective and subjective.

Objective factors are such factors, the occurrence of which does not depend on the subject of management, for example, the deterioration of mining and geological conditions at a mining enterprise or natural disasters.

Subjective factors, and they make up the vast majority, are completely dependent on the subject of management, and they should always be in the field of view and analysis. The efficiency of the enterprise in market conditions largely depends on external factors that can be classified into the following groups 1 associated with changes in the domestic and world market conditions. This is mainly manifested in a change in supply and demand, as well as in price fluctuations 2 associated with changes in the political situation both within the country and on a more global scale 3 associated with the inflationary process 4 associated with the activities of the state. In modern conditions, the effectiveness of the activities of Russian enterprises largely depends on the state, primarily the creation of a civilized market and the rules of the game in this market, i.e. creation of a legal framework, ensuring proper law and order in the country and its national security, stabilization of the economy, ensuring social protection and social guarantees, protection of competition, development, adoption and organization of the implementation of economic legislation. 2.1

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The core of any economy is production, the creation of an economic product. Without production there can be no consumption, you can only eat up what is produced. It is the enterprises that produce products, perform works and services, i.e. create the basis for consumption and increase of national wealth.
An enterprise is an independent economic entity that manufactures products, performs work and provides services in order to meet social needs and make a profit.
An enterprise as a legal entity is an enterprise (organization, firm, concern) that meets certain criteria established by the legislation of the country. The signs of a legal entity include: the presence of its property; independent property liability; the right to acquire, use and dispose of property, as well as to carry out other actions permitted by law on its own behalf; the right to be a plaintiff and defendant in court and arbitration on its own behalf, to have an independent balance sheet, settlement and other bank accounts.
Enterprises play a crucial role in the economy of the state. They are the basis for:
- increase in national income, gross domestic product, gross national product;
- the possibility of the existence of the entire state and the performance of its functions. This is due to the fact that a significant part of the state budget is formed at the expense of taxes and fees of enterprises;
- ensuring the defense capability of the state;
- simple and extended reproduction;
- development of national science and acceleration of scientific and technical progress;
- improving the material well-being of all sections of the country's citizens;
- development of medicine, education and culture;
- solving the problem of employment;
- solutions to many social problems. Enterprises will fulfill this role only if they function effectively.

1.1. In market conditions, enterprises work according to the following scheme:
- the basis is the demand of buyers, i.e. opportunity to market their products. To do this, it is necessary to study the market conditions, customer requests, market capacity, product quality from a potential competitor and other issues specific to market relations.

1.2. As the market becomes saturated, the consumer culture grows, as well as the development of the company, the consolidation of the business, the process of managing market activities becomes more complicated. This is also true for the management of the company's product, pricing and marketing policy, i.e. questions about the type of product, its quality, price, competitiveness, and place of sale can most likely be answered only by marketing. Marketing is a system of management, regulation and market research
The entire history of the development of social production testifies and proves that enterprises operate most efficiently in a civilized market, which is characterized by the presence of various forms of ownership, healthy competition, demonopolization of the economy, free pricing, the presence of a developed market infrastructure, the advantage of the consumer over the producer, and other necessary attributes.

2.1. The main functions and goals of the enterprise in the market.
As a rule, the main goal of an enterprise in a market environment is to make a profit.. However, an equally important goal of any enterprise in the market is to ensure stable financial stability in its work. This is a more difficult goal to achieve, which includes not only making a profit, but also making it sustainable, and achieving this is not so easy.
Enterprises can achieve this goal only if they adhere to and perform the necessary functions in their work.
Prominent German economist G. Schmalen identifies the following "cornerstones" of enterprise management: efficiency, financial stability, profit.
The principle of economy requires that:
- a certain result at the lowest cost - minimization principle;
- for a given amount of costs, the greatest result - maximization principle.
Consequently, at its core, the principle of economy imposes the self-evident requirements inherent in all enterprises - not to waste production factors (resources), that is, to work "economically".
Principle financial stability means such activity of an enterprise in which it could at any time pay off its debts or its own funds, either by deferment, or by obtaining a loan.
The highest goal of entrepreneurial activity is the excess of results over costs, i.e. achieving the highest possible profit or the highest possible profitability..
To achieve this goal, enterprises must:
1) produce high-quality products, systematically update them and provide services in accordance with demand and available production capabilities;
2) rational use of production resources, taking into account their interchangeability;
3) develop a strategy and tactics for the behavior of the enterprise and adjust them in accordance with changing circumstances;
4) systematically introduce everything new and advanced in production, in the organization of labor and management;
5) takes care of its employees, the growth of their qualifications and greater content of work, raising their living standards, creating a favorable socio-psychological environment in the workforce;
6) ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise and products, maintain a high image of the enterprise;
7) pursue a flexible pricing policy and perform other functions.

1.3. Profit is called the income of the entrepreneur, received in the form of an increase in the capital invested in production. . Making a profit is the main incentive and the main indicator of the effectiveness of any enterprise. High profits force capital and labor to migrate from one industry to another, since profits in different sectors of the economy - manufacturing, banking, trade - are formed differently and their size can vary significantly.

Profit is the excess of total revenue from the sale of products over all production costs. Practically and statistically, it is calculated as the remainder after subtracting production costs from sales. For example, if goods were sold for 4000 rubles, and production costs amounted to 2000 rubles, then the profit is 2000 rubles.

Production costs - is the cost incurred by the entrepreneur in the production process . Distinguish between fixed and variable production costs. Fixed costs include those costs that an enterprise must bear in any case and which, to a certain extent, have little dependence on the volume of production (rent of a building). Variables are those costs that are associated with the cost of purchasing raw materials, work force, the use of which directly affects the volume of products produced (the more products, the more raw materials used, i.e., costs). Since the main guideline in a market economy is the market price, every entrepreneur tries to find a production technology so that the average production costs are lower than this price and, thus, the enterprise would bring a higher profit.

Wage or wage rate, is the price paid for the use of labor. Economists often use the term "labor" in a broad sense, including wages:

A). workers in the usual sense of the word (the most different professions)

B). diversified lawyers, doctors, dentists, teachers, etc.

IN). owners of small businesses - hairdressers, plumbers, TV repairmen and many different merchants - for labor provided in the implementation of their business activities .

Since the main task of an entrepreneur is to take risks prudently, without crossing the line beyond which the bankruptcy of the company is possible, it is necessary to monitor each stage of the production process, sales, etc. The activity of managing in a market environment is called management.

The essence of management is to manage everything: production, finances, personnel, resources to streamline the management system, from the initial situation to the better.

In a market economy, the role of the "regulator" of production, distribution and consumption is played by the free market. At the heart of his work is the freedom of producers and consumers. The first are free to produce this or that product of this or that quality and volume, and the second are free to buy or not to buy this product. The market system is based on free exchange between sellers and buyers, producers and consumers.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that in the conditions of market relations the center economic activity moves to the main link of the entire economy - the enterprise. It is at this level that the products needed by society are created, the necessary services are provided. The most qualified personnel are concentrated at the enterprise. Here the issues of economical expenditure of resources, the use of high-performance equipment and technology are solved. The company seeks to reduce to a minimum the costs of production and sales of products. Business plans are developed, marketing is applied, effective management is carried out.

The common name "enterprise" in economic practice means commercial organization, pursuing as the main goal of the activity the extraction of profit on the invested labor and capital.

In accordance with the main goal of a manufacturing enterprise - making a profit on the labor and capital invested in production - a chain of actions is built. First of all, the enterprise determines: where, in what area, a specific industry, a separate type of production and products can be profitably invested; how, with the help of what means and mechanisms it is possible to ensure the growth of capital.

In accordance with the main goal of a manufacturing enterprise - making a profit on the labor and capital invested in production - a chain of actions is built. First of all, the enterprise determines: where, in what area, a specific industry, a separate type of production and products can be profitably invested; how, with the help of what means and mechanisms it is possible to ensure the growth of capital.

This work will consider:

– enterprise, firms, industry in market conditions;

– enterprise and entrepreneurship in a market economy.

The first chapter analyzes microeconomics and the market process, considers macroeconomics as a subsystem of economic science, explores the general foundations and principles of the functioning of a market economy, structural restructuring of the economy, competition as an incentive for economic progress in a market, types of competition. Attention is drawn to the problems of creating a competitive environment in the economy, to the ratio of competition and antimonopoly legislation.

The second chapter is devoted to the issues of enterprise and entrepreneurship in a market economy: the essence and forms of entrepreneurship; characteristics of the main types of enterprises (firms); the enterprise is the main subject of microeconomics; the classification of enterprises according to the forms of ownership, industry characteristics, types of production, size; types of enterprises in the industry; analyzed the organizational and legal form of enterprises; associations of enterprises (concerns, consortiums, economic associations, international associations) are characterized; attention is drawn to the features of the functioning of state-owned enterprises in a market economy; firms are characterized.

1.1. Microeconomics and the market process

Economic theory analyzes economic life at two levels: microeconomic and macroeconomic. When specific firms and households, individual goods and resources, industries and markets are considered, then microeconomic analysis, or microeconomics (from the Greek micros - small). When it comes to the economy as a whole or its main divisions, areas and problems, then macroeconomic analysis, or macroeconomics (Greek macros - large). Thus, the analysis of the output of specific products and their sales by individual firms and even the entire industry in a particular product market is microeconomics.

On the one hand, macroeconomics forms the economic environment in which individual firms (enterprises) operate, individual consumers exist, individual industries, markets and other microeconomic units operate. On the other hand, the microeconomic units taken together form the macroeconomics. To do this, they are aggregated in economic theory, i.e. they are combined into larger economic units, the so-called aggregates, for example, into the sector of firms (enterprises) and the household sector, the public and private sectors, consumption and accumulation.

It should be noted that the boundary between the world and macro level, for example, the state of affairs in specific industries and in individual product markets, where the analysis of the situation is important both for specific enterprises in these industries and for the country's economy as a whole.

Microeconomic analysis is considered as a part of the economy, exploring, first, such isolated economic units as industries, firms and households, and, secondly, individual markets, specific prices and specific goods and services.

There is also a broader definition: microeconomics is concerned with the activities of individual economic entities (employees, entrepreneurs, firms, etc.), while microeconomic analysis explains how and why economic decisions are made at the lowest level. Another important aspect of microeconomics is the study of the interaction of economic entities in the process of formation of larger structures - markets in industries.

There are other definitions of microeconomics, which basically boil down to the following:

1. Microeconomics studies the processes of making economic decisions by individual economic entities - firms, consumers, etc.

2. The task of microeconomics is to analyze the interaction of economic entities in individual markets.

In microeconomic analysis, the main object is the firm (enterprise). This is explained by the fact that in modern economy it is enterprises (firms) that produce the bulk of goods and services that satisfy human needs. The concepts of "firm" and "enterprise" are not identical, since a firm may consist, for example, of several enterprises.

The market is an objectively necessary condition for the exchange of goods and the functioning of any modern society. It is subject to the laws of production and the social division of labor, which are directly connected not only with the laws of social development, but also with the laws of nature. Therefore, the market cannot be arbitrarily canceled or re-introduced by decrees of the authorities.

The modern economy of any country cannot function without relying on the main components of the market. Otherwise, it would have been a purely subsistence economy, which ceased to exist several centuries ago. The market is a consequence of the social division of labor, i.e., the manufacture of products for the purpose of exchange. In turn, the exchange led to the emergence of money and monetary circulation.

A market economy requires the functioning of areas of activity that promote the promotion of commodity and cash flows from the seller to the buyer, implement sales and provide the market with the necessary commercial information. These areas of the economy, allowing the market to effectively perform its functions, are called its infrastructure.

Market relations are realized in relation to a wide variety of goods and services that become the object of purchase and sale.

The market economy is served by institutions that link all markets into a single whole. These include the transport network, communications system, information networks, insurance companies, banks, courts, consumer societies, etc. Each element of the market system has an independent value, however, the normal functioning of the market economy is possible only with the coordinated work of all its parts, under conditions of soft state regulation and stimulation of its development.

The impact of the market on improving the efficiency of economic development is manifested in many ways:

1. Competition forces to minimize costs, since in this case an increase in the mass of profits is possible. Consequently, the market performs the function of stimulating the economy of the resources used, directing production to the highest resource return.

2. Firms involved in production produce products that consumers need. Only in this case the company remains competitive. Therefore, the market forces to quickly adapt to demand, change the range and improve the quality of products. This is a function of adapting production to changing demand.

3. Backward and obsolete productions in market conditions cannot win the competition and inevitably go bankrupt. This is the sanitizing function of the market. It improves the production structure by leveling it, making it capable of more complex tasks, as it is now represented by more efficient manufacturers.

4. The market also performs an important informational function. It enables producers, based on market signals, such as prices, interest rates for loans, etc., to make business decisions that bring their business to the level of changed market requirements.

The market is a fairly efficient system. However, its possibilities are not unlimited. This makes it necessary to note the imperfections of the market.

1. The market cannot regulate paper money circulation, coordinating it with the mass of commodities.

2. The market is able to satisfy only those needs that are expressed through individual demand.

3. Following the strict rules of competition, the market stimulates the introduction of new technologies and improving the quality of goods.

4. The private interests of individual producers in a market economy may conflict with the interests of society.

5. The market, selecting only strong producers and skilled labor, remains ruthless to the weak and socially unprotected segments of the population, leading to social stratification of society and social tension, which it is not able to smooth out in the short term.

So, the functions of the free market are limited. The solution of those socio-economic problems of society in which the market is powerless is the responsibility of the state. It is designed not only to control the spheres public life that lie outside the scope of the market (social sphere, public administration and law and order, the country's defense capability, fundamental Scientific research etc.), but also to monitor the operation of the market mechanism itself.

1.2. Competition as an incentive for economic progress in the market. Types of competition

One of the most important factors that increase the efficiency of a market-type economic system is competition between enterprises, organizations, and entrepreneurs. This is the strongest way to continuously excite economic subjects. With a certain degree of conventionality, competition can be called a civilized form of the struggle for existence. The desire to bypass the competitor, not to yield, not to lag behind him creates a powerful stimulus for economic progress. And the threat of being out of the game in the struggle for economic existence and prosperity is more reliable than all other incentives.

In a market economy, due to the variety of forms of ownership and freedom of economic behavior, the conditions for competitive struggle arise and are automatically maintained. Unlike artificial, imposed, externally organized competition, the market system generates competition by its very nature, as a result of which there is reason to consider the principle of competition as immanent to such a system.

By its most general definition, competition is rivalry between market participants.

Competition - (from lat. Concurrere - collide) - the struggle of independent economic entities for limited economic resources. This is an economic process of interaction, interconnection and struggle between enterprises operating in the market in order to ensure best opportunities marketing of its products, satisfying the diverse needs of customers.

The virtue of competition is that it makes the distribution of scarce resources dependent on the economic arguments of the competitors. You can usually win the competition by offering goods (economic resources and products) of higher quality or at a lower price.

Therefore, the role of competition lies in the fact that it contributes to the establishment of a certain order in the market, which guarantees the production of a sufficient amount of high-quality goods that are sold at an equilibrium price.

The positive effect of competition largely depends on the conditions in which it operates. Usually, three main prerequisites are distinguished, the presence of which is necessary for the functioning of the competition mechanism: first, the equality of economic agents operating in the market (this largely depends on the number of firms and consumers); secondly, the nature of their products (the degree of homogeneity of the product); thirdly, the freedom to enter and exit the market (first of all, the absence of barriers to entry in the form of organizational associations and structures).

There are several types of competition, or so-called forms of market structures.

Perfect (pure) competition occurs when following conditions:

- there are many small firms offering homogeneous products on the market, while the consumer does not care which firm he purchases these products from;

- the share of each firm in the total volume of the market supply of this product is so small that any of its decisions to increase or decrease the price is not reflected in the market equilibrium price;

- the entry of new firms into the industry does not encounter any obstacles or restrictions; entry and exit from the industry is absolutely free;

- there are no restrictions on the access of a particular company to information about the state of the market, prices for goods and resources, costs, quality of goods, production techniques, etc.

Competition that is associated to some extent with a marked restriction of free enterprise is said to be imperfect. This type of competition is characterized by a small number of firms in each area of ​​entrepreneurial activity, the possibility of any group of entrepreneurs (or even one entrepreneur) to arbitrarily influence market conditions. With imperfect competition, there are rigid barriers to the penetration of new entrepreneurs into specific markets, and there are no close substitutes for products produced by privileged producers.

Imperfect competition takes many forms. In the most general case, there are three of them:

a) monopoly (pure). Production is concentrated on only one firm or corporation, which produces this type of product. Naturally, the manufacturer has a very high degree of control over product prices;

b) duopoly. The production of this and uniform appearance product is focused on two firms. Each manufacturer is limited in its ability to control prices (partial control over them);

c) an oligopoly. This is a relatively small number of firms, and the ability to control prices is limited in more than with duopoly; firms (corporations) produce homogeneous products (its slight differentiation is possible);

d) monopolistic competition. It is characterized by many manufacturers producing differentiated products, but homogeneous in functionality, and such differentiation can be both imaginary and real; price controls are very weak.

Between perfect and imperfect competition lies that kind of it, which is very often encountered in practice and is, as it were, a mixture of the two noted types - this is the so-called monopolistic competition. It is a type of market in which a large number of small firms offer heterogeneous products. Entering and exiting the market is usually not associated with any difficulties. There are differences in quality appearance and other characteristics of goods produced by different firms that make these goods somehow unique, albeit interchangeable.

The opposite of competition is a monopoly (from the Greek monos - one and roleo - I sell). In a monopoly, one firm is the only seller of a given product that has no close substitutes. Barriers to entry into the industry for other firms are almost insurmountable. If the buyer is singular, then such competition is called monopsony (from the Greek monos - one and opsona - purchase).

In a monopoly, as a rule, the seller wins; monopsony provides a privilege for buyers. In some industries, there is a kind of bilateral monopoly, when there is one seller and one buyer on the market for certain products (for example, in the field of military production: the customer is the state, the supplier is the only firm).

Pure monopoly and pure monopsony - comparatively rare events. Much more often, in a number of industries in countries with a market economy, the so-called oligopoly develops (from the Greek. oligos - a few and peo - I sell). This type of competition implies the existence of several large firms on the market, whose products can be both heterogeneous (cars) and homogeneous (aluminum, steel). Entry of new firms into the industry is usually difficult. A feature of an oligopoly is the mutual dependence of firms in making decisions about the prices of their products.

1.3. Problems of creating a competitive environment in the economy

The experience of countries with market economies indicates the need to protect the competitive environment with public funds. The main purpose of using these means is to achieve an optimal combination of different types of competition, to prevent one of them from suppressing others and thereby weakening the cumulative positive results of competition.

The formation of competitive markets requires an appropriate institutional environment, efficient operation of the financial and credit system, and protection of national producers.

A necessary condition for the development of a market economy is the existence of a competitive environment. Its signs are expressed in the fact that the market: is not monopolized by the state or private company; legally backed by laws protecting private property rights, which allows the market mechanism to ensure healthy competitiveness of producers; implies a variety of forms of ownership, where along with state-owned private and joint-stock enterprises operate. From the point of view of the market, any form of ownership has the right to exist, but only those forms are fixed in which the efficient use of resources is ensured; based on free pricing. Non-market regulation of the economy is inevitable in any modern society, however,
if the state assumes the function of the total establishment of market prices, then such an economy loses the property of self-regulation. This means that it is turning from a market into a command-administrative one.

These are the conditions without which the market system cannot exist.

In order for it to develop unhindered, additional conditions are necessary: ​​the presence of reserves for economic growth; ensuring the mobility of resources; the functioning of the market infrastructure that organizes the movement of commodity and cash flows and provides market participants with the necessary information.

There are a number of features that together determine the regime of a free (perfectly competitive) market:

1. Unlimited number of competitors, absolutely free entry and exit from the market.

2. Absolute mobility of material, labor, financial and other resources.

3. Each participant in the competition has a complete amount of market information (on supply and demand, on profit margins, prices, etc.).

4. Absolute homogeneity of similar products, absence of trademarks, etc.

5. No participant in free competition is in a position to influence other market participants.

In today's world, the free market does not and cannot exist. In the real economy, there are a number of obstacles that limit competition.

In a competitive environment, there are processes that are directed against this competition itself, or at least limiting it. Instability is manifested in the fact that in the market environment, each individual manufacturer seeks to capture and secure a large market share for this type of product. This leads not only to an increase in profits, but also provides him with the conditions for survival in a competitive environment. Hence, the elimination of competitors is considered as a normal phenomenon, consistent with the principles of survival of the fittest, if, of course, such elimination is carried out within the framework of the law. And the law, as you know, does not prohibit various kinds of mergers and acquisitions, that is, the concentration of production. Moreover, both economic theory and the practice of the functioning of large enterprises speak in favor of an increase in the scale of production. In this case, there is the so-called scale effect, noted by A. Smith and which was completed in the creation of industrial giants of the twentieth century, typical both for our country and for most developed capitalist states.

Although the market system is the organizational mechanism of pure capitalism, it must be recognized important role competition as a control mechanism in such an economy. The market mechanism of supply and demand communicates the desires of consumers (society) to enterprises, and through them to resource providers. However, it is competition that forces enterprises and resource providers to satisfy these desires appropriately.

1.4. Freedom of competition and antitrust law

The main sign of a market-type economy is emancipation from external interference, forms and methods of economic activity subject to the laws and will of people, which make it possible to fully manifest economic independence and initiative. One could briefly give the following definition: "The market economy is the economy of free enterprise."

There is always a space of economic actions, the content and method of implementation of which depend on people and are determined by them either individually, or in a group, or in a public way. The meaning of a market economy is that it forms a fairly free, liberated space for economic activities.

The market economy is characterized by numerous features, but its main feature can still be identified. This is the principle of freedom of economic activity.

The main principle of the market economy declares the right of any economic entity, be it a person, a family, a group, an enterprise team, to choose the desired, expedient, profitable, preferred type of economic activity and carry out this activity in any form permitted by state law.

In a market economy, prohibitions are lifted not only on production, but also on the sale and resale, exchange of goods both by the commodity producers themselves and by any intermediaries standing between producers and consumers. Under certain conditions, access is opened for all economic entities, including individuals, private traders, to traditionally public works and services, including science, education, medical care, transport services, communication services.

Thus, the following initial principle operates in a market economy: "Each subject has the right to choose for himself an arbitrary form of economic, economic activity, except for those prohibited by law due to their public danger."

Economic freedom implies, in addition to the free choice of forms and types of activity, the movement of economic resources and trade in them, also the free coexistence on an equal footing of enterprises of different forms of ownership.

The most important element of the process of de-monopolization of the economy is the antimonopoly policy, which in turn has several main directions: stimulation of entrepreneurship; development of competitive principles; organizational and legal support of antimonopoly policy.

There are two methods of antimonopoly regulation: direct and indirect. The direct method of regulation includes measures that eliminate or prevent the monopoly position of individual entities in the market. And measures of indirect regulation include mainly financial and credit methods of preventing and overcoming monopolistic phenomena in the economy.

Thus, the essence of virtually any antitrust policy is to use the benefits of a large-scale economy and to neutralize its side effects associated with the weakening of competition in commodity and other markets.

The first law concerning the antimonopoly regulation of the economy appeared in Russia in 1991 - the law "On Competition and Restriction of Monopolistic Activities in Commodity Markets" dated March 22, 1991.

From 1991 to 2003, a large number of objectively necessary laws were introduced, which formed the organizational and legal basis for regulating monopolies.

But in 2003, twelve years after the start of reforms, the antimonopoly legislation was in dire need of improvement, mainly on the basis of a generalization of law enforcement practice. There was a need to update the entire legal framework so that it would more reliably suppress the abuse of market power, infringement of the interests of economic entities, apply penalties to legal entities and individuals, including officials of federal and regional executive authorities and local government better regulate the safety and quality of goods and services.

But despite all the measures taken, the level of development of competition in our country is clearly insufficient. Experts name the reasons for the low level of development of competition in the Russian Federation: privatization did not lead, as expected, to the emergence of effective owners who would take care of the development of the enterprise; forced reorganization (restructuring) of enterprises was not used properly, although it could facilitate the mass formation of new competitive economic entities; small business has not received proper development.

2. ENTERPRISE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN A MARKET ECONOMY

2.1. Essence and forms of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is organically linked to economic freedom. Economic freedom includes the right to private property, to economic initiative, to the freedom to engage in those entrepreneurial activities that correspond to one's own choice. A free society recognizes this right, not only because it promotes the highest level of productivity, but also for two other equally important reasons:

Economic freedom complements personal freedom and allows everyone to develop on the basis of their own views and values. Denying economic freedom means denying personal dignity and the right of any person to control his own destiny.


Economic freedom makes it possible to organize production and distribute wealth without the arbitrary intervention of the authorities, the dictates of a regime based on privileges. In free economic systems, wealth is produced and distributed in a democracy and market relations.


Entrepreneurial activity is defined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation as follows: “Entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity carried out at your own peril and risk, aimed at making a profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law” .


Economic activity is a form of participation of an individual in social production and a way of obtaining financial resources to ensure the livelihoods of himself and his family members.

Entrepreneurship acts as a special type of economic activity, because its initial stage is associated, as a rule, only with an idea - the result of mental activity, which subsequently takes a materialized form.

Entrepreneurship is characterized by the obligatory presence of an innovative moment - whether it is the production of a new product, a change in the profile of activity or the foundation of a new enterprise. New system production management, quality management, the introduction of new methods of organizing production or new technologies - these are also innovative moments.

The main subject of entrepreneurial activity is the entrepreneur. However, the entrepreneur is not the only subject; in any case, he is forced to interact with the consumer as his main counterparty, as well as with the state, which in various situations can act as an assistant or opponent. Both the consumer and the state also belong to the category of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, as well as the employee (unless, of course, the entrepreneur does not work alone), and business partners (if the production is not isolated from public relations) (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Business entities

The goal of the entrepreneur is the need to "win" the consumer, to create a circle of his own consumers.

For the formation and normal functioning of entrepreneurship, certain conditions are necessary: ​​economic, social, legal, etc.

Under economic conditions, first of all, is understood the existence of the supply of goods and the demand for them; types of goods that buyers can purchase; the amount of money they can spend on these purchases; excess or insufficiency of jobs, labor force, affecting the level of wages of workers, i.e. their ability to purchase goods.

The social conditions for the formation and existence of entrepreneurship are closely adjacent to the economic ones. First of all, this is the desire of buyers to purchase goods that meet certain tastes and fashion, and these needs can change at different stages.

The legal environment also has a huge impact. This is, first of all, the existence of laws regulating entrepreneurial activity, creating the most favorable conditions for its development, etc.

2.2. The enterprise is the main subject of microeconomics

The general name "enterprise" refers to a commercial organization, pursuing as the main goal of activity the extraction of profit on the invested labor and capital. Along with this, not one, but two similar concepts are widely used in the scientific literature - “enterprise” and “firm”. Both terms refer to the same entity, mainly an industrial or commercial organization. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, each organization recognized as a legal entity receives a company name upon registration. In such a case, the firm general concept commercial organization.

Currently, as the scope of commercial activity expands, the brand name is received various types organizations. These include:

-production organizations engaged mainly in the manufacture, construction and supply to consumers of finished commercial products for personal, public and industrial consumption;

- trade organizations;

– brokerage, venture, consulting and other organizations.

A manufacturing enterprise (firm) is a separate specialized organization, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective, capable of using the means of production at its disposal to manufacture the products (perform work, provide services) of the appropriate purpose, profile and range that consumers need (perform work, provide services). Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and other economic organizations for industrial purposes. The internal environment of an enterprise (firm) is people, means of production, information and money. The result of the interaction of components internal environment is the finished product (work, services).

On a purely legal side, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation, an enterprise (firm) is an independent economic entity created in the manner prescribed by law to produce products and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. TO critical tasks operating enterprise (firm) include:

reimbursement of expenses and receipt of income by the owner of the enterprise (among the owners there may be the state, shareholders, private individuals);

prevention of disruptions in the work of the enterprise (including disruptions in deliveries and the release of low-quality defective products, a sharp reduction in the volume of production and income of the enterprise);

providing consumers with the company's products in accordance with contracts and market demand;

ensuring the payment of wages to the personnel of the enterprise, normal working conditions and opportunities for professional growth of employees;

creation of jobs for the population living in the vicinity of the enterprise;

environmental protection (land, air and water basins);

stable increase in the growth rate of production volume and income of the enterprise.

All material values ​​are created at production facilities, and with their help, non-material benefits are also reproduced. Enterprises (firms) specializing in the production of homogeneous products form the corresponding branches of material production, such as industry, agriculture, construction, and transport. They make up the structure of industries, determine their profile and scale. In addition, enterprises and organizations of a certain brand affiliation form the size and territorial specialization of the cities, towns, regions, territories in which they are located. Ensuring normal living conditions, work and life of the population is decided by them together with local authorities.

Consequently, enterprises and their teams are the main elements on the basis of which both sectoral and territorial complexes are formed, economic bodies (ministries and departments) are formed, and regions, regions, cities are developed. Therefore, in all state documents, these enterprises are considered as the main links of the national economic complex. The structure of the country's economic management is built in such a way that it reflects the activities of almost all the main functional divisions of enterprises. The task of the economic management system at all levels - from the cabinet of ministers to the director of the plant, the head of the shop, the foreman - is the same. It boils down to ensure that the staff of each link of the enterprise works well and productively. In other words, so that each employee at his workplace conscientiously and skillfully performs the work necessary for the staff of the enterprise, the consumer of the product, and the country.

2.3. Classification of enterprises. Types of enterprises in the industry

Enterprises (firms, organizations) differ from each other in many characteristics, according to which they are classified. The main features of the classification of enterprises (firms) by groups are:

– branch and subject specialization;

– structure of production;

- the capacity of the production potential (the size of the enterprise, firm).

Until now, one of the main ones was considered to be sectoral differences in products, including their purpose, methods of production and consumption. Already when creating an enterprise, it is clearly defined for which specific type of product (type of work) it is intended. Depending on this, enterprises are divided into:

industrial enterprises for the production of food, clothing and footwear; for the manufacture of machinery, equipment, tools, the extraction of raw materials, the production of materials, the generation of electricity, etc.;


agricultural enterprises for growing grain, vegetables, livestock, industrial crops;


enterprises of the construction industry, transport. The most important from the point of view of human needs are enterprises that produce consumer goods. This is an enterprise enterprises (organizations) of agriculture, food and light industry, as well as enterprises of mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking industries that manufacture consumer goods, enterprises of housing and communal construction.

A large number of enterprises are associated with the provision of specialized services to production and the population, including all types of transport, communications, logistics, repairs, trade, etc. The affiliation of an enterprise to a particular industry should be specified by type of intra-industry specialization. Large branches of the national economy are divided into smaller, specialized ones. This can be clearly illustrated by the example of industry, which, in particular, is divided into two large groups specialized industries - mining and processing industry. In turn, the processing industry is subdivided into light, food and heavy industries, etc.

For various reasons, the specialization of enterprises does not necessarily coincide with the administrative structure and the main specialization of the industry. IN national economy two types of determination of the industries belonging to the enterprise are used - by administrative-organizational and product characteristics. When using an administrative and organizational feature, the main declared type of activity is taken into account, as well as the affiliation of the enterprise to one or another department or firm (holding, concern). Enterprises producing, for example, machine-building products will be recorded in the industry with which they are administratively connected (for example, in coal mining). In accordance with the product attribute, i.e., with the industry affiliation of the products, the structure and volume of production for each so-called pure industry is determined. In this case, all machine-building enterprises and workshops (regardless of their administrative subordination) belong to mechanical engineering, transport enterprises to the transport industry, construction enterprises to the construction industry, etc.

In practice, enterprises (firms) whose industry affiliation can be clearly defined are less and less common. As a rule, most of them have an intersectoral structure. In this regard, according to the structure of production, enterprises are divided into highly specialized, diversified, combined. Highly specialized enterprises are those that produce a limited range of products for mass or large-scale production, for example, for the production of fabrics, tailoring, production of iron, rolled steel, casting, forgings for engineering, power generation, grain, meat, etc. Diversified include enterprises that produce a wide range of products for various purposes. Such organizations are most often found in industry and agriculture. In industry, they can specialize at the same time, say, in the manufacture of computers, ships, cars, baby carriages, refrigerators, machine tools, tools, etc. In agriculture, in the cultivation of grain, vegetables, fruits, livestock fattening, fodder production, etc. . P.

With increased competition, many previously highly specialized enterprises, having strengthened economically, are moving beyond the limits of their former specialization. They dramatically expand the range of products and services, capture new markets. Often such enterprises completely lose their former industry profile and become intersectoral - diversified enterprises. At the same time, they can be engaged, for example, in the production of various industrial products, construction, transport and commercial operations. The overflow of capital from one industry to another takes place within the framework of one firm.

Combined enterprises in their classical form are most often found in the chemical, textile and metallurgical industries, and in agriculture. The essence of combining production is that one type of raw material or finished product at the same enterprise is transformed in parallel or sequentially into another, and then into a third type.

2.4. Organizational and legal forms of enterprises

According to the type of organizational and legal form, enterprises are created in the form of partnerships, cooperatives and joint-stock companies (full, mixed, closed and open), limited liability companies, as well as financial and industrial groups and holding companies.

Business partnerships and companies are the most common form of commercial and public entities. They can be established by citizens, legal entities and institutions with the permission of their owner. Legislation prohibits only state and municipal bodies from being participants in business partnerships and companies. The main feature of these forms is equity participation in the capital and the fact that all property, both created at the expense of the contributions of the founders and acquired in the course of activity, belongs to the participants on the right of ownership. supreme body their management is an assembly of all participants, which has exclusive competence. The distinguishing feature for these forms are the differences in the form of association of contributors.

Partnerships are formations built on the basis of membership and the association of capital, while societies are built only on the association of capital.

The founders of a partnership bear full joint and several liability for its obligations, while the economic risk of the company's participants is limited by their contribution. The partnership involves the direct personal participation of the founders in the activities and management of it. The relationship between the society and its founders is built on the basis of civil legal relations, that is, a civil contract.

Economic partnerships can be created in the form of a full economic partnership and a limited partnership.

A general business partnership (PHT) is a closed-type association based on shared ownership with a limited number of participants bearing full responsibility for the obligations of the partnership with all its property. It can be founded by at least two persons, therefore, in the case when the only participant remains in the current partnership, it must be liquidated or transformed into another form.

The activities of the partnership itself, as well as the competence of each of its participants, are regulated by the Memorandum of Association. The management of the activities of the PCT is carried out by common agreement. At the same time, the participants can conduct business jointly, making decisions both by general voting and by entrusting the conduct of business to its individual participants. The profits and losses of the partnership are distributed among its participants in proportion to their shares in the share capital.

The main distinguishing feature of the PCT is the extremely high degree of economic responsibility of its participants.

A limited partnership is a closed-type association that includes, along with the participants who bear full property liability for the obligations of the partnership, investors whose liability is limited to the size of the contribution made.

A limited partnership is created on the same grounds as a general partnership, with the only difference that it must include at least one contributor (limited partner).

A distinctive feature of "partnership in faith" is the difference in the degree of economic responsibility between the founders - general partners and investors, as well as the resulting differences in their legal capacity.

Business companies can be created in the form of "Limited Liability Company", "Additional Liability Company" and "Joint Stock Company".

A limited liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of the capital of a limited number of participants who are not liable for the obligations of the company.

A limited liability company may be founded by one or more participants, the number of which must not exceed the legally established limit of their number. In their activities, companies of this type are guided by the Memorandum of Association signed by the founders and the Charter approved by them, reflecting the main provisions of the organization and management of the company.

The management of the company is carried out through the general meeting of the founders and the executive body created by them. Only the general meeting has the exclusive competence to change the Articles of Association, the size of the statutory fund and the approval of financial statements.

An additional liability company is an organizational form of entrepreneurship based on the pooling of capitals of a limited number of participants who assume additional property liability determined by them for the obligations of the company.

All characteristics given in relation to a limited liability company are fully applicable to an additional liability company. The only exception is the amount of property liability of the participants. Here, their risk is not limited to the size of the contribution made.

Joint-Stock Company (JSC) - formation based on the pooling of capital by issuing shares, the participants of which do not bear property liability for its obligations, except in the amount of the value of the shares acquired by them valuable papers society.

The basis for the creation of a joint-stock company is an agreement concluded between the founders. Meanwhile, the very process of formation of JSC is regulated by the law on joint-stock companies. When a joint-stock company is formed on the basis of privatized enterprises, the procedure for its creation is regulated by the legislation on privatization.

A distinctive feature of a joint-stock company is the division of its capital into a certain number of shares distributed among the participants, which, however, does not exclude the creation of a joint-stock company by one person, acting in this case as the holder of the entire block of shares.

It is important to note that before the registration of a joint-stock company, the founders bear full responsibility for its obligations, but after it, the joint-stock company, acquiring the rights of a legal entity, becomes a completely independent economic entity from its founders and the sole owner of all its property. In this sense, a joint-stock company does not act as a form of shared ownership, and its shareholders do not own the property of a joint-stock company. Shareholders have only the right to participate in management and receive a certain income.

JSC management is carried out through the general meeting of shareholders, which has exclusive competence, and executive bodies, which can be either directly the managing body exercising current management, or the Board of Directors or the Supervisory Board, if the number of shareholders is more than fifty.

Production cooperative (artel) - a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership, formed for the joint conduct of economic activities through personal participation

An artel may be created by citizens in the number of at least five people. At the same time, none of them can participate in another similar cooperative. Although the basis of the artel should be individuals, participation in it and legal entities is allowed, which should be stipulated in the Charter of the cooperative.

The assets of the cooperative are formed at the expense of monetary and property contributions of the participants. The property of the cooperative divided into shares is shared property, and each member of the artel retains claims not only to his share in cash, but also to a part of the property of the cooperative.

A unitary enterprise is a commercial organization acting as a legal entity, the property rights of which are assigned to its founder.

The main feature of a unitary enterprise is the concentration of ownership in one person. Hence the very concept of unitary. The property of a unitary enterprise cannot be divided into shares, stocks or shares. The unitary enterprise itself is not the owner of the property assigned to it. It belongs to the person who founded the enterprise. the main hallmark is that its legal capacity as a legal entity is somewhat narrowed. Unlike other business entities that are entitled to make any transactions that do not contradict the law, a unitary enterprise can only make those that correspond to the goals of the activity established by the owner, and some of them only with the consent of the owner. Any form of alienation of property or its pledge must be agreed with the owner.

The law provides for the existence of two types of unitary enterprise: based on the right of economic management and on the right of operational management. The differences between them come down to differences in the content and scope of the powers that they receive from the owner to dispose of the property assigned to them.

Unitary enterprises based on the right of economic management can be of two types - state-owned, educated Russian Federation and its subjects (republics, regions and territories), and municipal, formed by municipalities (cities, districts, etc.). Establishment of state and municipal enterprises is carried out by authorized bodies of the appropriate level. The source of capital formation for these enterprises is state and municipal property, respectively.

Unitary enterprises are managed by a sole manager appointed by the owner and acting in accordance with the company's charter and the owner's instructions.

A state-owned enterprise is an enterprise based on the right of operational management of a separate part of the property of the state, which bears subsidiary liability for the obligations of the enterprise

The state enterprise is under the strictest control of the state. It can dispose of movable, sometimes even products, and immovable property only with the consent of the owner. On the contrary, the owner, at his own discretion, can withdraw part of the property from the enterprise and transfer it to third parties. On the other hand, the state also bears responsibility for the property and other obligations of a state-owned enterprise, covering the resulting losses from budgetary funds. State-owned enterprises are liquidated only by decision of the government of the Russian Federation.

There are also businesses that do not set themselves the goal of making a profit. They are called non-commercial. A non-profit organization is an entity that does not have profit making as the goal of its activities and does not distribute the profit received among the participants. It can be represented by public and religious organizations, institutions, consumer cooperatives and charitable foundations, various unions and associations of legal entities.

2.5. Business associations

According to the form of ownership, associations can be state, municipal, private, with the participation of foreign legal entities and mixed. According to the degree of independence, participants in associations with the preservation of a legal entity, without the preservation of a legal entity, with a mixed form of participation are distinguished. The degree of independence of the participants is determined by the organizational and legal form of the association and the agreement adopted between them. An association can be created as a temporary formation, the term of which is established by agreement, as well as on a permanent basis - an association, the term of which is not defined.

In terms of the level and directions of integration, associations can be sectoral, intersectoral, national and transnational. Branch associations are called associations, which consist mainly of participants in one branch of production. Intersectoral associations are recognized as associations that consist of two or more participants in various industries.

Depending on the territorial sign of location and the composition of the participants, associations can be national, local and international (transnational). National associations include associations that consist of participants in one or several industries that supply products to the national (Russian) market. Associations consisting of participants located in several cities and districts of the same region (republic) and supplying products to local markets are recognized as local regional associations. International (transnational) are associations, which include one or more participants who are non-residents.

According to the type of organizational and legal structure, economic associations are created in the form of partnerships, cooperatives and joint-stock companies (full, mixed, closed and open), limited liability companies, as well as financial and industrial groups and holding companies. In terms of the form of organization of management, associations can be based on the principles of trust management (trust), organization of a holding company, or equal participation of capital owners in management. Trust management is carried out by one or a group of trusted persons who are professional managers and, as a rule, work in an association for hire (contract). In this case, the functions of ownership and control are separated. Management based on the principles of organizing a holding is carried out by holding companies - holders of controlling stakes (shares, shares) or elected persons from among the participants, whose powers are determined by the founding documents of the association. Enterprises that are part of an association, in a number of cases, may retain full independence and the rights of a legal entity and be liable for the obligations of the association only with the property transferred to the association.

The association, in accordance with the current legislation, maintains accounting and statistical records and draws up reports. The association publishes data on its activities, summary reports and balance sheets in the manner prescribed by law.

A holding company is formed when one joint-stock company takes control of the shares of other joint-stock companies in order to financially control their work and receive a return on the capital invested in shares. There are two types of holdings:

- pure holding, when through the system of participation in the share capital of other firms, the holding company is busy only with the fact that it receives and increases returns on invested capital;

- a mixed holding, when the holding company is engaged in independent entrepreneurial activity and at the same time, in order to expand the sphere of influence, seizes controlling stakes in new dependent companies and branches.

According to the structure of participants, financial-industrial groups (FIGs) resemble a holding. Along with enterprises of material production (industry, construction, transport, etc.), they include financial institutions especially banks. In their formation, the main task is to combine bank capital and production potential. At the same time, the main income of a bank included in the FIG should be divi dendy from improving the efficiency of manufacturing enterprises, and not interest on loans.

Holdings, financial-industrial groups and other intersectoral associations with state capital can receive the status of an independent body or be subordinate to the government. By 1998, there were about 75 financial-industrial groups operating in Russia, which to a large extent formed the economic and technical policy of the country.

The Association is a voluntary association (union) of independent manufacturing enterprises, scientific, design, engineering, construction and other organizations. Association - a body, as a rule, with limited, and sometimes with purely nominal mutual responsibility. Members of the association are independent legal entities and are liable only for their obligations to partners. As a rule, only within the limits of property and money that were voluntarily transferred by them for collective use. Members are not responsible for the results of the association as a whole. The Association is not responsible for the results of the activities of the enterprises and persons included in it, unless this is specifically provided for in the charter.

Enterprises and organizations that are members of the association coordinate their activities only in the area of ​​the economy to which the association is related.

Along with perpetual organizational associations, such as partnerships, joint-stock companies, holdings, FIGs, associations, etc., temporary associations of enterprises (organizations) arise to solve specific problems within a certain period of time. Such associations are called consortiums. They unite enterprises and organizations regardless of their sectoral affiliation, subordination and form of ownership. Consortium members retain economic independence and may simultaneously be members of other associations, joint ventures, consortiums. After the tasks are completed, the consortium ceases to exist.

Consortiums should also include temporary intersectoral investment, scientific, technical and other complexes created for the implementation of scientific, technical, investment, environmental and other programs.

One of the associative forms of collective entrepreneurship is a syndicate. This form of entrepreneurship is mainly associated with the sale of products and is distributed mainly in the extractive industries, agriculture and forestry. The main task of the syndicate is to organize the joint marketing of products (oil, coal, iron ore, grain, cotton, etc.).

As a rule, the syndicate organizes a single service (office) for sales, to which the members of the syndicate must hand over products intended for joint sale at a predetermined price and quota. The directorate of the syndicate in a number of cases organizes the purchase of raw materials, supplies, and other products for the syndicate members with the proceeds from the sale of their products. Competition within the syndicate is allowed. The main goal of the syndicate is to expand and retain sales markets, regulate the volume of output within the syndicate and prices in foreign markets for products.

Industrial hubs are a group of enterprises and organizations that are located in adjacent territories and share industrial and social infrastructure, natural and other resources, create joint types of production of intersectoral and regional significance, while maintaining their independence. In industrial hubs, conditions are being formed for the development of regional integration, cooperation, specialization of production, more complete use of unique high-performance equipment, production facilities and capacities for processing local raw materials, secondary resources, organizing inter-industry production, developing public services and public utilities.

2.6. State enterprises

The organizational and legal forms in which state-owned enterprises and enterprises with state capital operate include state-owned enterprises (state-owned plant, factory, farm), state-owned commercial enterprises, joint-stock companies with 100% state capital, as well as joint-stock companies in which the state owns controlling stake or golden share. At the same time, they require regulation of the relationship between government bodies and new forms of association of enterprises - holding companies and financial and industrial groups. It is also necessary to specify such a form of relations as the transfer of shares owned by the state to trust ownership (trust).

"Treasury" refers to enterprises (plants, factories, farms) belonging to the "treasury", that is, state-owned enterprises. They are under direct government control on production issues (directive planning, assignments), price policy, finance, material incentives for personnel. State-owned enterprises are not entitled to refuse to conclude a state contract for the supply of goods for state needs. Accordingly, they are obliged to conclude specific contracts with organizations - consumers of goods or services. The property of a state-owned enterprise is assigned to it on the basis of the right of operational management.

At the same time, the state assumes responsibility for the obligations of this category of enterprises and provides them with the necessary financial assistance, protects them from bankruptcy, provides benefits for public procurement, etc. her influence. The normal functioning of state-owned enterprises is supported by strict disciplinary responsibility, but they will hardly be able to claim a sufficiently high economic efficiency. The cost of their maintenance will make up a significant part of the state budget.

Two conclusions follow from the above:

The number of state-owned enterprises must be reduced to a reasonable minimum;
- in relation to them, it is advisable to develop a special control system.

In Russia, in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 23, 1994 No. 1003 "On the reform of state enterprises", the decision to liquidate a federal state enterprise and create a state-owned plant, factory or economy on its basis is made by the Government of the Russian Federation. It defines and federal agency executive power, which approves the charter of the state-owned enterprise and manages its activities.

A means of overcoming these and other shortcomings of the previously existing management system can be: firstly, collegiality in making the most important economic decisions by highly competent persons; secondly, the use of a competitive system for the selection of leadership personnel; thirdly, the use in some cases of independent expert assessments.

The practical implementation of these provisions is seen as follows:

1. Strategic decisions on the management of a state-owned enterprise should be made collectively in a higher body.

2. Within decisions taken the head of the enterprise must be guaranteed a certain degree of independence, without which the entrepreneurial activity of the manager cannot manifest itself.

3. The selection of managers should be carried out on the basis of a competition for programs of applicants. Preference is given to programs that most fully reflect the requirements of the state industrial policy.

4. The conclusion of a contract with the economic manager, in which his rights are really guaranteed and his duties are clearly established, and with the enterprise - a “plan contract”, which contains a program of its activities.

5. As foreign practice shows, the programs of activity of state enterprises are drawn up in such a way that state subsidies for their implementation are minimal, and expenses are covered by funds from successful business activities. For these purposes, not only a certain freedom of the manager is necessary, but also the creation of staff interest in achieving positive results work (individual, subdivision, enterprise as a whole). It is possible and necessary to use both long-used (for example, brigade organization of labor) and new (for example, profit sharing) forms of production management.

6. The responsibility of the state for the debts of the enterprise should not be direct, but subsidiary. Based on the foregoing, one of the options for the management scheme of state-owned enterprises could look like this.

State commercial enterprises include enterprises that have not been transformed into JSCs and on the basis of which state-owned enterprises have not been created. The property is assigned to them on the right of full economic management. State commercial enterprises are on a full commercial basis, have broad independence and practically the same rights as private enterprises (with the exception of the right to appoint a manager and carry out operations with state property).

Unlike state-owned enterprises, JSCs with state capital participate in competition. Their main task is to make a profit (commercial functions). They can be declared bankrupt because they are responsible for their own debts. However, these AOs critical situation can count on government financial assistance. The latter circumstance removes state joint-stock companies from the severe consequences of competition, which reduces the incentives for efficient functioning. And, nevertheless, the attitude that the state enterprise is doomed to inefficiency is wrong. Everything possible must be done so that it brings profit no less than private sector enterprises. According to the criterion of participation in capital and the influence of state bodies on management, two groups of JSCs can be distinguished: JSCs in which 100 percent of the capital belongs to the state, and JSCs in which the state owns a controlling stake or a golden share.

JSC with 100% state capital bears independent property liability. It creates the possibility of foreclosing debts on the property of such an enterprise.

The granting of economic independence and the establishment of liability for one's debts creates objective prerequisites for the "market behavior" of the respective firms. However, the effectiveness of such AOs is questionable, given that decisions made by a state-dominated body can hinder the administration's efforts to improve commercial results. Thus, the state industrial policy can be carried out with the help of the considered organizational and legal form quite effectively, but it must be adjusted taking into account the commercial tasks of the joint-stock company.

JSCs in which the state owns a controlling stake are more promising. Such corporatization, if carried out correctly, will solve three main problems. First, since it is carried out in relation to large enterprises with a high value of fixed assets, a significant number of shares enter the securities market and conditions are created for the sale of vouchers through voucher auctions. Secondly, there remains the possibility of influencing the strategy and tactics of joint-stock enterprises in order to ensure public interests.

In particular, as a major investor, the state can have a decisive influence on the volume and direction of investment. Contrary to small investors and managers who prefer projects with greater returns in the short term, the investor state is interested in implementing large long-term programs. Thirdly, the prerequisites for normal (as opposed to previously existing) relationships between the owner, manager and workforce are being created.

A controlling stake allows the state to exercise the rights of the owner through its representatives in the management of JSCs (meeting of shareholders, board of directors), since for at least three years the composition of the board of directors of newly formed JSCs must include at least 51 percent of representatives of the state. The government and the State Property Committee of Russia have the right to contractually entrust the representation of the interests of the state in the board of directors to certain persons, including officials of state administration bodies on the recommendation of the relevant ministry, department, region. With such a composition of the board of directors, the implementation of the state industrial policy is ensured quite clearly.

Leased enterprise - an enterprise that is formed after the conclusion of a lease agreement between a state body and an organization of tenants, formed by decision of the labor collective. It operates on the basis of the charter approved by the general meeting and the lease agreement.

joint venture is an association of investments (usually in the form of a legal entity) owned by two or more persons (individuals or legal entities), one of which is non-local or foreign, as well as a foreign state, made in the territory of the host state for the purpose of carrying out entrepreneurial activities.

The need to create them is due to the fact that joint ventures contribute to the country's entry into the world economic system, and also plays a significant role in the formation of market infrastructure, and, as we will try to reveal in this work, more advanced technology, high labor productivity, high return of profits and high level wages. All these factors undoubtedly have a positive effect on the Russian economy.

2.7. Firms and their characteristics

The company was originally a pillar of entrepreneurship, a product of a market economy. At subsequent stages of economic development and scientific and technological progress, its functions are expanding, and its role is growing. Initially, the term "firm" (from the Italian firma - signature) meant the "trade name" of a merchant. Now it is the organizational structure of the business, business unit in all spheres of the economy, possessing not only legal, but also real economic independence. Legal Forms The functioning of a modern firm is diverse: a joint-stock company, a limited liability company, a limited partnership, and others.

Different schools of economic science interpret the definition of a firm as a category in different ways. Traditional economic theory defines a firm as a production and technological system, as a conglomerate of people and machines. The company was presented as a “black box”, at the input, in which various resources and technology are concentrated, and at the output a finished product is obtained. For economic theory, it was considered unimportant what happens inside. In this definition of the firm, special attention is paid to the organizational aspects of its functioning and the reserves of economic efficiency associated with them.

In the classical definition of the firm, the emphasis is on predicting the behavior of the firm in accordance with the existing production function as a form of expression of the technological dependence between inputs of production factors and the maximum possible output. The neo-institutional characterization of the firm puts the focus on explaining the existence and, accordingly, in the future, the coexistence of diverse forms of business enterprises, the limits of their growth, options solving problems of employee motivation, organization, control, planning, etc.

The firm occupies the most important place in the institutional structure of the market economy.

The institutional structure of a market system includes institutions such as the market and the firm. The firm needs objective control from the market. But the market also needs firms, since only the organization of production in the form of firms can give the necessary result for the development of a market economy. The existence of the market and the firm is the coexistence in a single market economy of two types of relations; traditionally market and alternative intracompany relations.

A modern firm is a complex diversified complex of industrial, commercial and financial enterprises of national and international level. The main thing in the current company is its personnel component: entrepreneurs, managers, scientists, engineers, workers with their skills, professionalism, competence, innovative potential, competitive energy, managerial innovations based on a specific material and technical base and the real value of functioning capital. The prosperity of the company, its fame are derivatives of the talent and work of its team.

A firm is an organization that produces goods for sale. More precisely, a firm is an organization that has the following characteristics:

1. It is created to produce goods or services;
   
2. It buys or rents the factors of production of goods;
   
3. It sells its goods or services to individual customers, other firms or other organizations;
   
4. Its owners want to receive income from the sale of goods or services in the form of profit.
   

Firms are classified according to a number of criteria: According to the type of economic activity and the nature of operations, firms are divided into: industrial; agricultural and agro-industrial; trading; construction; transport; insurance, engineering; leasing, etc.

Trading firms are engaged in purchase and sale operations and may be part of the distribution system of industrial firms or be independent resellers. These are various wholesale and retail trade, trade and intermediary, export, import, export-import firms, as well as purchasing and marketing and marketing subsidiaries of industrial and other non-trading firms.

Specialized export, import and export-import firms carry out operations for the export and (or) import of goods both at their own expense by buying or reselling them (dealer, distribution, stockholder firms), and in the order of commission and other intermediary orders for transactions.

IN foreign countries there are research and innovation (venture or risk) firms, firms providing hotel, communal, household, information, consulting services, as well as companies organizing leisure, catering, recreation, sports and tourism.

according to the nature of ownership, firms are divided into: state-owned; public-private; private.


According to the ownership of capital, firms are divided into: national; mixed; international.

CONCLUSION

In microeconomic analysis, the main object is the firm. This is explained by the fact that in the modern economy, enterprises (firms) produce the bulk of goods and services. Businesses are run by entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial capability is an economic resource that should include, above all, entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial infrastructure, and entrepreneurial ethics and culture.

Enterprises (firms) are independent economic units of different forms of ownership that have combined economic resources for commercial activities. The latter is understood as the activity for the production of goods and the provision of services for third parties, individuals and legal entities, which should bring commercial benefits to the enterprise, namely profit.

The ultimate goal of the company is to strengthen its position in the market, and above all by maximizing profits.

The main working tool of the company is its competitive strategy. It is understood as a mechanism for realizing the competitive advantage of the company. Competitive advantage- these are the price and quality characteristics of the company's products, which favorably distinguish it from competitors and ensure a stable position in the market.

Enterprises, as a rule, are grouped according to a number of essential features: forms of ownership, size, nature of activity, industry affiliation, dominant factor of production, legal status.

The most developed form of an enterprise is a joint-stock company, the most stable is a general partnership, the safest is a limited partnership, the most closed is a joint-stock company, the most open is an open joint-stock company.

The competitiveness of a company is its real and potential ability to manufacture and sell goods or provide services that are more attractive in terms of price and non-price (quality) characteristics than the goods and services of other competing firms.

An effective method for analyzing the main directions of competition in the market is the model of the main competitive forces that affect the position of the company: the competitive strength of other suppliers of similar products, firms - potential competitors, firms - suppliers of substitute goods, as well as the competitive positions of suppliers of resources and buyers of products.

All the main directions of the company's competitiveness are reflected in its long-term strategy. The long-term strategy of the company is a plan of its activities that determines the long-term development goals, as well as ways to implement them.
ENTERPRISE AS AN ECONOMIC SUBJECT AND ITS ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS VEGETABLE GROWING OF KUBAN AS A SPECIALIZATION INDUSTRY

An important goal of any enterprise in the market is to ensure stable financial stability in its work. Enterprises can achieve this goal only if they adhere to certain principles and perform the necessary functions in their work.

The German economist G. Schmalen singled out the following "cornerstones" of enterprise management - efficiency, financial stability and profit.

The principle of economy requires that:

a certain result at the lowest cost - the principle of minimization;

for a given amount of costs, the greatest result is the principle of maximization.

At its core, the principle of economy imposes a self-evident requirement inherent in all enterprises - not to waste production factors (resources), i.e. work economically.

The principle of financial stability means such activity of the enterprise in which it could at any time pay off its debts or its own, or by deferment, or by obtaining a loan.

The ideal position is one where maximizing profits also results in higher profitability.

To achieve this goal, the company must:

rational use of production resources, taking into account and interchangeability;

produce high-quality products, systematically update them and provide services in accordance with demand and available production capabilities;

ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise and products, maintain a high image of the enterprise;

systematically introduce everything new and advanced in production, in the organization of labor and management;

develop a strategy and tactics for the behavior of the enterprise and adjust them in accordance with changing circumstances;

take care of their employees, the growth of their qualifications and greater content of work, raising their living standards, creating a favorable socio-psychological climate in the workforce;

pursue a flexible pricing policy and perform other functions.

At the same time, it is very important that all functions of the enterprise are aimed at implementing the developed strategy and achieving the set goal. The development of a successful strategy begins with the definition of the mission of the company and the overall goal of the functioning of the team. At the same time, the goals of the enterprise may change, it all depends on the specific circumstances.

Chapter II. The influence of the external environment on the activities of the organization

2.1 Typology and characteristics of the external environment

The external environment of an enterprise is understood as all conditions and factors that arise in the environment, regardless of the activities of a particular enterprise, but which have or may have an impact on its functioning and therefore require management decisions.

However, a set of these factors and an assessment of their impact on economic activity different. Usually, an enterprise in the management process itself determines which factors and to what extent can affect the results of its activities in the present period and for the future, the conclusions of ongoing research or current events are accompanied by the development of specific tools and methods for making appropriate management decisions. And, first of all, factors are identified and taken into account external environment, affecting the state of the internal environment, affecting the state of the internal environment of the enterprise.

The external environment is a source that feeds the enterprise with the resources necessary to maintain its internal potential at the proper level. The enterprise is in a state of constant exchange with the external environment, thereby providing itself with the possibility of survival. But the resources of the external environment are not unlimited and they are claimed by many other enterprises located in the same environment. Therefore, there is always the possibility that the enterprise will not be able to obtain the necessary resources from the external environment. This can weaken its potential and lead to many negative consequences for the enterprise.

The main characteristics of the external environment are: the relationship and interdependence of its factors, complexity, mobility and uncertainty.

In this regard, managers cannot consider external factors in isolation. According to this characteristic, a change in one parameter entails a change in others.

The complexity of the external environment of the enterprise is determined by the number of factors to which it must respond. With this parameter in mind, more difficult conditions there will be an enterprise that uses various technologies, has numerous competitors, high rates of product renewal, which predetermines its more complex organizational and production structure.

The speed at which changes occur in the environment of the enterprise determines its mobility . Domestic and foreign experts note the increasing rate of change in the environment of modern industrial enterprises. However, there are industries around which it is particularly mobile: aerospace, computer production, biotechnology and telecommunications, as well as pharmaceuticals, chemicals and electronics.

The uncertainty of the external environment is a function of the amount of information that characterizes one or another of its factors, as well as a function of confidence in the accuracy of the information received.

In the context of the globalization of the economy and business, the use of computer technologies in marketing, there is an increase in the amount of information with a simultaneous decrease in the probability of its reliability. The more uncertain the external environment, the more difficult it is for managers to apply effective decisions.